SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

TOPIC: CROP IMPROVEMENT IN SUNFLOWER

Presented By: Ritabrata Submitted to- Chinmayee Behera

Sarkar Divya Bharti Sahu
Regd. No. 1741901024 Asst. Prof.
Dept. Of Plant Breeding and Genetics
B. Sc Ag, 3 rd year
 INTRODUCTION
• Sunflower is a most important oil crop in world.

• Sunflower oil is used as a substitute for mineral oil in various applications such as
fuel or an oil for hydraulic system.

• Oil content ranges from 29-30 per cent and is of high quality having non-cholesteral
properties.

• The stakes of the head are used to make compost.

• Oil extracted from sunflower is edible as it is rich in un-saturated fatty acids like oleic
(19%) and linoleic acids (68%).
 SUNFLOWER
◦ Scientific name: Helianthus annuus; Helianthus tuberosus

◦ Family: Asteraceae

◦ Order : Asterales

◦ Chromosome number: H. annuus (2n=2x=34)

H. tuberosus (2n=6x=102)
 CENTRE OF ORIGIN
Central America. This hypothesis is based on archaeological evidence.

DISTRIBUTION
◦ Soviet Union, Romania, Canada, USA.
◦ In India this crop is introduced in 1969 from Soviet Union.
◦ In India it is cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh,
Punjab and Haryana.
 Progenitor: Helianthus petiolaris
Helianthus gigants

 Wild species: Helianthus hirsutus

Helianthus rigidus

 The genus Helianthus comprises of 67 species.

 Two species H. annuus and H. tuberosus are cultivated as food plants.

 Genus has basic chromosome number of 17 and diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid
species are found.
 Fatty Acid Composition
(g/100g fatty acid)

Oil Lauric Myristic Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Eicosenoic Erusi Total
Content Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid c unsaturated
(%) (12:0) (14:0) (16:0) (18:0) (18:1) (18:2) (18:3) (20:1) Acid fatty acids
(22:1) (%)
29 - - 5.6 6.5 19.1 67 < 0.5 - - 86.1

(Based on: Mitra and Bhatia, 1979 and Khanna and Singh, 1991)
 Cultivars of Sunflower
1) Giant types: 6 - 14 feet tall. Late maturing, Large heads 12 - 30” in diameter, seeds
large, white or grey or with black stripes. Oil content is very low. E.g. Mammoth
Russian.

2) Semi dwarf varieties: Medium tall - 4 ½ to 6 feet, Early maturing. Heads 7 - 9” in

diameter. Seeds smaller, black, grey or striped. High oil content 35%. E.g. Jupiter,
Pole star.

3) Dwarf types: 2 to 4½ feet tall. Early maturing. Head size 5½ - 6½ “ diameter. Small
seeds, high oil content 37%. E.g. Sunrise, Morden, Co1, Co2
 BOTANY
It is distinguished from all other cultivated plants by its single stem and large
inflorescence.

The inflorescence is head or capitulum.

It composed of many individual florets i.e. Ray floret and disc floret.

Ray floret: Flowers of the outer whorl; infertile florets.

Disc floret: Arranged in inner side of ray florets; fertile florets.

It is having a bisexual flower.

FLORAL MORPHOLOGY
 CYTOLOGY
• Its includes diploid, tetraploid ,and hexaploid, species.

• The 17 chromosomes are divided into four group based on the position of
centromere.

• The length of the 17 chromosome varies from 3.05 to 6.20 microns.

 FLORAL BIOLOGY
 It is protandrous in nature.

 Anthesis begins with ray florets and proceeds towards the disc florets.

 2-4 whorls open daily and total anthesis take 5-8 days.

 Anthesis is delay when the weather is cloudy, humid and cool.

 Flowering starts in the early morning 6-10 am.

 Pollen viability up to 12 hrs.

 Stigma receptivity up to 2-3 days.

 BREEDING OBJECTIVES
1) To develop short duration varieties suitable for dry
land and irrigated conditions:
• Dryland successful in black soils only.
• In red soil under rainfed it is not successful.

2) High oil content:

 Ranges 38 to 48%.
 Complex character.
 Yield and oil content are negatively correlated.
3) Protein content and hullability:
◦ Another seed quality importance given to seed protein content.
◦ There is generally a negative correlation between oil and protein contents.
◦ protein content can be increased by increase the hullability of seed.

4)Breeding for fatty acid:

A further important quality character for sunflowers is the proportion of the different fatty
acids (mainly unsaturated fatty acid) in oil.

5)Breeding for self fertile lines:

• Protoandry and self incompatibility mechanism operates in sunflower.
• Hence hand pollination is necessary.
• To avoid this self fertile lines can be evolved.
6) Breeding for disease resistance:
 Maharashtra hybrid susceptible to powdery mildew. Hence ban is there.
 Powdery mildew, rust, charcoal rot, Alternaria blight are the major diseases.
 Wild species like H. hirsuta are moderately resistance to Alternaria.

7) Pest and insects resistance variety:

• The crop is attack by different insect and pests, which causes severe losses in
production.
• So it become necessary to developed insect pest resistance variety to increase yield.
• Different pests attack to sunflower crop a are Heliothis , Grass hopper, Jassids.
8) Height, earliness, changes in architecture or
vegetation cycle:
 Plant height at flowering, flowering date and per cent humidity of seed at
harvest are characters regularly measured in sunflower breeding programmes.
Mostly to avoid very tall or very late material and to have a good knowledge of an
inbred line or a hybrid.
 Short sunflowers could be sown at higher density and thus increase yield, with a
crop of many small heads, covering the ground more quickly in spring and maturing
more rapidly, permitting an earlier harvest.

