YADAVARAN Oil Field

Development Project
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Table of Revised Pages

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Table of Content

1.
2T 2T SCOPE.............................................................................................................................................. 4
2T 2T

2.
2T 2T REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
2T ........................................................................................... 4
2T

3.
2T 2T DEFINITIONS
2T 2T ............................................................................................................... 4
4.
2T 2T RADIATION SOURCES
2T 2T .............................................................................................. 4
5.
2T 2T RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS
2T 2T ................................................................................................ 5
6.
2T 2T INTENSICATION SCREENS
2T 2T ..................................................................................... 7
7.
2T 2T SELECTION OF I.Q.I (IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR)
2T ................................................ 7
2T

8.
2T 2T NUMBER OF IQI
2T ........................................................................................................... 8
2T

9.
2T 2T RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
2T .................................................................................. 9
2T

10.
2T 2T RADIOGRAPHIC SENSITIVITY
2T .............................................................................. 10
2T

11.
2T 2T SOURCE TO FILM DISTANCE
2T ................................................................................... 10
2T

12.
2T 2T RADIOGRAPH IDENTIFICATION
2T .............................................................................. 11
2T

13.
2T 2T ACCEPTANCE STANDARD
2T 2T .................................................................................... 11
14.
2T 2T DEFECT REMOVAL
2T 2T ................................................................................................. 12
15.
2T 2T REPORTING
2T 2T ............................................................................................................ 12
16.
2T 2T PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION
2T ............................................................................. 12
2T

17.
2T 2T RADIATION SAFETY
2T .............................................................................................. 12
2T
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TESTING PROCEDURE YAP1 CTEP00 JSQA PRJB 1009 G01

1. SCOPE

This procedure is applicable for the x-ray and Gama-ray radiography of butt welds in pipe of
nominal diameter 1" up to 60" and plates of radiographed thickness 5 mm through 90 mm.

2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
1) ASME Sec V, Article 2 Radiographic testing
2) ASME Sec V, Article 22 Radiographic standard
R1 3) ANSI B 31.3 Process Piping
4) ASME Sec IX Welding Qualification
5) ASME Sec VIII UW-51, Div.1

3. DEFINITIONS
• CLIENT : NIOC (National Iranian Oil Company)

• COMPANY : SIPC (Sinopec International Petroleum E & P

Corporation)

• CONTRACTOR : JPSSK ( JAHANPARS ENGNIEERING &

CONTRUCTION COMPANY & SINOPEC
SERVICE KISH Consortium)

• SUB-CONTRACTOR: The firm / corporation to which the JPSSK may in

Turn Sub-contract part of the work subject to prior
Approval of the Company

R1 • STSS NCE (NAMVARAN Consulting Engineer)

• TPA : Any inspection service person or company who is

Independent contractor / Subcontractor

• Work: All temporary and permanent work described in

Contract and Specifications

4. RADIATION SOURCES
4.1 The maximum voltage or energy of the source used in the examination shall not exceed the
recommended values per standards.
4.2 The use of masks or filters is permitted with x-ray equipment to reduce radiation scatter.
4.3 X-Ray source.
4.4 The equipment shall be calibrated.
4.5 The following equipment makes / model may be used.
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Manufacturer Model Max. KV Rating Focal Spot Recommended Thk.

Philips Macrotanl 200 1.6x1.6 25 mm

Seifert Isovolt 400 4x4 90 mm

Andrex CMA – 30 300 3.5x3.5 55 mm

Gamma Ray Source.

Manufacturer Isotope Max. Activity

All Iridium 192 100 curie

All Cobalt 60 30 curie

Other makes may be included provided they meet the requirement of this procedure.

5. RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS

5.1 The type of films to be used shall be selected based on relevant project specification.

5.2 Classifications are exhibited in ASME Sec.SE 94. Un exposed films shall be checked to ensure
that it is not fogged. A representative piece of film shall be dipped in to fresh fixer to clear the
emulsion. After drying, the remaining polyester base film shall exhibit an optical Density of less
than 0.20.
5.3 Completed Radiographs shall be free in the area of interest from mechanical, chemical or other
blemishes as described below.

a) Fog

b) Processing defects such as streaks, watermarks or chemical marks

c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirt, static marks, smudges or tears

d) Loss of detail due to poor screen to film contact

e) False indication due to defective screens or inherent film defects.

5.4 Film Types

• Table 1 exhibited below shoes brand names that may be used. Classifications are exhibited in
ASME Sec. V, SE 94. Un exposed films shall be checked to ensure that it is not fogged. A
R1 representative piece of film shall be dipped in to fresh fixer to clear the emulsion. After drying,
the remaining polyester base film shall exhibit an optical Density of less than 0.20.

• The type of films to be used shall be selected based on Table 2.

