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• Fed state -

• Fasting state -

• Starvation state -

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Smile for mula 1

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• TCA
• ETC

• Urea cycle
• Haem synthesis
• Nucleotide, DNA , RNA synthesis
• AA & Protein synthesis

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CYTOPLASM MITOCHONDRIA
HMP Beta oxidation of fatty acids
Glycogenesis Link reaction
FA synthesis Ketone body synthesis & Ketone
body utilization
Cholesterol synthesis Vital pathways -TCA & ETC
Exceptions – Glycolysis, Replication, Transcription,
Glycogenolysis Translation (for mitochondrial
DNA)
Apoptosis

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The Two Lipases

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Q1. Which of the following is active in dephosphorylated state? (PGI)

a) Glycogen synthase
b) Pyruvate carboxylase
c) Glycogen phosphorylase
d) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
e) Pyruvate Dehydrogena
Q4. Mitochondria are involved in all of the following except:
a) ATP production
b) Apoptosis
c) Tri-carboxylic acid cycle
d) Cholesterol synthesis

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Q3. Insulin promotes lipogenesis by all except

a. Decreasing cAMP
b. Increase glucose uptake
c. Inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase
d. Increasing acetyl CoA
Q2. Which of the following does not occur in mitochondria? (AIIMS
NOV 2016)
e) Beta-oxidation
f) Fatty acid synthesis
g) DNA synthesis
h) Protein synthesis

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Cyclic AMP & Cyclic GMP

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Sources of Blood glucose

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Fed Fasting Starvation

Brain Glu Glu KB
Heart FA FA KB
Liver Glu FA Amino Acids
Muscle Glu FA FA/KB/AA
Adipose ts Glu FA FA
RBC Glu Glu Glu

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Scene in fasting state

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Diabetes

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TCA suppression in Diabetes

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Respiratory Quotient

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RQ in Diabetes

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Diet

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• Atkin’s diet-
• Most Lipogenic sugar -

• DASH diet - Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension

✓Poor in Na
✓Increased K, Ca, Mg (Fruits, whole grains & Vegetables)

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Thermic effect

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Dehydrogenases

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Carbohydrate
Chemistry

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Enantiomers

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• Abundant form of carbohydrate is:

• Abundant form of amino acid in Protein is:

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Epimers

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Anomerism

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Optical isomerism

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Pyruvate kinase

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Energetics of glycolysis

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Q. No. of ATP produced in RBC in aerobic state?

Q. No. of ATP produced in RBC in fed state ?

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Inhibitors of Glycolysis
• Iodoacetate

• Arsenite

• NaF

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Link reaction

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Link reaction is irreversible

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• Why multi-vitamins given in Lethargy?

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TCA is controlled by:

1. Energy status

2. Availability of Oxaloacetate

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Anaplerotic reactions

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Malonate/Malonyl CoA

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TCA Cycle
Mitochondria

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Thiokinase

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Energetics

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Complete breakdown/ Oxidation of Glucose

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RLE in TCA
• Citrate synthase
• Alpha keto glutarate DH
• Isocitrate DH

Irreversible steps in TCA

• Citrate synthase
• Alpha keto glutarate DH

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Q. Which is not the intermediate of TCA cycle ?

a. Acetyl CoA b. Oxaloacetate
c. Alpha- Ketoglutarate d. Succinyl CoA

Q. Thiokinase of TCA produces:

a) ATP

b) GTP

c) Both A & B

d) NADH

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• CO2 in TCA is derived from:

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Q. On a trekking expedition, a person with type-1 diabetes was unable to take

his insulin shots for last 2 days. Depletion of which of the following
intermediates of TCA cycle in this person will cause suppression of TCA
cycle?
A. Succinate
B. Malate
C. alpha-Ketoglutarate
D.Oxaloacetate

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Regulation

✓ ATP & Citrate inhibits PFK-1

✓ ATP, NADH & Acetyl CoA inhibits PDH complex

✓ ATP & NADH inhibits TCA

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NADH Shuttles
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Q. Malate shuttle is required for :

a) Glycolysis
b) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex
c) TCA
d) ALL
Q. Malate shuttle is required in :
a) Glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
b) Glycolysis
c) TCA

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Q. If Aerobic glycolysis uses glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, How many

ATPs are produced?

