T H E H IST O RY

I S RA EL A N D J U DA H
FR O M

TH E D ECL I N E O F TH E T
WO K I NGD O MS TO T HE
ASSYR I AN AN D BABYLON I AN CAPT I V I TY .

. 5 UEJ TV6 3 TYQZZ

j .SZZ PQEZV7 TEL I 4 1VZ) CHQJ VCUCL
ZLLLNY? IVCUCZZAI EL

CHQAV7 34LADDVZ? 27 6 65 1 2 . SCY€ZLUTLDQ ZZ I Q I QFZZRUEIVCYE ALAU D

S UBJ E C T I N DE X E S T O TH E WH OLE SE R I E S .

A LFRED EDER S H EI M , M A . .
( O X O N .
) D D P
.H D . . .

G r inf eld Lect u r er on M e S epln ag in l, Oxf or d .

A U T H O R OF
T H E TE M PLE : I TS M I N I ST R Y AN D SE R V I C ES,

TH E LI FE AN D T I M ES OF J ESUS T HE M ES SI A H ,
ET C .

THE R E LI G I O U S T R A CT S O C I ETY

5 6 , PA T ER N O S I
’ ‘

ER Row ; 6 5 , ST . PA U L ’
S C H R H AR D ;
U C Y AN D

1 6 4 , PI CCA DI LLY .

1 88
7 .
 PR E FA C E .

TH E volume herewith in troduced t o th e reader br ings ,

accord ing to th e o r ig inal plan of th e se r ies th is Biole H istory

,

to a close . Th is c ircums ta nc e na turally sugges ts a re trospect ,

however brie f I n th e Prefaces to preced ing volumes th e

.
,

ch ief character is tics of each p e r iod were success ively ske tched ,

and th e qu e s tions ind ica ted to wh ich they gave r ise as well as
,

th e spec ial po in t s in r e spec t o f wh ich th e t rea tmen t of one par t

of th is H is tory d iffered fr om ano ther The period over wh ich

.

th e pr e sen t volum e e x tends —tha t from t h e decl ine to th e fall

of th e K ingdoms o f Judah and I srael— can sca r cely be said t o

have any d is tingu ish ing fe atures of its own It is th e na tural
.

ou tcome and th e log ical conclus ion of th e h is tory wh ich had

p r eced e d I t means tha t th is H is to r y as presen ted in H oly
.
,

Scr ip tu r e is one and cons is ten t in all its pa r t s ; or to pu t it

, ,

o therw ise tha t wha t God had fr o m th e fi r s t sa id and done w ith

,

reference to I srael was true . Thus as al ways even th e

, ,

j udgmen t s of God po in t to H is la r ger mercies .

I n two respec t s how e v e r th is pe r iod d iffe rs from th e o ther s

, , ,

and its h is t ory requ ired a somewha t d ifferen t trea tmen t It .

wa s th e p e r iod dur ing wh ich mos t of th e grea t prophe t s whose ,

u tteranc e s a r e pr e s erved in th e boo k s th at bear the ir names ,

l ived and wro u gh t and ov e r wh ich they e x erc is e d a command ing

,
2 Pr ef a ce .

influence . And nev e r mo r e cl e a r ly than in th is per iod do e s it

appea r how th e p r ophe t as th e messenger of God comb in e d
, ,

th e twofold func tion o f preach ing t o his own and in a sense t o , ,

eve r y fu ture gene r a t ion and o f in t ima ting th e w ide r pu rpos e s

,

of God in th e fu ture Ther e is n o t in th e p r oph e tic u ttera nces

.

reco r d e d any o n e s er ies of admon itions warn ings o r even de , ,

n u n c ia t io n s wh ich do e s n o t l e ad up t o an announcemen t o f th e

happy prophe tic fu ture prom ised I n th is r e spec t proph e cy

.

has th e same fundamen tal cha r ac ter is tic as th e B ook of Psalms ,

in wh ich wha tev e r th e gro u n dn o te every hymn passes in to th e

, ,

melody of thanksg iving and p r a ise Th is s im ila r ity is due to

.

th e fac t tha t in th e ir Scr ip tu r al aspec t th e progress of ou tward

, ,

te ach ing and th e e x per ienc e of t h e inner l ife are ever in ac

c o rdan c e
. On th e o ther hand there is n ot in th e prophe tic
,

wr itings any u tterance in r egard to th e future wh ich has n o t its

roo t and in a sense its s tar ting po in t in th e h is tory of th e tim e
, , ,
.

