Yin Et Al - 2023 - Reconfigurable Transmission Reflection Integrated Coding Metasurface For

RESEARCH ARTICLE
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Reconfigurable Transmission-Reflection-Integrated Coding

Metasurface for Full-Space Electromagnetic Wavefront
Manipulation
Tao Yin, Jian Ren,* Bing Zhang, Puchu Li, Yuchen Luan, and Yingzeng Yin
way to manipulate EM waves.[1–4] The sci-

Reconfigurable metasurfaces exhibit the capability of flexibly controlling entific community has devoted consider-
electromagnetic (EM) waves, and the real-time manipulation of tailored EM able efforts to investigating metamateri-
wavefront in full-space is one of the steadily increasing interests. This paper als, delving into their associated physi-
proposes a reconfigurable transmission-reflection-integrated (TRI) coding cal phenomena, functional devices, and
applications.[5–8] The remarkable progress
metasurface, combining the functionalities of reconfigurable transmission
of multifunctional hyperbolic metamate-
and reflection metasurfaces. The meta-particle is composed of a multilayer rials has significantly contributed toward
structure integrated with three positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes. By achieving highly flexible and efficient ma-
dynamically controlling the states of these diodes with the direct-current (DC) nipulation of EM wavefronts.[9,10] Meta-
bias voltage from a field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA), meta-particles surfaces, as the 2D equivalent of meta-
materials, have emerged as a promising
achieve switching between transmission mode and reflection mode and
alternative due to their high integration,
independently modulate phase response. Metasurfaces can manipulate the ease of fabrication, surface conformabil-
reflected and transmitted wavefront by array encoding, allowing for full-space ity, and low insertion loss properties.[11–14]
control of the EM wavefront. Additionally, this paper demonstrates various By leveraging the generalized Snell’s law,
functions implemented on this metasurface, including mode switching, beam metasurfaces can flexibly control EM wave-
scanning, shaping, focusing, and spatial scattering. As a proof of concept, a fronts through carefully designed sub-
wavelength metastructures on the inter-
metasurface array prototype is fabricated and experimented. The simulation
face, enabling the creation of various func-
and measurement results agree well, confirming the effective ability of tional devices and applications across the
reconfigurable TRI metasurfaces to manipulate EM waves throughout microwave band.[15–20] To achieve real-
full-space. The proposed reconfigurable TRI coding metasurface opens the time control of EM waves, digital cod-
door for flexible wavefront control in the full-space domain, with broad ing, and programmable metasurfaces have
been proposed. These involve the inte-
application prospects in areas such as microwave imaging, EM stealth, and
gration of active devices, such as PIN
smart radomes. diodes, varactor diodes, and transistors,
onto metasurfaces.[21–23] By digitally encod-
ing the physical characteristics of the EM
1. Introduction wave, such as amplitude, phase, and po-
larization, in binary code, one can enable
Metamaterials are artificial materials that possess unique elec- arbitrary control of the EM properties. A field programmable
tromagnetic (EM) properties not found in natural materials. As gate array (FPGA) is utilized to encode and regulate the state of
such, they provide an extraordinary and highly customizable the active devices, thus establishing a connection between the
digital information domain and the physical field. A variety of
T. Yin, J. Ren, B. Zhang, P. Li, Y. Yin
theories and functional designs have been explored based on
National Key Laboratory of Antennas and Microwave Technology this concept.[24–34] Explicitly, most research has been devoted
Xidian University to achieving precise control over EM waves in half-space, par-
Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China ticularly regarding regulating the reflection or transmission of
E-mail: renjian@xidian.edu.cn these waves. Indeed, the development of multifunctional meta-
Y. Luan surfaces capable of modulating the full-space EM waves holds
National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging Technology
Aerospace Information Research Institute significant promise for numerous applications across various
Chinese Academy of Sciences fields. Thus, the ability to program and manipulate full-space
Beijing 100190, China EM wave transmission and reflection is a particularly promising
area of investigation.
