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[ordaood geswbrs
Remt 7 Qbspmrgtmoe
Yopmn 7.7 Ycb culge rbspmrgtory Yopmn 7.1 Kgs bxncgekb
systbl Bxbrnmsb 7.1 Kgs bxncgekb
Bxbrnmsb 7.7 Ycb culge rbspmrgtory 7 Ycb betrmbs scou`i ab grrgekbi me oribr oj
systbl bmtcbr ibnrbgsmek or menrbgsmek aoiy lgss.
Jor bxglp`b8
7 @bttbr Eglb
G imgpcrgkl Lgllg` Aoiy lgss Yotg` surjgnb
me k grbg oj gmr
A metbrnostg` lusn`b sgns me l1
N rma culge 36 666 ;6
I `uek scbbp :3 666 :6
B gmr sgns jox 16 666 96
J aroencus rgaamt 7666 1
K aroencmo`b rgt >66 6.3
C trgncbg (wmeipmpb) lousb 16 6.7
H `gryex (vomnbaox)
1 Ycb `grkbr tcb aoiy lgss, tcb `grkbr tcb
1 totg` surjgnb grbg oj tcb gmr sgns. @bgrebrs
@bttbr Juentmoe lmkct g`so gii tcgt tcb rb`gtmoescmp ms
N protbnts tcb `ueks eot proportmoeg`.
I wcbrb oxykbe kbts meto tcb aoiy > Ycb `grkbr ge gemlg` ms, tcb lorb oxykbe mt
B wcbrb oxykbe kobs meto tcb a`ooi wm`` ebbi, abngusb mt wm`` noetgme lorb nb``s
gei ngraoe imoxmib nolbs out tcgt grb g`` rbspmrmek gei usmek up oxykbe.
J ib`mvbrs gmr to tcb `ueks Cgvmek g `grkbr surjgnb grbg oj gmr sgns
bega`bs lorb oxykbe to imjjusb meto tcb aoiy
K ngrrmbs gmr jrol tcb aroencus,
gt tcb sglb tmlb, wcmnc cb`ps to supp`y tcb
ibbp meto bgnc `uek
iblgeis oj tcb rbspmrmek nb``s. G smlm`gr
C ngrrmbs gmr jrol tcb aroencmo`bs grkulbet nou`i ab put jorwgri rb`gtmek
to bgnc gmr sgn to tcb ebbi to kbt rmi oj ngraoe imoxmib
H lgdbs soueis proiunbi ay tcb rbspmrmek nb``s.

> @ood jor ge geswbr tcgt8

• ms wrmttbe betmrb`y me tcb `bgrebr”s owe
woris, rgtcbr tcge nopmbi jrol tcb tbxt me
tcb @bgrebr”s Aood or b`sbwcbrb
• lbetmoes bgnc pgrt me tcb norrbnt sbqubenb
• kmvbs g armbj ibsnrmptmoe oj bgnc pgrt.
Yopmn 7.> Arbgtcmek
Bxbrnmsb 7.>G Lbgsurmek `uek vo`ulbs
7 Rsb tcb lbgsurmek ny`meibr to lbgsurb g
deowe vo`ulb oj wgtbr „ sgy 26 nl>. Vour
tcb wgtbr meto tcb aott`b gei lgrd mts `bvb`
gs rbprbsbetmek 26 nl>. Qbpbgt wmtc geotcbr
deowe vo`ulb „ sgy geotcbr 26 nl> „ gei
lgrd mts `bvb` gs 766 nl>. Dbbp iomek tcms uetm`
tcby rbgnc tcb top.

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

1 Vbrsoe Aoy or [mei or Zo`ulb 1 ]bs. Aoys wco p`gy wmei mestrulbets cgvb
ge gvbrgkb oj 161> nl>, wcmnc ms krbgtbr tcge
kmr` strmek imsp`gnbi me
jor aoys wco p`gy strmekbi mestrulbets wmtc
p`gybr nl>
g vg`ub oj 7=63 nl>. ^mlm`gr`y, tcb kmr` wco
7 aoy wmei 1766 p`gys g wmei mestrulbet imsp`gnbs 7=26 nl >,
1 aoy wmei 7=:2 nolpgrbi wmtc tcb kmr` strmek p`gybrs wmtc ge
> aoy wmei 1662 gvbrgkb oj 7=66 nl>.

9 kmr` wmei 7=26 > No``bntmek lorb rbsu`ts jrol lorb pbop`b me
2 aoy strmek 73:2 tcb orncbstrg4 lgdmek tcrbb lbgsurblbets jor
bgnc pbrsoe.
: aoy strmek 7=26
; kmr` strmek 7=62 Bxbrnmsb 7.>N @uek vo`ulb gt
3 kmr` strmek 7=76 imjjbrbet gkbs
7 @ood jor tcb mibg tcgt tcbrb wm`` ab g `ot oj
= kmr` strmek 7332
vgrmgtmoe me tcb `uek vo`ulbs oj meimvmiug`
pbop`b oj tcb sglb gkb.
> (1766 + 7=:2 + 1662) û > < 161> nl >
Lbgsurmek lgey sglp`bs gei ng`nu`gtmek g
9 (73:2 + 7=26) û 1 < 7=63 nl >
lbge tgdbs gnnouet oj tcms vgrmgtmoe.
2 (7=62 + 7=76 + 7332) û > < 7=66 nl >
1 >.= il>
: 16>6
> 2.6 il> (lbe) „ >.3 il> (wolbe) < 7.1 il >
1616

1676 9 Ycb gvbrgkb vo`ulb oj gmr puscbi out wmtc

oeb arbgtc oj wolbe menrbgsbs stbgim`y ovbr
1666
tmlb uetm` mt pbgds gt tcb gkb-kroup >6„>=.
7==6
Ycbe mt stbgim`y ibnrbgsbs.
7=36
2 Ge geswbr oj >.> il> to >.2 il> wou`i
Lbge vo`ulb 7=;6
ab gnnbptga`b.
imsp`gnbi me nl> 7=:6

7=26 Yopmn 7.9 Qbspmrgtmoe

7=96
Bxbrnmsb 7.9 Qbspmrgtmoe ay ybgst
7=>6
7 G lbgsurmek ny`meibr, to lbgsurb out tcb
7=16
ybgst gei sukgr so`utmoes.
7=76

7=66
1 Lgdb surb tcgt cbr bybs grb `bvb` wmtc tcb
aoys, kmr`s, aoys, kmr`s, lbemsnus me tcb tcbrlolbtbr to rbgi tcb
wmei wmei strmekbi strmekbi tblpbrgturb.

> Ycb tblpbrgturb wm`` menrbgsb, abngusb

Bxbrnmsb 7.>A @oodmek gt igtg oe rbspmrgtmoe rb`bgsbs bebrky. ^olb oj tcms
bebrky ms kmvbe ojj gs cbgt.
`uek vo`ulbs
7 ]bs. Aoys wco p`gy wmei mestrulbets imsp`gnb
ge gvbrgkb oj 161> nl>, wcmnc ms krbgtbr tcge
tcb oeb kmr` wco p`gys g wmei mestrulbet
wmtc g imsp`gnblbet oj 7=26 nl>. Aoys wco
p`gy strmekbi mestrulbets cgvb ge gvbrgkb
oj 7=63 nl> wcm`b jor kmr` strmek p`gybrs tcms
ms 7=66 nl>.

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
9 ^cb ebbis to cgvb geotcbr nup wcbrb tcbrb ms
eo rbspmrgtmoe. Jor bxglp`b, scb nou`i cgvb g
nup noetgmemek hust ybgst gei wgtbr wmtc eo
sukgr, or g nup wmtc hust sukgr so`utmoe gei eo
ybgst. ^cb nge tcbe nolpgrb tcb tblpbrgturb
me tcb two nups.
2 Rsb gt `bgst tcrbb imjjbrbet nups, bgnc wmtc g
imjjbrbet noenbetrgtmoe oj sukgr so`utmoe. Ycb
sukgr nou`i ab lbgsurbi ay lgss, or ^o﬇g
nou`i put imjjbrbet eulabrs oj spooesju` oj
sukgr meto bgnc nup.
Gii tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr to bgnc nup, gei
tcb sglb vo`ulb oj tcb ybgst gei wgtbr lmxturb.
Ycb memtmg` tblpbrgturb scou`i ab tcb sglb jor
bgnc oeb.
^o﬇g nou`i tgdb tcb tblpbrgturb oj tcb `mqumi
me bgnc nup gt sbt tmlb metbrvg`s (jor bxglp`b
bvbry two lmeutbs). ^cb nou`i p`ot g krgpc
scowmek tblpbrgturb gkgmest tmlb, wmtc
imjjbrbet `mebs jor bgnc nup.
G`tbregtmvb`y, scb nge `bgvb g`` tcb nups jor
tcb sglb `bektc oj tmlb gei lbgsurb tcb
tblpbrgturb gjtbr tcms sbt tmlb metbrvg`.
^cb nge tcbe p`ot tblpbrgturb gkgmest
noenbetrgtmoe oj sukgr.
Yopmn 7.2 A`ooi
Bxbrnmsb 7.2G Ycb nolpoebets
oj a`ooi
7 p`gslg
1 wcmtb a`ooi nb``s
> g rbi a`ooi nb``s
a wcmtb a`ooi nb``s
n p`gslg
Bxbrnmsb 7.2A Juentmoes oj a`ooi
nolpoebets
A`ooi noetgmes g pg`b yb``ow `mqumi, ng``bi
p`gslg. Ycms `mqumi ngrrmbs rbi a`ooi nb``s
gei wcmtb a`ooi nb``s grouei tcb aoiy. Mt g`so
trgesports sbvbrg` imjjbrbet suastgenbs me so`utmoe,
men`uimek eutrmbets gei ngraoe imoxmib.
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Qbi a`ooi nb``s grb tcb lost gaueiget nb``s me
tcb a`ooi. Ycbmr juentmoe ms to trgesport oxykbe
jrol tcb `ueks to g`` tcb nb``s me tcb aoiy tcgt grb
rbspmrmek. Yo cb`p tcbl to io tcms, tcby noetgme g
rbi pmklbet ng``bi cgblok`oame.
[cmtb a`ooi nb``s, ue`mdb rbi a`ooi nb``s, noetgme
g eun`bus. Ycbmr juentmoe ms to ibstroy pgtcokbes,
sunc gs agntbrmg, tcgt kbt meto tcb aoiy. ^olb
oj tcbl io tcms ay proiunmek ncblmng`s ng``bi
getmaoimbs, wcmnc gttgnc tcblsb`vbs to tcb
pgtcokbes gei dm`` tcbl. Otcbr wcmtb a`ooi nb``s
dm`` pgtcokbes ay tgdmek tcbl meto tcbmr nytop`gsl
gei imkbstmek tcbl.
Bxbrnmsb 7.2N Qgts gt g`tmtuib
7 Ycb eulabr oj rbi a`ooi nb``s lmkct menrbgsb.
Gs tcbrb ms `bss oxykbe me tcb gmr, cgvmek lorb
rbi a`ooi nb``s nou`i cb`p to kbt beoukc
oxykbe to tcb aoiy nb``s.
1 71
76 rgts gt cmkc g`tmtuib
Lbge rbi a`ooi
nb`` nouet
3
rgts gt sbg `bvb`
:
6 9 3 71 7: 16
Ymlb me igys
> Ycb cbmkct gaovb sbg `bvb` (g`tmtuib).
9 Ycb lbge rbi a`ooi nb`` nouet.
2 Ywo vgrmga`bs scou`i ab kmvbe. Jor bxglp`b8
tcb gkb oj tcb rgts, tcb jooi gei wgtbr
provmibi, cow lunc bxbrnmsb tcb rgts imi, tcb
vo`ulb oj tcb rgts” a`ooi tcgt wgs tbstbi.
: 77.2 ∑ :.2 < 2.6
; 2.6 û 7= < 6.1: pbr igy (Gnnbpt 2.6 û 16 <
6.12)
3 Ycbmr rbi a`ooi nb`` nouet wou`i rbture to
eorlg`, gaout :.2 or ;.6 Ycby wou`i eo
`oekbr ebbi tcb bxtrg rbi a`ooi nb``s, abngusb
eow tcby wou`i ab surroueibi ay gmr wmtc g
eorlg` noenbetrgtmoe oj oxykbe.
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Remt 1 Vropbrtmbs oj lgtbrmg`s
Yopmn 1.7 Imsso`vmek
Bxbrnmsb 1.7G Rsmek tcb norrbnt
snmbetm﬇n tbrl
G lmxturb
A ﬇`trgtb
N so`utb or gnnbpt so`mi
I so`vbet
B so`utmoe
Bxbrnmsb 1.7A [cgt ms tcb imjjbrbenb
abtwbbe tcbsb tbrls?
7 Mj solbtcmek ms trgespgrbet, you nge sbb
tcroukc mt. Jor bxglp`b8 n`bgr p`gstmn or g
so`utmoe oj noppbr su`jgtb ms trgespgrbet
gei you nge sbb wcgt ms mesmib or abcmei mt.
^olbtcmek tcgt ms opgqub iobs eot g``ow `mkct
tcroukc mt, jor bxglp`b, lm`d or g noetgmebr
lgib oj nbrglmn or lbtg` iobs eot g``ow you
to sbb wcgt ms mesmib.
1 [cbe solbtcmek imsso`vbs, sunc gs sukgr
me tbg, tcbrb grb two suastgenbs mevo`vbi8
tcb sukgr tcgt imsso`vbs gei tcb tbg tcgt mt
imsso`vbs meto. [cbe solbtcmek lb`ts, oe`y
tcgt oeb suastgenb ms mevo`vbi8 mnb nrbgl oe g
cot igy, jor bxglp`b.
> G so`utb ms solbtcmek tcgt imsso`vbs me g
so`vbet to jorl g so`utmoe.
Bxbrnmsb 1.7N Bxp`gmemek oasbrvgtmoes
7 716 k
1 [cbe tcb sg`t imsso`vbs me tcb wgtbr, mt
iobs eot imsgppbgr, aut ms stm`` me tcb wgtbr,
g`tcoukc you nge”t sbb mt gey lorb. ]ou cgvb
giibi 16 k oj sg`t to 766 k oj wgtbr so tcbrb
wm`` ab 716 k oj so`utmoe.
Yopmn 1.1 ^o`utmoes gei so`uam`mty
Bxbrnmsb 1.1G Rsmek tcb norrbnt
snmbetm﬇n tbrl
7 meso`ua`b
1 noenbetrgtbi
> sgturgtbi so`utmoe
9 so`ua`b
2 im`utbi
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Bxbrnmsb 1.1A @oodmek gt tcb so`uam`mty
oj tcrbb so`utbs
7 ^o`utb G
1 ^o`utb A
> ]bs, Grue”s rbsu`ts io gkrbb wmtc Xgrg”s8 cb cgs
tcb so`uam`mty oj tcb so`utbs me tcb sglb oribr
gs cbr.
9 Grue usbi lorb wgtbr tcge Xgrg me cms
mevbstmkgtmoe, so cb wgs ga`b to imsso`vb lorb
so`utb.
2 Lgrnus cgs eot usbi tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr
jor bgnc oj cms tbsts. Cb usbi gaout tcb sglb
vo`ulb oj wgtbr jor so`utb G gs Xgrg imi gei
cb kot tcb sglb rbsu`t gs scb imi. Jor so`utb A,
cb usbi lorb wgtbr tcge Xgrg gei gaout tcb
sglb vo`ulb gs Grue gei kot tcb sglb rbsu`t
gs cml. Jor so`utb N, Lgrnus usbi lorb wgtbr
tcge Xgrg aut `bss tcge Grue gei cms rbsu`t wgs
imjjbrbet jrol aotc oj tcbmrs. Lgrnus scou`i
cgvb usbi tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr wcbe cb
tbstbi bgnc oj tcb so`utbs. Cb ngeeot nolpgrb
tcb so`uam`mty oj tcb tcrbb so`utbs abngusb cb imi
eot lgdb cms tbst jgmr. Cb ncgekbi two tcmeks,
tcb so`utb cb wgs usmek gei tcb vo`ulb oj wgtbr.
Bxbrnmsb 1.1N Lgdmek up g so`utmoe
7 g Grue scou`i gii 26 nl> oj so`utmoe S to
26 nl> wgtbr.
a Grue scou`i gii 12 nl> oj so`utmoe S to
;2 nl> wgtbr. (Gnnbpt Grue scou`i gii
26 nl> oj tcb so`utmoe proiunbi me geswbr
g to 26 nl> wgtbr.)
n Grue scou`i gii 26 nl> oj tcb so`utmoe
proiunbi me geswbr a to 26 nl> wgtbr.
1 Nrbimt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoe, men`uimek
gnnurgtb lbgsurblbets usmek g sumtga`b
lbgsurmek ny`meibr (meimngtb wcmnc smzb)
gei ngrb tgdbe to ﬇`` gei rbgi gnnurgtb`y
(ibtgm`s ebbibi).
Yopmn 1.> V`geemek g so`uam`mty
mevbstmkgtmoe
Bxbrnmsb 1.>G Imsso`vmek sg`t
7 ^o﬇g prbimntbi tcgt tcb lorb wgtbr tcby usbi,
tcb lorb sg`t wou`i imsso`vb me mt.
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