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Pasteur & Warburg Effect

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Coupling

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• ADP to ATP conversion is inhibited by:

• ADP to ATP transfer is inhibited by:

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Complex I- Rotenone, Phenobarbitone,

Amobarbital
Complex II- Malonate (3C), Carboxin
Complex III- Phenformin, Antimycin A, BAL
Complex IV- CN, CO, Sodium azide, H2S

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Q. A young boy accidentally ingested chemical containing cyanide. Which of the following
components of TCA will be depleted first in this child?
A. Aconitase

B. NAD

C. Citrate

D. Acetyl CoA
Q. All of the following inhibit oxidative phosphorylation EXCEPT:
a) Oligomycin
b) 2,4 dinitro phenol
c) Antimycin
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Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis
Pyruvate Pyruvate
Kinase carboxylase, PEPCK
PFK-1 Fructose 1,6
Bisphosphatase
Hexokinase Glu-6-Phosphatase

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Q. Enzyme present in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? (AIIMS June 2020)

a. PFK
b. PEPCK
c. Phosphoglycerate kinase
d. Pyruvate Kinase

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Energetics

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Q. In cancerous cells, activation of p53 tumor suppressor gene leads to synthesis of a
protein with an enzymatic activity that affects one of the regulatory enzyme of
glycolysis and help in the repair of mutation. Which of the following is true for this
protein:

A. Decreases glycolysis
B. Regulates apoptosis
C. Functionally similar to Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
D. All of the above

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HMP

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Q. Molecule which is intermediate as well as end product in HMP?

Q. Molecule which is substrate as well as product in HMP?

Q. Marker for B1 deficiency -

Q. Marker for B2 deficiency -

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Q. Which of the following is not the

site of HMP:
a) Lactating mammary gland
b) Liver
• RBC
c) Muscle • LIVER
d) Adrenal cortex • Adipose tissues
• Lactating mammary glands
• Adrenal cortex (site of FA or Steroid
synthesis)
• Gonads
• Placenta

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HMP in RBCs

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• Glutathione – tripeptide→ Glutamate, Cysteine & Glycine

• Creatine- made from 3 AA→ Arginine, Methionine & Glycine

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Q. A 40-year-old woman with long standing problem of sinusitis is regularly taking a

drug containing a potent oxidizing agent presents to a clinic with complaints of self-
limiting episode of hemolysis, back pain, and jaundice. Microscopic blood
examination indicates a nonspherocytic and normocytic anemia. There are Heinz
bodies also seen in some of her erythrocytes. The most likely cause of anemia in this
patient is due to which one of the following conditions?

A. A lowered concentration of oxidized glutathione

B. A lowered concentration of reduced glutathione
C. Increased production of NADPH
D. An increase in the production of glucose 6-P

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Pathways which do not produce ATP

• HMP
• Uronic acid pathway
• Alpha oxidation
• Oxidation of VLCFA (Very Long Chain FA)
• RL shunt/ cycle

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Galactose

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Fructose

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Galactosemia Fructosemia
• MR & Cataract • No MR & Cataract

• No hypoglycemia • Hypoglycemia

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Q. Which of the following is not metabolised in our body?

a) Glucose

b) Fructose

c) Sucrose

d) Sorbitol

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Q. Which of the following compound(s) is most likely to cause diabetic
cataract:
A. Accumulation of sorbitol

B. Accumulation of galactose + glucose

B. Accumulation of galactitol + glucose

C. Accumulation of glucose only

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KD – Ketogenic Diet

• Given in PDH deficiency

• Contraindicated in Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency

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beta galactosidase

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