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ASTM Class Film class Characteristics Equivalent Brands

1 A Extra fine grain Kodak M or MX Agfa-Gaevert D4 Dupont NDT 45

1 B Extra fine grain Kodak T or MX Agfa-Gaevert D5 Dupont NDT 55

2 C Fine grain Kodak AA or AX Agfa-Gaevert D7 Dupont NDT 65
R1 Table – 1

Weld Thickness 200 300 KV 300 – 350 KV 350 – 400 KV Ir 192 Co 60

5 through 25 A/B/C B/C

25 through 60 A/B/C B/C
60 through 90 A/B/C A/B/C A/B/C
Table – 2

5.5 Film Density

5.5.1 The minimum transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the pentameters
and the area of interested shall be 1.8 and 2.0 for radiograph made with X-ray and gamma
ray respectively. The maximum density shall be limited to 4.0. A tolerance of 0.050 shall be
permitted for variations in densitometer readings. Fog density shall be checked on an
unexposed sample taken from the film being used and it must be handled and processed
under the same condition and as the actual radiograph, generally it should not be more
than 0.3.

5.4.2. The densitometer to be used shall be calibrated with a calibrated density strip whenever is
required. A densitometer and sensitivity table shall be available in the viewing room.

5.6 FILM VIEWING

5.6.1. Film reading illuminators used for interpretation of radiographs shall have a variable high
intensity light window to permit evaluation high-density films.

5.6.2. Viewing conditions shall be such that the light transmitted from the outer edges of the film
or low-density region does not interfere with the interpretation of the radiograph. Subdued
lighting rather than total darkness is preferable in the viewing room. The brightness of the
surrounding should be about the same as the area of interest in the radiograph. Room
illumination must be so arranged that there are no reflections from the surface of the film
under examination.
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6. INTENSICATION SCREENS

6.1. Intensifying foil screen may be used in direct contact with the film. The screens used shall
be as shown below:
Material thickness Front Screen thickness Back Screen

Lead 0.125 mm (Min.) 0.125 mm (Min.)

6.2. Back scatter may be minimized by placing lead screens of suitable combined thickness
behind the cassette on the outside.

6.3. Protection of the backscatter shall be determined by placing a lead letter "B" on the back of
the cassette in the radiographic set up. Appearance of a light image of "B" shall indicate
presence of unacceptable intensity of backscatter. Appearance of a dark image of "B" shall
not cause for rejection.

7. SELECTION OF I.Q.I (IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR)

7.1. The penetrameters used shall be ASME standard pentameters in accordance with SE –
142 or wire pentameters according to SE – 747. Identification details of the pentameters
shall be legible on the film and shall be positioned across the weld on both ends of each
section.

7.2. The designation of the pentameters shall be selected according to the thickness of the
material. For any material thickness range, a thinnerpentameters may be used, if all other
requirements radiography is met.

7.3. For welds with reinforcement, the thickness on which the pentameter is based shall be
the nominal single wall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcements (Within the
limits permitted as per the referencing code section)

7.4. Backing strip or rings are not considered as part of the thickness in pentameter selection.

7.5. For radiographs taken by double wall exposure, the governing thickness for selection of
pentameter shall be the radio graphed (Combined) thickness.

7.6 Pentameters used shall be placed on the source side of the job (Where ever accessible)
except as detailed below.

7.7. Where accessibility prevents hand placement of pentameters on the source side, it shall
be placed on the film side. A lead letter "F" shall be placed near the IQI to indicate film
side. This information shall be reflected in the report.

7.8. The size of this letter shall be at least the same as that on the IQI and shall be placed so
that the body of the pentameters is not obscured and so that it does not obscure the area
of interest.
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7.9 IQI shall be selected from the material similar to material being radio graphed.
R1
7.10 Penetrament shall be placed adjacent to the weld seam in accordance with ASME Sec
U

V.Article 2.

8. NUMBER OF IQI

8.1At least one pentrameters shall appear as a radiographic image per film except as provided
in the following sections.

8.2. For panoramic exposure of the girth welds, at least three pentameters shall be placed
spaced at least 120 degree apart to cover the full circumference of the job. If part of the
circumference to be covered, there shall be at least one IQI for each quadrant covered.

8.3. Where sections of longitudinal seams to be radio graphed simultaneously with the girth
weld, an additional IQI shall be incorporated for each long seam placed at the extreme
end of the area being radio graphed.

8.4. The IQI type and requirements shall meet the following table information's:

R1
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9. RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

9.1. Single Wall Exposure

Where practical, single wall exposure shall be used. When geometrical or other limitation
renders single wall exposure impractical, double wall exposure shall be taken. Single wall
exposure technique involves radiation passing through one wall only. A special case of
single wall exposure is the panoramic technique.

9.2. Double Wall Exposure

This technique involves radiation passing through two walls. In double wall exposures,
viewing may be for single wall, or double wall (Elliptical exposure) or superimposed
image.