1 Ycb rbgimek tgdbe jor 16 nl> wgtbr cgs abbe ; Ycb so`uam`mty oj sg`t S gt 6 ¶N ms gaout
p`ottbi menorrbnt`y oe tcb krgpc (oe tcb 12 nl> 22 k/766 k wgtbr. Ycb so`uam`mty rmsbs s`ow`y
`meb). Ycms scou`i ab nmrn`bi me rbi. gs tcb tblpbrgturb menrbgsbs to gaout ;6 ¶N,
tcbe tcb krgpc `bvb`s ojj. Ycms scows tcgt gey
> Ycb rbgimek tgdbe jor :6 nl> wgtbr, 1: k,
menrbgsb me tblpbrgturb ovbr ;6 ¶N lgdbs
`oods too cmkc gei ms tcb sglb gs tcb rbgimek
eo imjjbrbenb to tcb qugetmty oj sg`t S tcgt
jor ;6 nl> wgtbr. Ycms scou`i ab nmrn`bi me a`ub
nge imsso`vb.
oe tcb krgpc gei me tcb rbsu`ts tga`b.
3 ^g`t ] cgs g so`uam`mty oj gaout >6 k/766 k
9 Ycb `meb oj abst ﬇t scou`i pgss tcroukc or
wgtbr gt 6 ¶N. Ycb so`uam`mty oj sg`t ] tcbe
n`osb to g`` oj tcb p`ottbi pomets, gjtbr tcb two
rmsbs stbgim`y up to g tblpbrgturb oj 766 ¶N, gt
brrors cmkc`mkctbi me qubstmoe 1 cgs
tcb sglb rgtb.
abbe norrbntbi gei tcgt me qubstmoe > cgs
abbe mkeorbi.
2 Ycb krgpc scows tcgt tcb `grkbr tcb vo`ulb oj Yopmn 1.9 Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy
wgtbr usbi, tcb `grkbr tcb lgss oj sg`t tcgt nge Bxbrnmsb 1.9G [orisbgrnc
ab imsso`vbi.
L O @ B E Q O N B @ O H J @
: ]bs, ^o﬇g”s prbimntmoe wgs norrbnt.
A ^ O @ R Y B Y ^ N K [ Y S

Bxbrnmsb 1.>A Nolpgrmek tcb so`uam`mty ^ O @ G ] G @ D G ^ @ V M B

E @ N C Q O L G Y O K Q G L
oj two sg`ts 7
M R Y M O E K M R @ Q D N D

7 Ycb typb oj sg`t. B Y R I B Q L O Q V G M L Y

I M @ R Y B A Q G B V G Y B
1 Cow lunc oj tcb sg`t imsso`vbs
^ O @ Z B E Y G Y L C ^ B G

> Ycb vo`ulb oj wgtbr usbi gei tcb R E V Q ] Q E S B @ J D ^ D

tblpbrgturb oj tcb wgtbr. Z I B L ^ G [ N I ^ H G ^ C

I M D I M ^ ^ O @ Z B Y L Y
9 Ycb gnnouet scou`i novbr g`` tcb pomets cbrb
J @ O I A M A N G N @ C M S
gei mt scou`i ab possma`b to jo``ow tcb p`ge to
nolp`btb tcb mevbstmkgtmoe.
Lbgsurb g ﬇xbi vo`ulb oj wgtbr me two tbst
Bxbrnmsb 1.9A Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy
tuabs or abgdbrs. 7 ^o tcgt mt wm`` ab ngrrmbi up gs tcb wgtbr lovbs
upwgris gei iobs eot lovb meto tcb wgtbr gt
Ncbnd tcb tblpbrgturb ms tcb sglb me aotc.
tcb aottol oj tcb abgdbr.
Gii sg`t S to oeb oj tcb tbst tuabs or abgdbrs
1 smx
uetm` eo lorb nge ab imsso`vbi. Lbetmoe
lbgsurmek tcb qugetmty oj sg`t giibi (bmtcbr > Ycb tcmri pgtnc jrol tcb top scou`i ab
nouetmek tcb eulabr oj spgtu`gs giibi or nmrn`bi.
usmek tcb top pge ag`genb to lbgsurb tcb
lgss). 9 Ycb snmbetmst ebbis to ncbnd tcgt scb kbts tcb
sglb rbsu`t mj scb rbpbgts tcb tbst. ^cb g`so
Qbpbgt usmek sg`t ]. ebbis to ﬇ei out wcgt tcb no`ourmek ms, so tcgt
Mj `bgrebrs cgvb irgwe g imgkrgl, nrbimt tcb mj mt ms cgrlju`, tcb nolpgey lgdmek tcb irmed
usb oj gpproprmgtb gppgrgtus, sunc gs g abgdbr nge ab givmsbi to stop usmek mt.
wmtc tcbrlolbtbr, wgtbr gt tcb sglb `bvb`,
spgtu`g oj sg`t abmek giibi. Ycb imgkrgl
scou`i ab irgwe me pbenm`, usmek g ru`br wcbrb
gpproprmgtb, gei scou`i ab ju``y `gab``bi.

Bxbrnmsb 1.>N Nolpgrmek tcb so`uam`mty

oj two sg`ts 1
2 36 ¶N

: sg`t ]

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Bxbrnmsb 1.9N Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy B „ spot wcbrb `mqumi wgs p`gnbi gt stgrt
wmtc p`get lgtbrmg` J „ so`vbet

7 Ycms cgppbebi abngusb tcb irmbi `mqumi wgs 9 ^o tcgt g slg`` spot oj `mqumi wou`i ab lorb
eot so`ua`b me wgtbr. noenbetrgtbi.

1 ^o﬇g scou`i eow try usmek g imjjbrbet so`vbet 2 Mt ms g lmxturb abngusb tcbrb grb sbvbrg` spots
sunc gs btcgeo`. oj imjjbrbet suastgenbs.

> G „ k`gss roi or gey sbesma`b mtbl, sunc gs g
pbenm` or spm`` to support tcb ncrolgtokrgpcy
pgpbr).
A „ so`vbet jroet p`gnb wcbrb so`vbet rbgncbi.
N „ abgdbr
I „ ncrolgtokrgpcy pgpbr
: Ycb `mqumi imsso`vbi me tcb so`vbet. Ycb
imjjbrbet suastgenbs cgvb imjjbrbet so`uam`mty.
Gs tcb so`vbet lovbi up tcb ncrolgtokrgpcy
pgpbr, tcb so`utbs wbrb ngrrmbi up wmtc mt. Ycb
pgrtmn`bs oj tcb lorb so`ua`b suastgenbs grb
ngrrmbi jurtcbr up tcge tcb pgrtmn`bs oj tcb `bss
so`ua`b suastgenbs.

Remt > Jornbs gei bebrky

Yopmn >.7 Jornbs gei lotmoe Bxbrnmsb >.7N Ncgekmek imrbntmoe
Bxbrnmsb >.7G Ag`genbi jornbs 7 g Amri ms fiymek gt g noestget spbbi gei gt g
noestget cbmkct.
7 ^tgtblbet Ebbibi jor jornbs
a Jornb G menrbgsbs (nrbimt nge ab kmvbe to
to ab ag`genbi?
jornb N ibnrbgsmek, g`tcoukc mt nge ab
Ywo jornbs lust ab ✞ pometbi out tcgt tcms ms `bss `mdb`y).
tcb sglb smzb.
n Jornb I menrbgsbs4 jornb A ibnrbgsbs.
Ywo jornbs lust ab
imjjbrbet smzbs. 1 grrow pometmek to tcb rmkct oj tcb pgkb
Ywo jornbs lust ab me > g Grrow oe tcb strmek pometmek towgri tcb
tcb sglb imrbntmoe. po`b `gab``bi J.
Ywo jornbs lust ab me ✞
opposmtb imrbntmoes. a Grrow gt g tgekbet to tcb nmrn`b jrol tcb
ag`` me tcb sglb imrbntmoe gs tcb rotgtmoe
oj tcb ag`` `gab``bi I.
1 g jg`sb

a trub Yopmn >.1 ^pbbi

n jg`sb
Bxbrnmsb >.1G Remts oj spbbi
> Jorwgri grrow gei agndwgri grrow oj 7 g lbtrb
gpproxmlgtb`y tcb sglb `bektc4 jorwgri grrow
`gab``bi irmvmek jornb4 agndwgri grrow `gab``bi a sbnoei
jrmntmoe. [bmkct gei noetgnt jornb ebbi eot ab
n l/s
scowe gs tcby wbrb eot gsdbi jor.
1 Mt trgvb`s g imstgenb oj :6 dl bvbry cour.
Bxbrnmsb >.7A Reag`genbi jornbs
> imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb
7 Ymnds ay –g aogt wm`` s`ow iowe”, gei –g < 1:6 666 Û 1
jootag`` wm`` ncgekb imrbntmoe”. < 216 666 dl
1 g noetgnt jornb gei wbmkct

a irmvmek jornb gei jrmntmoe

n stgrt to lovb jorwgri/kbt jgstbr/spbbi wm``

menrbgsb

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb >.1A Ng`nu`gtmek spbbi a imstgenb trgvb``bi ay ^o﬇g < spbbi Û tmlb
< : Û :6
imstgenb
7 g spbbi < ________ (or norrbnt grrgekblbet) < >:6 l
tmlb imstgenb trgvb``bi ay Xgrg < spbbi Û tmlb
a l/s or lbtrbs pbr sbnoei < 9 Û :6
< 196 l
imstgenb imjjbrbenb < >:6 ∑ 196
1 g spbbi < ________
tmlb < 716 l
;6
< ___ imstgenb
1 9 g spbbi < ________
tmlb
< >2 l/s
26
< ___
imstgenb 1
a spbbi < ________
tmlb < 12 dl/c
>6
___ a Ycb ngr ms `mdb`y to ab trgvb``mek s`owbr tcge
<
1 tcms or ab stoppbi jor solb oj tcb tmlb, so
< 72 l/s to lgdb tcb gvbrgkb word out gt 12 dl/c,
imstgenb tcbrb ebbi to ab solb cmkcbr spbbis.
> g spbbi < ________
tmlb
926
____
Yopmn >.> Ibsnrmamek lovblbet
<
>66 Bxbrnmsb >.>G Imstgenb/tmlb krgpcs 7
< 7.2 l/s
7 tcb spbbi oj ge oahbnt
a Cms wg`dmek spbbi lgy eot ab noestget.
1 g N
imstgenb
9 spbbi < ________
tmlb a A
2966
< _____ Bxbrnmsb >.>A Imstgenb/tmlb krgpcs 1
:
< =66 dl/c 7 g
Bxbrnmsb >.1N Ng`nu`gtmek imstgenb b
n
e
gei tmlb g
t
s
m
I
7 g imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb
imstgenb
a tmlb < ________ Ymlb
spbbi

1 g imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb a

< 92 Û >6
< 7>26 l b
n
e
g
a 1 lmeutbs < :6 Û 1 t
s
m
< 716 s I

imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb

< 92 Û 716
Ymlb
< 2966 l
imstgenb
tmlb < ________
> g n
tmlb
716 b
< ____ n
e
9 g
t
s
m
< >6 s I

Ymlb

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

1 Bxbrnmsb >.9A Ng`nu`gtmek lolbets

l 7 lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb (jrol pmvot)
o
jr b
b l 1 g lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb
n o
e c
tg < 72 666 Û 2
ms
I < ;2 666 (E l)
a m wm`` menrbgsb tcb lolbet
Ymlb
mm wm`` ibnrbgsb tcb lolbet

> > poueis joot / poueis jbbt / joot poueis

l
o
jr
d
r
Bxbrnmsb >.9N Lolbets, jornb gei
g
b
n p imstgenb
e b
tg c
t 7 g lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb
ms
I
lolbet
jornb < ________
Ymlb imstgenb
96
___
<
6.1
Bxbrnmsb >.>N Imstgenb/tmlb < 166 E
krgpcs > a Menrbgsmek imstgenb wm`` menrbgsb tcb
7 g lolbet usmek tcb sglb jornb.
lolbet
l 9666 1 jornb < ________
o imstgenb
jr l
b d >666 >26
n
e me 1666 < ____
g
t G 6.>2
ms 7666
I < 7666 E
6 7 1 > 9 2 : ; 3 = 76 > g lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb
Ymlb me cours < 266 Û 1
< 7666 El
a m 76 cours a lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb
imstgenb
m spbbi < ________ lolbet
jornb < ________
tmlb imstgenb
>:66
< _____
7666
_____
<
9.2 966
< 366 dl/c < 1.2 l
imstgenb
mm spbbi < ________ Yopmn >.2 Vrbssurb abtwbbe so`mis
tmlb
>:66 Bxbrnmsb >.2G Ibsnrmamek prbssurb
< _____
9 jornb
7 prbssurb < _____
grbg
< =66 dl/c
1 tmnd me tcb aox ueibr scobs wmtc cmkc,
scgrp cbb`
Yopmn >.9 Yuremek jornbs
> g N
Bxbrnmsb >.9G Mibetmjymek turemek jornbs jornb
a prbssurb < _____
grbg
7 Ymnds ebxt to8 puscmek g ioor opbe, twmstmek
tcb top ojj g aott`b, gei puscmek tcb cgeis oj Mt cgs tcb `grkbst grbg aut tcb jornb
g n`ond grouei. (or wbmkct) ms tcb sglb, so tcb prbssurb
ms slg``br.
1 Ymnds ebxt to tcb tgp, kgtb gei ioor cgei`b.
> lolbet

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb >.2A Ng`nu`gtmek prbssurb tcb mesmib wg`` oj tcb ag``ooe abnolb `bss
jrbqubet gei onnur wmtc `bss jornb.
7 G jornb oj 16 E gnts oe bgnc (7) nl1 oj grbg.
jornb Bxbrnmsb >.:N Yrbeis me prbssurb >
1 prbssurb < _____
grbg
7 Vrbssurb mesmib tcb ag``ooe ibnrbgsbs4 pgrtmn`bs
72
< ___ lovb s`owbr gt `owbr tblpbrgturb4 no``msmoes
:6 oj pgrtmn`bs wmtc tcb mesmib wg`` oj tcb ag``ooe
< 6.12 (E/nl1) abnolb `bss jrbqubet gei onnur wmtc `bss
jornb jornb4 prbssurb oj tcb gmr oe tcb outsmib
> prbssurb < _____
grbg stgys tcb sglb, so tcb jornbs grb eot
ag`genbi gei tcb ag``ooe ms nolprbssbi
jornb < prbssurb Û grbg
ay gtlospcbrmn prbssurb.
< :6 Û 6.2
< >6 E 1 g `meb stgrtmek jrol gaovb tcb ormkme gei
9 poueis pbr squgrb menc s`opmek up (me gey lgeebr)

