UMTS Capacity Estimation

ZTE University
Content

„ UMTS Service mode

„ Common Capacity Design Methods
„ Uplink Capacity Estimation
„ Downlink Capacity Estimation
„ Estimation Examples
CS Domain Service Model

„ Key parameter: call frequency, call duration,

blocking probability

„ Average Erlang ＝ call frequency ×duration /

3600
PS Domain Service Model
PS Domain Service Model

„ Dormant status and Active status conversion

„ Every session can contain several packet calls,
different data services and different user types
have different features
„ Resource occupied by packet call varies alone
with the burst transmission
PS Service Model - Example

service Bearer Mean Mean Mean Reading

rate(k packet packets calls/s time
bps) size(byte) in a call ession between
calls(second)
Email 64 480 32 2 5
www 144 480 25 5 5
Download 64 480 62 2 5
MMS 64 480 32 2 5
Streaming 384 480 267 1 0
PS Domain Service Model

Parameter Name Parameter definition Unit

DL Bit rate Downlink service bit rate kbps

DL Mean Packet Size Mean downlink packet Byte

size
DL Mean ＃ Packets Mean downlink packet
quantity
DL Mean Calls/session Mean calls of downlink
session
DL Reading time between Transmission duration second
calls between downlink calls
DL Mean packets in a call Mean packets in one
downlink session
DL BLER Downlink service quality
requirement
DL PS Activity Factor Downlink activating factor
PS Domain Service Model

UL Bit rate Uplink service bit rate kbps

UL Mean Packet Size Mean uplink packet size Byte

UL Mean ＃ Packets Mean uplink packet

quantity
UL Mean Calls/session Mean calls of uplink
session
UL Reading time between Transmission duration second
calls between uplink calls
UL Mean packets in a call Mean packets in one
uplink session
UL BLER Uplink service quality
requirement
UL PS Activity Factor Uplink activating factor

BHSA Busy hour sessions

attempt
Service Category

Service type Basic characteristic Example

Conversation The time relationship Voice, video phone

between information entities
in the stream must be kept,
session mode (small delay,
strict delay jitter requirement)
Streaming The time relationship Multimedia data
between information entities stream
in the stream must be kept
Interactive Request/response mode, Web browser,
data integrity must be kept internet game
Background Data integrity must be kept, Email download in
high delay tolerance background
User Group Classification
„ Classification principle
„ Based on user consumption capability and consumption
behavior
User type Group features
High－end High income group, enterprises and managers.
Providing high rate access service.
Medium－end General enterprises and some high income consumers.
Providing information inquiry, mobile entertainment and
mobile financial services.
Lower－end Middle income class and students. Providing data
services such as SMS and some mobile game services

„ Note: User groups are distinguished by service type,

service rate, service quality and service intensity.
Service Penetration
„ Percentage of user distribution in different application
environments are different
„ Percentage of high-end, middle-end and lower-end users
in different application environments are different
„ Service model statistic characteristic relates to
percentages mentioned above

A B C D
Total 10% 30% 30% 30%
High End 30% 10% 5% 0%
Medium End 40% 50% 40% 10%
Low End 30% 40% 55% 90%
Traffic Analysis for Single Subscriber
„ CS Domain

Service Mean busy Mean Activate Mean Mean busy hour

type hour calls call factor speed erl per user
duration (kbps)
Tel. 1.25 72 0.5 12.2 0.025
Video 0 (lower end) 54 1 64 0 (lower end)
phone 0.05 (medium 0.00075 (middle
end) end)
0.1 (high end) 0.0015 (high end)

„ Mean busy hour Erl. Per user=mean busy hour calls*mean

call duration/3600
Traffic Analysis for Single Subscriber
„ PS Domain
Service type Penetration BHSA Mean Mean Mean Busy hour
rate packet packets calls/s throughput
size in a call ession per user
(byte) （kbit）
Web Low-end 50% 0.01 480 25 5 4.8
service user
Medium 75% 0.02 480 25 5 9.6
end user
High-end 100% 0.03 480 25 5 14.4
user

