ANCIENT SCIENCE IN

VEDAS
THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY-
People in ancient India were aware of many scientific facts long before the rise of modern
science.
In ancient Vedas Chemistry was called "Rasayan Shastra", 'Science of liquids (Chemical)'
was called Rasa-Vidya, Rasatantra and Rasakriya. Vedas Mentioned about chemical
laboratories and chemical works, which were called "Rasakriya- Nagaram" and
"Rasakriya-Shala" which means 'School where Chemicals are activated'. The Sanskrit
Vedas, which are ancient Indian scriptures, touch upon various aspects of life, including
philosophy, spirituality, astrology, medicine, and even some scientific concepts. While the
Vedas do not explicitly discuss modern chemistry as we understand it today, there are
references to some chemical principles and processes.Such as :-

Arthaveda - dealing with statecraft

Ayurveda - medicine and health

Dhanurveda - discusses military science

Gandhrvaveda - unfolds music and arts

Sthapatyaveda - explains architecture

VEDAS AS BASIS FOR SCIENCE-

The Sanskrit term veda as a common noun means "knowledge". The term in some
contexts,means "obtaining or finding wealth, property", while in some others it means "a
bunch of grass together" as in a broom or for ritual fire.The Vedas cover all fields of
knowledge both material and spiritual. The Vedas constitute the principal source of ancient
wisdom and the Upavedas and Upanishads are an integral part of the vedic texts. The
Upanishads are of philosophical nature and it is actually the Upavedas that contain
information which could be regarded as forming the basis for modern science.

➔ Rasas -
One of the most notable mentions in the Vedas is the concept of "Rasas." Rasas
are described as the essence or juices of different substances, which can be
 extracted through various methods. This can be seen as an early recognition of the
process of distillation, which is a fundamental concept in modern chemistry.

➔ Metallurgy in the Atharva Veda-

Additionally, there are references to the purification of metals and the extraction of
minerals, which can be considered as early forms of metallurgy and chemical
extraction.Some interpretations posit connections between these references and
contemporary metallurgical processes such as smelting and alloying..For example,
the Atharva Veda describes the separation of gold from other minerals using a type
of flux.

➔ Fire Rituals or Yajnas -

One avenue of exploration lies in the descriptions of fire rituals or Yajnas found in
the Vedas. These rituals involve the precise combination and combustion of
various substances as offerings. Proponents suggest that these rituals may
symbolically represent chemical reactions, drawing parallels between the mixing of
materials in Yajnas and the processes observed in modern laboratories.

➔ Elements in the Pancha Bhutas -

The Vedic concept of "Pancha Bhutas," representing the five basic
elements—earth, water, fire, air, and space, has drawn attention for its potential
correlation with the modern understanding of chemical elements. Enthusiasts
propose that these ancient elemental concepts might be seen as precursors to the
periodic table, suggesting an early recognition of fundamental building blocks.

➔ Ayurveda and Organic Chemistry -

Furthermore, the Vedas mention the use of various herbs and plants for their
medicinal properties , and some argue that this aligns with the principles of organic
chemistry. While this is more related to Ayurveda (traditional Indian medicine) ,the
compounds found in plants, which form the basis of many medicines, could be
considered as an early exploration of organic chemistry principles.

➔ Symbolism and Allegory in Vedic Verses -

Symbolic interpretations play a crucial role in connecting Vedic verses with
present-day scientific ideas. Certain passages, when viewed allegorically, are
claimed to contain hidden meanings that resonate with modern chemical principles.
However, it is essential to recognize that symbolism is subjective, and
interpretations can vary widely.

➔ Challenges and Scepticism -

While these connections are intriguing, they are not universally accepted within the
scientific community. The scientific method, which relies on empirical evidence and
experimental verification, is often absent in ancient texts. Sceptics argue that
interpreting Vedic texts through a scientific lens may involve a degree of
 speculation, and caution against reading too much into symbolic or allegorical
connections.