Bxbrnmsb >.2N Zgrmga`bs gjjbntmek
prbssurb
7 grbg (gt bei oj tcore) ms vbry slg``4 prbssurb
jornb
oe sdme wm`` ab `grkb4 prbssurb < _____
grbg 4 otcbr
pgrts oj stbl wou`i cgvb `grkbr grbg, so
slg``br prbssurb oe sdme
1 grbg me noetgnt wmtc krouei ms `grkbr4 so
jornb
prbssurb ms slg``br4 prbssurb < _____
grbg
> wmtc scgrp demjb, grbg me noetgnt wmtc arbgi ms
jornb
slg``br4 so prbssurb ms `grkbr4 prbssurb < _____
grbg
9 Bei G cgs `grkb grbg to ibnrbgsb prbssurb
oe tcula wcbe puscmek, so `bss `mdb`y to
ab pgmeju`.
Bei A cgs slg`` grbg to menrbgsb prbssurb oe
tcb surjgnb, so lorb `mdb`y to ko meto surjgnb.
Yopmn >.: Vrbssurb me `mqumis
gei kgsbs
Bxbrnmsb >.:G Yrbeis me prbssurb 7
7 prbssurb menrbgsbs
1 gt sbg `bvb`
> prbssurb menrbgsbs
9 prbssurb menrbgsbs
Bxbrnmsb >.:A Yrbeis me prbssurb 1
7 Ycb prbssurb ms bqug` me g`` imrbntmoes.
1 Vrbssurb menrbgsbs wmtc ibptc me g `mqumi.
> g prbssurb ibnrbgsbs
a Vgrtmn`bs lovb s`owbr gt `owbr
tblpbrgturb4 no``msmoes oj pgrtmn`bs wmtc
a `meb stgrtmek jrol gaovb tcb ormkme gei
s`opmek up (me gey lgeebr)
Yopmn >.; Vgrtmn`bs oe tcb lovb
Bxbrnmsb >.;G Imjjusmoe me kgsbs
gei `mqumis
7 A`gnd nmrn`bs gei co``ow nmrn`bs rgeiol`y, gei
roukc`y bvbe`y sprbgi tcroukcout tcb wco`b
noetgmebr4 sglb eulabr (76) oj bgnc typb oj
pgrtmn`b.
1 A`gnd nmrn`bs rgeiol`y, gei roukc`y bvbe`y
sprbgi tcroukcout tcb wco`b noetgmebr4 sglb
eulabr (76) oj a`gnd nmrn`bs.
Bxbrnmsb >.;A Imjjusmoe
7 Ycb rgeiol lovblbet oj pgrtmn`bs jrol ge
grbg oj cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe to ge grbg oj
`owbr noenbetrgtmoe.
1 g tcb pgrtmn`bs/tcb med imjjusb(s)4 tcb
pgrtmn`bs stgrt gt cmkc noenbetrgtmoe gei
sprbgi out rgeiol`y to grbgs oj `owbr
noenbetrgtmoe
a imjjusmoe onnurs jgstbr gt cmkcbr
tblpbrgturb4 abngusb pgrtmn`bs lovb jgstbr
gt cmkcbr tblpbrgturb
> N`osb to tcb noetgmebr tcb pgrtmn`bs/arowe kgs
ms gt cmkc noenbetrgtmoe4 cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe
lbges tcb pgrtmn`bs grb n`osbr tokbtcbr/tcbrb
grb lorb pgrtmn`bs me tcb spgnb4 tcb pgrtmn`bs/
arowe kgs imjjusb4 jurtcbr gwgy jrol tcb
noetgmebr, tcb pgrtmn`bs grb jurtcbr gpgrt.
9 [cbe tcb krbbe no`our ﬇``s tcb aott`b, tcb
lovblbet oj pgrtmn`bs cgs stoppbi4 jg`sb.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
[cbe tcb krbbe no`our ﬇``s tcb aott`b, imjjusmoe
cgs stoppbi4 trub.
Bxbrnmsb >.;N Zgrmga`bs gjjbntmek
imjjusmoe
7 g Ycb pgrtmn`bs grb n`osbr tokbtcbr wcbe tcb
nrystg` ﬇rst imsso`vbs4 tcb pgrtmn`bs grb me
cmkc noenbetrgtmoe4 tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb eot
ybt stgrtbi to imjjusb4 pgrtmn`bs rgeiol`y
sprbgi out to grbgs oj `owbr noenbetrgtmoe4
wcbe ju``y sprbgi out, tcb pgrtmn`bs grb
jurtcbr gpgrt.
a Gey two jrol8 menrbgsmek tcb tblpbrgturb4
usmek lorb purp`b nrystg`s4 usmek g
slg``br vo`ulb oj wgtbr.
Remt 9 Bnosystbls
Yopmn 9.7 Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt
Bxbrnmsb 9.7 Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt
bnosystbl
7 Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt, wcmnc ms vbry iry, gei
tcb tblpbrgturb ebvbr kobs ab`ow 6 ¶N
1 Mt cgs wmib-sprbgimek, scg``ow roots to gasora
wgtbr wcbe mt rgmes. Mt cgs eo `bgvbs to rbiunb
wgtbr `oss ay bvgporgtmoe. Mt cgs spmebs to stop
gemlg`s bgtmek mt.
> Mt ms too no`i. Ycby imb mj tcb tblpbrgturb jg``s
ab`ow 6 ¶N, abngusb tcbmr nb``s grb dm``bi mj
tcby jrbbzb.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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1 Imjjusmoe cgppbes jgstbr gt cmkcbr
tblpbrgturb4 pgrtmn`bs lovb jgstbr gt cmkcbr
tblpbrgturb4 tcb pgrtmn`bs jrol tcb cot nojjbb
wm`` ncgekb jrol abmek g `mqumi to abmek g
kgs jgstbr/wm`` bvgporgtb jgstbr4 tcbrb wm`` ab
g cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe oj nojjbb pgrtmn`bs me
tcb gmr hust gaovb tcb cot nojjbb tcge tcb no`i4
pgrtmn`bs jrol tcb cot nojjbb wm`` tgdb `bss tmlb
to trgvb` jrol tcb nups to Xgrg”s eosb.
> Ycb noenbetrgtmoe oj pgrtmn`bs ngusmek tcb
slb`` wm`` ab cmkcbr n`osbr to tcb jooi4 mj tcb
gemlg` lovbs n`osbr to tcb jooi, tcb slb`` wm``
kbt stroekbr4 mj tcb gemlg` lovbs gwgy jrol
tcb jooi, tcb slb`` wm`` kbt `bss/wbgdbr.
9 Mj g`` tcb Km`g wooipbndbrs gei km`ibi fimndbrs
imbi out, tcbrb wou`i ab eo co`bs lgib me tcb
sgkugro ngntm, so otcbr gemlg`s tcgt usb tcbsb
co`bs wou`i eot ab ga`b to usb tcbl. Ycms
nou`i lbge tcgt tcb popu`gtmoe oj amris sunc
gs b`j ow`s lmkct ibnrbgsb.
Mj g`` tcb sgkugro ngntm imbi out, g`` tcb amris
tcgt usb tcbl jor ebstmek (Km`g wooipbndbrs,
km`ibi fimndbrs, b`j ow`s, Cgrrms cgwds) wou`i
eot ab ga`b to arbbi, so tcbmr popu`gtmoes
wou`i ibnrbgsb. Agts wou`i eot cgvb g sournb
oj po``be gei ebntgr jrol tcb ngntm, so,
ue`bss tcby nou`i swmtnc to jbbimek oe otcbr
p`gets, tcbmr popu`gtmoe lmkct g`so ibnrbgsb.
Gemlg`s tcgt bgt tcb ngntus jrumts nou`i g`so
imb out.
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
11/31
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
2 Ycb ngntm grb proaga`y uega`b to nolpbtb wmtc
otcbr p`gets tcgt grb spbnm﬇ng``y gigptbi to
survmvb me wbttbr p`gnbs. Jor bxglp`b, otcbr
p`gets grb `mdb`y to ab ga`b to krow jgstbr tcge
sgkugro ngntm, gei proiunb g `ot oj `bgvbs.
Ycby wou`i ovbrscgiow tcb ngntm, rbiunmek
tcb `mkct jg``mek oeto tcbl, so tcgt tcby wou`i
eot ab ga`b to pcotosyetcbsmsb.
Yopmn 9.1 Imjjbrbet bnosystbls
Bxbrnmsb 9.1G G tropmng` rgmejorbst
bnosystbl
Yropmng` rgmejorbsts krow wcbrb tcb tblpbrgturb ms
g`wgys cmkc gei tcbrb ms p`bety oj rgmejg``. Lgey
imjjbrbet spbnmbs oj p`get krow me tcb rgmejorbst.
Ycb rgmejorbst provmibs cgamtgts gei jooi jor lgey
imjjbrbet spbnmbs oj gemlg`.
Oe tcb jorbst fioor, juekm arbgd iowe ibgi
`bgvbs gei wgstb jrol tcb gemlg`s. Ycbsb juekm
grb ibnolposbrs.
Ycb juekm rb`bgsb eutrmbets jrol tcb ibgi `bgvbs
gei wgstb, wcmnc cb`p tcb p`gets to krow.
G`` oj tcb p`gets, gemlg`s gei juekm metbrgnt wmtc
oeb geotcbr. Ycby g`so metbrgnt wmtc tcb eoe-`mvmek
pgrts oj tcbmr bevmroelbet.
Ycms ebtword oj metbrgntmoes lgdbs up tcb tropmng`
rgmejorbst bnosystbl.
Bxbrnmsb 9.1A Cyirotcbrlg` vbets
7 Ycbrb ms eo `mkct, so tcby ngeeot
pcotosyetcbsmsb.
1 Jor bxglp`b8 agntbrmg ➙ zoop`gedtoe ➙ sbg
gebloebs ➙ nrgas
> agntbrmg
9 Jrol ncblmng`s imsso`vbi me tcb cot wgtbr tcgt
nolbs out oj tcb vbet.
2 Jor bxglp`b8 mesmib g tuab worl4 me tcb cot
wgtbr grouei tcb vbet4 oe tcb sbg fioor.
Bxbrnmsb 9.1N Lgekrovbs gei ﬇sc
7 cgamtgt „ tcb p`gnb wcbrb ge orkgemsl `mvbs
bnosystbl „ g ebtword oj metbrgntmoes abtwbbe
`mvmek gei eoe-`mvmek tcmeks
prbigtor „ ge gemlg` tcgt dm``s gei bgts
otcbr gemlg`s
1 yb``owtgm`
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> Ycb lgssbs jor g`` spbnmbs grb `owbr wcbrb tcbrb
grb eo lgekrovbs. Ycb amkkbst imjjbrbenb ms jor
yb``owtgm`, wcbrb tcb lgss ms `bss tcge cg`j oj
tcgt wcbrb tcbrb grb lgekrovbs oe tcb scorb.
9 [cbe eo lgekrovbs grb prbsbet, tcbrb ms eo
cgamtgt jor tcb agay ﬇sc to ibvb`op sgjb`y jrol
prbigtors, so jbwbr agay ﬇sc krow to abnolb
giu`ts, gei tcbrb grb jbwbr giu`t ﬇sc oe
tcb norg` rbbj.
Yopmn 9.> Metruibrs me ge bnosystbl
Bxbrnmsb 9.>G Abgvbrs me ^outc Glbrmng
7 strbgls gei rmvbrs me Eortc Glbrmng
1 Ycby lgdb igls, wcmnc ngusb ibbp poo`s to
jorl. Ycby nut iowe trbbs.
> Ycb abgrs wou`i g`lost nbrtgme`y cgrl otcbr
egtmvb spbnmbs (men`uimek culges) gs wb`` gs
dm``mek abgvbrs.
Bxbrnmsb 9.>A [gtbr cygnmetc
7 cbramvorb8 ge gemlg` tcgt bgts (oe`y) p`gets
mevgsmvb spbnmbs8 g spbnmbs tcgt cgs abbe
metroiunbi meto ge bnosystbl wcbrb mt ms eot
egtmvb, gei tcgt cgs sprbgi wmib`y gei me
`grkb eulabrs
gqugtmn8 `mvmek me wgtbr
1 [gtbr cygnmetcs grb egtmvb to ^outc Glbrmng,
gei tcbrb grb sbvbrg` cbramvorbs me tcb
bnosystbls tcbrb tcgt bgt wgtbr cygnmetc gei
dbbp mts eulabrs ueibr noetro`.
> Ycb wgtbr cygnmetcs stop oxykbe kbttmek meto
tcb wgtbr, so egtmvb p`gets gei ﬇sc grb dm``bi.
Ycby lgdb mt imj﬇nu`t jor ﬇scbrlbe to lgdb
g `mvmek, abngusb tcb aogts ngeeot lovb bgsm`y
tcroukc tcb wgtbr cygnmetc gei tcb ebts
ngeeot ngtnc ﬇sc.
Bxbrnmsb 9.>N Ngeb togis me Gustrg`mg
7 Ycbrb wm`` ab otcbr spbnmbs me tcbmr egtmvb
nouetry tcgt dbbp ngeb togi eulabrs ueibr
noetro` „ jor bxglp`b, prbigtors tcgt nge bgt
tcbl wmtcout abmek pomsoebi. Me Gustrg`mg, eo
spbnmbs nge bgt tcbl sgjb`y.
1 Ycb rbsbgrncbrs scou`i oatgme g `grkb eulabr
oj quo``s, gei dbbp tcbl g`` me tcb sglb
noeimtmoes. Ycby scou`i jbbi ngeb togi
sgusgkbs to cg`j oj tcbl, gei sgusgkbs tcgt io
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
eot noetgme ngeb togi to tcb otcbr cg`j. (Ycms
ms tcb meibpbeibet vgrmga`b.)
Ycby scou`i tcbe kmvb bgnc quo`` tcb ncgenb
to bgt g ngeb togi, gei rbnori wcbtcbr or
eot tcb quo`` trmbs to bgt mt. (Ycms ms tcb
ibpbeibet vgrmga`b.)
Mj tcb cypotcbsms ms norrbnt, tcb rbsu`ts scou`i
scow tcgt tcb quo``s tcgt cgvb bgtbe ngeb togi
sgusgkbs try to bgt jbwbr ngeb togis, tcge tcb
quo``s tcgt cgvb oe`y bgtbe sgusgkbs tcgt io
eot noetgme ngeb togi.
Yopmn 9.9 Amognnulu`gtmoe
Bxbrnmsb 9.9G Lmnrop`gstmns
7 tmey pmbnbs oj p`gstmn `bss tcge 2 ll `oek
1 ^olb nolb jrol `grkb pmbnbs oj p`gstmn
tcgt arbgd up meto slg`` pmbnbs. Otcbrs grb
lgeujgnturbi gs lmnrop`gstmns, usbi me
proiunts sunc gs jgnb nrbgls gei tootcpgstb.
> ^olb smed to tcb aottol abngusb tcby grb
ibesbr tcge wgtbr. ^olb ko meto tcb aoimbs
oj gemlg`s gei lgy ab ngrrmbi to tcb aottol
wcbe tcb gemlg` imbs.
9 g 29
a 72: ∑ 29 < 761
2 Gs tcby jbbi, tcby tgdb me lmnrop`gstmns tcgt
grb fiogtmek me tcb wgtbr. Ycbrb lgy g`so
ab solb lmnrop`gstmns me tcb aoimbs oj
tcb zoop`gedtoe tcgt tcby bgt.
: Amognnulu`gtmoe ms tcb aum`i-up oj suastgenbs
me ge orkgemsl”s aoiy ovbr mts `mjbtmlb,
abngusb tcb suastgenb iobs eot arbgd iowe me
mts aoiy.
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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; ^bg`s bgt lgey ﬇sc me tcbmr `mjbtmlbs, gei g``
oj tcb lmnrop`gstmns me tcb ﬇sc tcgt tcby bgt
krgiug``y aum`i up me tcbmr aoimbs.
Bxbrnmsb 9.9A Amgs
7 Ycb nolpgey wgets to lgdb loeby ay sb``mek
mts proiunt, so mt lmkct try to lgdb tcb rmsd
posbi ay usmek tcb sprgy sbbl `bss mlportget
tcge mt rbg``y ms.
1 ]bs. Oenb gkgme, tcb nolpgey tcgt sb``s tcb
prbigtors wgets to lgdb loeby, so mt lmkct
p`gy iowe tcb rmsd (rbprbsbet mt gs `owbr tcge
mt rbg``y ms) to otcbr spbnmbs posbi ay usmek tcb
prbigtors.
> Eo iglgkb ms ioeb to orkgemsls tcgt `mvb me
tcb grbg.
9 Ycms nou`i rbiunb tcb popu`gtmoes oj otcbr
mesbnts gei, me solb ngsbs, nou`i lgdb tcbl
abnolb bxtment. ^olb oj tcbsb nou`i ab usbju`8
tcby nou`i ab po``megtors, jor bxglp`b. Ycms
nou`i, me ture, gjjbnt tcb popu`gtmoes oj p`gets
tcgt rb`y oe po``megtors.
2 Ycb ncblmng`s me tcb sprgy aum`i up me bgnc
orkgemsl tcgt ms bxposbi to mt. Ycb jurtcbr up
tcb jooi ncgme ge gemlg` ms, tcb lorb oj tcb
ncblmng`s mt wm`` tgdb me ovbr mts `mjbtmlb, gs mt
bgts lgey gemlg`s tcgt noetgme tcb ncblmng`s.
: Eo, tcby ngeeot ab gaso`utb`y surb, aut tcby
nge nbrtgme`y trust tcms mejorlgtmoe lorb tcge
tcb mejorlgtmoe jrol tcb nolpgembs.
; Ncbndmek jor amgs ms imj﬇nu`t, aut mt nou`i
mevo`vb `oodmek gt tcb rbsu`ts oj gey tbsts
tcgt cgvb abbe ioeb, so tcgt tcby nge sbb
jor tcblsb`vbs wcbtcbr tcb rbsu`ts lgtnc
tcb stgtblbets lgib ay tcb gkrmnu`turb
ibpgrtlbet.
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Remt 2 Lgtbrmg`s gei nyn`bs oe Bgrtc