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202301326
Currently, there are numerous passive metasurfaces available
for full-space bidirectional beamforming applications. Among
DOI: 10.1002/adom.202301326
Adv. Optical Mater. 2023, 2301326 2301326 (1 of 12) © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH
21951071, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.202301326 by Nanyang Technological University Lee Wee Nam Library, Level 2, Wiley Online Library on [10/12/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
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Figure 1. Conceptual diagram of the proposed reconfigurable transmission-reflection-integrated coding metasurface for full-space EM wavefront ma-
nipulation is presented. The multilayer receive-transmit type meta-particles introduce in the metasurface to achieve low-cost full-space EM control. This
metasurface can programmatically switch between the transmission mode and reflection mode controlled by an FPGA response, and its independent
phase response is determined by the integrated PIN diodes. The incident, reflected, and transmitted waves of this reconfigurable TRI metasurface op-
erate in co-polarization. Under the illumination of a y-polarized incident wave, the metasurface can achieve multifunctional wavefront operations by
changing the array code, such as collimation beam, beam scanning, focusing, shaping, transparent transmission, and spatial scattering, etc.
them, polarization-dependent surfaces are commonly utilized dently achieving programmable phase control of transmitted
to achieve mode switching by separating the reflected and trans- and reflected waves, representing a significant advancement in
mitted electromagnetic waves into two orthogonal polarized the flexible, full-space manipulation of EM waves. Similarly, in
waves.[35–40] These designs require the incident waves to have Ref. [54], the cascaded design utilizing an omni-metasurface
different polarizations to activate the desired functions. Other enables dynamic phase modulation and transmission-reflection
passive metasurfaces, such as tunable structures,[41] cascaded control by integrating two different meta-structures. By intro-
surfaces,[42,43] and frequency diversity surfaces,[44,45] can generate ducing an air gap between the phase control layer and the
bidirectional beams through the shared aperture array distribu- transmission-reflection control layer, a Fabry-Perot-like cavity
tion. Nevertheless, once fabricated, passive metasurfaces have is formed, causing significant dispersion characteristics, high
fixed properties and functions. In contrast, active programmable profile, and high complexity limitations of the metasurface.
metasurfaces offer more freedom in terms of full-space EM wave Additionally, the inclusion of more PIN diodes in the element
manipulation.[46–54] A meta-structure consisting of an annular design leads to increased manufacturing costs and energy
metal groove etched on a single-layer dielectric substrate and two losses.
PIN diodes integrated into the groove can realize bidirectional This paper proposes a reconfigurable TRI coding metasur-
beam synchronous control is designed.[45] Since bidirectional face integrated transmission and reflection functionalities for
radiation is achieved by the continuity of cross-polarized electric advanced wavefront manipulation in full space. By dynamically
fields on the metasurface, reflected and transmitted waves controlling the state of PIN diodes with the DC bias voltage from
cannot be controlled independently. Then, some integrated an FPGA, the metasurface enables actively switching between
metasurfaces that have been reported realize independent transmission and reflection modes, while varying the array
modes switching.[47–50] By controlling the operating state of coding pattern to manipulate the reflected and transmitted wave-
the PIN diode or single-pole-three-throw (SP3T) switch, these front, achieving the capability of controlling of EM wavefront in
metasurfaces can achieve continuous mode switching between the full-space. Additionally, the metasurface adopts a multilayer
reflection, transmission, and absorption modes. However, it is received-transmit type meta-particle to achieve low-loss, low-cost
noted that such metasurfaces are unable to dynamically control full-space EM control, and its transmission and reflection modes
the phase of transmitted waves. This means that in the trans- operate in co-polarization and the same frequency band. The
mission mode, they are essentially equivalent to transparent beam deflecting, shaping, focusing, transparent transmission,
materials. A part of multilevel amplitude-phase dual-controlled and spatial scattering in full-space based on the proposed recon-
metasurfaces can switch transmission amplitude of “0” and figurable TRI metasurface are experimentally verified. In partic-
“1”, while the phase control is dependent on the variation of ular, a metasurface prototype consisting of 12 × 12 meta-particles
the structure dimensions.[51,52] Additionally, in Ref. [53], the is fabricated and measured, and the experimental results show
metasurface cannot implement programmable transmission good agreement with the simulation results. Finally, we demon-
and reflection mode switching. Instead, it focuses on indepen- strate the application of the metasurface in stealth radome.
t1 = 2 mm) bonded by a Rogers RO4450F bonding film (with

𝜖 r = 3.52, tan𝛿 = 0.004, thickness of t2 = 0.2 mm) and four
metallic layers (Layer1 to Layer4), as shown in Figure 2b–e. The
proposed meta-particle is a reciprocal device. Therefore, in or-
der to conveniently describe the device, we define the radiating
elements consisting of center-fed U-slot and O-slot rectangular
patch as receiver (RX) on the top Layer1 and transmitter (TX) on
the bottom Layer4, respectively. The ground plane is located on
Layer2 to isolate the receiver and transmitter.