„ Node: penetration rate means the percentage of UEs which support

this service in total UEs.
„ Busy hour throughput per user = BHSA* mean calls in a session
*mean packets in a call*mean packet size*8/1000
„ Equivalent Erl = Busy hour throughput per user / (Bearer rate *3600)
Traffic Analysis for Single Subscriber

„ The average traffic according to the Service Model

in each transmission environment is :
„ Average traffic for each subscriber = ∑ Ratio of
subscriber group* Service penetration * average
traffic of this group
Content

„ UMTS Service mode

„ Common Capacity Design Methods
„ Uplink Capacity Estimation
„ Downlink Capacity Estimation
„ Estimation Examples
UMTS Network Dimensioning Procedure
Capacity Estimation Procedure
„ Hybrid service intensity analysis
z The UMTS system provides multiple services and the hybrid
service intensity analysis makes the system capacity consumed by
various services equivalent to that consumed by a single service.
„ Uplink capacity estimation
z Estimate the NodeB number that meets the service demand based
on the hybrid service intensity analysis.
„ Downlink capacity estimation
z It is a verification process. The NodeB transmission power formula
is used to calculate the channel number that can be provided by
the current NodeB scale so as to verify whether this channel
number can meet the capacity requirement, and if it cannot,
stations need be added.
Common Capacity Design Methods

„ Equivalent Erlangs method

„ Post Erlang-B method

„ Campbell method
Equivalent Erlangs Method
„ Principle: Make a service equivalent to another service and
calculate the total Erl.
„ Example
z Service A: 1 channel for each connection and the total is 12 erl.
z Service B: 3 channels for each connection and the total is 6 erl.
z If 1 erl service B = 3 erl service A, altogether 30 erl service A shall
be equivalent and 39 channels shall be required (under 2%
blocking rate).
z If 3 erl service A = 1 erl service B, altogether 10 erl service B shall
be equivalent and 17 service B channels shall be required (equal
17*3=51 service A channels under 2% blocking rate).
Equivalent Erlangs Method
Capacities meeting the
same GoS are different

Low speed
service
equivalent

2 Erl low 1 Erl high

speed speed service
service
High speed service
The calculation result
equivalent is related to the
equivalent mode
Post Erlang-B Method
„ Principle: Calculate the capacity required by each
service respectively and add them.
„ Example
z Service A: 1 channel for each connection and the total
is 12 erl.
z Service B: 3 channels for each connection and the total
is 6 erl.
z Service A requires 19 channels (under 2% blocking
rate).
z Service B requires 12 service B channels (equal
12*3=36 service A channels, under 2% blocking rate).
„ These two services require 19+36=55 channels
Post Erlang-B Method
„ Suppose services A and B are the same kind, where,
z Service A: 1 channel for each connection and the total is 12 erl.
z Service B: 1 channel for each connection and the total is 6 erl.
„ Based on the Post Erlang-B method
z Service A requires 19 channels (under 2% blocking rate).
z Service B requires 12 channels (under 2% blocking rate).
„ Altogether 19+12=31 channels are required.
„ Based on traditional Erlang-B method
„ The total traffic of services A and B is 12+6=18 erl and
altogether 26 channels are required under 2% blocking
rate.
„ Required channel number estimated through the Post
Erlang-B method is too large.
Post Erlang-B Method
Capacities meeting the
same GoS are different

1 Erl service A
+

1 Erl service B

The calculation
result is too
pessimistic

1 Erl service A and

1 Erl service B
Campbell Method
„ Principle: Make multiple services equivalent to a virtual
service and calculate the capacity on the basis of the
virtual service.

∑
ci
erli ai2
ν α
c= = i OfferedTra ffic =
α ∑ erl a i i
c
i
c = capacity. factor
a = mean * n
Capacity=
(Ci − ai ) v = var iance * n
c ai = amplitude.of .service.i
Ci = capacity.of .service.i
Campbell Method

„ Example
z Service A: 1 channel for each connection and the total
is 12 erl.
z Service B: 3 channels for each connection and the total
is 6 erl
„ Mean & variance
α= ∑ erl × a
i i = 12 × 1 + 6 × 3 = 30