MORE ABOUT :-

ACHARYA NAGARJUNA - The Gem of Indian Chemistry

In the annals of ancient India, a luminary named Nagarjuna
emerged during the 2nd century CE. His early years were
characterised by a profound intellectual curiosity, leading him
to explore diverse fields such as philosophy and
metallurgy.As Nagarjuna matured, he directed his focus
towards alchemy and the enigmatic realm of rejuvenation. His
significant scholarly contribution, the "Rasaratnakara" (The
Jewel Mine of Chemistry), solidified his reputation as a
preeminent alchemist. Nagarjuna's pursuits extended beyond
the formulation of elixirs; he integrated meditation and yoga
into his approach, advocating for a holistic understanding of
health.The luminescence of Nagarjuna's intellect attracted the
attention of royalty, and his counsel was sought by kings. However, every narrative must
confront its denouement. Nagarjuna, in facing the inevitability of mortality, laid the
groundwork for a timeless legacy.His teachings, preserved in ancient manuscripts,
transcended temporal constraints, influencing the trajectory of ancient medicine and
extending into contemporary practice. Today, Nagarjuna's erudition reverberates in the
corridors of modern integrative medicine, shaping holistic health practices
globally.Nagarjuna's narrative unfolds as a testament to a life devoted to intellectual
pursuits, leaving behind a legacy that endures in the ongoing dialogue of health and
wellness practices.

Some of his theories are-

~Metal Transmutation~

-He explored the transmutation of base metals into noble ones, often seeking the
mythical philosopher's stone for transformative purposes.

~Purification Techniques~

-He likely focused on purifying metals and minerals to enhance their medicinal or
transformative properties.

~Herbal Alchemy~
 -Nagarjuna may have explored formulations integrating herbal ingredients for
health and longevity.

~Acharya Kanad~

Born around 600 or 800 BC in Gujarat, India,

Acharya Kanad, originally named Kashyap,
showed early curiosity in the smallest things
Recognizing the significance of the smallest
particle- anu-, he conceptualised the idea and
became known as Acharya Kanad. Legend has it
that his inspiration came from watching an
ant and contemplating the significance of
each grain of rice, leading him to develop the
concept of "Anu," the smallest particle.

The theory of “Anu”, the atom, was postulated even before Dalton’s
theory. But, many people do not consider it, as it is not highly
empirical. He was able to bring a theory on the creation and existence
of the universe. He was able to parallelly bring mythical realities of
“Atma '', along with “anu”, which is bound by energy.

He postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall get

smaller and smaller particles. Ultimately, a time will come when we
shall come across the smallest particles beyond which further division
will not be possible. He named these particles Parmanu, which are in
the present day called ATOMS.
 The Physical Chemistry in Rigveda

I. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE MENTIONED IN THE RIG-VEDA

- 8.12.30

“O Indra! by putting forth your mighty rays, which possess the qualities of
gravitation and attraction-illumination and motion – keep up the entire
universe in order through the Power of your attraction.”

-1.6.5, 8.12.30

“O God, You have created this Sun. You possess infinite power. You are
upholding the sun and other spheres and render them steadfast by your
power of attraction.”

II. ECLIPSE MENTIONED IN THE RIG-VEDA - 5.40.5

“O Sun! When you are blocked by the one whom you gifted your own light
(moon), then earth gets scared by sudden darkness.”

III. LIGHT OF MOON MENTIONED IN THE RIG-VEDA - 1.84.15

“अत्राह गोरमन्वत ् नाम त्वष्टुरपीच्यम ् । इत्था चन्द्रमसो गह

ृ े।

Translation:- The (solar rays) found on this occasion the light of Tvaṣṭā
verily concealed in the mansion of the moving moon.