These two patches (Figure 2b,e) are connected by a diameter
of 1.5 mm metalized plating hole located at their center and sep-
arated by a ground plane to transmit energy. Three PIN diodes
(Skyworks SMP1345-79LF) are embedded on the top and bottom
layers of the meta-particle to tune the reflection and transmission
phase, which are controlled by three bias lines. The direct current
(DC) bias lines located on Layer3 and Layer4 are very narrow,
and each line is connected with a sector open stub that is used
as a low-pass filter to isolate RF and DC signals. The equivalent
circuits of PIN diodes in different operating states are shown in
Figure 2a, where the values of C, L, R1, and R2 are 0.165 pF, 0.7
nH, 3, and 10 Ω, respectively. When PIN diodes are turned on
(or off), their equivalent circuit is the series connection of fixed
resistors and fixed inductors (or capacitors). The capacitors are
loaded along the x-axis on the gap of the bottom patch to block the
DC signal on both sides. The DC connection to the ground plane
(Layer2) is realized with a short circuit stub (LDC-GND ), which fea-
tures the anode of the three integrated diodes to be grounded,
obtaining the same potential from the ground plane.
Under the illumination of the y-polarized incident wave, vari-
ables w1 and s1 along the y-axis of the meta-particle can change
the length of RX surface current, thereby altering the resonant
frequency and Q factor of the reflection mode. Similarly, w2 and
s2 determine the passband frequency and loss of the transmis-
sion mode. By optimizing these parameters, the meta-particle
can achieve reflection and transmission modes operating in the
same frequency band with low loss. The states of integrated PIN
Figure 2. The geometric shape and structural parameters of ultrafine parti- diodes modify the EM response of the meta-particle, allowing it
cles are presented. a) Perspective view of the coding element made of four
copper layers and two F4B substrates stacked alternately, and the equiva-
to perform different functions. Here, we define the PIN diode
lent circuit model of PIN diode in OFF and ON states. b–e) The detailed on Layer1 as PR , and PIN diodes on Layer4 as PT1 and PT2 , re-
structure and fixed geometric parameters of ultrafine particles p = 35 mm, spectively. When the two diodes (PT1 and PT2 ) are turned off,
l1 = 23.5 mm, w1 = 1 mm, s1 = 12 mm, r1 = 1.5 mm, l2 = 22 mm, the current of RX cannot be transmitted to TX. In this case, an
s2 = 10 mm, t1 = 2 mm, t2 = 0.2 mm. impedance mismatch occurs as the input impedance at the cen-
ter of TX is infinitely close to zero. Therefore, the meta-particle
operates in reflection mode. In contrast, when PR is turned off
2. Metasurface Design and one of PT1 and PT2 is turned on, the meta-particle forms
an impedance-matched transmission circuit and the EM waves
Figure 1 shows the conceptual diagram of the proposed recon- received by RX can be transmitted to TX and radiated with low
figurable transmission-reflection-integrated metasurface used to loss. To illustrate in more detail the physical mechanism of the
achieve full-space EM wave manipulation. To achieve the afore- proposed meta-particle, we have, respectively, simulated the sur-
mentioned functions, a meta-particle is designed, which consists face electric field on the RX and the surface current on the TX at
of a four-layer metal structure integrated with three PIN diodes. 3.5 GHz, and the results are shown in Figure 3.
