Effects of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and other Conditional Cash

Transfer (CCT) Programs of Low and Middle – Income Countries on Human

Development

Ronald A. Diaz
rdhardcore@gmail.com ronald.diaz@deped.gov.ph
Sta. Cruz National High School, Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur, Philippines
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-9002

ABSTRACT
Despite the economic growth experienced by the Philippines in the recent
years in terms of high GDP, poverty in the country still prevails. Prevalence of
many poor families and individuals in the country prompted the Philippine
Government to implement the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Bridging
Program for the Filipino Family) also known as 4Ps, the country’s conditional
cash transfer (CCT) program that aims to provide conditional cash grants to the
poorest of the poor. This paper aims to examine the effect of 4Ps on the
country’s Human Development Index (HDI). It also seeks to find out if
conditional cash transfer program provides significant effect on the HDIs of low
and middle-income countries worldwide. The mean Human Development Index
(HDI) of the Philippines before and throughout the implementation of 4Ps was
compared. The difference between the HDIs of selected countries (low and
middle-income) implementing and non-implementing the conditional cash
transfer programs was determined. The findings of this study show that the
Philippines has a significantly higher mean HDI during the implementation of
4Ps since 2008 to 2018 compared to its years when there was no 4Ps. The
results further indicate that low and middle–income countries with CCT
programs have significantly higher HDIs in comparison to their counterparts. A
thorough evaluation of the CCT Programs in terms of issues such as
dependency and reviewing the conditionalities of the program to provide more
significant and promising effect on HDI needs to be undertaken.

Keywords: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps); conditional cash transfer (CCT);
Human Development Index (HDI).
 Long-Term Impacts of Conditional Cash
Transfers: Review of the Evidence

Teresa Molina Millán, Tania Barham, Karen Macours, John A. Maluccio,

and Marco Stampini

Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs, started in the late 1990s in Latin America,
have become the antipoverty program of choice in many developing countries in the region
and beyond. This paper reviews the literature on their long-term impacts on human capital
and related outcomes observed after children have reached a later stage of their life cycle,
fo-
cusing on two life-cycle transitions. The first includes children exposed to CCTs in utero or
during early childhood who have reached school ages. The second includes children exposed
to CCTs during school ages who have reached young adulthood. Most studies find positive
long-term effects on schooling, but fewer find positive impacts on cognitive skills, learning,
or socio-emotional skills. Impacts on employment and earnings are mixed, possibly because
former beneficiaries were often still too young. A number of studies find estimates that are
not statistically different from zero, but for which it is often not possible to be confident that
this is due to an actual lack of impact rather than to the methodological challenges facing
all long-term evaluations. Developing further opportunities for analyses with rigorous iden-
tification strategies for the measurement of long-term impacts should be high on the re-
search agenda. As original beneficiaries age, this should also be increasingly possible, and
in-
deed important before concluding whether or not CCTs lead to sustainable poverty reduction.

JEL codes: I18, I28, I38, O15

Keywords: Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs), long-term impacts, PROGRESA.
SURVIVING AND QUITTING: THE CASE OF 4PS
(PANTAWID
PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM) STUDENT DROPOUTS

Lyra Paz P. Lluz *1

*1University of Eastern Philippines-Pedro Rebadulla Memorial Campus and University

Research and Development Services, University of Eastern Philippines, Catarman, Northern
Samar 6400, Philippines

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i8.2020.971

ABSTRACT
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a version of cash
transfer program here in the Philippines that aims to eradicate extreme poverty
by investing in health and education. This study focused on personal
experiences of students as 4Ps beneficiaries and factors that have led to their
dropping out from school. A qualitative method was employed utilizing a case
study design, where data was gathered from six (6) student dropouts who were
4Ps beneficiaries. Results revealed that most student beneficiaries of the 4Ps are
from indigent families, highlighted that factors were due to family living
conditions, the desire to help the parents and siblings. Family living conditions,
the poor standard of living still is a pressing problem that can led students to
drop out from school, even with the availability of financial assistance that still
links to poverty as an underlying factor.
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): Its Effect On
the Academic Performance of Student-Beneficiaries In
Calaba National High School in the Philippines

Abstract
This study measured and evaluated the effect of Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps) on the academic performance of the student-
beneficiaries of Calaba National High School, Calaba, San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
in the Philippines. Survey questionnaires were distributed to ninety five 4Ps
student beneficiaries who were purposively selected based on the following
criteria: 4Ps beneficiary, enrolled in Calaba National High School at the time of
data gathering, and willingness to participate in the study. Analysis of all
collected data revealed the significant effect of the program to the performance
of student beneficiaries especially in motivating students to attend classes. The
result also supports Vroom’s Expectancy Theory which assumes that the
students’ efforts, performance, and behavior are influenced by the importance
they place on the desired outcome. In this case, to satisfy the conditionalities
and remain eligible for the cash grant which have positive effect on the socio-
economic status of their family. Based on the findings, it is therefore
recommended that the scope of the program be extended especially that two
years have been added to the secondary education; livelihood programs be
intensified to provide family-beneficiaries with additional income; and for the
concerned agencies and authorities to review the existing budget and
disbursement schemes to prevent delay in the release of grants. The increase in
the school attendance of students and the diminished drop-out rate indicates the
program’s positive effect on the lives of the beneficiaries.
Keywords: education, social program, motivation, expectancy theory