IV. MOTION OF EARTH MENTIONED IN THE RIG-VEDA - 10.22.14

“This earth is devoid of hands and legs, yet it moves ahead. All the objects
over the earth also move with it. It moves around the sun.
 V. BLUE COLOUR OF SKY - Markandeya Purana 78.8

“Blue Sky is Nothing but scattered sunlight “

Now, According to Modern Science-

The blue color of the sky is due to Rayleigh scattering. As light moves through
the atmosphere, most of the longer wavelengths pass straight through. Though
Little of the red, orange and yellow light is affected by the air.

VI. ATOMISM AND QUANTUM PHYSICS

The Indians came closest to modern ideas of atomism, quantum physics, and
other current theories. India developed very early, enduring atomist theories of
matter. Possibly Greek atomistic thought was influenced by India, via the Persian
civilization. Cosmic law is connected with cosmic light, with gods, and, later,
specifically with Brahman. It was the Vedic Aryans who gave the world some of
the earliest philosophical texts on the makeup of matter and the theoretical
underpinnings for the chemical makeup of minerals. Sanskrit Vedas from
thousands of years before Christ implied that matter could not be created, and
that the universe had created itself.

VII. DISTANCE BETWEEN THE EARTH AND THE SUN

Distance Between Earth and Sun was already mentioned in "Hanuman Chalisa"

“जग
ु सहस्त्र जोजन पर भानु

लील्यो ताहि मधरु फल जान"ू

This means,

1 Jug=4,320,000 Years = 12000 Divine Years

1 Sahastra= 1000 Years.

1 Yojan = 8 Miles 1 Mile = 1.6 km.

so,
12000 x 1000 x 8 = 96000000 Mile

Now, According to Nasa, The Sun is at an average distance of about 93,000,000

miles (150 million kilometres) away from Earth.

It is almost the same distance as calculated by Nasa!!

- Kanada’s Sutra
Kanada‟s Sutra is also called Vaisheshika Sutra written in Sanskrit text authored by
Rishi Kanada in ancient India. Vaisheshika Sutra discusses the role of gravity in falling of
objects. It gives the analogy of an arrow.

The Rishi Kanada’s Vaisheshika Sutras :-

1. First Sutra:

“वेगः निमित्तववशेषात किमणो जायते |”

Translation: Change of motion is due to impressed force.

2. Second Sutra:

“वेगः निमित्तापेऺात किमणो जायते नियतदिक क्रियाप्रबन्धहे तु |”

Translation: Change of motion is proportional to the impressed force and is in the

direction of the force.

3. Third Sutra:

“वेगः संयोगववशेषववरोधी |”

Translation: Action and reaction are equal and opposite.

Comparison between the laws of motion of Sir Isaac Newton

and the Sutra of Rishi Kanada:-
● Newton's First Law of Motion:-

Every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to
change its state by the action of an external force.

While Kanada's First Sutra states-

“ वेगः निमित्तववशेषात किमणो जायते |” or “Vegah Nimitta Visheshta Karmano Jayate” which
means “Change of motion is due to impressed force”.

Comparison :- There is no intrinsically difference between Newton's first law of motion

and Kanada's First Sutra.

● Newton's Second Law of Motion :-

Newton's second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the force applied, and this change in momentum takes place in the direction
of the applied force.

While Kanada's Second Sutra states-

“वेगः निमित्तापेऺात किमणो जायते नियतदिक क्रियाप्रबन्धहे त”ु or “Vegah Nimitta Pekshat
Karmano Jayate Niyatdik Kriya Prabandha Hetu” which means that the change of motion is
proportional to the impressed force and is in the direction of the force.

Comparison :- Both the laws bear the same meaning.

● Newton's Second Third Law of Motion :-

To every action there is always equal but opposite reaction.

While Kanada's Third Sutra states-

“वेगः संयोगववशेषववरोधी |” or “ Vegah Sanyog Vishesh Virodhi.” which means that action and
reaction are equal and opposite.

Comparison:- Both the laws are same and identical.