Its operating mode and phase response of reflection and trans- As shown in Figure 3a, for the meta-particle is operating in
mission are modulated independently by using different bias reflected states, a strong resonant electric field (red region) is
voltages of diodes controlled by FPGA. By arranging a specific formed around the RX when the PR is switched off, and a near-
coding sequence, the reflected and transmitted beams can be zero electric field is formed in the central region of the RX. In
modulated separately by the programmable metasurface. contrast, when the PR is on, the connection of the diode to the
The 3D perspective view of the proposed meta-particle is RX is equivalent to a short circuit to ground and an approximately
shown in Figure 2a. It consists of a stack-up structure with two zero electric field is generated at the connection. The RX surface
F4B substrate layers (with 𝜖 r = 2.65, tan𝛿 = 0.001, thickness of at this point has a low electric field energy level and most of the
Figure 3. a) PT1 and PT2 turned off, the electric field intensity distribution of the RX when PR turned off or on. b) PR turned off, the current intensity
distribution of the TX when PT1 and PT2 turned on (or off) and off (or on).
area is distributed with an approximately zero electric field, fur- order of PR , PT1 , and PT2 . Figure 4b outlines the corresponding
ther demonstrating that only weak resonances are generated in relationship between the states of PIN diodes, codes, and operat-
the RX. As the distribution of the electric field varies with the ing modes. Specifically, when PT1 and PT2 are off, the reflection
boundary conditions, the resonant frequency and the reflected phase of PR turned on (or off) is encoded as 100 (or 000). Sim-
phase also vary. The meta-particle, therefore, has the ability to ilarly, when PR is off, the transmission phases of PT1 turned on
modulate its reflected phase by 1-bit. When the PR is closed and (or off) and PT2 turned off (or on) are coded as corresponding 010
only one of PT1 and PT2 is turned on, the meta-particle operates and 001. Consequently, a concise code consisting of three binary
in the transmitted state. Figure 3b shows the surface currents digits can aptly depict the EM attributes exhibited by the meta-
of the metal resonator TX at 3.5 GHz for both cases. The closed particle in the aforementioned state. When the pre-designed cod-
diode corresponds to an open circuit (its position is not shown ing sequence is applied to the programmable meta-particle, it can
in this Figure). Since the surface current distributions in the y- execute its corresponding functions.
direction for the two cases show opposite directions, this indi- To explore the reflection and transmission characteristics of
cates a phase difference of 180° in the two newly generated trans- the meta-particle, we conduct numerical simulations utilizing
mission waves. As a result, the proposed ultrafine particle obtains the finite element method (FEM) of Maxwell’s equations, em-
1-bit transmission phase modulation. To summarize, 1-bit phase ploying the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) within
control is achieved for both reflection and transmission modes. ANSYS Electronics Desktop to simulate both the amplitude
The simplified meta-particle geometry, which illustrates the and phase responses. The on (or off) state of the PIN diode is
DC power network in detail and provides a correspondence be- represented by the lumped elements illustrated in Figure 2b.
tween the DC bias voltage and the meta-particle state is depicted In Figure 4c,d, we present the reflected amplitude and phase
in Figure 4a. We refer to the high DC voltage, low DC voltage, responses. It is noteworthy that the reflection phase difference
and ground voltage output from the FPGA as VH, VL, and VG, between 000 (red line) and 100 (black line) is almost 180° in
with values of 3.3, 0, and 1.2 V, respectively. Since the anode of 3.4–3.6 GHz. The reflected amplitude at 3.5 GHz is ≈0.2 dB,
the diode is connected to the ground, when the DC input voltage i.e., 95.5% of the energy is reflected. The isolation of the trans-
of the PIN diodes is VL, the forward voltage difference between mission is >25 dB. Moreover, Figure 4e,f shows the simulated
VG and VL is greater than or equal to 1.2 V, causing the diode to amplitude and phase responses of the transmission mode. It is
turn on. Conversely, when the DC input voltage of the PIN diode evident that the transmission phase difference between 001 (red
is VH, the diode turns off due to the reverse bias voltage formed line) and 010 (black line) can reach 180° in the passband of 3.35–
between VH and VG. The on (or off) state of the PIN diode en- 3.65 GHz. The transmission loss at 3.5 GHz is 0.5 dB, i.e., >89%
codes as a binary digit 1 (or 0) as a result of independently switch- of the energy is transmitted. These simulation curves depicted
ing by varying the bias voltage input. The characteristics of the in Figure 4 evince the low-loss characteristics of the proposed
meta-particle are determined by the states of the three diodes it meta-particle in all modes, enabling it to switch the trans-
contains. We subsequently constructed a short code comprising mission and reflection operating modes and phase responses
three binary digits to describe the state of the meta-particle in the independently.
