56 LESSON - 15 TRANSLATION AND STYLE TRANSLATION AND ST on the style in which a message is conveyed is as important 88 the one of the message, the style in which that message is conveyed is more ime ra Transferring the verse style into prose style or prose style inte verse style plicating what is said implicitly or implicating, what Ts told explicitly in the ‘Source material are not advisable, 7 A OD art s deme we know pretty well that the meter used in parart Ieratare OUEH traiatansay me in other literary works. The change i style if brought Fee ee ee a eae manner in are popularly aces ‘aithor uses his own style of description and these features i ean 0 as author's signature. If these author's signatures could Pe {nto translation, this will ead to sucessful translation ea Proc, however. these are tn dene and iat jobs to be achieved Uae poy Jota vase i The number of meaning e the equivalents, the special connotation that had been attributed by the society to some of the lexical items, the rhyming, more than one way of segmenting the phrases and thereby arriving at different meanings to one find the same phrase of word, etc are too difficult to be translated TA an wien Janguage. In these contexts foot notes may be used to describe the style ‘emiployed sa rne cource material, Especially, when there ia punning, i haa to be explained ‘with the help of a foot note so that the readers of the translation may have a complete and comprehensive understanding of the translation. From the discussion that we had xo far on translation, the following points emerge: 1, The message conveyed in the source material has to be Pres the structure in which itis said. uci 2. The meaning conveyed by the message has to be (ran style. 4. The closest and most natural equivalents should be employed in preference to the near equivalents. 4. The translation must be readable in the target language. All these make the process of translation complicated and cumbersome. In conden to overcome these problems we have to decide to which item one has to give priority in the course of translation. served and not lated and not the Priority 'As 0 prerequisite for translation, a translator has to decide what be is going to do? For what is he going to give priority in translation? Is it structure or meaning? Alisting of the priority areas will be like the following, Scanned with CamScanneror 1, Priority must be given (0 be contextual correspondence in teu of lexical correspondence. = | 2, Priority must be given 10 dynamic equivalents in preferente to poirtidl correspondences. 3. Priority must be given to see how it is heard by the ears instead of seeing how it 1s published. 4. Priority must be given in the living language structures, ‘AL! these four priority areas concentrate on translation, These ‘a points view translation from four different pointe of oe The feat area of priority views transtation from the [ingwlele point of view. vecondt one views tranalation from the point of view of the Feeponee of the readers feo whom translation han been undertaken The third argument approaches translation from the point of view of those who do not read the translation but listen to it being read by somebody else, The fourth one takes into account the social, economical, educational and other parameters of the readers of the translation. These four approaches to translation are discussed in some detail in the following passages. Conceptual Correspondence . Most of the words do not specify the meaning conveyed by them. On the contrary, they point to the area of meaning conveyed by them: ‘The word caappiTu in Tamil refers to chewing and swallowing of solid stuffs, also to the drinking of Tawi atulls auich as tea, coffee, etc. This word, in addition, refere to the exploitation of the resources of other people as well. tn this manner the word caappitt: in Tamil refers to a wider area of meaning There is, however, variation in the semantic area referred to by the words in one language, One word diflers from 9 the area coriveyed by another word with the same meaning in other languages, ‘The word kat in Tami! refers to the part of the human limb from the shoulder to the finger whereay its equivalent in English refers to that part of the limb extending between the elbow and the fingers. Moreover, this word is used to refer to the bunch of the banana, the members of ‘staff, etc., aldo which are not found in the of the Tamil word. Simitarly, the semantic difference among the words like cetukku, mui, clit, naRukku, pila, aRu, cte., cannot be brought into ish by employing the words like cut, split, etc. This is because of the difference the semantic area referred to by the words in these two languages. to the lexical items and structures that are attested instead of using the archaic or obsolete words and In this way, the semantic area referred to by words differ considerably among languages. Hence, substituting a word in the source language with one and the same target language