Overall Explanations~

➢ Sir Isaac Newton published these laws in his book , “Philosophiæ Naturalis
Principia Mathematica” on July 5,1687 while the exact time of Rishi Kanada’ s
Sutra is not known. From the ancient religious book/epics it is known to us that the
time period of Rishi Kanada is 600 BCE. The invention of the Sutra by Rishi
Kanada was before the time of innovation from “ZERO (invented by Aryabhatta)”
to “INFINITY (invented by Bhaskaracharya)”. Just because of scarcity of digits
Rishi Kanada could not formulate his Sutra. On the contrary, the time period of Sir
Isaac Newton was so far modern and at this time many things were either invented
or discovered. As a result he could formulate his laws very easily in a scientific
way.
The people of the rest of the world knew that India was a home of Knowledge and Wealth
on account of which many warriors attacked India so many times in search of wealth and
many wise men came to India in search of knowledge. It is proved that ancient books of
India were the root of many inventions in the world. Sir Isaac Newton stumbled on this fact
after almost two thousand years. But all credits and respects go to Sir Isaac Newton and
nothing to Rishi Kanada, though Rishi Kanada invented the entire laws before 2000 years
of Sir Isaac Newton.

Last of all, Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion in more scientific way with the
help of digits and letters qualitatively as well as quantitatively while Rishi Kanada had
stated the laws qualitatively.

PHYSICS IN SHIV PURAN:-

While the Shiv Puran provides a poetic and mythological narrative, the Big Bang
theory explains the universe's origin through scientific principles. The theory
proposes that the universe expanded rapidly from a high-density and
high-temperature state, initiating the formation of matter and energy.
According to Shiv Puran the universe began with the birth of Lord Shiv, God of
destruction, where in Big Bang it is theorised as the great collision of the atoms
before the birth of the universe.

Then was born Lord Vishnu, the god of preservation hence described as
preservation of what was left of the great destruction.Then from the navel of Lord
Vishnu was the birth of Lord Brahma, the god of creation in contrast with
expanding of the previously preserved atoms and creation of universe.

~Biological Chemistry in Vedas~

-Rasendra Sara Sangraha
Rasendra Sara Sangraha is another significant text in the field of Rasashastra,
focusing on alchemical processes and medicinal applications. It covers a broad
range of topics related to the preparation of herbo-mineral formulations.
Author of Rasendra Sara Sangraha- Vagbhata from the 12th century.
Vagbhata's work encompasses various aspects of alchemical processes, providing
practitioners with valuable insights into the preparation of herbo-mineral medicines,
which are-
Alchemical Formulations -Detailed guidance on the precise combinations of herbs
and minerals to create potent formulations.
Processing Techniques -In-depth explanations of specific alchemical processes and
techniques for purifying and enhancing the therapeutic properties of minerals.
Dosage and Administration -Recommendations on the appropriate dosage of
herbo-mineral medicines and their optimal modes of administration for maximum
efficacy.
Therapeutic Properties -Descriptions of the therapeutic properties attributed to
various herbo-mineral combinations, aiding practitioners in selecting formulations
tailored to specific health conditions.
Synergistic Effects- Insights into the synergistic effects of combining herbs and
minerals, providing a holistic understanding of how different elements interact in
medicinal preparations.
Safety Considerations- Guidelines on ensuring the safety of herbo-mineral
medicines, including precautions to avoid potential side effects and adverse
reactions.
Customization for Conditions- Guidance on customising herbo-mineral
formulations based on the unique characteristics of the patient and the specific
ailment being addressed.
Integration with Ayurveda- Integration of alchemical insights with broader
Ayurvedic principles, emphasising a holistic approach to health and well-being.
______________________________________________________________
Vedic Aryans: Trailblazers of Ancient Scientific Wisdom
▪️ The verse Sri Rudram contains information about the DNA chain that
is pivotal to our growth, reproduction, health and intelligence.