Figure 4. a) The simplified geometry of the meta-particle and the connection of the bias network and the DC power supply output pins. b) Diagram of the
correspondence between operating modes and the PR , PT1 , and PT2 states represented by codes. c) The simulated results of reflection and transmission
amplitude of meta-particle for codes 000 and 100. d) The simulated results of the reflection phase of the meta-particle for codes 000 and 100. e) The
simulated results of reflection and transmission amplitude of meta-particle for codes 001 and 010. f) The simulated results of the transmission phase
of the meta-particle for codes 001 and 010.
Figure 5. a) Schematic diagram of programmable metasurface beam manipulation. b,c) Reflection and transmission mode coding patterns. d,e) 3D
simulated pattern of reflection and transmission modes. f,g) 2D simulated pattern of reflection and transmission modes in the plane of 𝜑 = 0°. h) 2D
simulated pattern of reflected and transmitted beam scanning pattern in the plane of 𝜑 = 0°.
3. Results and Discussion programmable mode switching and beam scanning function. As
shown in Figure 5a, the incident spherical wave is illuminated
To verify the powerful capability of the proposed meta-particle onto the metasurface, and the reflected collimated beam is
in controlling the EM wavefront in full space, we designed designed to have 𝜃 r = 180° and 𝜑 = 0°. In Figure 5b, the coding
a programmable metasurface consisting of 12 × 12 elemen- pattern of the reflection mode is plotted by means of the phase
tary meta-particles for example, with a total dimension of compensation theorem. Meanwhile, as a comparison experi-
420 × 420 mm2 . In this design, the pyramid horn is used as a ment, we switch the reflection mode to the transmission mode
feed source. The distance between the feed source and the meta- without changing the coding pattern. Specifically, reflection
surface is defined as F, where F is 420 mm. The metasurface codes 100 (white) and 000 (black) are switched to transmission
array code is used as the only variable to modulate the full-space codes 001 (yellow) and 010 (blue) accordingly. The simulated 3D
EM wavefront. A y-polarized incident wave from the feed source and 2D results are shown in Figure 5d,f. We can observe that the
propagates in the +z direction and illuminates the metasurface. reflected beam is pointing at 𝜃 r = 180° and 𝜑 = 0°. Unsurpris-
We define the elevation of the transmitted and reflected beam ingly, the transmitted beam is pointing at 𝜃 t = 0°, 𝜑 = 0°. The
at the metasurface as 𝜃 t and 𝜃 r , respectively, and the azimuth directions of the transmitted and reflected beams are mirrored
is both 𝜑. Then, we demonstrate the proposed metasurface symmetrical with respect to the metasurface plane (i.e., the xoy
Figure 6. a) Schematic diagram of programmable metasurface beam shaping function. b) Coding patterns of reflection and transmission dual-beam.
c,d) 3D and 2D simulated patterns of symmetric reflection and transmission beams in the plane of 𝜑 = 0°. e) Schematic diagram of programmable
metasurface RCS reduction and beam focusing functions. f) Coding patterns of RCS reduction and beam focusing. g) 3D scattering pattern of the
reflected wave of the metasurface. h) The simulated transmitted y-polarized normalized electric field at Fc = 245 mm in xoy plane.
plane). Due to the impact of transmission loss, the peak gain of though the results we give for the radiation pattern only demon-
the transmitted beam is ≈0.8 dB lower than that of the reflected strate the case where 𝜑 = 0°, the proposed programmable
beam. The results fully validate that the proposed metasurface metasurface is a square topology that enables 2D beam
achieves programmable switching between transmission and scanning.
reflection patterns. Figure 5c shows the coding pattern of the As shown in Figure 6a, another representative function of
reflected beam pointed at 𝜃 r = 165°, 𝜑 = 0° and the transmitted the beam modulation property, namely beam shaping, is imple-
beam pointed at 𝜃 t = −15°, 𝜑 = 0°. The simulated results are mented. In the xoz plane, the EM wave is symmetrically split into
shown in Figure 5e,g, achieving the beam scanning function. two beams. Different coding patterns can be used to control the
Next, the reflected and transmitted beams can be flexibly manip- direction of the symmetrical beam. Therefore, we have designed
ulated when coding patterns are modulated differently. Thus, in the directions of symmetric reflection and transmission beams
Figure 5h, we show the 2D radiation pattern in the xoz plane. In to be 𝜃 r = ± 165° and 𝜃 t = ±30°, respectively. The relevant coding
these cases, the transmitted beam shows a shift from 𝜃 t = −45° patterns are shown in Figure 6b. The simulation results of the
to 45° and the reflected beam deflection demonstrates that it 3D and 2D radiation patterns are displayed in Figure 6c,d, where
can be realized 𝜃 r = −135° to 135°. It should be added that even the symmetric beam is generated at a preset angle. Ulteriorly,
Figure 7. a,b) Configuration of the measurement setup in anechoic chamber. c) I/O and globals pins of the metasurface prototype. d) Top view of the
metasurface prototype. e) Detail view of the Layer1. f) Detail view of shift registers. g) Bottom views of the metasurface prototype. h) Detail view of the
Layer4.