The prophe t s o t o speak t r anslates th e ve r nacular of th e

, ,

presen t in to th e D iv ine language of th e fu ture and h e in te r ,

p re ts th e D iv ine say i ngs concern ing t h e f u t ure by t h e well

known la n guage of th e p r esen t As be tween his teach ing and
.

h is pred ic tion so be tween th e h is t ory o f th e presen t and th a t

,

of th e fu ture the r e is n ot a gap they are one because through ,

bo th runs o n e uns werv ing purpose wh ich g r adually un folds

wha t fr om th e firs t had b e en infolded And so h is tory an d .

prophecy also are one because God is one And s o al so if

, .
,

we would r igh tly unders tand th e m mus t we s tudy n ot s o much,

prophec ies as isola ted u tteranc e s b u t as prophecy in its grand

,

harmon ious h is tor ical un ity .

Bu t apar t from th e cons idera tions now offer e d it mus t be ,

ev id en t to th e m os t supe r fic ial obs e r ver how much and va r ie d

l igh t th e u tterances o f th e con tempo rary proph e ts ca s t on th e
 Pref a ce .
3
con dition th e c ircums tances and th e h is tory of th e time in
, ,

wh ich they l ived I nd ee d fr om the ir w r it in gs we ob ta in th e

.
,

mos t v iv id accoun t n o t only of th e moral and rel ig ious s tate

,

of th e people and even of th e ir manners b u t of th e mov ing

, ,

spr ings and th e real h is tory of ev e n ts O n th e o the r hand it.

,

mus t be equally eviden t how th e h is to r y o f th e time illus tra tes

n o t only th e occas ion b u t often th e me a n ing of th e prophe tic

u tterances And so th e one helps th e unders tand ing of th e

.

o ther But th is c ir cums tance has also na turally imposed on us

.

th e du ty of s t udy ing th e h is tory of t h is per iod in conn e c t ion

w ith th e var ious prophec ies referring to it to wh ich accord , ,

in gly cons tan t reference w ill be found in th e presen t V olume

, .

Ano ther pecul iar ity of th is per iod is that its h is tory w ill be
found inseparable fro m tha t of th e great emp ires o f th e world
—espec ially Assy r ia and B abylon ia Those who have followed .

th e progress of Assyr iolog ical s tud ies know how o ft en and u n

e x pectedly l igh t has been cas t on th e h is t ory of th e Old Tes

t amen t by th e informa tion der ived from th e Assyr ian monu

men ts But t hey equally know tha t th is sc ience is as yet

.

almos t in its infancy ; tha t on some po in ts connected w ith th e

Old Tes tamen t th e Op in ions o f Assy r iolog is t s d iffer or else
, ,

have undergone change wh ile on o the r s th e in fo r ma tion we

,

possess may rece ive fur ther confirma tion modifica tion or im , ,

po r tan t add ition I t w ill be unders tood tha t in these c ircum

.

s tances th e prepara tion o f th e presen t volume has requ ired

spec ial labour and care I can only hope tha t it may serve to
.

make clear th e h is tory of a per iod wh ich withou t illus tra tion
bo th fr om th e p r oph e tic wr itings and th e Assyr ian r ecords
would b e n o t a l ittle d ifficul t and compl ica ted Las tly th e .
,

two fold I nd e x to th e whol e s e r ie s con tr ibu ted by th e indus try

,

o f my daugh te r w ill it is bel ie ved be help ful t o th e s tuden t

, , ,
.
4 Pr ef a ce .

Thus far as r egards th e pr e sen t volume And now it is .

w ith more than th e common feel ings o f na tural regre t on

br ing ing to a close a wo r k wh ich has engaged a wr iter mo r e or
less for a number o f years and on par ting from a c ircl e of
,

readers whom in th e course of time h e has come to regard as

,

fr iends that th e conclud ing pa r ag r aphs o f th is Preface are

,

wr itten The obj ec t in beg inn ing th is ser ies was to make a
.

fr esh s tudy of Old Tes tamen t h is tory from th e or ig inal te x t ,

w ith such h elp as was to b e der ived fr o m th e bes t c r it ic ism and

from cogna te sc iences And n ot only was it to follow th e
.

cours e of th e ou tward h is tory d e scr ib ing it as accura tely and

,

fully as m igh t be b u t to reach b e yond th is to its sp ir itual and

,

un iversal mean ing to ma r k th e un ity appl ica tion and u n , ,

fold ing o f its unde r ly ing idea ; and to po in t to its real isa tion

and comple tion in t he k ingdom of God B r ie fly th e under .