Yopmn 2.7 Ycb strunturb oj 1 Ycb rbsu`ts oj Qutcbrjori”s bxpbrmlbet to`i
cml tcgt tcb gtol wgs lost`y blpty spgnb,
tcb gtol aut wmtc g ibesb/so`mi eun`bus.
Bxbrnmsb 2.7G @gab``mek tcb strunturb oj
tcb gtol Yopmn 2.1 Vurmty
7 gei 1 Bxbrnmsb 2.1 Vurmty
7 Mt lbges tcgt g`` tcb gtols me tcb b`blbet grb
b`bntroe tcb sglb. ^o purb sm`vbr cgs oe`y sm`vbr gtols.
ebutroe eun`bus oj 1 Imgloeis grb lgib oj ngraoe gtols. [cbe
++ protoe tcb gtol imgloeis grb no`ourbi, tcby cgvb gtols oj
imjjbrbet b`blbets lmxbi me wmtc tcb ngraoe
blpty spgnb gtols. [cbe tcby cgvb aoroe gtols tcb
imgloeis wm`` ab g a`ub no`our. Mj imgloeis
cgvb emtrokbe gtols lmxbi wmtc tcb ngraoe
> Ycb jo``owmek stgtblbets scou`i ab tmndbi
gtols, tcb imgloei wm`` ab g yb``ow no`our.
B`bntroes cgvb `bss lgss tcge protoes. Ycb rgrbst no`our oj imgloei ms krbbe. Krbbe
imgloeis cgvb emtrokbe, emndb` or cyirokbe
B`bntroes cgvb g ebkgtmvb b`bntrmng` ncgrkb. lmxbi me wmtc tcb ngraoe gtols.
Ebutroes cgvb lorb lgss tcge b`bntroes. > =1.2%

Bxbrnmsb 2.7A Loib`s oj tcb strunturb 9 g >;.2%

oj tcb gtol a =7.;%
posmtmvb`y
7 ∑

∑
ncgrkbi
∑
∑ n 23.>%
∑ lgttbr ∑ posmtmvb`y

∑
∑
+ +
++
+ +
∑
ncgrkbi
lgttbr
2 Vurmty oj Vurmty oj Cgriebss
∑ +
b`bntroes
∑

∑
∑ ko`i g``oy me ko`i g``oy me me gramtrgry
b`bntroes
∑
ngrgts pbrnbetgkb uemts
H. H. Ycolpsoe Qutcbrjori
= >;.2 36
1 Me H. H. Ycolpsoe”s loib`, tcb pgrtmn`bs cb debw 79 23.> =6
gaout, b`bntroes gei posmtmvb`y ncgrkbi pgrtmn`bs, 73 ;2.6 716
grb sngttbrbi rgeiol`y tcroukcout tcb gtol 11 =7.; 96
gei tcbrb ms eo eun`bus. Me Qutcbrjori”s loib`,
tcbrb ms g eun`bus gei tcb b`bntroes grb 19 766.6 >6
rgeiol`y sngttbrbi tcroukcout tcb rbst oj tcb
spgnb me tcb gtol. : Nrbimt8 g sumtga`b sng`b oe tcb cormzoetg` gxms4
tcb pomets p`ottbi gnnurgtb`y gei ebgt`y4 g
> Nrbimt gey oj tcb snmbetmsts eglbi, sunc gs abst-﬇t `meb irgwe.
Hglbs Ncgiwmnd or Emb`s Aocr.
; Ycb gssmstget kgvb ge opmemoe. Ycb snmbenb
Bxbrnmsb 2.7N Qutcbrjori”s ko`i jom` scows tcgt 73 ngrgt ko`i ms lunc cgribr tcge
purb ko`i. G`tcoukc tcb otcbr sglp`bs grb
bxpbrmlbet
cgribr tcge purb ko`i, tcby grb eot cgribr
7 Ycb imgkrgl scou`i ab nolp`btbi ay irgwmek tcge 73 ngrgt ko`i, so mt ms lost`y eot me `meb
lost pgrtmn`b pgtcwgys pgssmek strgmkct wmtc tcb snmbenb.
tcroukc tcb jom`. G jbw scou`i ab scowe
abmek rbfibntbi agnd or ibfibntbi jrol tcb 3 Ycb ibsnrmptmoe scou`i stgtb tcgt tcb cgriebss
ko`i jom`. oj tcb ko`i menrbgsbs up to 73 ngrgt ko`i gei
tcbe ibnrbgsbs gt vg`ubs krbgtbr tcge 73 ngrgt.

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= Ycms lgy ab iub to tcb jgnt tcgt tcb otcbr
lbtg` usbi me tcb g``oys ms eot tcb sglb.
Aotc sm`vbr or noppbr nge ab usbi. Ycb igtg io
eot sgy wcmnc ms usbi me bgnc ngsb.
Yopmn 2.> [bgtcbr gei n`mlgtb
Bxbrnmsb 2.>G [oris gei lbgemeks
tblpbrgturb ➙ cow cot mt ms
culmimty ➙ cow lunc wgtbr vgpour tcbrb ms me tcb
gtlospcbrb
prbnmpmtgtmoe ➙ rgme, cgm` or seow wcmnc jg``s jrol
n`ouis
vmsmam`mty ➙ cow jgr you nge sbb4 mt ibpbeis oe tcb
gtlospcbrmn noeimtmoes or igrdebss
gtlospcbrb ➙ tcb `gybr oj kgsbs grouei tcb Bgrtc
lbtboro`oky ➙ tcb stuiy oj wbgtcbr
Bxbrnmsb 2.>A [bgtcbr or n`mlgtb?
7 Ycb wbgtcbr ms tcb gtlospcbrmn noeimtmoes ovbr
tcb scort tbrl, jrol lmeutb to lmeutb, cour to
cour or igy to igy.
N`mlgtb ms tcb gvbrgkb wbgtcbr oj ge grbg ovbr
g lunc `oekbr tmlb, usug``y gt `bgst >6 ybgrs.
1 Nrbimt gpproxmlgtb grbgs, sunc gs Getgrntmng,
eortcbre Ngegig, Krbbe`gei gei eortcbre
Qussmg, aut aotc Vo`bs lust ab men`uibi gei
`gab``bi.
> Ycb n`mlgtb me tcb po`gr zoeb ms vbry no`i gei
iry g`` ybgr.
9 Nrbimt gpproxmlgtb grbgs, sunc gs nbetrg`
Glbrmng, soutc Glbrmng (bgst oj tcb Geibs)
nbetrg` Gjrmng, soutc-bgst Gsmg, tcb eortc-bgst
tmp gei soutc-bgst nogstg` strmp oj Gustrg`mg,
aut tropmng` zoeb me lorb tcge oeb noetmebet
lust ab scowe gei `gab``bi.
2 Ycb n`mlgtb me tcb tropmng` zoeb ms cot gei wbt
g`` ybgr.
: Lbtboro`okmsts rbnori tcb wbgtcbr me so lunc
ibtgm` abngusb tcby grb `oodmek jor pgttbres to
sbb mj tcby nge prbimnt wcgt wm`` cgppbe me tcb
juturb. Deowmek wcgt tcb wbgtcbr wm`` ab `mdb
cgs g amk bjjbnt oe tcb gkrmnu`turb, trgesport,
cbg`tc gei otcbr meiustrmbs.
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Bxbrnmsb 2.>N [bgtcbr igtg
7 Igtg scou`i ab p`ottbi gs mestruntbi wmtc tcb
igtb gei tmlb g`oek tcb cormzoetg` gxms gei
tcb tblpbrgturb up tcb vbrtmng` gxms. Nrbimt g
sumtga`b sng`b, `gab``bi gxbs, gnnurgtb`y p`ottbi
pomets gei tcb pomets homebi –tblpbrgturb sty`b”,
tcgt ms pomet-to-pomet.
1 Mt ms imj﬇nu`t to sbb gey pgttbre me tcbsb rbsu`ts
aut `bgrebrs lgy spot tcgt kbebrg``y tcb
tblpbrgturb gt 66866 ms `owbr tcge tcgt jor tcb
rbst oj tcb igy. Ycb tblpbrgturb ojtbe rmsbs
iurmek tcb igy gei jg``s g `mtt`b ovbr emkct.
Ycby scou`i kmvb bxglp`bs. Ycby lgy ab ga`b
to `med tcb slg`` jg`` me tblpbrgturb to tcb jgnt
tcgt Mnb`gei cgs g vbry `oek igy `bektc. Mj tcby
jgm` to sbb g pgttbre, kmvb tcbl nrbimt mj tcby
kmvb bxglp`bs.
> Ycb oe`y –pgttbre” me tcb wbbd ms tcgt tcb
tblpbrgturbs grb jgmr`y noestget.
9 Ycb tblpbrgturb oe tcms igy rblgmebi
noestget jrol 6:.66 to 73.66 gei tcgt wgs eot
typmng` oj otcbr igys iurmek tcb wbbd.
2 Ycb ibsnrmptmoe oj tcms n`mlgtb zoeb ms no`i
gei iry.
: Ycms wbbd tcb wbgtcbr me Mnb`gei wgs eot vbry
no`i gei tcbrb wgs rgme, wcmnc ms eot typmng`
oj tcms n`mlgtb zoeb.
; Nrbimt mibgs gaout Mnb`gei abmek ge ms`gei me
tcb lmii`b oj ge onbge gei g `oek wgy jrol
gey otcbr `gei. Ycby lgy g`so rbg`msb or ﬇ei
out tcgt tcb wmeis gei wbgtcbr systbls lovb
qumnd`y me tcms grbg gei grb mefiubenbi ay tcb
Ku`j ^trbgl.
Yopmn 2.9 N`mlgtb gei mnb gkbs
Bxbrnmsb 2.9G [orisbgrnc
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Bxbrnmsb 2.9A ^om` norbs
7 g Ycb o`ibst pbgt ms jrol tcb aottol oj
tcb aok.
a Ycb p`get lgtbrmg` cgs eot rottbi abngusb
tcb noeimtmoes me tcb aok s`ow iowe
ibngy. Ycbrb ms eot beoukc oxykbe gei tcb
noeimtmoes grb gnmimn.
n ^nmbetmsts copb to ﬇ei out wcmnc p`gets
wbrb krowmek me tcgt grbg tcousgeis oj
ybgrs gko. Mj tcby nge mibetmjy tcb p`gets
jrol tcbmr po``be, tcby nge tcbe word out
wcgt tcb n`mlgtb wgs `mdb gt tcgt tmlb.
1 g Ycbsb pbrmois grb tcb k`gnmg` pbrmois.
a Ycbsb pbrmois grb ng``bi
metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois.
Bxbrnmsb 2.9N N`mlgtb nyn`bs
7 Ycb krgpc scou`i ab `gab``bi wmtc tcb pbgds
gs metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois gei tcb troukcs gs
k`gnmg` pbrmois.
1 Gaout ;2 666 ybgrs gko. Mt `gstbi jrol gaout
;2 666 ybgrs gko uetm` gaout 12 666 ybgrs gko,
so mt `gstbi gaout 26 666 ybgrs.
> Me ge metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi tcb gvbrgkb
tblpbrgturbs grb kbebrg``y gaovb jrbbzmek
rbgncmek gs cmkc gs 16 ¶N.
9 [cbe tcb tblpbrgturbs grb wb`` ab`ow jrbbzmek
jor g `oek tmlb, lost `mvmek orkgemsls ngeeot
survmvb.
2 Ycbrb cgvb abbe jour k`gnmg` gei ﬇vb
metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois ovbr tcb pgst 926 666 ybgrs.
Ycb ﬇rst metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi wgs 32 666 ybgrs
`oek gei wgs jo``owbi ay 12 666 ybgrs oj
g k`gnmg` pbrmoi. Ycb sbnoei k`gnmg` pbrmoi
`gstbi ;6 666 ybgrs tcb sbnoei metbrk`gnmg`
pbrmoi wgs wgrlbr gei `gstbi `oekbr tcge
tcb ﬇rst.
Ycb tcmri k`gnmg` pbrmoi `gstbi 16 666 ybgrs so
tcb k`gnmg` pbrmois sbbl to ab kbttmek scortbr.
Iurmek tcb tcmri metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi (gaout
112 666 ybgrs gko) tcbrb wgs g scort, scgrp imp
me tcb gvbrgkb tblpbrgturbs. Ycb ebxt k`gnmg`
pbrmoi wgs `oekbr gei tcb ebxt metbrk`gnmg`
pbrmoi cgi vbry cmkc gvbrgkb tblpbrgturbs, tcb
cmkcbst oj g`` tcb metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois me tcms
tmlb spge, gei `gstbi uetm` gaout ;2 666 ybgrs
gko. Ycb lost rbnbet k`gnmg` pbrmoi `gstbi
gaout 26 666 ybgrs gei wb cgvb abbe me
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tcb nurrbet metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi jor gaout
12 666 ybgrs.
: Ycb bvmibenb wb cgvb nolbs jrol norb som`
sglp`bs jrol pbgt aoks gei jrol tcb bvmibenb
me tcb `geisngpb jrol tcb bjjbnt oj k`gnmbrs.
Yopmn 2.2 Gtlospcbrb gei n`mlgtb
Bxbrnmsb 2.2G
Me tcb ﬇rst am``moe ybgrs gjtbr tcb Bgrtc jorlbi
tcbrb wbrb `ots oj vo`ngeobs. Ycbsb proiunbi
kgsbs, wcmnc lgib up tcb gtlospcbrb. Ycb
wgtbr vgpour tcgt wgs proiunbi noeibesbi, to
jorl `gdbs gei onbges. Ycb bgr`y gtlospcbrb
wgs lgme`y lgib up oj ngraoe imoxmib kgs.
Ycbrb wgs `mtt`b or eo oxykbe kgs. Ycms ms `mdb tcb
gtlospcbrb oj tcb p`gebt Zbeus toigy.
Gs p`gets abkge to krow oe Bgrtc, tcby usbi
up tcb ngraoe imoxmib kgs gei proiunbi jooi
ay tcb pronbss oj pcotosyetcbsms. Ovbr am``moes
oj ybgrs tcb ngraoe me tcb ngraoe imoxmib kgs
abnglb `ondbi up gs jossm` jub`s, sunc gs om` gei
nog` gei gs ngraoegtbs me sbimlbetgry ronds sunc
gs `mlbstoeb. Ycms ngusbi tcb `bvb`s oj ngraoe
imoxmib me tcb gtlospcbrb to jg``.
Bxbrnmsb 2.2A
7 36%
1 76%
> 6.6>3%
9 Mt ibnrbgsbi vbry qumnd`y gt tcb stgrt gei tcbe
noetmeubi to ibnrbgsb, aut gt g lunc s`owbr
rgtb.
2 Ycb `bvb` oj ngraoe imoxmib cgs menrbgsbi
qumtb irglgtmng``y ovbr tcb pgst 166 ybgrs.
Ycms ms abngusb, gs meiustry ibvb`opbi, lorb
jossm` jub`s wbrb auret to provmib bebrky jor
jgntormbs gei trgesport. Lorb jorbsts cgvb
abbe nut iowe to usb tcb wooi gei lgdb
rool jor pbop`b, nrops gei jgrl gemlg`s,
so tcms lbges `bss ngraoe imoxmib jrol tcb
gtlospcbrb ms abmek usbi up.
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Bxbrnmsb 2.2N
7 Ycb geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe wcgt `bgrebrs cgvb
jouei out, aut gs g lmemlul scou`i men`uib
tcb jo``owmek8
Ycbrb ms bvmibenb tcgt mroe oxmib wgs jorlbi
me ronds gjtbr tcb pbrmoi 1.7 to 1.6 am``moe
ybgrs gko, eot abjorb. Ycbrb ms bvmibenb jrol
tcb pondbts oj gmr trgppbi me tcb mnb norbs
jrol Krbbe`gei gei Getgrntmng. [b cgvb
lbgsurblbets oj tcb pbrnbetgkb oj kgsbs me
tcb gtlospcbrb ovbr tcb pgst 766 or so ybgrs.
1 Ycb geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe wcgt `bgrebrs cgvb
jouei out, aut gs g lmemlul scou`i men`uib
tcb jo``owmek8
Ycbrb ms bvmibenb jrol tcb mnb norbs gaout tcb
wgy tcb mnb wgs jorlbi ovbr tmlb.
Ycbrb ms bvmibenb oj ge menrbgsb me tcb rgtb
gt wcmnc tcb po`gr mnb ngps gei k`gnmbrs
grb lb`tmek. Ycbrb ms bvmibenb oj tcb sbg
`bvb`s menrbgsmek.
> Ycb bvmibenb jrol g `oek tmlb gko ms eot
imrbnt bvmibenb, aut cgs abbe mejbrrbi jrol
otcbr tcmeks, wcbrbgs tcb rbnoris ovbr tcb
pgst 766 ybgrs wbrb tgdbe imrbnt`y gei tcbrb
grb `ots oj rbnoris. Cowbvbr, bvbe wmtc tcb
lorb rbnbet rbnoris wb ngeeot ab surb oj tcb
wgy me wcmnc tcby wbrb tgdbe ue`bss tcby wbrb
tgdbe gei rbnoribi ay projbssmoeg`s tcgt wb
nge trust.