in Figure 6e, the proposed programmable metasurface realizes The simulation results reveal the presence of sidelobes in both
to produce diffuse reflections in the reflection mode, while the reflection and transmission modes, which can be attributed to the
transmission mode forms a focal point in the xoy plane at a trans- scattering from the metasurface. The ability to control EM waves
mission distance of Fc = 245 mm. Figure 6f gives the reflection throughout the full space is limited by the fact that the meta-
and transmission coding patterns, where the reflection phase is surface aperture measures ≈5 times wavelengths at 3.5 GHz.
checkerboard distributed to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) Additionally, the distribution of the electric field and surface cur-
in the reflection. The incident plane wave propagating along the rents are influenced by the bias lines, leading to the emergence of
+z-axis strikes the metasurface, and the 3D scattering pattern sidelobes in the simulation. In the transmission mode, a fraction
is plotted as shown in Figure 6g. Obviously, the incident plane of the incident wave from the feed source propagates and trans-
wave is reflected by the metasurface to form diffuse reflection, mits without any modulation, which is represented as a sidelobe
and the reflected beams are scattered, with the azimuth of four in the far field. Furthermore, the limited aperture and size of
main lobes directed toward 𝜑 = ± 45° and ± 135°. In addition, this metasurface cause low gain, small scan angles, and reduced
in Figure 6h, we give the simulated electric field intensity pattern energy peaks in the beam focusing function. Yet, increasing the
in the xoy plane at Fc = 245 mm. The EM waves converge clearly number of meta-particles on the programmable metasurface
in the center as expected. All simulation results show excellent can significantly enhance the beam’s performance throughout
agreement with our design. space.
Figure 8. a) The measured far-field normalized radiation pattern results of transmitted and reflected beam scanning. b) The measured far-field normal-
ized radiation pattern results of the co-polarization and cross-polarization of transmitted and reflected beams. c) Measured results of far-field normalized
radiation pattern of transmitted and reflected dual-beam. d) Measured transmitted y-polarized normalized electric field in xoy plane. e) Simulated and
measured transmitted y-polarized normalized numerical electric field amplitude in the xoy plane. f) Simulated RCS results of the metasurface and the
perfect E surface. g) Measured RCS results of the metasurface and the perfect E surface.
Figure 9. a) A potential application of the reconfigurable multifunctional metasurface as a smart stealth radome. b) The simulated far-field radiation
patterns of horn antenna with or without the TRI radome (with the code patterns are all 010). c) The measured far-field radiation patterns of the horn
antenna with or without the TRI radome (with the code patterns are all 010).
4. Conclusion In Figure 8a, the measured reflection and transmission radiation pat-
terns at 3.5 GHz, respectively, with the same coding pattern configuration
We present a reconfigurable transmission-reflection-integrated as Figure 5h, are plotted. It is obvious that the transmission beams appear
coding metasurface for full-space EM wavefront manipulation. at 𝜃 t = ± 45°, −30°, ± 15° and 0°, while the reflection beams are deflected
With the designed separated DC path, the operating states of to 𝜃 r = ± 135°, −150°, ± 165°, and 180°. Figure 8b shows the normal-
ized radiation patterns measured results of the cross-polarized beams of
the three integrated PIN diodes can be controlled individually 𝜃 t = 0° and 𝜃 r = 180°, where the cross-polarization component level is
by switching the bias voltage so that the metasurface particles below -18 dB. In addition, in Figure 8c, we show the measured results of
achieve mode switching and independent phase response for the beam shaping (𝜃 t = ± 30°, 𝜃 r = ± 165°) with the applied coding pat-
reflection and transmission modes. We encode the diode on terns shown in Figure 6b. Compared with the simulation results shown in
(off) states as numbers 0 and 1 to obtain a code with three bi- Figure 6d, it is in good agreement.