,

ly ing idea o f th e Old T e s tamen t in its subj ec tive aspec t is

, ,

tha t of
“
th e Servan t of th e L O R D The h is to r y of th e Old
.
”

Tes tamen t in its p r ogress to th e New is tha t o f th e w id en ing

of th e idea of th e s ervan t of th e L O R D in to th a t of th e k ingdom
of God Las tly its real isa tion and comp le tion is in th e Chr is t
.
,

and th e Chu r ch of God Unless ind ee d th e Old Tes tamen t

.
, ,

had th is h igher mean ing and un ity it could n ot possess any ,

permanen t or un iversal in teres t e x cep t from a h is to r ical po in t

,

of v iew I t would n ot permanen tly concern mank ind no

.
— ,

nor even I sra el a t leas t in its presen t rela tion to th e wo r ld

, ,
.

On th e o ther hand w ithou t it th e New Tes tamen t would wan t

,

its h is t o r ical bas is and th e h is tor ical C hr is t offer wha t would

,

s ee m an a bsolu tely un in tell ig ibl e p r obl e m .

Such then has b e en th e plan a n d concep tion o f th is Bib le

, ,

f i istory . T h e read e rs in v ie w were t each e r s s tud e n t s and , ,

generally th e w id e r educa ted and though tful publ ic Through

,
.
 Pr ef a ce .
5

o u t, th edes ire has been n o t t o ignore nor pas s by d ifficul ties

or ques tions tha t m ight a r ise in th e course of th is H is to r y b u t ,

w ithou t always spec ially nam ing r a th e r t o an tic ipat e and re

,

m ove or answe r t hem by wha t seemed th e correc t in te r pre ta

t ion of th e narra t ive H ow far th is a im has been a tta ined

.

mus t be le ft to th e j udgmen t of o thers Th is only may be .

tru thfully sa id t ha t as d ifficul ties have n ot in any case been

,

consc iously ignored so the ir solution has n ot been sought by

,

inven ting an in te r pre ta tion s imply for th e pu rpose of remov ing

an obj ect ion I f it may see m tha t sometimes sugges tions have
.

been offered rather than pos itive s ta temen ts mad e it was b e ,

cause cau tion was fel t to be n ot on ly in place b u t even par t

o f necessary reve r ence .

But beyond all th is there are w ider ques tions connec ted
w ith th e Old Tes tamen t wh ich have par ticularly of late b e en
, , ,

prom inen tly brough t forward I n a work l ike th e presen t it

.

seemed spec ially des irabl e to avo id con trovers ial ma tters wh ich , ,

in any case could n o t h e r e be satisfac tor ily deal t w ith

,
And .

e t all re ference t o t h e m could n o t be om itted B u t on t h e

y .

mos t fundamen tal of them —tha t of th e orig in and date of th e

Penta teuch—it may b e well he r e to ma r k what appea r s
an essen tial d is tinction There is th e w id e s t d iff erence
.

b etween th e ques tion whe ther th e Pen t at euch leg isla tion is of -

Mosa ic orig in and th is o ther of th e p r ec is e time wh e n it or

, ,

any spec ial par t of it may have b e en reduced to writing or

,

redacted The former is a ques t ion of p r inc iple th e la tte r one

.
,

ch ie fly of l ite r ary critic ism and as such can have no absolu t e

,

in t eres t for general read ers of th e B ible On th e firs t of these .

qu es tions th e presen t w r iter h as n o t se en any r eason fC

.

'

depar ting from th e old l ines of th e Church s fa ith b ut rat ’

,
’

ev er y th ing to confi r m our adhe r e nc e to th em Thus lit .