Remt : @mkct
Yopmn :.7 Qbfibntmoe n menmibet rgy p`geb lmrror
eorlg` r
m
Bxbrnmsb :.7G Lgdmek rbfibntmoes rbj`bntbi
rgy
7 figt lmrror m r
eorlg`
p`geb lmrror
1 aouenmek

> g menmibet rgy 1 g `meb irgwe gt =6¶ to tcb lmrror surjgnb gt

tcb pomet wcbrb tcb `mkct rgy lbbts tcb
a rbfibntbi rgy
surjgnb4 `meb nge ab igscbi or so`mi gei
n eorlg` lgy pgss tcroukc tcb lmrror surjgnb

a gek`b oj menmibenb < 26¶

Bxbrnmsb :.7A Qgy imgkrgls
7 g menmibet rgy eorlg`
rbj`bntbi
rgy
m r

p`geb lmrror

a menmibet rgy p`geb lmrror

m
eorlg`
r

rbj`bntbi
rgy

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
7: © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb :.7N Gnnurgtb rgy imgkrgls > [cbe `mkct ncgekbs imrbntmoe, tcb ncgekb me
imrbntmoe nge ab ngusbi ay g ncgekb me spbbi.
7 g p`geb lmrror menmibet rgy [cbe `mkct ncgekbs imrbntmoe pgssmek jrol gmr
meto k`gss, tcms ms ng``bi rbjrgntmoe.

m
Bxbrnmsb :.1A Vrbimntmek rbjrgntmoe
eorlg`
r
7 [cbe `mkct ncgekbs spbbi (ngusbi ay) pgssmek
jrol oeb trgespgrbet suastgenb/lbimul
to geotcbr.

1 g imgloei
rbfibntbi rgy
a gmr gei imgloei

n nore om` gei k`ynbro`

a p`geb lmrror > [cbe `mkct pgssbs meto g lbimul wcbrb

r m
eorlg`
rbj`bntbi rgy menmibet rgy
1 Jmrst gek`b oj menmibenb me rgekb 16„1>¶. Jmrst
gek`b oj rbfibntmoe scou`i ab bqug` to tcms.
^bnoei gek`b oj menmibenb scou`i ab slg``br
tcge ﬇rst. ^bnoei gek`b oj rbfibntmoe scou`i ab
bqug` to sbnoei gek`b oj menmibenb.
mt s`ows iowe, tcb `mkct abeis towgris
tcb eorlg`.
[cbe `mkct pgssbs meto g lbimul wcbrb mt spbbis
up, tcb `mkct abeis gwgy jrol tcb eorlg`.
9 Qgmeirops rbjrgnt `mkct4 rgmeirops grb nurvbi4
rgmeirops rbjrgnt `mkct me imjjbrbet imrbntmoes.
Bxbrnmsb :.1N Qbjrgntmoe rgy imgkrgls
7 g rgy oj `mkct
eorlg`

p`geb lmrror
gek`b oj menmibenb
menmibet rgy
gmr
k`gss
gek`b oj rbjrgntmoe

rbjrgntbi rgy

p`geb lmrror

a
Yopmn :.1 Qbjrgntmoe gek`b oj
eorlg`
rbjrgntmoe rbjrgntbi
Bxbrnmsb :.1G Ngusbs oj rbjrgntmoe rgy
7 lbimul gmr
wgtbr gek`b oj menmibenb
1 g [cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol gmr meto wgtbr,
tcb `mkct s`ows iowe.

a [cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol k`gss meto gmr, tcb

`mkct spbbis up.
menmibet rgy
n [cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol wgtbr meto k`gss,
tcb `mkct s`ows iowe.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
7; © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

n Yopmn :.9 No`ours oj `mkct

Bxbrnmsb :.9G Giimek prmlgry no`ours
7 No`ours oj `mkct tcgt ngeeot ab lgib ay
m r giimek otcbr no`ours.
r m 1 g Giimek rbi `mkct gei krbbe `mkct lgdbs
yb``ow `mkct.

a Giimek krbbe `mkct gei a`ub `mkct lgdbs

gmr k`gss gmr
nyge `mkct.

1 n Giimek rbi `mkct, krbbe `mkct gei a`ub

gmr k`gss
`mkct lgdbs wcmtb `mkct.

rbjrgntbi rgy
> G`` sbvbe no`ours grb kmvbe out tokbtcbr4 g``
sbvbe no`ours grb oj (gpproxmlgtb`y) bqug`
eorlg` armkctebss4 g`` sbvbe no`ours lmx to kmvb
wcmtb `mkct.

menmibet rgy Bxbrnmsb :.9A ^uatrgntmek no`ours oj `mkct

7 g gey oeb jrol orgekb, yb``ow, a`ub,
meimko, vmo`bt

a Ycb krbbe `mkct cgs abbe gasorabi ay tcb

Yopmn :.> Lgdmek rgmeaows rbi ﬇`tbr. Qbi `mkct pgssbs tcroukc tcb
﬇`tbr abngusb rbi `mkct ms trgeslmttbi ay
Bxbrnmsb :.>G No`ours oj tcb rgmeaow tcb ﬇`tbr.
7 spbntrul
1 g a`ub
1 rbi, orgekb, yb``ow, krbbe, a`ub, meimko, vmo`bt G`` otcbr no`ours bxnbpt a`ub grb
suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblovbi jrol tcb
> g wcmtb
wcmtb `mkct, so oe`y a`ub rblgmes.
a imspbrsmoe
a Ycb rblgmemek a`ub `mkct wm`` ab gasorabi
n Bgnc no`our lbrkbs meto tcb ebxt oeb wmtc ay tcb krbbe ﬇`tbr.
eo spgnb.
> G yb``ow ﬇`tbr ms usbi4 g`` otcbr no`ours bxnbpt
yb``ow grb suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblovbi jrol
Bxbrnmsb :.>A Lgdmek g spbntrul 7 tcb wcmtb `mkct, so oe`y yb``ow ms trgeslmttbi.
7 g trmgeku`gr prmsl
Bxbrnmsb :.9N ^bbmek no`ours
a vmo`bt4 abngusb vmo`bt abeis tcroukc tcb
`grkbst gek`b 7 g Ycb krbbe Y-scmrt rbfibnts oe`y krbbe `mkct.
Ycb krbbe Y-scmrt gasoras g`` tcb otcbr
n m Lovb tcb snrbbe n`osbr to tcb prmsl.
no`ours oj `mkct.
mm Ycb no`ours kbt n`osbr tokbtcbr /
lbrkb tokbtcbr lorb. a a`gnd

1 g rbi or wcmtb
Bxbrnmsb :.>N Lgdmek g spbntrul 1
a a`ub
7 Zmo`bt `mkct s`ows tcb lost wcbe pgssmek jrol
gmr meto p`gstmn4 vmo`bt ms rbjrgntbi tcb lost4 n rbi or a`ub
vmo`bt trgvb`s s`owbst me p`gstmn4 rbi `mkct trgvb`s
> g A`gnd iobs eot rbfibnt `mkct oj gey no`our /
jgstbst me p`gstmn gei ms rbjrgntbi tcb `bgst4
a`gnd ms tcb gasbenb oj `mkct.
otcbr 2 no`ours `mstbi me oribr oj spbbi, bmtcbr
menrbgsmek or ibnrbgsmek (menrbgsmek spbbi stgrts a [cmtb rbfibnts g`` no`ours bqug``y / wcmtb
wmtc vmo`bt, ibnrbgsmek spbbi stgrts wmtc rbi). `mkct noetgmes g`` no`ours.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
73 © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Yopmn :.2 Kg`gxmbs Yopmn :.: Qonds me spgnb

Bxbrnmsb :.2G Our owe kg`gxy Bxbrnmsb :.:G Ibsnrmamek gstbromis
7 g Lm`dy [gy 7 Gstbromis grb lgib jrol rond. Gstbromis nge
cgvb mrrbku`gr scgpbs.
a tmnd ueibr ﬇rst pmnturb (spmrg`)
1 Abtwbbe tcb oramts oj Lgrs gei Hupmtbr.
1 g tcb ^ue
> oramt
a lorb tcge 7 666 666

> Ycbrb ms g slg`` qugetmty oj iust abtwbbe tcb
stgrs me our kg`gxy4 trub.
Ycbrb ms g slg`` qugetmty oj kgs abtwbbe tcb
stgrs me our kg`gxy4 trub.
Bxbrnmsb :.2A Kg`gxmbs me spgnb 7
7 g Remvbrsb
a Ycby noetgme stgrs4 stgrs kmvb out tcbmr
owe `mkct.
1 spmrg`, b``mptmng`, mrrbku`gr
> ^nmbetmsts cgvb lgib ge bstmlgtb oj cow lgey
kg`gxmbs tcbrb grb me totg`. Ycms eulabr lgy
eot ab gnnurgtb/bxgnt.
Bxbrnmsb :.:A Gstbromis gei p`gebts
7 Gey two jrol8 gstbromis grb slg``br tcge
Bgrtc4 gstbromis cgvb eo gtlospcbrb4 gstbromis
cgvb eo onbges4 (lgey) gstbromis cgvb ge
mrrbku`gr scgpb.
1 Ycbrb grb too lgey gstbromis/eot g`` cgvb abbe
imsnovbrbi/imj﬇nu`ty tb``mek tcbl gpgrt ay
gppbgrgenb.
2666
_____
> < 266 dl
76
Bxbrnmsb :.:N Gstbromis gei p`gebts
7 Gey two jrol8 aotc oramt tcb ^ue4 aotc grb
pgrt oj tcb ^o`gr ^ystbl4 aotc noetgme rond.

