COURSE CONTENT FIRST SEMESTER

BI 265 MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

1. The nature of materials
-elements and atoms
-componds and mixtures
-gases, liquids and solutions
- solution and dispersions
2. Introduction to polymers
*thermoplastics
*Thermosettings
-synthetic polymers
- natural polymers
-uses of polymers
-examples of polymers
-characteristics of polymers

3. PAPER
- Brief history

- THE NATURE OF PAPER

- stages in manufacture

1. The manufactured of cellulose pulp

2. The preparation of stock for the paper machine.

3. The papermaking operation

4. After treatments or processes

PAPER MAKING(PRODUCTION)

Paper manufacture
-stage 1. Pulp preparation – chemical process, bleaching,
-stage 2. Stock preparation
-stage 3. Beating or refining the pulp

Paper manufacturing process

-wet-end
-wire section
-press and drier section
-cutting and slitting

Calendering and finishing

-calendering

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-Supercalendering
-machine glazing(MG)
-paper coatings (coated art papers and boards)

- FIBROUS MATERIALS

Plant sources of paper making fibres.

*Cotton fibres,

* Linen fibres

* Hemp and jute

* Straw fibres

* Wood pulp

THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF WOOD

* Carbohydrate, notable cellulose

* Lignin, non-fibrous materials acting as cement bonding the cells together.

THE MANUFACTURE OF WOOD PULP.

1. Mechanical
2. Chemical (acid ,alkaline)
3. Combined mechanical and chemical processes

ADHESIVES

THE NATURE OF ADHESION

Basic Theories Of Adhesion

There are basically two quite different types of adhesion;

1. Mechanical adhesion/interlocking.
2. Forces of attraction

Application Of Adhesives

-pretreatment of surfaces

* wetting- complete /no wetting

* viscosity

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 Types Of Adhesives

1. Animals glues
2. Fish glues
3. Casein adhesive
4. Starch based adhesives
5. Natural resin adhesives
6. Cellulose adhesives
7. Rubber based adhesives
8. Inorganic adhesives
9. Synthetic resin adhesives
10. Hot melt adhesives

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE USE OF ADHESIVES

PAPER CONT......

KINDS OF PAPER AND GRADES

 Bond
 Offset/Coated Paper
 Text Paper
 Cover Paper
 Uncoated Paper
 Other Papers etc.

-Characteristics & Uses

-Weight
-Size; Traditional British sheet sizes. International, A series, B series, C series etc. (Metric &
imperial)
-Uses

PAPER REQUIREMENTS

PROPERTIES REQUIRED FOR PRINTING PAPER

A. Surface And Directional Properties

-grammage
- uniformity
-bulk
-compressibility
-surface smoothness and roughness
- absorbency
B Optical characteristics
-gloss
-brightness
-whiteness and yellowness
C. Properties of strength
-printability and runnability
- basic weight
- dimensional stability, tensile strength
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 -ink absorption
-good surface finish
-Preciseness, accuracy and squareness
-flatness
-curl
-Grain direction
-pick resistance
- Strength
*Look out for more!

PAPER TESTING
Testing Procedures and methods
-grain direction
-basis weight
-squareness
-felt and wire side
-moisture and relative humidity
-roll hardiness
-Ph
-ink absorbency
-surface contamination
-permanence
-smoothness
-porosity
-density
-ash
-groundwood pulp
-paper formation
-surface strength
-tearing resistance
-internal bond
Paper strength
-folding endurance
-opacity
-product resistance

PAPER PROBLEMS AND THEIR REMEDIES

These problems are in two fold;

*People Problems
-handling & shipment; wrong ct sizes, grammage, grain direction, colours etc.
-roll condition
-
*Press Contamination
-paper contaminants; slitter dust, cutter dust, mill dirt, calander scale, bits of coating paper, loosely
bonded particles etc.

- picking
- linting
- dusting
- piling
-mottle
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-register
-setoff
-tail-end hook
-cracking
-static
-moisture
-set-off
-show-through
-back edge curl
-broke
-embossing
-ickies
-Slur
-doubling
-poor image contrast
-poor image sharpness
-ghosting
-scum
-mottling
-blistering
-fiber puffing
-slow drying
-chalking
-sticking in pile or rewind

ORDERING PAPER
Point to Consider
-when, where and how to order paper
-type of machines
-kinds of paper and uses
-paper weights and sizes
-type of inks
-customer demand
-capital available
-storage facilities
-colour and brand name
-spoilage allowance
-check list for ordering paper - sheet/roll.

PAPER RECYCLING
-recycling process - furnish
-fibre preparation – screening, centrifugal cleaning, floating, washing and deinking plant function.
-deinking chemistry

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