“ एक च मय, त्रयश्च मय, पञ्च च मय, सप्त च मय, एकादश च मय, त्रयोदश च मय,
पञ्चदश च मय, सप्तदश च मय, नवदश च मय, एकत्रिंशतिस ् च मय, त्रयोविंशतिस ् च मय,
पञ्चविंशतिस ् च मय, सप्तविंशतिस ् च मय, नवविंशतिस ् च मय, एकत्रिंशतिस ् च मय,
त्रयत्रिंशतिस ् च मय, पञ्चत्रिंशतिस ् च मय, चतस्ु त्रः च मय, अष्टौ च मय, द्वादश च मय,
षोडश च मय, विंशतिस ् च मय, चतर्विं ु शतिस ् च मय, अष्टविंशतिस ् च मय, द्वात्रिंशश ् च
मय, षट्त्रिंशश ् च मय, चत्वारिंशश ् च मय, चतश्ु चत्वारिंशश ् च मय, अष्टाचत्वारिंशश ् च
मय। ”

Translation:-

“Let these be granted to me. One, three, five, seven, nine, eleven, thirteen, seventeen,
nineteen, twenty one, twenty three, twenty five, twenty seven, twenty nine, thirty one
and thirty three as also four, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty four, twenty eight,
thirty two, thirty six, forty, forty four and forty eight.”

Traditional scholars and pandits explain the significance of these numbers as follows:-
Odd Numbers-

1 = Nature or Prakriti
3 = The three gunas, namely sattva, rajas and tamas
5 = The five mahabhutas, or the five basic elements, that is, prithvi, ap, tejas, vayu and akasha,
(earth, water, energy or agni or fire, wind and space).
7 = The five sensory organs and the mind and intellect
9 = The nine openings in the human body, called the navadwaras.
11 = The ten pranas and the Sushumna nadi
13 = Thirteen Devas
15 = The nadis or nerve centres in the human body
17 = The limbs of the human body
19 = Medicinal herbs
21 = Important vulnerable parts of the body
23 = Devas controlling serious diseases
25 = Apsaras in heaven
27 = Gandharvas
29 = Vidyut Devas
31 = Worlds
33 = Devas

PRODUCTS OF FOUR

4 = The four ideals of human life, namely dharma, artha, kama and moksha,(righteous way of
life, wealth, desire, and salvation)
8 = The four Vedas and the four upavedas
12 = Six vedangas and six shastras.
16 = Knowledge to be obtained from God
20 = The Mahabhutas
24 = The number of letters in the Gayatri mantra.
28 = The number of letters in the Ushnik mantra.
32 = The number of letters in the Anushtup mantra.
36 = The number of letters in the Brihati mantra.
40 = The number of letters in the Pankti mantra.
44 = The number of letters in the Trishtup mantra
48 = The number of letters in the Jagati mantra

According to Dr Sasidharan, these numbers represent a polymer chain of molecules that

form APA or water that enables evolution of life and intelligence, and APA is nothing but the
nitrogenous base pairs of the DNA. The numbers 1 to 33 represent the 33000 base pairs of
mitochondrial base pairs of DNA. The numbers 4 to 48 represent the 48 million nuclear
bases of DNA. The two sets of DNA bases combine to provide sustenance of human wellbeing
and onward evolution of human life.When the devotee prays for the blessing of these numbers,
actually he is praying for bestowing on him all these DNA bases which conduce to sustenance of
human wellbeing and happiness.