6 Pr efa ce .

cr itic ism may and ough t in th is as in o ther ma tte rs to con

, , , ,

t in u e its ind ep enden t course o f inv e s t iga tion w ithou t caus ing

any m isg ivings to those who on good and val id grounds hold
, ,

fas t to th e ol d tru t h conc e rn ing Moses and t h e proph et s

‘ ’

and th e assu r ed fac t of th eir t es timony to Chr is t And th e .

final resul t o f all inves tigations can only be th e confirma tion

and v ind ica tion o f th e fa ith of th e Church .

I n conclus ion I have t o thank th e readers o f th is Bib le

Blistory fo r the ir k indn ess and th e indulgence e xtended to
,

me in comple ting th is ser ies Any delay in it has been

.

cau sed b y literary engagemen ts To m e at leas t it has a fforded

.
, ,

th e r e freshm e n t of pe r iod ically re tu r n ing t o a loved work wh ile ,

t h e ma r k e d advance in cogna t e s tud ie s t e nd ing t o th e illus tra

t ion of th is H is t o r y has been of th e g r ea t es t advan tage du r ing

th e p r og r e ss of th e Se r ies I t only r ema ins w ith all hu m il ity

.
, ,

t o offer th e r e sul ts of these la b ou r s t o thos e who love th e Old

Tes tamen t in th e earnes t hope tha t H e in Whose se r vice they

,

were unde r taken may grac iously acc ep t and by H is bless ing ,

further th e m n ot only to th e full e r knowledge b u t to th e

, ,

sp ir itual unders tand in g of H is own Word .

ALFR ED EDERSH EI M .

6 , C R lC K R O A D , O X FO R D ,

1 887
jul
y 21 , .
 CO N TEN TS .

C H A PT ER I .

AT HA I AH ( SEV EN TH ) Q
L ,
U EEN , A N D jEH O AS H , ( E IG H H )K
T IN G

O F JU DAH

C H A PTER II .

J EH O A H S ,
J OA H ( EI G H H ) KI N G
OR S ,
T OF J DAH J EH U
U .
,

( EL EV EN T H ) KI N G F I RA EL O S

C HA PT E R I II .

J AH
O S
’

,
H TH )KI NG F JUDAH J EH AHA Z AND J EH OA H
( EI G O . O S ,

( T W E F H A N D T H I R EEN
L T T H ) K N G F I RA EL T I S O S

C H A PTER IV .

AM A I AH
Z ,
N H ) KI NG O F J UDAH J EH OA H
(N I T . S , ( TH I R
T EEN T H ) KI NG F I RA L O S E

C HA PTER V .

AZ AR I AH ,
AH ( T N H ) K I N G F J UDAH J ER O BOA M
OR U ZZ I ,
E T O .

II .
, ( F U R EN T H ) K I N G O F I RA E
O TE S L

C HA PT ER V I .

A Z AR I AH , OR U ZZ I AH , ( T EN T H ) KI N G OF JUDAH
CH A PTER V I I .

U ZZ I AH ( TEN T H ), J O T HA M ( ELEV EN T H ) A N D A HA Z , ,

( TW ELF T H ) K I NG O F J U DAH ZA C HA R I AH ( F I F TEEN TH ) .

,

S HA LL U M ( S I X T EEN T H ) M ENAH EM ( SEV EN TEEN T H ), ,

PEKAH I AH ( EI G H TE EN T H ) PEK AH , ( N I N ETEEN T H ) KI N G ,

OF I S AEL R
 8 Con ten ts .

C H A PT ER V I II .

A
P GE
A HAz , ( TW ELF TH ) K I N G O F JUDAH PEK AH ( N I N E N TH )
‘

. TEE ,

H OSH EA , ( TW EN T I ET H ) K I N G OF IS RA EL

C HA PTER IX .

HOS H EA , ( TW EN TI ETH ) KI NG OF IS RA EL
C H A PTE R X .

H EZ EK I AH ( TH I R TEEN TH ) K I N G
, OF J UD A H . H OS H EA ,

( TW EN T I ET H ) K I N G O F IS RA EL

CH A PTER X I .

H EZ EK I A H ( TH I RT EEN T H ) KING OF J UDA H

C H A PT ER X II .

H EZ EK I A H ( TH I R TEEN T H ) KI N G OF JUDAH
C H A PTER X II I .

