PHYSCI - FIRST MONTH
- Arno Penzias and Robert W. Wilson detected
LESSON 1.1 - THE BIG BANG THEORY
UNIVERSE
- contains the earth, solar system and everything on it
20TH CENTURY
- questions regarding the beginning of the universe
were answered
- most of the scienist thought that these were clouds
scattered among visible stars; some proposed that
these were nebulae
VOYAGER 1 (SEPT 5, 1977)
- space probe that was launched by NASA and
travelled out of the solar system and reached the
bounding galactic interstellar space in Aug 2012
- first man-made craft to venture out of the solar
system
VOYAGER 2 (AUG 20, 1977)
- space probe launched by NASA 19 days before its
twin voyager 1
EDWIN HUBBLE (1929)
- using the 2.5-m telescope at California’s Mt. Wilson
Observatory, he proved that the nebulae were
distant galaxies containing about 10^9 to 10^13
stars
- deduced that galaxies are continuosly moving away
from one another
- concluded that the universe is expanding and that
the distance between galaxies is continuosly
growing all the time
SPEED OF LIGHT
- light travels at 300,000 km/s
- measurement of a distance of time
1948
- the Russian-American physicist George Gamow,
together with his student Ralph Alpher and the
nuclear scientist Hans Bethe hypothesized that the
universe burst in a gigantic explosion or a big bang
ATOMS
- the burning fireball of radiation mixed with minute
particles of matter gradually cooled which allowed
for the formation of
MILKY WAY GALAXY
- atoms clumped together due to the influence of
gravity to form billions of galaxies
GALAXIES
- hydrogen and helium joined to form stars; stars
were drawn together by gravity to form a family of
stars
COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION
- strong evidence supporting the big bang theory
- microwave radiation was found to be emitted by the
cooling universe itself
1964
microwaves with a wavelength of 7.35 cm coming
towards earth
LESSON 1.2 - FORMATION OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS
IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
2 THINGS IN THE UNIVERSE: energy & matter
13.8 B YEARS AGO
- an explosion produced extreme hot and dense body
of energy resulting to the creation of sub-atomic
particles (protons, electrons, quarks, neutrons)
HYDROGEN AND HELIUM
- two lightest and most dominant chemical elements
in the universe
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
- first step in the big bang
- involved the building up of complex atoms through
the formation of deuterium nuclei or deuterons
- 1p + 1n → 2d + y
DEUTERON
- has a binding energy of 2.2 MeV, amount of energy
of a gamma ray
- less abundant that protons
- d+y→n+p
When the universe is 6s old, the energy of radiation
was about 0.5 MeV. This is less amount of energy
needed to keep deuterium from forming.
PROTONS, ELECTRONS, NEUTRONS
1p + 1n = 2d (deuterons) + y (2.2 MeV)
2d + 1n = 3H + y
2d + 1p = 3He + y
3H + 1n = 4H + y
3H + 1p = 4He + y
3He + 1n = 4He + y
3He + 1p = 4He + y
1 hydrogen: 3 helium (90% He and 10% H)
LESSON 2.1 - MODELS OF THE ATOM
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS AND THINKERS
- first to describe matter and to wonder whether
matter coud be divided infinitely into smaller pieces
LEUSIPPUS OF MILETUS
- idea that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible
particles or atoms
DEMOCRITUS
- greek philosopher who concluded that matter
couldn’t be divided infinitely into smaller pieces
- maintained that the smallest possible piece of
matter could eventually be obtained
- his model was a round sphere with no electrons,
neutrons, or protons
PSEUDOSCIENCE
- alchemy, dominated 2000 years of chemistry history
ATOM
- indivisible (cannot be divided) smallest possible
piece of matter
- comes from the greek word, atomos
- the philosophers who shared the idea about the
atom is called atomists
- smallest particle of an element
ELEMENTS
- primary substances that compose all matter in our
surroundings
- 118 elements, 88 of them are naturally occuring and
the rest cannot be detected in nature
BOHR MODEL (1913)
- Niels Bohr, a danish scientist proposed an
improvement
- he placed an electron in each specific energy level
- electrons move definite orbits around the nucleus
ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL (WAVE MECHANICAL
MODEL) (1926)
- Erwin Schrodinger stated the exact location of an
electron cannot be ststaed; it is more accurate to
view the electrons in regions called electron clouds
(places where the electrons are found)

ROBERT BOYLE
- performed a quantitative experiment that measured
the relationship of the pressure and volume of air

JOHN DALTON
- english teacher and scientist, proposed an atomic
theory about the indivisible building blocks of matter
- his hypothesis state that atoms were responsible for
the formation of compounds by combining 2 or more
elements
- gained acceptance as a theory only in 1800s
- in 1803, he proposed an atomic theory

ATOMIC THEORY
- offers an acceptable explanation of the laws of
chemical change where atoms merely rearrange

DALTON’S ATOMIC LAWS

1. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS - matter
cannot be created or destroyed in any physical or
chemical process
2. LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION - when
atoms combine to form molecules, the ratio of atoms
is constant
3. LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS - if two
elements can combine to form more than one
compound, then the ratio of the second element
combined with a certain mass of the first elements is
alwats a ratio of small numbers

J.J THOMSON’S PLUDDING MODEL

- used cathcode rays to prove that Dalton’s solid-ball
model could be broken into smaller particles
- credited with discovering electrons
- cathcode ray is a tube that has a piece of metal,
called an electrode
- stated that an atom is neutral

PLUM PUDDING MODEL

- states that atoms mostly consist of positively
charged material with negatively charged particles
(electrons) located throughout the positive material

RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC MODEL

- involved firing a stream of tiny positively charged
particles at a thin sheet of gold foil

CHADWICK MODEL
- student of Rutherford who refined the concept of the
nucleus
- discovered that nucleus contains neutral particles as
well as positive particles
- neutrons are positively charged paricles