1 Gstbromis grb too slg``/krgvmty jrol gstbromis

Bxbrnmsb :.2N Kg`gxmbs me spgnb 1
ms too `ow to gttrgnt/co`i g looe.
7 g kgs, stgrs, p`gebts/so`gr systbls
> Ycbrb wgs eot beoukc krgvmty abtwbbe tcbl
a Bgnc pgrtmn`b oj iust ngusbs g slg`` jornb to jorl g p`gebt4 tcbrb wbrb eot beoukc oj
oj krgvmty4 tcbrb grb vbry lgey pgrtmn`bs tcbl to jorl g p`gebt.
oj iust4 tcb krgvmty jrol g`` oj tcbl giis
up to g `grkb jornb. 9 Geswbr nge rbjbr to8 poor qug`mty/`ow
rbso`utmoe oj tcb pcotokrgpc4 `gnd oj bvmibenb
1 g stgrs tcgt g`mbes bxmst4 ibsmrb to gttrgnt gttbetmoe to
tcb wbasmtb/lgdb g sbesgtmoeg` n`gml4 `mkct
a Gey two jrol8 tcby io eot rbfibnt `mkct4 tcby
rbfibntmek ojj g nrgtbr ms lorb `mdb`y/lorb
gasora `mkct4 tcby io eot kmvb out `mkct.
rbg`mstmn4 g`mbe aum`imek ms bxnmtmek aut eot
> Gey two jrol8 jbwbr wm`` ab sbbe4 tcby wm`` ab rbg`mstmn bxp`gegtmoe4 uemvbrsmtmbs wm`` cgvb
imllbr4 tcby wm`` gppbgr slg``br. bxpbrts `oodmek gt tcb pmnturb4 meibpbeibet
wbasmtb lgy eot cgvb bxpbrts noetrmautmek4
9 g Nouet tcb eulabr oj krgmes me g slg``
opmemoes nge vgry oe metbrprbtmek
vo`ulb / vo`ulb kmvbe, jor bxglp`b
pcotokrgpcs4 rbjbrbenb to opmemoe or jgnt.
6.7 nuamn nbetmlbtrb4 tcbe bstmlgtb tcb
vo`ulb oj sgei oe tcb wco`b abgnc ay
lu`tmp`ymek `bektc Û wmitc Û ibptc4
noevbrt aotc vo`ulbs to tcb sglb uemt4
imvmib tcb vo`ulb oj tcb sgei oe tcb
wco`b abgnc ay tcb vo`ulb oj tcb slg``
sglp`b4 lu`tmp`y tcb nouetbi eulabr oj
krgmes ay tcb rbsu`t oj tcms ng`nu`gtmoe.

a Ycb totg` eulabr ngeeot ab nouetbi

gnnurgtb`y4 tcb lbtcoi jor aotc bstmlgtbs
ms tcb sglb4 aotc lbtcois gssulb tcb
spgnmek oj oahbnts ms uemjorl.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
7= © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Remt ; Imbt gei krowtc

Yopmn ;.7 Eutrmbets Bxbrnmsb ;.7A Geg`ysmek mejorlgtmoe
gaout eutrmbets
Bxbrnmsb ;.7G Eutrmbets gei tcbmr
juentmoes 7 ncmndbe

protbme ➙ jor krowtc (lgdmek ebw nb``s) 1 orgekb

vmtglme G ➙ to cb`p wmtc emkct vmsmoe
ng`nmul ➙ jor stroek aoebs gei tbbtc
ngraocyirgtb ➙ to usb me rbspmrgtmoe to rb`bgsb
bebrky
mroe ➙ to lgdb cgblok`oame
vmtglme I ➙ to cb`p us to gasora ng`nmul, jor
stroek aoebs gei tbbtc
jgt gei om` ➙ to usb me rbspmrgtmoe to rb`bgsb
bebrky, gei to lgdb ge bebrky storb ueibr tcb sdme
vmtglme N ➙ to dbbp sdme stroek gei ga`b to cbg`
qumnd`y
> 3k
9 ^o﬇g ms rmkct. Argzm` euts noetgme :6 k oj jgt,
aut oe`y 7:.73 k oj otcbr eutrmbets.
2 Argzm` euts, abngusb tcby noetgme tcb
lost ng`nmul.
G`tbregtmvb`y, `bgrebrs lgy sukkbst lm`d. Ycms
cgs tcb sbnoei cmkcbst qugetmty oj ng`nmul,
aut `bgrebrs lgy tcmed mt ms bgsmbr to imkbst
tcge argzm` euts. Mt g`so cgs `bss jgt gei om`,
wcmnc tcby lgy tcmed lgdbs mt g abttbr ncomnb.

Bxbrnmsb ;.7N ^ullgrmsmek juentmoes gei sournbs oj imjjbrbet eutrmbets

Gnnbpt gey oeb or two juentmoes gei sournbs.

Eutrmbet Juentmoe me tcb aoiy ^olb kooi sournbs

protbme krowtc4 lgdmek ebw nb``s4 rbpgmrmek iglgkbi lbgt, ﬇sc, pu`sbs
tmssubs4 lgdmek cgblok`oame gei getmaoimbs
jgt gei om` jor bebrky4 gs g `gybr ueibr tcb sdme, mt jorls auttbr, lgrkgrmeb, noodmek om`s, jrmbi
ge bebrky storb gei provmibs mesu`gtmoe joois, lbgt, bkks
ngraocyirgtb jor bebrky, wcmnc ms rb`bgsbi ay rbspmrgtmoe krgmes (b.k. rmnb, wcbgt, ogts, nore),
potgtobs, swbbt potgtobs, pgstg,
arbgi
vmtglme G jor kooi vmsmoe, bspbnmg``y gt emkct4 cb`pmek krbbe vbkbtga`bs, ngrrots, igmry
wcmtb a`ooi nb``s to ﬇kct pgtcokbes proiunts (joois lgib jrol lm`d)
vmtglme N dbbps sdme stroek nmtrus jrumts, potgtobs, abrrmbs
vmtglme I cb`ps us to gasora ng`nmul sue`mkct oe sdme
ng`nmul stroek tbbtc gei aoebs igmry proiunts, sbbis
mroe lgdmek cgblok`oame lbgt, igrd krbbe vbkbtga`bs, ﬇sc,
scb``﬇sc, euts gei sbbis
wgtbr g so`vbet jor lgey imjjbrbet ncblmng`s gey irmed tcgt noetgmes wgtbr

Yopmn ;.1 G ag`genbi imbt > 166 k oj ncmndbe noetgmes eo ﬇arb. 166 k oj
rmnb noetgmes 1 Û > < : k. 766 k oj spmegnc
Bxbrnmsb ;.1G Jmarb me jooi noetgmes : k.
Yotg` < : + : < 71 k.
7 Jmarb cb`ps to dbbp jooi lovmek bgsm`y
tcroukc tcb g`mlbetgry ngeg`. 9 Agr ncgrts wm`` vgry gnnorimek to tcb tbe joois
gei agr wmitcs ncosbe.
1 Ncmndbe, bkks, ﬇sc gei luttoe „ tcgt ms, joois
jrol gemlg` sournbs.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
• Ycb eglbs oj tcb joois scou`i ab wrmttbe
abebgtc tcb agrs.
• Ycb agrs scou`i ab ngrbju``y irgwe usmek
g ru`br. Ycby scou`i ab irgwe gnnurgtb`y
Ycby scou`i g`` ab oj bqug` wmitc. Mt ms
prbjbrga`b mj tcby io eot tounc.
• Ycb sbqubenb oj joois me tcb ncgrt scou`i
cgvb solb `okmn abcmei mt „ jor bxglp`b,
jrol `owbst to cmkcbst ﬇arb noetbet, or
jrol cmkcbst to `owbst ﬇arb noetbet, or g``
gemlg` joois kroupbi tokbtcbr gei tcbe
p`get joois.
Bxbrnmsb ;.1A Bebrky rbqumrblbets
7 ngraocyirgtb gei jgt
1 Cms wbmkct wm`` menrbgsb. Ycb bxnbss eutrmbets
wm`` ab turebi meto jgt, gei storbi me cms aoiy
> g 1.3 LH
a 1.3 LH (tcb geswbr ms tcb sglb gs g)
n Aotc aoys grb `mdb`y to usb g `ot oj bebrky
bgnc igy, bspbnmg``y jor lovblbet gei
krowtc. Cowbvbr, ge bmkct-ybgr-o`i aoy
cgs jbwbr nb``s me cms aoiy tcge g tbbegkb
aoy „ cms aoiy lgss ms slg``br. Mt ms tcb
nb``s tcgt usb bebrky, so mj you cgvb jbwbr
oj tcbl, you usb `bss bebrky. Mj `bss bebrky
ms usbi, tcbe `bss bebrky ebbis to ab
tgdbe me.
i @bgrebrs io eot cgvb gey spbnm﬇n
deow`bikb to bega`b tcbl to geswbr
tcms, so gey rbgsoega`b sukkbstmoe scou`i
ab gnnbptbi. Jor bxglp`b8 wolbe, oe
gvbrgkb, cgvb g `owbr aoiy lgss tcge
lbe4 wolbe lgy ab `bss gntmvb tcge lbe.
Bxbrnmsb ;.1N V`geemek g imbt
@ood jor8
• joois tcgt noetgme g`` smx eutrmbets (men`uimek
vmtglmes G, N gei I, ng`nmul gei mroe) gei
solb ﬇arb „ wmtc tcb eutrmbets noetgmebi me gt
`bgst solb oj tcb joois ibsnrmabi
• metbrbstmek, ag`genbi lbg`s tcgt wou`i gppbg`
to ge bmkct-ybgr-o`i
• gttbetmoe kmvbe to tcb qugetmty oj bebrky me
tcb imbt
• eot too lunc jgt or om`
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
17
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Yopmn ;.> Krowtc, ibvb`oplbet
gei cbg`tc
Bxbrnmsb ;.>G Metbrprbtmek igtg gaout
slodmek
7 g rbspmrgtory imsbgsbs
a imsbgsbs oj tcb imkbstmvb systbl
1 >=%
> 1 Û >= (or geswbr to qubstmoe 1) < ;3
9 17%
2 2 Û 17 (or geswbr to qubstmoe 9) < 762
: Ycb agr ncgrt scows tcgt tcb pbrnbetgkbs oj
ibgtcs iub to slodmek wbrb krbgtbr jor lbe
tcge jor wolbe OQ slg``br jor wolbe tcge
jor lbe.
; Gnnbpt gey bxp`gegtmoe tcgt sukkbsts tcgt
lorb lbe tcge wolbe grb slodbrs, or tcgt
lbe slodb lorb tcge wolbe, or tcgt lbe grb
lorb susnbptma`b to tcosb imsbgsbs.
Bxbrnmsb ;.>A ^lodmek stgtmstmns
7 Geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe tcb nouetry tcgt
`bgrebrs ncoosb.
1 Ycb agr ncgrt scou`i cgvb8
• –Nouetry” oe tcb cormzoetg` gxms, wmtc
meimvmiug` agrs `gab``bi wmtc tcb eglb oj
tcb nouetry
• imjjbrbet sty`b agrs jor lbe gei wolbe,
meimngtbi wmtc g dby
• wolbe gei lbe jor tcb sglb nouetry
scowe gs agrs n`osb tokbtcbr, or touncmek
• agrs jor imjjbrbet nouetrmbs g `mtt`b jurtcbr
gpgrt, eot touncmek
• bgnc agr irgwe wmtc g ru`br, g`` tcb sglb
wmitc gei norrbnt`y p`ottbi.
• –Vbrnbetgkb oj pbop`b wco slodbi” oe tcb
vbrtmng` gxms
• g sng`b oe tcb vbrtmng` gxms rueemek jrol
6 to gt `bgst :2 me sbesma`b stbps (b.k. me
﬇vbs or tbes)
> g Ncm`b
g Meioebsmg
a Meioebsmg
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb ;.>N @oodmek gt igtg oe kmvmek Yopmn ;.9 Lovmek tcb aoiy
up slodmek
Bxbrnmsb ;.9G Ycb sdb`btoe gei jornbs
7 @bgrebrs nou`i ncoosb to imsp`gy gey oj tcbsb
sbts oj igtg8
7 ^o﬇g, 13 E

• tcb pbrnbetgkbs oj lbe gei wolbe wco 1 Jornb me E

cgvb kmvbe up slodmek g`rbgiy, gei tcb
Qmkct cgei @bjt cgei
pbrnbetgkbs oj tcosb wco grb trymek to
kmvb up slodmek tcula 1; 12
• tcb rbgsoes jor sunnbssju``y kmvmek ﬇rst ﬇ekbr 13 12
up slodmek sbnoei ﬇ekbr 11 7=
• tcb rbgsoes jor jgm`mek to kmvb up slodmek. tcmri ﬇ekbr 17 7:
1 @ood jor8 `mtt`b ﬇ekbr 7= 7;
• g ebgt`y irgwe ncgrt wmtc ru`bi no`ules
Bxbrnmsb ;.9A Getgkoemstmn lusn`bs me
gei rows
tcb `bk
• n`bgr cbgimeks wmtc uemts
7 gei >
• norrbnt betrmbs, wmtc eo uemts men`uibi me pb`vms
tcb aoiy oj tcb ncgrt. ag`` gei
jblur sondbt homet
> Ycb ncosbe lbtcoi oj imsp`gy scou`i ab
n`bgr`y prbsbetbi gei `gab``bi, so tcgt mt ms bgsy
to ueibrstgei.

9 Ycb geswbr scou`i men`uib solb oj tcb tmamg

jo``owmek pomets8
• rbjbrbenb to tcb jgnt tcgt pbop`b ﬇ei 1 cmekb homet
kmvmek up slodmek imj﬇nu`t abngusb emnotmeb
ms giimntmvb 9 Ycb `bk wm`` abei gt tcb debb.

• rbjbrbenb to tcb pbrnbetgkb oj pbop`b wcosb 2 Mt wm`` strgmkctbe „ tcb `owbr `bk wm`` ab pu``bi
rbgsoes jor slodmek gppbgr to ab rb`gtbi to jorwgri.
giimntmoe (`bgrebrs scou`i rbjbr imrbnt`y to
: G gei A4 N gei I
tcb igtg cbrb, jor bxglp`b, 29% oj pbop`b
sgy tcby wbet agnd to slodmek abngusb tcby
nou`i eot lgegkb wmtcout nmkgrbttbs)
Bxbrnmsb ;.9N Ncoosmek g cypotcbsms
gaout aoebs to mevbstmkgtb
• tcb mibg tcgt b-nmkgrbttbs supp`y usbrs
wmtc emnotmeb, so tcby wm`` stm`` kbt tcb 7 Ycmnd aoebs grb stroekbr tcge tcme aoebs.
iruk to wcmnc tcby grb giimntbi, aut nge @oek aoebs arbgd lorb bgsm`y tcge scort
krgiug``y rbiunb tcb glouet oj emnotmeb aoebs.
me tcb b-nmkgrbttbs uetm` tcby grb –slodmek”
emnotmeb-jrbb b-nmkgrbttbs.

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1 g Ycbrb scou`i ab g n`bgr stgtblbet oj
bmtcbr tcb tcmndebss or `bektc oj tcb strgw
(ibpbeimek oe tcb ncosbe qubstmoe).
a Ycb jornb ebbibi to abei tcb strgw.
n @ood jor gt `bgst two norrbnt geswbrs.
Ycby scou`i ab tcmeks tcgt wou`i gntug``y
gjjbnt tcb rbsu`ts mj tcby wbrb g`tbrbi, jor
bxglp`b8 tcb `bektc oj tcb strgw (mj tbstmek
tcb tcmndebss)4 tcb tcmndebss oj tcb strgw
(mj tbstmek tcb `bektc)4 tcb posmtmoe oj tcb
cood oe tcb strgw4 tcb gek`b gt wcmnc tcb
jornb lbtbr ms pu``bi4 tcb lgtbrmg` jrol
wcmnc tcb strgw ms lgib.
i Ycb ibsnrmptmoe scou`i stgtb n`bgr`y
wcgt tcb `bgrebr wou`i io, me g sumtga`b
sbqubenb. G kooi lbgsurb oj sunnbss ms
wcbtcbr solboeb b`sb nou`i jo``ow tcbsb
mestruntmoes wmtcout cgvmek to gsd jor
jurtcbr kumigenb.
b Ycms ms g `ow rmsd bxpbrmlbet. Ngrb
scou`i ab tgdbe eot to pu`` suiibe`y
oe tcb jornblbtbr/ebwtoe lbtbr, wcmnc
nou`i abnolb ibtgncbi jrol tcb strgw
gei suiibe`y fiy upwgris.
j Ycb rbsu`ts ncgrt scou`i ab irgwe wmtc
g ru`br gei g pbenm`. Ycb ﬇rst no`ule (or
row) scou`i ab cbgibi wmtc tcb vgrmga`b
tcgt wm`` ab ncgekbi (bmtcbr tcb tcmndebss
or `bektc oj tcb strgw) wmtc tcb gpproprmgtb
uemt. Ycb sbnoei no`ule (or row) scou`i
ab cbgibi Jornb ebbibi to abei tcb strgw
me ebwtoes. ^olb `bgrebrs lgy ibnmib to
lgdb rbpbgt lbgsurblbets, me wcmnc ngsb
tcby wm`` ebbi to men`uib no`ules (or rows)
jor bgnc oj tcb jornb lbgsurblbets, gei
geotcbr no`ule (or row) jor tcb ng`nu`gtbi
lbge.
k Gnnbpt gey prbimntmoe tcgt rb`gtbs to tcb
stgtbi cypotcbsms. Mt iobs eot cgvb to ab g
–norrbnt” prbimntmoe. Jor bxglp`b, jor tcb
﬇rst qubstmoe, gey oj tcbsb prbimntmoes
wou`i ab gpproprmgtb8
• Ycmnd aoebs grb stroekbr tcge
tcme aoebs.
• Ycmnd aoebs grb eot stroekbr tcge
tcme aoebs.
• Ycme aoebs grb stroekbr tcge
tcmnd aoebs.
• Ycbrb ms eo imjjbrbenb me tcb strbektc
oj tcmnd aoebs gei tcme aoebs.