ν = ∑ erl × a
i
2
i = 12 × 12 + 6 × 32 = 66
Campbell Method

„ Capacity factor c

ν 66
c= = = 2.2
α 30
„ Virtual traffic

α 30
OfferedTraffic= = = 13.63
c 2.2

„ 21 channels (virtual channels) are required to

meet the virtual traffic under 2% blocking rate.
Campbell Method

„ Under 2% blocking rate, channel number required by each

service is shown as follows:

Service A: C1 = (21× 2.2) + 1 = 47

Service B: C 2 = (21× 2.2) + 3 = 49

„ Different channel numbers are required to meet the GOS

requirements of diversified services.
„ Compared with the former two methods, the calculation result
through the Campbell method is more reasonable.
Campbell Method

„ If the reference service is the voice service：

Rservice * Eb / No service * v service

Amplitude service =
Rvoice * Eb / Novoice * vvoice
Content

„ UMTS Service mode

„ Common Capacity Design Methods
„ Uplink Capacity Estimation
„ Downlink Capacity Estimation
„ Estimation Examples
Uplink Load Analysis
„ Eb/No the receive signal in the NodeB must reach Eb/No
required by the service demodulation.

W Pj
( Eb / No) j = ⋅
v j R j I total − P j

W: indicates the chip rate.

vj: indicates user j’s activation factor.
Rj: indicates user j’s data rate.
Pj : indicates user j’s signal receive power
Itotal: indicates total broadband receive power with
the thermal noise power included in the NodeB.
Uplink Load Analysis
„ The receive power at the NodeB receive end should meet
the following formula so that the user signal can meet the
demodulation requirement: 1
Pj = Itotal = LjItotal
W
1+
( Eb ) jRjvj
„ Define a connection load No

factor Lj: Lj = Pj = 1

Itotal W
1+
( Eb ) jRjvj
No
„ The total receive power of all N users from
one cell is: N N

∑P = ∑L I
j =1
j
j =1
j total
Uplink Load Analysis

„ The total receive power at the NodeB receive end

consists of three parts:
I tatal = Pin + Pother + PN
P in indicates the total interference power of in-cell users.
P other indicates the total interference power of out-cell users.
PN indicates the NodeB thermal noise power.

„ Neighbor cell’s interference factor i

„ i= Other cell interference /Local cell

interference
Uplink Load Analysis

„ The total user receive power of the NodeB:

N
Pin + Pother = (1 + i ) ∑L I
j =1
j tatal

„ Define the noise lifting as the ratio of total

broadband receive power to the noise power of
the NodeB:
I total I tatal 1
NR = = =
PN I tatal − Pin − P other N
1 − (1 + i ) ∑L
j =1
j
Uplink Load Analysis

„ Define the uplink load factor to be:

N N

∑ ∑
1
ηUL = (1 + i ) L j = (1 + i )
j =1 j =1 1 +
W
( Eb / No) j R j v j
„ The noise lifting can be represented to be:

1
NR =
1 − ηUL

NR(dB) = −10 LOG10 (1 − ηUL )

Uplink Load Analysis

„ The uplink capacity is limited by interference

increase:
11

10

8
noise rise(dB)

2 Cantonese
25 30 35 40 45
us er num ber
50 55 60 65
Minnan mandarin
Shanghai dialect
dialect
Uplink Capacity Estimation
„ In the case of a single service, evaluate the channel
quantity provided by every cell according to the load
formula and further evaluate the total number of base
stations satisfying the uplink capacity requirement.
„ To budget composite traffic, based on the Campbell
algorithm, make different services consumption on the
system resource equivalent to the single service
consumption on the system resource, and then evaluate
the quantity of channels to be provided by every cell
according to load formula, and further evaluate the number
of base stations satisfying the composite traffic
requirement.
R99/HSUPA mixed calculation

„ During the uplink capacity calculation ,decide how

much uplink load will be designed in R99 and
HSUPA
„ By simulation, calculate how much PS throughput
can be carried by HSUPA
„ Calculate how much of the remaining PS service
to be carried by R99
R99 Uplink Capacity Algorithm

Calculate the quantity of

Calculate equivalent equivalent voice channels
intensity of services in the cell

Calculate the variance, average value and

Quantity of virtual
capacity factor of the composite service
channels in the cell

