A Text Book Of

HUMAN ANATOMY
A N D P H Y S IO L O G Y - I
As Per PCI Regulations

FIRST YEAR B. PHARM.

Semester I

Deepa K. Ingawale Satish K. Mandlik

M. Pharm (Pharmacology) M. Pharm (Quality Assurance)
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutics
STES’s, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences STES’s, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy
Kusgaon (Bk), Lonavala, Pune-410401, India Vadgaon (Bk), Pune-411041, India

Price ` 200.00

N3921
Human Anatomy and Physiology - I ISBN 978-93-86700-22-3
Second Edition : April 2018
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Acknowledgement

We feel thankful to Hon’ble Prof. M. N. Navale (Founder President), Dr. (Mrs.) Sunanda
M. Navale (Founder Secretary), Sinhgad Technical Education Society, Pune for their
continuous encouragement and support for the publication of this book.

We are sincerely grateful to Dr. R. J. Oswal, Principal, Prof. S. R. Naik, Prof. R. R. Patil,
HOD - Pharmacology, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, for their
support, help and guidance.

We express sincere gratitude to Dr. K. S. Jain, S. J. College of Pharmacy, Thane,

Dr. (Mrs.). S. S. Patel, Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmadabad; Dr. R. V. Shete, R. D. College of
Pharmacy, Bhor, Dr. N. S. Vyawahare, D. Y. Patil College of Pharmacy Pune for their
continuous help, valuable guidance and advice.

We also express our gratitude to our all colleagues for their help and support during
writing of this book.

We also express our special thanks to our parents and family members; Mr. K. B.
Ingawale, Mrs. S. K. Ingawale, Mr. S. K. Ingawale, Mrs. S. S. Ingawale, Sankashti, Samarth and
Smt. H. K. Mandlik for their moral support.

We express our thanks to Prof. S. B. Gokhale, and staff members of Nirali Prakashan.

We are thankful to publisher Mr. Dineshbhai K. Furia, Mr. Jigneshbhai C. Furia, Mr. Malik
Shaikh, Mrs. Roshan Shaikh of Nirali Prakashan for their co-operation to publish out this
book.

Deepa K. Ingawale
Satish K. Mandlik
Preface

It gives us immense pleasure to introduce the book “Textbook of Human

Anatomy and Physiology - I”.

Human anatomy gives knowledge regarding scientific study of morphology of the

human body. Human physiology deals with functioning of body organs.

This book includes 11 chapters on human anatomy and physiology. The book is

written in a simple and easy language along with schematics diagrams and tables. At the

start of chapter learning objectives are mentioned and at the end of chapter small

answer and long answer questions are given.

We hope that students will appreciate this book as each chapter is represented in

notes format which will be beneficial for students and teachers from examination point

of view.

We will be grateful to all the readers who finally judge the quality of this book and

suggestions for the same will be highly appreciated and incorporated in the next edition.

Ms. Deepa K. Ingawale

Mr. Satish K. Mandlik
Syllabus
Unit 1 10 Hours
• Introduction to Human Body
Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology, levels of structural organization
and body systems, basic life processes, homeostasis, basic anatomical terminology.
• Cellular Level of Organization
Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell division, cell
junctions. General principles of cell communication, intracellular signaling pathway
activation by extracellular signal molecule, Forms of intracellular signaling:
(a) Contact-dependent, (b) Paracrine, (c) Synaptic, (d) Endocrine
• Tissue Level of Organization
Classification of tissues, structure, location and functions of epithelial, muscular
and nervous and connective tissues.
Unit II 10 Hours
• Integumentary System
Structure and functions of skin.
• Skeletal System
Divisions of skeletal system, types of bone, salient features and functions of bones
of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Organization of skeletal muscle, physiology of muscle contraction, neuromuscular
junction.
• Joints
Structural and functional classification, types of joint movements and its
articulation
Unit III 10 Hours
• Body Fluids and Blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of
hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors,
transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.
• Lymphatic System
Lymphatic organs and tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph circulation and functions
of lymphatic system
Unit IV 08 Hours
• Peripheral Nervous System
Classification of peripheral nervous system: Structure and functions of sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous system.
Origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves.
• Special Senses
Structure and functions of eye, ear, nose and tongue and their disorders.
Unit V 07 Hours
• Cardiovascular System
Heart: Anatomy of heart, blood circulation, blood vessels structure and functions of
artery, vein and capillaries, elements of conduction system of heat and heart beat,
its regulation by autonomic nervous system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle.
Regulation of blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram and disorders of heart.

