CALCULUs OF VARTAT TONs

FuNGTToNALS
ket S be sl
a
oh tunctions o a
singe Vasiable
detined oven an inteual ( , ,X2)
Then
any tunctim eich asigms to eaeh tunction
imS a unigue Teal alue is Called a hunctionel.
Tn othen Bosds
unctional s a
mapping lom huncions
to a deal numbens.

Considen a
untion t:flx,9,4') shen he
independent Vaiable ' Vaies3 betioeem tho iven
Values and a ih The inteoral
I 4 , y, ) dac

is called the
tunctional a o ciatiom pith he unction
Flx,9,y) ovet he interval lx,*
The value
eTdepends ony and .
1
412y da

+ ) da
Tla
3 -(*-29sinz) dx

Pooperty
then s,9,']dx S -
EULER'S quATEON
A mecesay Condition jos he nte zal
hene Y)= 4, and 4la)=%
T a ,y,4) da
to be on ectreum 2 that

oo:Let y- Yla) be any CusWe A )thae) B(x,9

Joining the tso poims Alz, 4,) G / h9
Bla,a) hich makes he unctional AX,
)

'T am eLtsemum.

4 e ) + hglx) be he

neighbouung Cuve hese h i s s a l l so that

at A g lz,)= o amd a B a) o , hen

I # (a, y, 4) d

f [ , fx, vu)+hg). tta+hg'dz-

The above equaton to be moimum 0o unmum

at ho is dT
 ule e hoWe
itesentiating equ by Xeibnitz

d
dh

h is indepemde a )
'
ab

No
2 ) +ha(z) ' 4')thg'a)

d (o) 9) + I'e) dz

d
dh a) d

8a)dz + ay ay/

'xi)

a ) da
 dT
dh
d

O am (3)

This s he sequired Euler equatoon.

Othet osms okulers kquation

1 -
2

3f- k Constant -

Suppese does nol

ay'
Contain ezplicitly.
ASuppoe f does mot cortain y' ezplicity

k , k-Canstamt

Suppose f does nol Contaim both 'x' G ezplicitly

=o Povided +0.
PROBLEMS
1 find the curwe kich makes he tureional

I ( * +12*i) de to be ectremum .

Sot Given: I (+1224)

Hene, f )+122
to ' to be etsemum, iA has to Satishy Eulers
equatiom
KE 0 -

No 12z

=12 ay

1 2 - g .(2y) » o

-e9)= 122
2
' ) = 6x

Inte rarbin)
2

= 3 +C
Iniesatin?,
2 Find he Cuve kskich makes he tuncuonal

to be ectsemum

So Given I do

By kulr's equa-ion

odr 'J

Hene,

Intesvatine,

Ttefvating
3. Find the tunction ' hich nakes he integral
Ct2y+x(u] d an
ectremum
So qven: I

By Eulers equation,

Hte, f= 1+
y+z(«j*
f
tay.x

o-
+ aay O

t 22y') = o

Inteovoing.

2y'= C *
 Inteosaing.
1d
(log-) -( ) +

C lgx + 4
-

hene c:

4- Fird he etrenal he tunetional +k'] d

so Given:
Tu+k] dx

By Fules equotion,

Hee,

- k (29)
ay 2y'
2
ay

O-2ky- (29) = o

ky 2y =o

- ky +y by -2)
 (p-K) 0

-ko

This s e Cond esden equ depemds Value o k.

Case-i: lel k=Eo hen : G +

Case-ilet k + hem -p
4Ge+Ge
Coe-i Let k - hen -GCspa +GSinbr

5.Find he etremal ohe tunctional +19)+ 2yex]dx.

So: Given: I
+4*+ 24e)2x
By kulers equation,
By

Hne
Hne, f + )
+2ye
2y+ 2e ay

0-2y+ae) d ,
-

(ay') =o

Co-1)e ,DD-d
 AE m-1 0o

m , -|

-x

C e +Ge

No

D1

2D

L)- e
Thus,

6. Find the eremal ohe huncional +z')y'dx

Sol Gey

Eulers equatiom

-0

Hene,
 1 y | =o
-C+2xy') = 0
d

Tntesatng
+y'=c
2 = C-1
C-)

Intesatiný
)+

ehene

7. Find he CuTve on hich the

unchioral [t+12xax
4lo)= 0 d ) =1 Con be
determuned
SoH Given: 2 |[+azv) dx
Solution o hs Preblem done m
Problem-.
UAing that e Can ite
a+C,z + -
 Using e Condtion Y=o a a 0 and ad z=l,

O 0+0 + C2 = + +

C0
CuuWe
' (X) = is h e Tequved

8. Find he Cuwe on khich the

unctiona
( - v*+ 2z4) dx Di lo) = u(T/a) o Con be

etsemiscd
So iven (-+2:xy] de
B Eulers equ

ay
Hae, f 9'- 4+2y
- 2y +2 2y
ay

0- (-2y+27) - (2y) -o
d

-29+2a -2y"=
a)
-+9" o
y+

D d
 AG
2

m 1

CCosx +2Snx
No . ,
CD+ 1)
to

:GC1 +GSinz + -2
Consida, Lo) o 9 ) =o
O= C Ceao + Sno +0 O
Gcol?)+ SSin(£) +?