System virtual traffic A A/B Virtual service capacity

B of the cell

Number of
cells
Content

„ UMTS Service mode

„ Common Capacity Design Methods
„ Uplink Capacity Estimation
„ Downlink Capacity Estimation
„ Estimation Examples
Downlink Load Analysis

„ To correctly demodulate useful signals, the UE

must overcome interference from the following
three aspects
I tatal = (1 − α ) P + Pother + PN
P represents total power of signals from current cell
P other represents total interference power of signals
from the outside of the cell
PN represents thermal noise power from the UE

α represents orthogonal factor of the downlink

Downlink Load Analysis

„ By referring to the derivation means of uplink load

factor, denote the downlink load factors as follows:
N
( Eb / No) j
η DL = ∑v
j =1
j
W / Rj
[(1 − α ) + i ]

W represents chip rate at 3.84M chip/s

vj represents activation factor of the user j
Rj represents bit rate of the user j
α represents the average orthogonal factor in a cell
represents the average ratio of the NodeB power from
i other cell to that from this cell
Downlink Load Analysis

„ Total downlink power allocation

⎛ Eb ⎞
N ⎜ N ⎟
⎝ 0⎠j
N MS W L ∑
j =1
νj
W
Rj
PBS _ TX =
1 − η DL

Where, NMS represents the noise power spectrum density

on the front of the receiver in the mobile station
NMS = KT + NF = - 174 + NF (suppose T = 290 K )

L represents the average path loss of the cell

Downlink Load Analysis

„ The downlink capacity is limited by transmission

power of the base station
46

44

42

Tx Power (dBm)
. 40
.
. 38

36

Three users 34
Downlink
power Two users
32
One user
Public channel 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64
user number
Downlink Load and Scale Analysis

„ Estimate downlink capacity after analyzing the

channel quantity required by uplink capacity, and
observe whether the downlink can support the
mobile station to work in the designated coverage
area and its channel quantity reaches the channel
quantity generated by the uplink
„ Calculate the quantity of equivalent voice
channels to be provided by every cell
„ Calculate the quantity of equivalent voice
channels availably provided by every cell
„ Compare the above two results
Content

„ UMTS Service mode

„ Common Capacity Design Methods
„ Uplink Capacity Estimation
„ Downlink Capacity Estimation
„ Estimation Examples
Assumed Conditions

„ Channel environment: downtown area TU 3 km/h

„ System design load: 50%
„ Voice service blocking rate: 2%
„ Interference factor from the adjacent cell: 0.65
„ Area of the city zone: 40.8 square kilometers
Assumed Conditions

Uplink: Voice CS64 PS64/64 PS64/128 PS64/384

Data rate(k) 12.2 64 64 64 64
Activity factor 0.67 1 1 1 1
Eb/No 4.2 2.87 1.6 1.6 1.6
Forecast traffic 3000 400 100 5 2

Downlink: Voice CS64 PS64/64 PS64/128 PS64/384

Data rate(k) 12.2 64 64 128 384
Activity factor 0.58 1 1 1 1
Eb/No 7.7 7.7 7.4 6.4 8
Forecast traffic 3000 400 100 35 20
Estimation Flow Chart
Input: system load requirement and coverage requirement

Uplink coverage Downlink coverage Uplink capacity

estimation estimation estimation

Quantity of base stations Quantity of base stations Quantity of base stations

satisfying uplink coverage satisfying coverage satisfying downlink coverage
requirement

Compare the results and evaluate the larger one

Quantity A of channels Based on traffic Based on power Quantity B of channels

required by the cell model provided by the cell

No Add base stations

A<B
Yes
End
Uplink Coverage Estimation
1. Uplink budget
Uplink Coverage Estimation
2. Calculate the cell coverage radius based on a specific propagation model:

„Path loss = k1 + k2log(d) + k3Hms + k4log(Hms) + k5log(Heff) + k6log(Heff)log(d)