Remt 3 Ncblmng` rbgntmoes

Yopmn 3.7 Bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoes
Bxbrnmsb 3.7G Mevbstmkgtmek ge bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoe
7 tcb `bektc oj tcb lgkebsmul rmaaoe

1 tcb ncgekb me tblpbrgturb

> tcb typb oj gnmi usbi4 tcb vo`ulb oj gnmi usbi4 nrbimt gey otcbr sbesma`b noetro` vgrmga`bs

9 @bektc oj ^tgrt tblpbrgturb Bei tblpbrgturb Yblpbrgturb

rmaaoe me nl me ¶N me ¶N ncgekb me ¶N
6.2 7=.6 >:.6 7;.6
7.6 7=.6 >:.6 7;.6
7.2 7=.6 >:.2 7;.2

2 Ycb rbsu`ts scow tcgt ncgekmek tcb `bektc oj : Eo. Ycby cgvb oe`y usbi g vbry slg`` rgekb oj
lgkebsmul usbi lgdbs vbry `mtt`b imjjbrbenb to `bektcs oj lgkebsmul.
tcb bei tblpbrgturb.
; 6.2 nl

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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3 G `grkbr metbrvg` me `bektc. Abngusb tcbe gey
imjjbrbenbs me tcb tblpbrgturb rmsb wm`` ab
lorb oavmous.
= Gnnbpt gey sbesma`b eulabr jrol 2 upwgris.
76 Nrbimt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoe to rbiunb cbgt
`oss to tcb rool. Mibgs sunc gs wrgppmek tcb
tbst tuab me solb sort oj g hgndbt grb tcb lost
`mdb`y, aut tcbrb scou`i ab solb nollbet
gaout stm`` abmek ga`b to rbgi tcb tcbrlolbtbr.
77 Ycby nge rbpbgt tcb mevbstmkgtmoe wmtc bgnc
`bektc oj lgkebsmul rmaaoe gt `bgst twmnb.
Bxbrnmsb 3.7A Mevbstmkgtmek bxotcbrlmn
rbgntmoes abtwbbe lbtg`s gei gnmi
su`jurmn lgkebsmul + cyirokbe
7 lgkebsmul + ↑
gnmi su`jgtb
1 g Ycby ebbibi to ncgekb tcb lbtg` tcby
p`gnb meto tcb gnmi.
a Ycb vgrmga`bs tcby cgvb dbpt tcb sglb grb
tcb typb oj gnmi usbi, tcb vo`ulb oj gnmi
usbi gei tcb lbtcoi tcby usbi.
n Ycb vgrmga`b tcby scou`i cgvb dbpt tcb
sglb ms tcb lgss oj tcb lbtg` usbi (S ms
ibsnrmabi gs –slg``”, aut ] ms eot).
i ]ou ngeeot jorl g rb`mga`b noen`usmoe
wmtc tcbsb rbsu`ts abngusb tcby cgvb eot
usbi tcb sglb lgss oj bgnc lbtg`.
b Ycby nou`i mlprovb tcbmr mevbstmkgtmoe
gei lgdb tcb rbsu`ts lorb rb`mga`b ay
usmek tcb sglb lgss oj bgnc lbtg`.
Qbpbgtmek tcbmr bxpbrmlbets sbvbrg` tmlbs,
so tcgt tcby g``ow jor gey brrors, wou`i
g`so mlprovb tcb rb`mgam`mty oj tcb rbsu`ts.
Yopmn 3.1 Beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoes
Bxbrnmsb 3.1G Bebrky ncgekbs
7 Qbgntmoe ^tgrt Jmeg`
tblpbrgturb tblpbrgturb
me ¶N me ¶N
G 17 92
A 73 11
N 7= 7:
I 73 16
1 beiotcbrlmn
> bxotcbrlmn
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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Bxbrnmsb 3.7N Bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoes
wmtc lbtg`s
potgssmul + cyirokbe
7 potgssmul + wgtbr ↑
cyiroxmib
1 tcbrlg`, `mkct gei souei bebrky
> [bgr sgjbty k`gssbs gei ngrry out tcb rbgntmoe
abcmei g sgjbty snrbbe.
9 Lbgsurb gey menrbgsb me tcb tblpbrgturb
oj tcb wgtbr. @bgrebrs scou`i lgdb solb
nollbet gaout mt abmek imj﬇nu`t to lbgsurb
tcb glouet oj `mkct gei/or souei bebrky.
2 @bgrebrs scou`i men`uib tcb jo``owmek pomets8
• Rsb tcb sglb gnmi, usb tcb sglb vo`ulb
oj gnmi.
• Rsb tcb sglb lgss oj tcb imjjbrbet lbtg`s.
• Ycb lbgsurbi vo`ulb oj gnmi scou`i ab
p`gnbi me g tbst tuab, tcb tblpbrgturb
tgdbe gei rbnoribi gei tcbe tcb
lbtg` giibi.
• Ycb tblpbrgturb ms tgdbe gkgme gjtbr tcb
rbgntmoe cgs ﬇emscbi. (Lbetmoe nou`i ab
lgib tcgt tcb rmsb me tblpbrgturb ms wcgt
ms rbqumrbi, so mj tcbrb grb s`mkct`y imjjbrbet
stgrtmek tblpbrgturbs, mt ms eot smkem﬇nget.)
• ^gjbty gspbnts sunc gs wbgrmek
sgjbty k`gssbs.
: Ycb rbsu`ts scou`i ab prbsbetbi gs g agr ncgrt,
abngusb tcb tblpbrgturb rmsbs grb jor jour
imjjbrbet lbtg`s (tcb typb oj lbtg` ms g imsnrbtb
vgrmga`b) so mt ms abst eot to usb g `meb krgpc.
Bxotcbrlmn or
beiotcbrlmn
bxotcbrlmn
bxotcbrlmn
beiotcbrlmn
bxotcbrlmn
© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617
25/31
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB
Bxbrnmsb 3.1A Bxotcbrlmn or
beiotcbrlmn?
7 g Ycb rbgntmoe abtwbbe soimul
cyirokbengraoegtb gei nmtrmn gnmi ms
beiotcbrlmn. Ycb rbgntmoes abtwbbe
soimul cyiroxmib gei su`jurmn gnmi,
abtwbbe cyironc`ormn gnmi gei zmen, gei
abtwbbe noppbr su`jgtb gei lgkebsmul
powibr grb bxotcbrlmn.
a Ycb rbgntmoe abtwbbe noppbr su`jgtb
so`utmoe gei lgkebsmul powibr cgs tcb
`grkbst tblpbrgturb ncgekb.
n Mt wgs sbesma`b to usb po`ystyrbeb nups
rgtcbr tcge tbst tuabs or k`gss abgdbrs
abngusb po`ystyrbeb ms g kooi mesu`gtor,
so tcgt `bss oj tcb cbgt bebrky proiunbi me
tcb rbgntmoe wgs `ost to tcb bevmroelbet.
Ycbrb wou`i ab g lorb gnnurgtb
tblpbrgturb rbgimek tgdbe.
1 Nrbimt gey usbju` proiunt, sunc gs sb`j-cbgtmek
jooi or irmed nges. Nrbimt gey sbesma`b
ormkmeg` mibgs.
> Nrbimt gey mibgs, sunc gs –ncblmng` mnb-pgnds”
or sb`j-noo`mek irmeds.
Bxbrnmsb 3.1N Beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoes
gei pronbssbs
7 Me ge beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoe, g ncblmng`
rbgntmoe tgdbs p`gnb wmtc ebw proiunts abmek
jorlbi. Bebrky ms tgdbe jrol tcb bevmroelbet,
so tcbrb ms g ibnrbgsb me tblpbrgturb. Ge
bxglp`b ms tcb rbgntmoe oj soimul cyirokbe
ngraoegtb wmtc nmtrmn gnmi to proiunb soimul
nmtrgtb, wgtbr gei ngraoe imoxmib. Me ge
beiotcbrlmn pronbss, bebrky ms g`so tgdbe me
jrol tcb bevmroelbet, aut tcbrb grb eo ebw
proiunts jorlbi. Jor bxglp`b, mnb lb`tmek
tgdbs me bebrky jrol tcb bevmroelbet, so mt
ms beiotcbrlmn, aut smenb eo ebw proiunts
grb jorlbi (wgtbr lbrb`y ncgekbs stgtb) mt ms
ge beiotcbrlmn pronbss. (Nrbimt gey otcbr
sumtga`b bxglp`bs sunc gs potgssmul nc`ormib
imsso`vmek me wgtbr gs ge beiotcbrlmn pronbss.)
1 Ycb wgtbr me tcb aow` sogds meto tcb n`otc
ovbr tcb soig aott`bs. Ycb `mqumi wgtbr
bvgporgtbs gs mt cbgts up me tcb cot wbgtcbr.
Ycb pgrtmn`bs me tcb `mqumi wgtbr lovb g`` tcb
tmlb gei nge s`mib pgst bgnc otcbr gs tcby oe`y
cgvb wbgd jornbs co`imek tcbl me p`gnb. Ycb
lorb bebrky tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb, tcb lorb tcby
nge lovb. [cbe tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb beoukc
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bebrky trgesjbrrbi jrol tcb surroueimeks, tcby
bsngpb tcb jornbs co`imek tcbl tokbtcbr me
tcb `mqumi gei ncgekb meto kgs gei bvgporgtb.
^menb tcb bebrky to io tcms nolbs jrol tcb
surroueimek wgtbr me tcb aow`, tcms wgtbr
noo`s iowe gei dbbps tcb aott`bs oj soig noo`.
Yopmn 3.> Lbtg`s gei tcbmr
rbgntmoes wmtc oxykbe
Bxbrnmsb 3.> [cy iobs mroe rust?
7 mroe oxmib
1 Ycb egm` me tuab A wm`` ko rusty.
> Ycb wgtbr cgs abbe aom`bi to rblovb gey
imsso`vbi gmr gei tcb `gybr oj om` oe tcb top oj
tcb wgtbr prbvbets gey lorb gmr jrol betbrmek.
9 g Eo, tcms ms eot ge bxpbntbi rbsu`t.
a Ycb egm` me tcb iry gmr lgy cgvb koeb
rusty abngusb Xgrg cgs eot put tcb
stoppbr meto tcb tuab ﬇rl`y beoukc gei
solb lomsturb jrol tcb gmr cgs betbrbi.
2 Nrbimt gey two sbesma`b mibgs, sunc gs pgmetmek,
kg`vgemsmek or nogtmek wmtc gey otcbr sumtga`b
lgtbrmg`, sunc gs p`gstmn or krbgsb.
: Ycb p`ge jor tcb mevbstmkgtmoe scou`i n`bgr`y
stgtb tcb vgrmga`b tcb `bgrebr wm`` ncgekb, tcb
tblpbrgturb oj tcb egm`. Ycms nge ab ioeb me g
vgrmbty oj wgys. Gs `oek gs tcb lbtcoi ms n`bgr
gei wordga`b, nrbimt mt. G sukkbstmoe lgy ab
to p`gnb ebw scmey egm`s oj tcb sglb scgpb, smzb
gei nolposmtmoe meto tbst tuabs noetgmemek
wgtbr gt imjjbrbet tblpbrgturbs. Nrbimt `bgrebrs
mj tcby kmvb g sumtga`b rgekb oj tblpbrgturbs.
@bgrebrs lgy ibnmib to dbbp tcb tbst tuabs
me g wgtbr agtc to lgmetgme tcb imjjbrbet
tblpbrgturbs.
Ycbrb lust ab g n`bgr meimngtmoe oj tcb
vgrmga`bs to ab noetro``bi, sunc gs tcb typb gei
smzb oj tcb egm`, tcb vo`ulb oj wgtbr usbi gei
tcb tmlb jor tcb bxpbrmlbet. Ycbrb scou`i g`so
ab g n`bgr meimngtmoe oj tcb ibpbeibet vgrmga`b
(rustmek) gei cow tcby wm`` lbgsurb mt. Ycms
wm`` proaga`y ab ay byb gei g nolpgrmsoe oj
tcb rust oe tcb egm`s gjtbr g kmvbe tmlb.
Nrbimt scou`i ab kmvbe to g p`ge tcgt noesmibrs
tcb prgntmng`mty oj tcb gpprognc.
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Yopmn 3.9 Qbgntmoes oj lbtg`s 77 Noppbr iobs eot rbgnt wmtc wgtbr. Ycms ms wcy
mt ms usbi jor pmpbs ngrrymek wgtbr. Mroe iobs eot
wmtc wgtbr rbgnt wmtc wgtbr bmtcbr aut mt iobs rbgnt wmtc
Bxbrnmsb 3.9 Qbgntmoes wmtc wgtbr oxykbe mj mt ms me tcb prbsbenb oj wgtbr. ^o tcb
mroe me tcb pmpbs wou`i rbgnt wmtc gey imsso`vbi
gei stbgl
oxykbe me tcb wgtbr gei rust. Mroe oxmib wou`i
7 Me oribr stgrtmek wmtc tcb lost rbgntmvb8 jorl. Ycms wou`i rbsu`t me tcb wgtbr abmek
potgssmul4 lgkebsmul4 zmen4 noppbr. no`ourbi rbiimsc arowe wmtc tcb mroe oxmib,
potgssmul gei tcb pmpbs wou`i bvbetug``y no``gpsb.
1 potgssmul + wgtbr ↑ + cyirokbe
cyiroxmib
> soimul or `mtcmul
Yopmn 3.2 Qbgntmoes oj lbtg`s wmtc
im`utb gnmis
9 Noppbr nge ab usbi jor roojs abngusb mt iobs
eot rbgnt wmtc wgtbr. Lgkebsmul rbgnts s`ow`y Bxbrnmsb 3.2G Mevbstmkgtmek rbgntmvmty
wmtc wgtbr, so wou`i eot ab usbi jor g rooj, gs 7 Ycb tbst tuab wmtc lbtg` N cgs `bss gnmi tcge
mt wou`i rbgnt wcbe tcbrb ms rgme or seow. tcb otcbrs, so mt ms eot g jgmr tbst. G`` tcb tbst
ng`nmul + cyirokbe tuabs scou`i cgvb tcb sglb vo`ulb oj gnmi.
2 ng`nmul + wgtbr ↑
Ycb vo`ulb oj gnmi lust ab oeb oj tcb
cyiroxmib
noetro` vgrmga`bs.
: ruaabr aom`mek
auek tuab stbgl 1 Ycby cgvb put oe sgjbty k`gssbs.
> Abngusb tcb tuab wmtc lbtg` G noetgmes g
nbrglmn
woo` imjjbrbet gnmi, emtrmn gnmi4 tcb otcbrs cgvb
cyironc`ormn gnmi. Ycb typb oj gnmi lust ab
pmbnb oj oeb oj tcb noetro` vgrmga`bs.
lbtg`
9 Eo, abngusb tcb pmbnb oj lbtg` A ms `grkbr
tcge tcb pmbnbs oj tcb otcbr lbtg`s. Ycb smzb
oj tcb pmbnbs oj lbtg` lust ab oeb oj tcb
noetro` vgrmga`bs.
2 cow rbgntmvb imjjbrbet lbtg`s grb wmtc
im`utb gnmis
; cyirokbe : tcb typb oj lbtg` usbi
3 Ycb tbst jor cyirokbe kgs ms to p`gnb g `mkctbi ; tcb glouet oj auaa`mek/eulabr oj auaa`bs
sp`met me tcb kgs to sbb wcbtcbr mt lgdbs g tcbrb grb wcbe tcb lbtg` rbgnts wmtc tcb gnmi
squbgdy pop souei wcbe mt aures.
3 Ycb vo`ulb oj gnmi usbi, tcb typb oj gnmi
lgkebsmul usbi, tcb lgss oj lbtg` usbi. Nrbimt g`so
= lgkebsmul + stbgl ↑ + cyirokbe
oxmib –tcb sglb tblpbrgturb”, gei gey lbetmoe
76 oj tcb jorl tcb lbtg` ms me, m.b. powibr, `ulp
or rmaaoe, wcmnc wou`i scow g cmkc ibkrbb
tbst tuab
oj ueibrstgeimek.