9.2.1. Single Wall Viewing

In this case, the radiation passes through two walls of the welded components but the
image of the wall nearer to the film is evaluated. In most cases, this involves radio
graphing a weld joint with the source of radiation touching the outer wall opposite the film
side.
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9.2.2. Double Wall Viewing

For welds in tubular of outer diameter 89 mm or lesser radiographs may be taken with the
image of both walls appearing on the film. For this condition, the source is kept
sufficiently away from the weld and away from the plane of the weld axis to obtain a
radiographic image appearing as an ellipse. The IQI shall be placed on the source side.
Sufficient care shall be taken in the radiographic set up to ensure that the limits of
geometric Un-Sharpness are not exceeded. If on account of geometrical limitation, Ug
limits cannot be maintained, single wall viewing shall be restored to a minimum of two
exposures spaced 90 degree apart shall be taken to evaluate the full circumference of
the weld.

9.2.3. Supper Imposed Image Evaluation

As an alternative option, the weld may be radio graphed with the image of one wall
overlapping that of other. For this condition, the source is kept sufficiently away from the
weld and in the plane of the weld axis to obtain a radiographic image appearing as an
superimposed welds.

10. RADIOGRAPHIC SENSITIVITY

Radiography shall be performed with a technique and radiographic set up which ensures
achievement of the required Quality level and shall be calculated as per related standard
or Project specification.

10.1. Calculation of Equivalent Pentameters sensitivity (EPS)

For set up hole type IQI

EPS = 100 x Square root of (T x h/2) / X

X = thickness to be radio graphed
T = thickness of the designated IQI

H = diameter of visible hole

Wire type IQI
EPS = D x 100 / X
Where X = thickness to be radio graphed
D = diameter of thinnest wire visible as a radiographic image.

11. SOURCE TO FILM DISTANCE

The source or focal spot to film distance shall be determined by the formula given below.
Distance between the film and adjacent object surface shall be as minimum is possible.

Ug = Fd / D
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Where F = Maximum projected dimension of the focal spot (referred to axis of the beam)

Ug = Geometric un-sharpness

D. = Source to object distance

d = distance from source side of film being radio graphed to film.

11.1. The permissible limit of geometric un-sharpness shall be as exhibited below:

Range of thickness to be radio graphed (mm)

Permissible limit of Geometric Un – sharpness

Up to 51 mm 0.50
51 through 76 0.76
76 through 102 1.02
Greater than 102 1.78

12. RADIOGRAPH IDENTIFICATION

12.1 Radiograph shall be identified by a method of imprinting the identification number as

radiographic image on the Radiograph by means of lead letters , symbols and numbers.

12.2 Location markers shall indicate the area of interest on the job.
These markers shall be on the job and not on the cassettes. Location markers may
incorporate a tape having graduations at every 5 cm or 10 cm intervals.

12.3 Identification as a minimum shall consist of Date, project Identification, weld ID. No.,
Drawing No., status of joint, (i.e. Repair / Re-shot), thickness and welder No.

12.4 Joint Identification number shall be placed on the side of the concerned weld. The
placement shall not interfere with the weld edge and adjacent area of interest.

12.5. Either side Markers. Location markers may be placed on either the source side or the
film side for joints in curved or spherical components whose concave surface is towards
the source and the object to source distance is equal to the inside radius or curvature of
the item being radio graphed.

13. ACCEPTANCE STANDARD

All the Test results shall be evaluated as per Company project Specifications and the
governing Codes and Standards.
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14. DEFECT REMOVAL

14.1 All discontinuities (Other than cracks) in excess of acceptance standards shall be
removed by appropriate methods and shall be verified as per approved standards and
project specifications.

14.2 The repaired area shall be subjected to the same extent of examination in terms of
method and extent for the original weld. The repaired region and at least 15 mm on either
side of the re-welded region shall be subjected to radiography. The repair Radiograph
shall bear the letter "RP" as status indicator.. RP1 for the first repair, RP2 for the second
repair and RS for re-shoot and “RT” for retake and “CO” for cut out.

15. REPORTING

After Radiography, interpretation shall be conducted by an approved Radiographic

interpreter on the form attached.(Minimum ASNT –Level II (RT)
Report sample is attached as form No. PIP-007

16. PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION

All Personnel performing radiography in accordance with this procedure shall be qualified
per the requirements of ASNT SNT – TC – 1A. The entire relevant certificate shall be
submitted to Company / STSS for approval.

All radiography shall be performing by a team of two personnel including at least one
qualified to level II and an assistant who has demonstrated competency in operating
equipment and is well versed with safety requirements.

17. RADIATION SAFETY

Statutory Radiation safety procedure shall be strictly followed. This procedure shall be
submitted to Company/STSS as a separate procedure.
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Panoramic Mode, only one exposure

Minimum Tree Exposure

Figure – 1 Single wall Exposure – Single wall Viewing

Minimum Tree Exposure

Figure -2 Double Wall Exposure Single wall View

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Minimum Tree Exposure

Figure – 3 Double wall exposure – Double Wall (Elliptical) View

Minimum Tree Exposure

Figure – 4 Double Wall Exposure – Double wall View

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R1