nary digits to describe the operating state of the meta-particle. Next, as shown in Figure 8d, when Fc = 245 mm, the experimental setup
generates a focused spot at the center of the xoy plane, as expected. Addi-
Low-loss 1-bit phase modulation of transmitted and reflected
tionally, Figure 8e illustrates the numerical results of the normalized elec-
waves is achieved by meta-particles in four states. As proof of tric field intensity from both simulation and measurement, indicating a
principle, several typical encoding schemes for array wave con- high degree of consistency. The measured RCS results of the proposed
trol were designed to verify their ability to control the beam metasurface are displayed in Figure 8g, while Figure 8f presents the simu-
in full space. A prototype is fabricated and the experiments lation results of RCS reduction for comparison. It is evident that the mono-
are in high agreement with the simulations. In conclusion, static RCS reduction measured in the xoy plane, compared to the perfect E
(PEC) surface, is ≈ −14.5 dB. This reduction is attributed to the destructive
the proposed reconfigurable transmission-reflection-integrated
interference caused by the chessboard phase on the reflected electromag-
metasurface shows great potential in areas such as smart skin, netic wave. However, there exists a slight deviation between the simulated
electronic countermeasures, and wireless communication sys- and measured results of the RCS reduction, primarily due to machining
tems due to its simple design, low-cost scheme, and excellent errors and feed position inaccuracies.
performance. Based on the experimental results, we contend that the programmable
metasurface has been independently and adequately validated in terms
of its ability to switch reflection (or transmission) modes and modulate
EM waves in the full spatial domain. The reflection (or transmission)
code, which represents the diode state controlled by FPGA, enables
5. Experimental Section the real-time dynamic adjustment of the reflection (or transmission)
As shown in Figure 7a,b, the proposed reconfigurable metasurface pro- functions as required. Therefore, the proposed programmable metasur-
totype has been manufactured and measured using a microwave anechoic face can be utilized as a multifunctional device with real-time control
chamber to obtain the far-field radiation patterns with different coding. A of its functions in the full space by adjusting the bias voltage of the
conical horn antenna located 420 mm away from the metasurface, acts design.
as the feeding source to generate the incident waves. The measurement One possible application of the proposed reconfigurable TRI meta-
setup consists of a rotating platform on which the metasurface is placed surface is the smart radome placed in front of the antenna. As shown in
and a standard S-band rectangular horn antenna as a receiver that is lo- Figure 9a, when the antenna is working, by switching the transmission
cated ≈10 m from the rotating platform and controlled to capture the mode, the metasurface can be treated as a transparent material to trans-
far-field radiation pattern of the metasurface. The photo and details of mit EM waves, or, as has been demonstrated above, provides additional
the manufactured prototype are shown in Figure 7c–h. To minimize the phase compensation and larger radiation aperture for obtaining higher
scattering interference of the complex insulation-displacement-connector gain and flexible beams for long-distance communication. However,
(IDC) flat cable on the EM signal, the shift registers are integrated on both when the antenna is not working, the metasurface can be switched to
sides of the cross-polarization direction of the metasurface array, using the reflection mode and coded to achieve RCS reduction. Therefore, the
integrated sockets instead of wires to improve the quality of the measure- incident detection wave from the other side of the TRI metasurface can
ment beam. The ground plane (Layer2) is connected by a shared bias line be eliminated to achieve low-backward RCS, which can make the antenna
for common control voltage. invisible to the radar. To demonstrate the impact of the TRI metasur-
face on the antenna, experiments are carried out with and without the [15] S. Chen, Z. Li, W. Liu, H. Cheng, J. Tian, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1802
TRI metasurface in front of the horn antenna. Figure 9b,c shows the 458.
simulated and measured results of the far-field radiation patterns (with [16] J. Rong, W. Ye, S. Zhang, Y. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2005
the code patterns all 010), respectively. The results show that, as the 285.
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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Reconﬁgurable Transmission-Reﬂection-Integrated Coding

way to manipulate EM waves.[1–4] The sci-

t1 = 2 mm) bonded by a Rogers RO4450F bonding ﬁlm (with

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