auaa`bs oj kgs Bxbrnmsb 3.2A Qbgntmoes oj lbtg`s wmtc

im`utb gnmis
7 Ycby nge tb`` tcgt g rbgntmoe cgs tgdbe
p`gnb mj tcbrb ms g no`our ncgekb, auaa`bs
abgdbr oj kgs grb kmvbe ojj or mj tcbrb ms g ncgekb
me tblpbrgturb.
wgtbr
1 Ycby nge tb`` wcmnc lbtg` ms lorb rbgntmvb ay
jueeb` nolpgrmek tcb eulabr oj auaa`bs kmvbe ojj
me g kmvbe tmlb or nolpgrmek tcb tblpbrgturb
lbtg`
ncgekbs. No`our ncgekb ms eot g rb`mga`b or
prgntmng` wgy to nolpgrb rbgntmoes.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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> Ycby ngeeot usb tcbmr oasbrvgtmoes to
nolpgrb noppbr, g`ulmemul, zmen gei `bgi
abngusb tcb two aoys cgvb usbi imjjbrbet gnmis.
Ycb gnmis grb g`so oj imjjbrbet noenbetrgtmoes
gei imjjbrbet vo`ulbs.
9 Ycb p`ge scou`i usb tcb noenbpt tcgt tcb oe`y
vgrmga`b to ab ncgekbi ms tcb typb oj lbtg`.
Ycb typb, vo`ulb gei noenbetrgtmoe oj tcb
gnmi usbi scou`i ab tcb sglb me bgnc tbst. Ycb
lgss oj lbtg` usbi scou`i ab tcb sglb. Ycbrb
scou`i ab ge meimngtmoe oj cow tcbsb vgrmga`bs
wm`` ab lbgsurbi to besurb tcby grb tcb sglb me
bgnc ngsb. Jor bxglp`b, tcb usb oj g lbgsurmek
ny`meibr to lbgsurb tcb vo`ulb oj tcb gnmi.
Ycbrb scou`i ab solb meimngtmoe oj cow tcb
eulabr or vo`ulb oj auaa`bs oj cyirokbe kmvbe
ojj wm`` ab nolpgrbi. Ycms nou`i ab ay iomek
tcb tbsts gt tcb sglb tmlb gei nolpgrmek ay byb.
Ycbrb scou`i ab ge bqumplbet `mst or meimngtmoe
oj wcgt bqumplbet wm`` ab rbqumrbi. ^gjbty
mejorlgtmoe, sunc gs wbgrmek sgjbty k`gssbs gei
cow to usb rbgkbet aott`bs, rbp`gnmek stoppbrs
gei so oe, scou`i ab men`uibi. Ycb p`ge scou`i
ab prbsbetbi me g `okmng` sbqubenb gei lgeebr.
Bxbrnmsb 3.2N Cow rbgntmvb grb tcbsb
lbtg`s?
7 Ycb lgss oj lbtg` usbi4 tcb vo`ulb oj gnmi
usbi4 tcb typb oj gnmi gei mts noenbetrgtmoe.
G`so, tcb mevbrtbi tbst tuab lust g`wgys ab
nolp`btb`y ju`` oj wgtbr gt tcb stgrt oj tcb
mevbstmkgtmoe4 tcb tmlbr lust ab stgrtbi gt
tcb sglb pomet me tcb mevbstmkgtmoe8 wcbe tcb
ib`mvbry tuab ms agnd me p`gnb, jor bxglp`b4 tcb
tbst tuab oj kgs lust ab nolp`btb`y ju`` wcbe
tmlmek ms stoppbi.
Remt = Lgkebtmsl
Yopmn =.7 Lgkebtmn ﬇b`is
Bxbrnmsb =.7G Lgkebtmn ﬇b`i pgttbres
7 g
^ E
Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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1 Noppbr iobs eot rbgnt me im`utb gnmi.
> @bgrebrs scou`i irgw g agr ncgrt, wmtc tcb agrs
me oribr oj cbmkct, tcb tg``bst agr jurtcbst `bjt.
9 Gnnbpt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoes, jor bxglp`b8
scb lmkct cgvb lmsrbgi tcb tmlbr, or eot
stoppbi mt gt bxgnt`y tcb rmkct tmlb4 scb lmkct
cgvb kot tcb lgss oj lbtg` wroek, or lmxbi
up wcmnc lbtg` scb wgs usmek.
2 @bgrebrs nou`i lbetmoe tcb imj﬇nu`tmbs oj
dbbpmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab me p`gnb so tcgt eo
cyirokbe ms `ost4 kbttmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab
agnd me p`gnb me tcb noemng` figsd gjtbr giimek
tcb lbtg`4 abmek bxgnt`y surb wcbe tcb tuab ms
nolp`btb`y ju`` oj kgs.
: Gnnbpt sbesma`b sukkbstmoes to mlprovb
gnnurgny4 io eot gnnbpt rbpbgtmek tcb
bxpbrmlbets wmtc bgnc lbtg`, gs tcms mlprovbs
tcb rb`mgam`mty, eot tcb gnnurgny. ^ukkbstmoes
tcgt lmkct ab bxpbntbi gei wcmnc wou`i
provmib bvmibenb tcgt `bgrebrs cgvb tcoukct
ngrbju``y gaout tcb prgntmng` gspbnts oj tcb
mevbstmkgtmoe grb8 oeb pbrsoe giimek tcb lbtg`
gei geotcbr pbrsoe puttmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab
agnd4 usmek g krgiugtbi tuab or lbgsurmek
ny`meibr or lgrdmek tcb tbst tuab so tcgt mt
ms bgsmbr to sbb wcbe tcb kgs rbgncbs g
pgrtmnu`gr `bvb`.
a S me bmtcbr oj tcb posmtmoes scowe.
S S
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

n [ me gey oj tcb posmtmoes scowe. Bxbrnmsb =.7N Metbrgntmoe oj lgkebtmn

﬇b`is
[
7 Ycb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs abtwbbe tcb two po`bs
grb me opposmtb imrbntmoes4 rbpb`.
[
Ycb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs abtwbbe tcb two po`bs
grb me tcb sglb imrbntmoes4 gttrgnt.
[
1 V`gnb two lgkebts oe g surjgnb wmtc tcb two
soutc po`bs jgnmek4 p`gnb g pmbnb oj pgpbr ovbr
[
aotc lgkebts4 sprmed`b mroe ﬇`meks oe tcb pgpbr.

1 g Yopmn =.1 Ycb Bgrtc gs g

kmget lgkebt
Bxbrnmsb =.1G Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn ﬇b`i
E ^
7 Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn po`bs cgvb eot g`wgys
abbe me tcb sglb posmtmoes.
Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn po`bs grb smlm`gr to tcb
po`bs oj g agr lgkebt.

1 Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn ﬇b`i onnurs g`` grouei

a tcb Bgrtc.

> g norb

a mroe gei emndb`

E E Bxbrnmsb =.1A Imrbntmoe oj tcb Bgrtc”s
lgkebtmn ﬇b`i
7 towgri kbokrgpcmn eortc

1 soutc

> g ^trodb tcb ebbi`b wmtc tcb lgkebt4 usb

Bxbrnmsb =.7A Lgkebtmn ﬇b`is tcb sglb po`b oj tcb lgkebt4 strodb
7 g Ycb grbg grouei g lgkebt wcbrb tcb sbvbrg` tmlbs4 strodb me tcb sglb imrbntmoe
bjjbnt oj tcb lgkebt nge ab ibtbntbi. bgnc tmlb.

a G lgkebtmn nolpgss wm`` ture gnnorimek a Gey lbtcoi tcgt wm`` g``ow tcb ebbi`b to
to tcb posmtmoe oj g lgkebtmn oahbnt4 rotgtb jrbb`y, sunc gs fiogt oe g nord me
tcb ebbi`b wm`` pomet me tcb imrbntmoe oj wgtbr or suspbei cormzoetg``y usmek
lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs. g tcrbgi.

1 g kbts wbgdbr 9 Gttgnc tcb strmek to tcb lmii`b oj tcb lgkebt

a kbts wbgdbr (to tcb lmii`b oj tcb lgkebt)
tcbe kbts stroekbr gkgme
usmek tcb gicbsmvb tgpb4 cgek tcb agr lgkebt
so mt ms cormzoetg` gei supportbi jrol tcb
wooibe n`glp stgei4 g``ow tcb lgkebt to
ture. Ycb lgkebt wm`` g`mke n`osb to tcb
kbokrgpcmn eortc-soutc imrbntmoe4 tcb eortc
po`b oj tcb lgkebt wm`` pomet n`osb`y to
kbokrgpcmn eortc.

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb =.1N ^trbektc oj tcb Bgrtc”s Bxbrnmsb =.>A B`bntrolgkebts 1

lgkebtmn ﬇b`i 7 Gey two jrol8 `mjtmek/sortmek snrgp lbtg`4
7 Ycb strbektc oj tcb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i 7 nl jrol togstbr4 b`bntrmn ab``4 b`bntrmn lotor4 co`imek
tcb bei oj g agr lgkebt. Qbgsoe8 tcb Bgrtc”s ioors opbe.
lgkebtmn ﬇b`i wm`` eot lgdb g pgpbrn`mp lovb, 1 g [cbe nurrbet fiows, tcb egm` ms lgkebtmsbi4
aut wcbe 7 nl jrol tcb bei oj g agr lgkebt, tcb pmes grb lgkebtmn gei wm`` ab gttrgntbi
g pgpbrn`mp wm`` lovb. to tcb egm`.
1 g 9 a [cbe nurrbet stops fiowmek, tcb egm` ms eo
`oekbr lgkebtmsbi4 tcb pmes wm`` eo `oekbr
a 1266
ab gttrgntbi to tcb egm`.
n
26 666 n Bmtcbr8 armek g lgkebtmn nolpgss n`osb to
tcb bei4 mj tcb nolpgss pomets towgris tcb
bei oj tcb egm`, mt ms soutc4 mj tcb nolpgss
pomets gwgy jrol tcb bei oj tcb egm`, mt ms
:2 666 eortc4 OQ armek tcb eortc po`b oj g agr
lgkebt to tcb bei oj tcb egm`4 mj mt gttrgnts
S
mt ms soutc4 mj mt rbpb`s, mt ms eortc.

Bxbrnmsb =.>N B`bntrolgkebts >

i >6 666
7 g Mt nou`i ab g soutc po`b.
a Armek tcb eortc po`b oj g agr lgkebt
towgri tcb bei oj tcb egm`4 mj tcby rbpb`,
[
tcbe tcb bei oj tcb egm` ms g eortc4 mj tcby
gttrgnt, tcbe tcb bei oj tcb egm` ms g soutc
(gnnbpt bxp`gegtmoe usmek soutc po`b wmtc
>6 666
opposmtb bjjbnts).

b Ycb `bgrebr”s posmtmoe scou`i ab norrbnt`y n Qbvbrsb tcb nurrbet me tcb nom`/rbvbrsb tcb
mibetm﬇bi4 mj tcb `bgrebr”s `ongtmoe ms nb`` me tcb nmrnumt4 rblovb tcb egm` jrol tcb
abtwbbe two `mebs tcbe gey vg`ub abtwbbe nom` gei mesbrt tcb otcbr wgy rouei / wmei
tcb vg`ubs oj tcosb `mebs nge ab kmvbe. tcb nom` me tcb opposmtb imrbntmoe.

Yopmn =.> B`bntrolgkebts Yopmn =.9 Mevbstmkgtmek

Bxbrnmsb =.>G B`bntrolgkebts 7 b`bntrolgkebts
7 g wmrb to lgdb tcb nom`4 mroe or stbb` roi/egm` Bxbrnmsb =.9G ^trbektc oj
jor tcb norb b`bntrolgkebts 7
a stbb` pgpbrn`mps 7 g Gs tcb eulabr oj tures oe tcb nom`
menrbgsbs, tcb eulabr oj pgpbrn`mps `mjtbi
1 stbb` gei mroe menrbgsbs. Ycms lbges tcb b`bntrolgkebt
> Ycb b`bntrolgkebt usbs b`bntrmnmty/nurrbet to kbts stroekbr gs tcb eulabr oj tures oe
word4 tcb b`bntrolgkebt nge ab swmtncbi oe tcb nom` menrbgsbs.
gei ojj. a 16 tures/2 pgpbrn`mps
n rbpbgt mt/io mt gkgme (eot ncbnd mt)
i smzb oj tcb pgpbrn`mps4 nurrbet me tcb nom`4
lgtbrmg` me tcb norb

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc
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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb =.9A ^trbektc oj a slg`` pgpbrn`mps4 g abttbr rgekb oj

b`bntrolgkebts 1 vg`ubs nge ab lbgsurbi/lbgsurblbet ms
me slg``br metbrvg`s/nge ibtbnt slg``br
7 g lgtbrmg` me tcb norb4 eulabr oj tures me ncgekbs me b`bntrolgkebtmn strbektc
tcb nom`4 sglb smzb pgpbr n`mps
1 g Ycb rbgimek oe tcb ag`genb wm`` ibnrbgsb4
a m Nb``s nge rue out/rue `ow, wcbrbgs tcb tcb mroe a`ond wm`` ab gttrgntbi up to tcb
powbr supp`y wm`` eot/powbr supp`y b`bntrolgkebt4 tcb jornb oj gttrgntmoe oe
ms lorb rb`mga`b4 bgsmbr to ncgekb tcb tcb a`ond ms me tcb opposmtb imrbntmoe to
nurrbet wmtc tcb powbr supp`y tcge tcb wbmkct oj tcb a`ond4 tcb jornb iowe oe
noeebntmek/imsnoeebntmek nb``s. tcb ag`genb ms `bss.
mm Ycb wmrb me tcb nom` kbts too cot.
a Gs tcb nurrbet me tcb b`bntrolgkebt
n m 26 pmes menrbgsbs, tcb rbgimek oe tcb ag`genb wm``
mm 71 or 7> pmes (eot 71.2) kbt slg``br/ibnrbgsb.
n Eo, tcms ms eot norrbnt4 mj tcb noeebntmoe ms
Bxbrnmsb =.9N ^trbektc oj rbvbrsbi, tcbe tcb nurrbet wm`` ab rbvbrsbi4
b`bntrolgkebts > tcb po`bs oe tcb b`bntrolgkebt wm`` ab
rbvbrsbi4 wcmncbvbr po`b ms n`osb to tcb mroe
7 g nurrbet me tcb nom` gei lgtbrmg` me tcb norb
a`ond wm`` stm`` gttrgnt tcb a`ond bqug``y.

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