9) Minor constituents:
Minor constituents like tocopherols and phytosterols should be increased to provide
a significant increased value.
 BREEDING METHODS
 Introduction :
Established plants of an area are taken to the newer area for the use of mankind.
Eg: Morden from Canada.
 Mass selection :
In this method phenotypically desirable plants are selected and harvested from a
population and their seeds are mixed to constitute a new cultivar or a superior
source population.
E.g. Ec 68414 from Russia.
 Hybridization and selection :
Intervarietal: Hybrids obtained by crossing parents belonging to same species;
may be 2 varities or races of the same species.
◦ Currently there is increase emphasis in development of sunflower hybrid.
◦ For production of hybrid seed cytoplasmic genetic male sterile lines are used.
 Mutation :
Co3 (Mutant from Co2 through gamma rays)

 Heterosis breeding :
Development of inbred lines and crossing them to harness heterosis was first done as
early as 1920 in Russia.
During 1970 cytoplasmic geneic male sterility was identified in wild types and obsolete
cultivars. Now this system is being extensively used for production of hybrids.
 Eg: BSH-1, APSH -11
 Head to row and remnant seed method :
Developed by Pustovoit in Russia. By this method oil content is increased.
 Oil and hull analysis. 1000-1200 heads are selected from the original
population. From the separately harvested seeds half seeds are
reserved and half seeds are sown.
Original Population

 Growing of 1000-1200 plants.

 Evaluation for agronomic traits and resistance to diseases. Selection
of 150-200 heads of superior quality.
 Reserve seeds from the original plants are used to plant for second
year, based on progeny performance. Second year evaluation of
characters and selection of 20-50 heads for cross pollination.

 Growing of 20-50 selected plants. Removal of undesirable plants and

selection of best plants within 20-50 progenies.

 Mixing of seeds of selected plants to build and test preliminary strain.

Yield Trial
 ARTIFICAL SELFING & CROSSING
TECHNIQUES
Selfing
Selfing is done by bagging of the entire head. The bagging material could be cotton
cloth or paper bag or cheese cloth bag.

Crossing Techniques
1.Hand emasculation:
• Emasculation is done by removing the anther tubes with forceps on the morning that the
flowers open. Unemasculated flowers are removed.

2.Chemical induction of male sterility:

• This is achieved by spraying of 0.05% solution of gibberellic acid per plant during bud
initiation.
• Application of gibberellic acid after bud initiation consecutively for 3 days in the morning
gives better results.
 Pollination is carried out by collecting the pollen from the male parent which are
already bagged prior to flowering.
 Pollen can be collected from the flowering head. Pollination is usually done in the
same morning after emasculation.
 Hybrid Seed Production
Sowing Season: Kharif crop should be sown during June-July and rabi crop during
December-January.

Isolation: 600 m

Spacing: 60cm × 30cm

Seed rate: About 7.5 kg of CMS 234 (female) and 2.5 kg of RHA 274 (male)
 HYBRIDS AND THEIR
PARENTAGES
• BSH-1 = (CMS-234A X RHA-274)
• KBSH-41= (CMS-234A X RHA-95-C-1)
• KBSH-42= (CMS-851A X RHA-95-C-1)
• KBSH-44= (CMS-17A X RHA-95-C-1)

• Now, KBSH-53, 55, 58, 62 are released for Karnataka state.

 VARITIES OF SUNFLOWER
VARITEY STATES DURATION (Days) SEED YIELD (Kg/ha)
BSH 1 All 85-90 1000-1500
KBSH 1 All 90-95 1200-1500
LSH 1 Maharashtra 85-90 900-1200
PSFH 67 Punjab 90-95 1000-1500
PKVSH 27 Punjab 75-80 900-1100
MODERN All 70-80 600-800
EC 68414 Karnataka 100-110 800-1000
SURYA Maharashtra 90-95 800-1000
CO 1 Tamil Nadu 65-70 500-700
CO 2 Tamil Nadu 85-90 800-1000
AICRP ON SUNFLOWER AND
VARITIES
AICRP on sunflower was established in the year 1972,with head quarters at UAS,
Bangalore.

Directorate of oil seed Research (DOR), Hyderabad.

 1974- No. of hybrids were developed by CMS lines. BSH1 and BSH2 were found
promising hybrids among them.

1975- EC-68414, 68415 for cultivation.

1978 -Morden –Early duration variety.

 FUTURE PROSPECTS
 Sunflower is one of the fastest developing oil seed crop. It was introduced in the year
1969.

 Today more than 1 million ha area is under sunflower cultivation.

 The productivity of sunflower is quite low in India (4-6 q/ha) as compared to other
countries.
 REFERENCE

◦ Ram H. H., 2016. Crop Breeding and Biotechnology, Sunflower, pp 394-408, Kalyani
Publishers.

◦ Singh, B. D., 2019. Plant Breeding Principles and Methods, pp 563-583, Kalyani Publishers

◦ Sindagi, S. S., Virupaskshappa, K.1986. Sunflower. Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

Krishi Bhavan