Class 9 and 10: Gen Bio

Chapter
6
Cellular
Respiration
Metabolic fates of other food
 Food

Carbohydrates Fats Proteins

Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids

-
Acetyl Citric -
Glycolysis Acid
CoA -
Cycle Electron
Transport Chain

PowerPoint® Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko for

Campbell Essential Biology, Sixth Edition, and
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fifth Edition ATP
– Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan, and Jane B. Reece
Catabolic
fates of
pyruvate
Fermentation

• Fermentation is the anaerobic

(without oxygen) harvest of food
energy.

• Net ATP yield is 2 per glucose

metabolized.
(In muscles and some microbes)
Figure 6.13

INPUT OUTPUT
INPUT 2 ADP 2 ATP
+2 P

Glycolysis

- - - -
2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD+
2 pyruvic
+ 2 H+ 2 lactic acid
Glucose acid

PowerPoint® Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko for

Campbell Essential Biology, Sixth Edition, and
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fifth Edition
– Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan, and Jane B. Reece
(In yeast)
What about RBCs?
Photosynthesis
Chapter
7
 Photosynthesis
Light energy

6 CO2 6 H2 O C6H12O6 6 O2
Photosynthesis
Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen gas
dioxide
Figure 7.1

PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS
Plants Photosynthetic Protists Photosynthetic Bacteria
(mostly on land) (aquatic) (aquatic)

LM
Forest plants Kelp, a large, multicellular alga Micrograph of cyanobacteria

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Stomata for gaseous exchange

Stomata
 Chloroplast
Plastids
• Photosynthesis in plants is
compartmentalized and occurs in stages-

1. Light reactions

2. Calvin cycle
 Chloroplast

CO2
Light H2O

Stack of
NADP+ Stroma
thylakoids
ADP
+ P Calvin
Light
cycle
reactions
ATP
- -
NADPH
Sugar used for
• cellular respiration
O2 • cellulose
Sugar • starch
• other organic compounds
• Different chloroplast pigments absorb light
of different wavelengths.
1. Reaction center Chlorophyll a

Accessory pigments (yellow, brown,

red) forming Antenna complex:
1. Chlorophyll b
2. Carotenoids (beta carotene, lycopene)
Electromagnetic spectrum
Figure 7.UN07

Absorption Spectra for Pigments

Absorption of light by
chloroplast pigments
Chloro-
phyll a Chlorophyll b

Carotenoids

400 500 600 700

Wavelength of light (nm)

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 Chloroplast

CO2
Light H2O

Stack of
NADP+ Stroma
thylakoids
ADP
+ P Calvin
Light
cycle
reactions
ATP
- -
NADPH
Sugar used for
• cellular respiration
O2 • cellulose
Sugar • starch
• other organic compounds
 'light
harvesting
system'
known as an
antennae
complex.

(Reaction Centre Chl a + Antenna molecules)

Z-Scheme: See Figure A-3
in Appendix A of Textbook

Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation
 Cyclic Photophosphorylation

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Figure 7.11

Buildup of Proton gradient…

Calvin
cycle
Light Light
- - H+
NADPH
ATP
ADP + P
NADP+
H+

Stroma
Electron
Thylakoid Photosystem transport chain Photosystem ATP
membrane synthase
Inside thylakoid
Electron flow
2e
-
H+ H+
H2O H+
1
H+ H+
2
O2

Thylakoid
membrane
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Calvin cycle (Sugar synthesis)

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961 - Melvin Calvin

 Chloroplast

CO2
Light H2O

Stack of
NADP+ Stroma
thylakoids
ADP
+ P Calvin
Light
cycle
reactions
ATP
- -
NADPH
Sugar used for
• cellular respiration
O2 • cellulose
Sugar • starch
• other organic compounds
Where does Calvin Cycle take place?
Calvin cycle
Sugar synthesis

Three phases:
1. Carboxylation/ Carbon fixation
2. Reduction reactions
3. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration
Figure A-4
Calvin cycle equation
 How many ATP molecules are
needed for synthesis of one
glucose molecule via Calvin cycle?
(Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase)
•Rubisco – Friend or foe?
Photorespiration
• Variations to C3 photosynthesis?
1. C4 carbon fixation or the
Hatch–Slack pathway

2. Crassulacean acid
metabolism (CAM) pathway
C3 and C4 plant leaf anatomy

Kranz
anatomy
PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate
 C3 Plants C4 Plants

Ø Rice Ø Corn
Ø Wheat Ø Sugarcane
Ø Barley Ø Sorghum
Ø Soybeans Ø Amaranthus
Ø Cotton

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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Variations
In
Photo-
synthesis
 CAM Plants

Ø Pineapple
Ø Opuntia
Ø Snake plant
Ø Aloe
Ø Moringa

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.