+ k7(diffraction loss) + clutter loss

k1 152.4
k2 44.6
k5 -13.82
k6 -6.55
Heff 30

Voice CS64 PS64 PS64/128 PS64/384

Radius
0.65 0.5 0.54 0.54 0.54
（Km）

„Uplink coverage is limited by the CS64 kps service

Uplink Coverage Estimation

3. Calculate the quantity of base stations required by uplink

Coverage area of the three-sector base station

9
S= 3R 2 = 1.95 × 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.488Km2
8

The quantity of base stations is 40.8/0.488=84

Uplink Capacity Estimation

„ Equivalent intensity of each service

Eb
bit ratefor service× for service
N0
Relativeamplitude=
Eb
bit ratefor amplitude1× for amplitude× af Equivalent
N0 intensity of
Quantity of
equivalent
each service voice
channels in
the cell

Voice: 1 Variance, mean and

capacity factor of the Quantity of
composite service virtual
0 . 42
CS64: 64 x 1 x 100.287/12.2 x 0.67 x = 5.76 10
channels in
the cell

PS64/64: 64 x 1 x 100.16/12.2 x 0.67 x = 4.3 Virtual 10 0 .42

traffic A of A/B Virtual
the system traffic A of
PS64/128: 64 x 1 x 100.16/12.2 x 0.67 x 10 0.42 = 4.3 the cell

PS64/384: 64 x 1 x 100.16/12.2 x 0.67 x 10 0.42 = 4.3

Number of
cells
Uplink Capacity Estimation Quantity of
Equivalent
equivalent
intensity of voice channels
each service in the cell

Variance, mean and

capacity factor of the Quantity of
virtual channels in
composite service
the cell

Virtual Virtual traffic

traffic A of A of the cell
the system
A/B

Number of
„ Mean cells

mean = ∑ erli ai = 3000 × 1 + 400 × 5.67 + 100 × 4.3 + 5 × 4.3 + 2 × 4.3 = 5766.1
i
„ Variance
var iance = ∑ erli ai = 3000 × 1 + 400 × 5.67 2 + 100 × 4.32 + 5 × 4.32 + 2 × 4.32 = 18271.7
„ Capacity factor = variance/mean = 3.17
i

„ Virtual traffic of the system = mean/capacity factor = 5766.1/3.17 = 1818.96(Erl)

Uplink Capacity Estimation
Equivalent Quantity of
equivalent
intensity of voice channels
each service in the cell

Quantity of equivalent voice channels availably Variance, mean and

provided by the cell capacity factor of the
composite service
Quantity of
virtual channels in
the cell
N

∑
1
η = (1 + f ) * Virtual Virtual
W 1 1 traffic A of
j 1+ * * the system A/B traffic A of

R v j Eb
the cell

No
Number of
Where, η = 50% and f = 0.65 cells

Get the quantity of equivalent voice channels N = 54

Uplink Capacity Estimation
Equivalent
Quantity of
intensity of equivalent
each service voice channels
in the cell

Variance, mean and

„ Quantity of virtual channels in every cell capacity factor of the
composite service Quantity of
virtual channels in
the cell

(Ci − ai ) Virtual

Capacity = traffic A of
the system A/B Virtual traffic
c A of the cell

Quantity of virtual channels in the cell = (54 − 1)/3.17 = 16

Number of
cells

„ Virtual traffic of every cell

Look up the Erl B table, and provide 9.83Erl for 16 virtual
channels in the case of 2% of call loss ratio
Uplink Capacity Estimation

„ Number of cells=Virtual traffic of the system/virtual

traffic of every =1818.96/9.83=186
„ Number of three-sector base stations=186/3=62
Equivalent Quantity of
intensity of equivalent
each service voice channels
in the cell

Variance, mean and

capacity factor of the
composite service
Quantity of
virtual channels in
the cell
Virtual
traffic A of
the system A/B Virtual traffic
A of the cell

Number of
cells
Downlink Capacity Estimation
„ Integrate uplink and downlink coverage budget and uplink capacity
budget to determine that there are 84 base stations currently and
authenticate whether downlink power meets the requirement.
Determine the number of
stations

Quantity B of channels availably provided by the ce;;

