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A very small fraction of incident alpha
particle retraced its path
ATOMS
Experimental set up
Radioactive source of alpha particle is kept
inside an lead cavity with a narrow opening
5.5MeV a-particles emitted by the source
are made into a narrow well collimated
beam using led slits. Beam is allowed to fall
on a thin gold foil of thickness 2.1 × 10 m
The alpha particle scattered in different di-
rection can be absorbed by using the rotat-
able Zinc sulphide screen and microscope
Conclusions
arrangement.
Since most of the alpha particle passed
These alpha particle produce light flashes through the foil undeflected, it is concluded
on the screen so the number of alpha par- that major part of an atom is empty.
ticle scattered at different angles can be
counted A few of the alpha particle suffer a large an-
gle deviation and are very small fraction re-
traced its path.
Observations since the alpha particle itself 7350 times
heavier than the electron, neither an elec-
The most of alpha particle passed through
tron nor similar positive charged particle
the foil straight or with very small deviation
could cause such a large angle deviation.
About 0.14 percentage of incident a-particle
scattered by more than 1∘ Rutherford argued that, the alpha particle
About one in 8000 get deflected through 90∘ must had encountered a very heavy posi-
or more. tive particle on its path.
Rutherford’s Nuclear
Distance of closest approach model of atom
Consider an alpha particle of mass m and On the basis of the alpha particle scattering ex-
initial velocity v moves towards the nucleus periment in 1911 Rutherford proposed his nuclear
of charge is Ze. model of an atom. nuclear model which is also
known as planetary atom model.
model
In Rutherford's atom model it is assumed
that the electrons revolve around the nu-
cleus in circular orbit and it experiences a
centripetal acceleration.
According to the electromagnetic theory,
an accelerated electric charge should emit
electromagnetic radiation therefore the re- 03. In the Bohr’s hydrogen atom model, the
volving electron should emit radiation. radius of the stationary orbit is directly
proportional to the principal quantum
If the radiation is continuously emitted it's an number n as
energy will decrease and electrons would
finally fall into the nucleus. That means an (a) 𝑛−2 (b) 𝑛2
atom cannot be stable. (c) n (d) n–