Sinz +
- Sina is he
Tequined sol
9 Find the eztremal ohe
Junctional
w -y+2Y Secz) do
SoP Given: T
( - 4+ 24 Seca d
 By Eulers equalin

-0D

He f -y + 2y Secx
0 29+ 2 Secx

0(-2y +2 Secz) -

(291) =o
-2y +2Sect 2y" o

9-SecX +y" =o 2)

+y Sec
(D+D =Secx D:

AC +l2 Oo

m ti

CCeßr +Sinx
A C + BSinst - is he Gs
lo
A= - da) d Here, e4-9,4
(SihSecz d Ce.cex)-Sinu(-Sina
Cos +Sin
A -JSinx d
):Sec
A: - Jtonz d

A-eaSec) +
 B: a ) d
cokx Sec d

B Si d
B + k

t)7Y-log(secx) +ki]c8 t [a+e.] sinx

k,Ceßr + k,sint - Ceks oglsecx) +t2sinx

0ftnd the etsemal o} the unctional

T -(u-2ysinz) dx ,
unde he Canditions
ylo) = y(E) =o .

Soi Given: - 29Sinx d

By Eulers equuation,
-
O
-0

HAe,
Hee, f - ( -29sinz
d 2 - 2sinz -29

FT 292sinz)- (-2) =o
2-2SinI +2y" = o
2
-Sin + y 0
 9+ Sinx
D+)y= Sinx

A-6
-1

GCsx +SSina
lot Sinx

-
9 Sinx

2D

p . CeBx

9+9
Gce1 + S i n Ceßx
-
By dat
9lo)=o
) 6- G
Coao+ Stmo -o

Thus, =7 = -
,is hAe

IS. he etremal
( dx expTessible
in the o s =ae.
Appications oCal culus oVauiations

E0DGSTcS
A geode3ic en a sujace is a cuwe along

hich he distance betoeen any o Poins a the

buatace is minimum

1 Poove hat he shovtest distance betoeevm too points

in o
plane s a
Straight ne (oR)

Pvovehal he Jeodeaics em a
plane
ines
aLe
Stvaight
Poo Let Y Y) be a Cuwe BC9,)
Joining t o poims Ala,4,) and

Bl,9) in he Plane

The ae length between A and B

ACX,9,)
is given b

dS

d
S
d

S I+(9 dx

Zet +()*
By
By Culers equatien,
f d =o -
0
ay
No , t(9)*
O . 29'
ay

af
ay

d
VI+

Tnterating
C

S B S

c[it

(-e)
2

(9')
CI-ca)

VI-c
C
 Intep vatng,
Thus C+2 shich is a stmight ine.

2- Find geodesies on a suhace given that he a e

length om he Suace is S i + ] dz

2
SoP4iven

Hene, li+*]

y
V+)

By
By Eulery equation,

VI+Y'
d
d

I e rating,
vy'
L+ (y')?
 S.B. S

(-c*)

V-c

Tnteating.
e = d

- C. 2 Vz-c +CI

-C2cV-c
S-B-S
( - = Aclx-e) , is the equind geodeaic
hich is a
Parabola.

3. find he Cuwe paing hough he poins (a1,9,) and

(x3,) hich khen votated about he -aui gives a
ninum suoHace asea (OR)
PT Colenay is a CurWe kshich h e soated abou
o ine
9enesates sustace nnimum asea
 oiated aboul he a - a x s
FTo hen he curwe is

the total suntace anea 2 given b

T 27Y dS

T dx

et
Since f 2 imdependert o ' by Edlers euat

- C -

f I+(Y)*

oy

V +Y*

07 I+ -. y
x y

+() u -
=
cyIt{y)
 c+')*
SB S

+ cy)

-
c

Y'=V-
C

dy
V
Tnte Sratimg

Cosh ( I : +k

Coh(+k
e cosh (
CCesh( ohene ackc his é Cotensy.
Hanging Cable (chain) Problem
A
A heav Cable
heavy hangs leely unden gvaity betieen
to ixed. Shos hat the shape othe Coble 4a

Cotenary.
So et Pl,y,) and x,4,) be the
tooixed points o} the hanging Px,)
Coble
le us Considel am
elemetaSy h
ac length ds o he coable.
Re b e he density o} he coble So that
ds'
ds s the ma% t h e element 2} ' he
accelaation due to
tavity , hen
P-E m9*h
P.E fdS 1*

:. Total PE o he cable s
given by
T: Uds)

$99 d

T $|41+()* d
 Hene

Since inde pendel o 'x by kulers eguation.

C
3y

No,f y1+

Dy

ay

0- + (s1)2 -

.
It(y')
xIt)

CI+lu)*
S B S

]
 d C

dy da
V
Iterating
dy

Ca(8) +
Coth
c Cosh kere askc
This is a
Catenany