MAHARISHI CHARAKA- The father of Ayurveda

Maharishi Charaka ,one of the principal contributors to
Ayurveda, also known as Charaka Muni or Agnivesa, was an
ancient Indian physician and scholar who made significant
contributions to the field of Ayurveda.Charaka's approach
to medicine was holistic and focused on understanding the
body as a whole. He emphasised the importance of
maintaining a balance among the three doshas (vata, pitta,
and kapha) and believed that disease resulted from an
imbalance in these doshas. His treatments aimed to restore this balance through dietary
changes, herbal remedies, lifestyle modifications, and therapies such as massage and
detoxification.
Charaka's contributions to Ayurveda were not only medical but also scientific. He
emphasised the importance of observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning in the
practice of medicine. He classified diseases based on their aetiology and symptoms, and
his diagnostic methods included examination of the pulse, urine, and other bodily fluids.
The term Charaka is a label said to apply to "wandering scholars" or "wandering
physicians". Charaka seems to have been an early proponent of "prevention is better
than cure" doctrine.
The following statement is attributed to Charaka:
“A physician who fails to enter the body of a patient with the lamp of knowledge and understanding can
never treat diseases. He should first study all the factors, including environment, which influence a
patient's disease, and then prescribe treatment. It is more important to prevent the occurrence of disease
than to seek a cure”.

A body functions because it contains three dosha or principles, namely movement (vata),
transformation (pitta) and lubrication and stability (kapha). The doshas correspond to
the Western classification of humours, wind, bile, and phlegm. These doshas are
produced when dhatus (blood, flesh and marrow) act upon the food eaten. For the same
quantity of food eaten, one body, however, produces dosha in an amount different from
another body. That is why one body is different from another.Further, he stressed, illness
is caused when the balance among the three doshas in a human body are disturbed. To
restore the balance he prescribed medicinal drugs.

Charaka also studied the anatomy of the human body and various organs. He gave 360
as the total number of bones, including teeth, present in the human body. He was right
when he considered the heart to be a controlling centre. He claimed that the heart was
connected to the entire body through 13 main channels. He also claimed that any
obstruction in the main channels led to a disease or deformity in the body.

Charaka Samhita - the compendium of Charaka

Charaka Samhita is the oldest and the most authentic treatise on Ayurveda and is the ancient
medical science of India written by the great physician, Maharishi Charaka . The text is based on the
Agnivesha Samhita , an older encyclopaedic medical compendium by Agniveśa. It describes ancient
theories on human body, aetiology, symptomology and therapeutics for a wide range of diseases.
The Charaka Samhita also includes sections on the importance of diet, hygiene, prevention,
medical education, and the teamwork of a physician, nurse and patient necessary for recovery to
health.

Nutrition and diet

Innumerable diseases, bodily and mental, have for their root Tamas. The man of Knowledge,
however, purified by knowledge avoids those conditions. One should never take any food, acting
only from a desire for it or guided by ignorance. Only food that is beneficial should be eaten, after
proper examination. Verily, the body is the result of food.Charaka Samhita dedicates Chapters 5,
6, 25, 26 and 27 to "Aharatattva" (dietetics), stating that wholesome diet is essential for good health
and to prevent diseases, while unwholesome food is an important cause of diseases.

It states : -

“The tastes are six. They are sweet, sour, saline, pungent, bitter and astringent.
Properly used, they nourish the body.
Improperly used (excess or deficient), they verily lead to the provocation of the Dosha.
The Dosha are three: Vata, Pitta and Kapha.
When they are in their normal state, they are beneficial to the body.
When, however, they become disorganised, verily they afflict the body with diseases of diverse kinds.”

The text suggests that foods are a source of heat, nutritive value as well as physiological
substances that act like drugs inside the human body. Furthermore, along with medicine, Charaka
Samhita in Chapters 26 and 27, states that proper nutrition is essential for expedient recovery from
sickness or surgery.

Ancient pharmacy
Numerous chapters in the Charaka Samhita are dedicated to identifying and classifying seeds,
roots, flowers, fruits, stems, aromatic leaves, barks of different trees, plants juices, mountain herbs,
animal products ranging from their milk to their excretory waste after the animals eat certain diet or
grasses, different types of honey, stones, salts and others.The text also describes numerous
recipes, detailing how a particular formulation should be prepared.