word in all ts places of occurrences without worrying about the semantic area specified by that word may prove to be misleading. Hence it becomes essential to avoid word-to-word translation and to undertake @ translation Scanned with CamScannerveords with the help of the contexts in {er studying the semantic range of the which they are used. Dynamic Equivalents, one should give any of given preferences to the formel correspond aot iriwialation' is reference to the dmamic correspondence in Wanslatity soem but ‘pproached not from the point of view of changing one form 2; who the supposed from the point of view of analyzing for whom it is translate sialon th ta traders er; ete, it wll help us in_ocheving. a successful translatlm context, we have to be clear about the intelligibility of trant ee reaction or impact a intellighbility of translation can be done by studying the overall re 5 ¢ words weed in a Wanslation had made on the readers and by checking whether the . in it are grammatical; translation are intelligible; whether the constructions used in it are ete, Hence, the dynamic equivalent may be defined as (Gin serwcnlte reaction ofa reader of the source material and the reaction of a reader of the target material. ‘These two impacts cannot be the same in all contexts in all words. ‘There may be changes. This is because the two languages may have different historical, cultural and social bac} ‘kgrounds. Despite these differences, there must be close ship between these two impacts, iTrot, cannot be claimed that the translator has done his duty efficiently, Hearing the Translation Mow a translation is being heard gets more ‘There are eo many persons who themselves do n: it when it is being read by somebody, Fate of illiteracy is very high paying at dividends. A proper translation has Priority than how it is published, ot read the translation but Listen to Especially in a country like India where the tention on this aspect of translation pays rich to take into account these individuals also. This Speaks about the inadequacy wuch techniques as underlining, using bold type letters, using italics, and punctuation marks. These differences could Rot be brought out while reading a passage. Satistying the Readers {erary, classical and archaic words, those words which may be easly and sed in translation. Generally, the of the middle aged, middle class speakers may be used in trantlation as it will be understood by all the readers without much dificulty. The speech behaviour ofthe old aged specks may be fall of archaic or obsolete words which will impede the wanster of mescege Similarly the young age group speakers may be it the speech behaviour o! ‘ay be replete with the forma which have not yet been standardised. These usages will aso impede a foe flow of communication. Scanned with CamScanner° Choosing the Dialect While . to decide, malsting = material from one innguage to nother, the translator hag Which dialect of " that he ie going to use in his " the target language number of gy ancuage may have a mimber of dialects. Tas for Instance, has « Brahmin dialer ay thick may be catagorsed as scie) dies elon dialects, etC., are same Vellala dialect, Mudaliar dialect, Padayachi dialect, Pallar dialect, inlect, Theme thE examples of ocial dialects in Tamil. Matra diac, Kongu ie Tami, In eet dialect, Nanjitnadu dialect, ete, are some ofthe regional dialects ‘tion to these, Tamil ia unique example of language exhibiting the eisial Due to this we have two more dialects viz, literary Tamil functions, wo Thesetwa varieties of language have two different and distinct Variety ig used ig pet CveTlaP: In Tamil, the literary variety which is also a high and 80 on ear clana rooms, literary writings, and informal situetions day-to-day wocial see, oauial variety which i a low variety is used in normal on. One cannot beets. in house hold domains, in streets, bazaars and so Hew to w ‘Weed in the context in which the other has to be weed. Properties to peti translation from the languages which does not exhibit these language haw to Genat®, Which hax these properties? Which variety ofthe treet ting didteon choven? Which variety has to be used especially in the dialogues onse’ enice ea ciaractes in a story? Should we employ the colloquial variety or a idardized variety of the language? This problem has to be ‘"pProached from two perapectives. (Questions 1. What is style? Bs Describe the style that has to be followed while translating a novel containing spoken elements, What is the place of style in translation? ‘What priorities should a translator decide before undertaking translation? What is meant by conceptual equivalent? Give examples. Define dynamic equivalent. Explain how a quality translation What is a dialect? Describe how translated. 9. What features should be there in @ be satisfied? should be heard when it is read. story containing dialectal features can be exronse good translation vo that the readers will a Scanned with CamScanner