,,,
Contents
UNIT I
1. Introduction to Human Body 1.1 - 1.18
1.1 Branches of Science 1.1
1.2 Levels of Structural Organizations 1.2
1.3 Systems of the Human Body 1.4
1.4 Basic Anatomical Terminologies 1.7
1.4.1 Body Positions 1.7
1.4.2 Directional Terms 1.7
1.4.3 Planes 1.8
1.4.4 Sections 1.9
1.4.5 Body Cavities 1.9
1.5 Basic Life Processes 1.12
1.6 Body Fluids 1.13
1.7 Feedback Systems 1.14
• Exercise 1.18
2. Cellular Level of Organization 2.1 - 2.26
2.1 Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane) 2.2
2.2 Sub-cellular Organelles of Cell 2.4
2.3 Transfer of Material Across the Plasma Membrane 2.7
2.4 Cell Division 2.12
2.5 Cell Junctions 2.15
2.6 General Principles of Cell Communication 2.19
2.7 Forms of Intracellular Signalling 2.23
• Exercise 2.25
3. Tissue Level of Organization 3.1 - 3.22
3.1 Types, Structure and Function of Epithelial Tissue 3.1
3.1.1 Simple Epithelium 3.3
3.1.2 Stratified Epithelium 3.4
3.1.3 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 3.6
3.1.4 Glandular Epithelium 3.7
3.2 Types, Structure and Functions of Connective Tissue 3.10
3.2.1 Loose Connective Tissue 3.12
3.2.2 Dense Connective Tissue 3.13
3.2.3 Cartilage 3.15
3.2.4 Bone 3.17
3.2.5 Blood 3.18
3.3 Types, Structure and Functions of Muscle Tissue 3.19
3.3.1 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 3.19
3.3.2 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 3.19
3.3.3 Smooth Muscle Tissue 3.20
3.4 Structure and Functions of Nervous Tissue 3.21
• Exercise 3.22
 UNIT II
4. Integumentary System 4.1 - 4.8
4.1 Structure of Skin 4.1
4.2 Accessory Structure of the Skin 4.4
4.2.1 Hairs 4.4
4.2.2 Nails 4.5
4.2.3 Skin Glands 4.6
4.3 Functions of Skin 4.7
• Exercise 4.8

5. Skeletal System 5.1 - 5.34

5.1 Structure of Bone Tissue 5.2
5.2 Microscopic Structure of Bone 5.4
5.3 Classification of Bone Based on Shape 5.7
5.4 Axial Skeleton 5.8
5.4.1 Skull 5.8
5.4.2 Vertebral Column (Spinal Column) 5.11
5.5 Appendicular Skeleton 5.18
5.5.1 Pectoral (Shoulder Girdle) 5.18
5.5.2 Upper Limbs (Upper Extremity) 5.20
5.5.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 5.23
5.5.4 Lower Limb (Lower Extremity) 5.25
5.6 Organization of Skeletal Muscle 5.29
5.6.1 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 5.29
5.7 Physiology of Muscle Contration 5.32
5.8 Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) 5.33
• Exercise 5.34

6. Joints 6.1 - 6.12

6.1 Classification of Joint 6.1
6.2 Fibrous Joint or Fixed Joint 6.2
6.3 Cartilaginous Joint 6.4
6.4 Synovial Joints 6.5
• Exercise 6.12
UNIT III
7. Body Fluid and Blood 7.1 - 7.26
7.1 Body Fluids 7.1
7.1.1 Plasma 7.1
7.1.2 Blood 7.2
7.2 Haemopoiesis 7.5
7.3 Red Blood Cells (RBC's) 7.7
7.4 Formation of Haemoglobin 7.8
7.5 Anaemias 7.11
7.6 White Blood Cells or Leukocytes 7.14
7.7 Haemostasis 7.17
7.8 Blood Groups 7.21
7.9 Reticulo Endothelial System (RES) 7.23
• Exercise 7.25
8. Lymphatic System 8.1 - 8.8
8.1 Parts of Lymphatic System 8.1
8.2 Lymph 8.2
8.3 Lymphatic Vessels 8.4
8.4 Lymphatic Capillaries 8.5
8.5 Lymph Nodes 8.6
8.6 Spleen 8.7
• Exercise 8.8

UNIT IV
9. Peripheral Nervous System 9.1 - 9.10
9.1 Autonomic Nervous System 9.2
9.1.1 Sympathetic Division 9.3
9.1.2 Parasympathetic Division 9.4
9.2 Cranial Nerves 9.5
9.3 Spinal Nerves 9.8
• Exercise 9.10
10. Special Senses 10.1 - 10.20
10.1 Eye 10.1
10.1.1 Physiology of Vision 10.6
10.2 Ear : Sense of Hearing 10.10
10.3 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 10.14
10.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 10.17
10.5 Disorders of Sense Organs 10.19
• Exercise 10.20

UNIT V
11. Cardiovascular System 11.1 - 11.26
11.1 Anatomy of the Heart 11.1
11.2 Valves of the Heart 11.6
11.3 Blood flow through the Heart 11.8
11.4 Blood Vessels 11.11
11.5 Conducting System of the Heart 11.14
11.6 Cardiac Output 11.15
11.7 Heart Sound 11.16
11.8 Cardiac Cycle 11.16
11.9 Blood Pressure (BP) 11.18
11.10 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) System 11.22
11.11 Auto-Regulation of Blood Pressure 11.23
11.12 Electrocardiogram (ECG) 11.24
11.13 Disorders of Cardiovascular System 11.25
• Exercise 11.26
Glossary G.1 - G.14
Appendix A.1 - A.4
Index I.1 - I.4
Bibliography B.1 - B.1
,,,
 UNIT I

Chapter ... 1
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY

♦ LEARNING OBJECTIVES ♦
• To define the term anatomy and physiology.
• To describe the levels of structural organization of human body.
• To enlist the twelve systems of human body with their organs and functions.
• To enlist the basic human life processes.
• To define homeostasis.
• To define the anatomical planes, sections, directional terms and body cavities used to
illustrate the human body.