Sexual health
The Charaka Samhita discusses sexual diseases as well as its theory of treatment of sexual
dysfunctions and virility (Vajikarana). The text emphasises methods of body cleansing, sexual
health promoting conduct, behaviour and diet. Certain herb and mineral combinations are part of its
regimen.The text asserts that obesity and a lifestyle lacking exercise is linked to sexual
dysfunctions.

The text, states Arnold, contains many verses relating to women's sexual health, suggesting "great
antiquity of certain methods and therapeutic agents used in the treatment of gynaecological cases",
for example the cautery, pessaries, and astringent washes.

The ideal medical student -

He should be of a mild disposition, noble by nature, never mean in his acts, free from pride, strong memory, liberal mind,
devoted to truth, likes solitude, of thoughtful disposition, free from anger, of excellent character, compassionate, one fond of
study, devoted to both theory and practice, who seeks the good of all creatures
—Charak Samhita 3.VIII.6 (Abridged)

________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion-
Although the Vedas do not provide a comprehensive understanding of
modern chemistry, they do contain some references to chemical principles
and processes and highlight the ancient knowledge and observations of the
people of that time.Many things and statements mentioned in the old Vedic
literature match the discoveries of modern science. The connections drawn
from fire rituals, metallurgy, elemental concepts, herbal knowledge, and
symbolic interpretations provide food for thought. However, it is crucial to
approach these connections with a balanced perspective, acknowledging
both the potential insights and the challenges associated with interpreting
ancient texts in a scientific context. This ongoing discourse invites further
research and collaboration between scholars of ancient traditions and
contemporary science.

FUN FACTS~
● According to Rigveda , leather tanning and cotton dyeing was done in
1000 – 400 BC.
● Tamil literature also contains descriptions of making firecrackers using
sulphur , charcoal , potassium nitrate , mercury and camphor.
● Chanakya 's Arthashastra describes the production of salt from the sea.
● Charak Samhita, mentions those ancient Indians who knew how to
prepare sulfuric acid , nitric acid and oxide, sulphate and carbonate of
copper, tin, iron, lead and zinc .
● The book Rasarnava mentions the methods by which the colour of the
flame of the metal was identified.
● Nagarjuna , a renowned chemist and metallurgist ,also discusses the
extraction of metals such as gold, silver, tin and copper.
● Rasaratnakar is related to mercury compounds ,it details the methods
by which the colour of the flame was used to identify the metal.
● Chakrapani discovered mercury sulphide, the credit for the discovery
of soap also goes to him.
● While Antoine Lavoisier is known as the father of modern chemistry,
Sir Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray is the father of Indian chemistry.
● “To the philosophers of India , Relativity is no new discovery, just as
the concept of light years is no matter for astonishment to people used
to thinking of time in millions of kalpas.”

-Kalpa = 4,320,000 years

____________________________________________________________

~ THANKS & REGARDS ~

-from our team

-Yaana Shankar
-Riddhi Garg
-Devanshi Bhasin
-Aahana Charan
~ EDITING TEAM-Yaana & Riddhi ~

Special T hanks to Sanyukta Bhattacharya Ma’am and P.K T hakur Sir

________________________________________________

Bibliography:-

List of historic Indian texts - Wikipedia

Rasendra Sara Sangraha of Sri Gopal Krishna (Text with English translation,
notes and appendixes) > Satpute, Ashok D. | Saujanya Books.

Prafulla Chandra Ray - Wikipedia

Remembering Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray, Father of Indian Chemistry

Chemistry - Wikipedia

Research | Purana Vedas

Nagarjuna: Wizard in Indian Alchemy and Metallurgy; Introduced

Gold-Shine Mechanism

Acharya Nagarjuna- Gem of Bharatiya Chemistry

Scientific Knowledge in Vedas - Gravitational Force to Relativity

Science | Vedic Heritage Portal

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charaka_Samhita