Average traffic of every
cell

Add base stations

Virtual traffic of every cell

Quantity of virtual
channels in every cell

Quantity A of channels to be
provided by the cell

Yes NO
End A<B
Downlink Capacity Estimation
„ Average traffic of various services in Determine the number
of stations

every cell
Average
traffic of

Voice: 3000/84/3 = 11.9 Erl

every cell

Quantity B of channels availably

provided by the cell
Virtual traffic of

CS64: 400/84/3 = 1.59 Erl every cell

PS64/64: 100/84/3 = 0.4 Erl

Quantity of
virtual channels
in every cell

PS64/128: 35/84/3 = 0.14 Erl Quantity A of

channels to be
provided by the

PS64/384: 20/84/3 = 0.079 Erl cell

A<B
Yes

End
Downlink Capacity Estimation
Determine the number
of stations

„ Virtual traffic of every cell Average

traffic of
„ Equivalent service intensity of each service on every cell

Quantity B of channels availably

the downlink

provided by the cell

Virtual traffic
of every cell
„ Voice: 1, CS64: 7.8, PS64/64: 7.3
„ PS64/128: 13.1, PS64/384: 50 Quantity of
virtual channels
in every cell

„ Mean of composite traffic

Quantity A of
mean = 11.9 ＋1.59 × 7.8 + 0.4 × 7.3 + 0.14 × 13.1 + 0.079 × 50 = 33.04 channels to be
provided by the

Variance of composite traffic

cell
„
var iance = 11.9 ＋1.59 × 7.8 2 + 0.4 × 7.32 + 0.14 × 13.12 + 0.079 × 50 2 = 355.19 A<B
„ Traffic factor = capacity factor = variance/mean = Yes

355.19/33.04 = 10.75 End

„ Virtual service capacity of the cell = mean/capacity factor

= 33.04/10.75 = 3.07 (Erl)
Downlink Capacity Estimation

Determine the number

of stations

„ Quantity of virtual channels in every cell

Look up the Erl B table and obtain that
Average
„ traffic of
every cell

the quantity of virtual channels required

Quantity B of channels availably

Virtual traffic

provided by the cell

by 3.07 Erl virtual traffic is 7 of every cell

„ Quantity of equivalent voice channels to Quantity of

virtual channels

be provided by every cell

in every cell

Quantity A of

(C i − a i ) channels to be

Capacity =
provided by the cell

c
„ Quantity of equivalent voice channels: A<B
Yes
7 × 10.75 + 1 = 76 End
Downlink Capacity Estimation
Determine the number
„ Calculate the quantity of channels availably provided of stations

by every cell based on power

Average
N
( Eb / No) j
∑v
traffic of
PN * L * j * every cell
Quant

j =1
W / Rj ity B
P= N
Virtual traffic of

( Eb / No) j of every cell chann

1− ∑v [(1 − λ j ) + α j ]
els
j * availa

j =1
W / Rj Quantity of
bly
provid
virtual channels
ed by
in every cell
the
P represents the maximum service transmission power, which is 13 W cell

λ j represents orthogoal factor, which is 0.6 for the multipath channel Quantity A of
channels to be
provided by the
L represents the average path loss, which is evaluated by subtracting cell

6 dBm from the maximum path loss

P N represents the noise power spectrum density on the front of the mobile A<B
station receiver, and its value is -169 dBm Yes

α j represents interference factor from an adjacent cell. It is 0.65 for the three- End
sector antenna macro cell
Obtain that the quantity of equivalent voice channels actually provided by every cell is 71
Downlink Capacity Estimation
Determine the number
of stations

„ Comparison Average

„ The quantity of channels to be provided by

traffic of
every cell

Quantity B of channels availably

every cell is 76 Virtual traffic

provided by the cell

of every cell
„ The quantity of channels actually provided by
every cell is 71 Quantity of
virtual channels

„ There are 84 base stations currently, and it

in every cell

cannot satisfy downlink capacity requirement, Quantity A of

channels to be
and some stations should be added. provided by the
cell

A<B
Yes

End
Downlink Capacity Estimation
„ Iterative calculation
Number of base Number of channels Number of channels
stations required provided
83 76 69
84 76 70
85 76 71

86 72 71

87 72 71

88 65 72

„ If there are 88 base stations, the uplink and downlink coverage

capacity requirement can be met
„ In the case, the base station coverage radius is

40.8 / 88 / 1.95 = 0.488 Km