INTRODUCTION
Human beings are the most complex living organisms. The human body is made up of
many smaller parts/organs that work in an organized manner to ensure that the body is
always working. The study of human body involves two major principles - Anatomy and
Physiology. They provide us the basic knowledge of structure, size, shape, location and
functioning of various organs all of which are very important to understand human body.
1.1 BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
There are two branches of science.

Anatomy

Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology provides the information about different body parts and their
functions.
Anatomy:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of structures of different organs of
human body.
Subdivisions of Anatomy:
• Developmental biology: It is concerned with the study of complete development of
an individual from fertilization of an egg to death.

(1.1)
Human Anatomy and Physiology - I 1.2 Introduction to Human Body

• Cell biology: It is concerned with the study of cellular structure and functions.
• Histology: It is concerned with the study of microscopic structure of tissues.
• Gross anatomy: It is concerned with the study of examination of structures without
using a microscope.
• Systemic anatomy: It is concerned with the study of structure of specific systems of
the body. For example, Nervous or Respiratory systems.
• Regional anatomy: It is concerned with the study of specific regions of body. For
example, Head or Chest.
• Radiographic anatomy: It is concerned with the study of body structures that can be
examined with X-rays.
• Pathological anatomy: It is concerned with the study of structural changes (from
gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
• Embryology: It is concerned with the study of first eight weeks of human
development.
Physiology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and
their parts.
Subdivisions of Physiology:
• Respiratory physiology: It is concerned with the study of the functioning of lungs
and air passageways.
• Renal physiology: It is concerned with the study of functioning of the kidneys.
• Immunology: It is concerned with the study of defense mechanism of body against
disease causing agents.
• Exercise physiology: It is concerned with the study of functioning of the changes in
cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.
• Neurophysiology: It is concerned with the study of functioning of the nervous
system.
• Pathophysiology: It is concerned with the study of functional changes associated
with disease and aging.
• Cardiovascular physiology: It is concerned with the study of functioning of heart
and blood vessels.
• Endocrinology: It is concerned with the study of hormones and how they control
body functions.
1.2 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS
The vital processes of human body are controlled and maintained by different levels of
structural organisations. These levels of structural organisations show an increase in
structural complexity and function.
There are six fundamental levels of organisations:
• Chemical level
• Cellular level
• Tissue level
Human Anatomy and Physiology - I 1.3 Introduction to Human Body

• Organ level
• System level
• Organism level

Atom

Organ system
Molecule

Macromolecule Organ

Organism
Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Fig. 1.1: Levels of structural organisations of digestive system in human body

Chemical Level:
• It is the most basic level of organization.
• It includes atoms; the smallest unit of matter that participates in chemical reactions.
• Two or more atoms join together to form molecules.
• Certain atoms like, carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P), calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) are crucial for maintaining life.
Cellular Level:
• The cell constitute of most basic structural and functional unit of human body.
• The different molecules combine together to form cells.
• Human body contains muscle cells, nerve cells and epithelial cells.
• Each cell varies greatly in structure and function.
• Each type of cell performs a specific task.
Tissue Level:
• Tissues are the groups of cells that works together to perform a particular function.
• Human body contains four basic types of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
Organ Level:
• Different types of tissue combines together to form organ.
• Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues having specific
functions and recognizable shapes.
• Examples of organs are the stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs and brain.
Human Anatomy and Physiology - I 1.4 Introduction to Human Body

System Level:
• A group of organs combines together to form a system.
• The organs of a system work together to perform a major physiological function of
the body.
• Organs of digestive system are mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum (necessary digestive organs), liver,
gall bladder and pancreas (accessory digestive organs).
• The human body comprises of eleven organs system such as Integumentary system,
Skeletal system, Lymphatic system, Digestive system, Respiratory system, Muscular
system, Nervous system, Endocrine system, Cardiovascular system, Urinary system,
Reproductive system (Male and Female) and Special sensory organs.
Organism Level:
• It is the highest level of structural organization.
• All the parts of human body functioning together and constitute the total organism
i.e. human body.
• An organism is capable of independently performing vital functions necessary for life.
1.3 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Human beings are contiguous living systems. The different systems are interconnected
and dependant on each other. They cannot function separately. An organs system is
composed of groups of structures that work together to perform common task or specific
functions.
Nervous system:
Organs: Brain, spinal cord and nerves
Functions:
• It coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between
different parts of body.
• It maintains homeostasis.
Cardiovascular System:
Organs: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Functions:
• Heart pumps blood through the blood vessels.
• Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from
cells.
• It helps to regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids.
• Blood components help to defend against disease.
Digestive System:
Organs: Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus;
accessory organs such as salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
 A Textbook Of Human Anatomy And
Physiology - I

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