H EZ EK I AH ( TH I R TEEN TH ) KI N G OF JUDAH
C H APTER X IV

M A NA EH ( F UR
SS O T EE N TH ) , AM O N ( FI F T EE N T H ) KI N G OF

JUDAH
C H A PTER XV

J O I AH
S , ( SI X TEEN TH ) KI NG OF JUDAH
C H A PTER XV I .

J I AH ( SI X TEEN H ) J H OAHA Z ( SEV E

OS T ,
E N T EE N TH ) J E ,
II O IA KI M

( EI G H EEN H ) KI N G F J UDAH
T T , O

C HA PTER XV I I .

J EH I A K I M ( EI G H TE N TH ) J H O I A CH I N ( N I N E
O E ,
E T EE N TH )
,

Z ED EK I AH ( TW EN TI E H ) KI NG F J UDAH
,
T O
 E R R A TA .

“ 1 3, las t l in f t e, f r ad trans f r nc
or r a n s er r e n ce e
“
e e e .

? 1 6, no t e f m
2 ,
/ r ad m or b a s s ae z e a ss a c .

3
1 31 , no t fe, x ac tly r ad subs tan t i ally
or
“
e e
“
.

5
F
” 3 3, no t 3 f 13 3 r ad DI and f 1213 r ad 1 3 1
e , or
“

e
“

,
or
“

e .

no t 4 f 321 r ad 33 and f 13 r ad 13
e ,
or
“
e
‘
,
or e .

35 , no t I f 2 5 r ad 2 3 and f N 5 r ad N D
e , or e
,
or e .

55, l i n 8 fro m bo ttom f

e should s t b r ad should s t thou , or
“
e e e e

60, l i n 4 from bo ttom f

e Ama i ah r ad A ariah ,
or
“
z e
“
z .
”

71, no t f 73 r ad D and f 15 r ad 1 29
e, or e
”

,
or e .

73 ,
no t fe, Masor ti c r ad Massor ti c and f
or
“
e
”
e
“
e , or

R 86 , no t f
e DD r ad 3 9
I, or e .

R 9 0,no t I f e 11 73 3 17 r ad ”73 3 71
, or e .

P 9 2 no, t f e 1 9 3
1,5 Ef r q orr ad u
p? E n ,
‘ ' n j
e
“

R 97 no, t I f
e H J D P ,
D ) r ad n
or ny p n n e .

6 no t I f p y r ad Ap
” ”
E 10 ,
e ,
or e ron.

R 12 8 l in 7 f
,
e ou tspok n r ad unspok n
, or
“
e e
“
e .

R 1 3 no
1, t 3 f eH Q I D N D ,
r ad H
or
Q WD N D e .

3 3 no t I f r ad '‘
l l h yfl ‘ ‘

R 1 ,
e
p fl y l , or
p fl e .

R 1 5 no
2 ,
t f e T hI ,
i r ad
or T“
h i en a s
”
e
“
en u s .

R 15 6 no t 3 f
, e ,
or r ad e

R I 7 S no t 4 f
,
eZ d r ad
, or d n . e z n .

86 no t r ad su ffragans “
E 1 ,
f e ff g
1, or su ra e rs e .

8 7 l in hors r ad hors s ”
4 f
“ “
P 1 . e I ,
or e e e .

l i n 7 f A li/ab r ad A liy /
e 1 ,
or e a z .

no t 4 f V1 ? r ad Vlil
e , or
“
e
'
.

8 9 no t I f nh n b n n s r ad
‘
1 , e , or e

9 6 no t 4 f N 5 ) r a d N 3 3] and f N DWr ad
“
N2 3]
“
1 ,
e , or e ,
or e .

20 3 no ,t I fe par t ,
h i s r
or ad par ts h i s , S e
“
, .

5 las t l i n r ad Thy ”
2 1 ,
f Th e, or
“
e e
“
.

22 4 f , M i gdol Edar r ad M i gdal Ed r

or
”
e
“
e .

f N
or hh i r ad N oach i c
oa c e .
”
 TH E

HISTORY OF J UDAH AND ISRAEL

TO TH E I R C A PT I V I T Y .

C H A PT E R I .

gttlt alialt ( S eneit th) Q ueen aa h dilel wae lt ( Qiighth) fl in g

, , ,

of fl ub ah .

M urder of the remain ing Pr inces of J udah by Atha/iah— Rescue of J ehoash

r eser vation in the Temple—Reign of Atha/iah—
,

an d his P J he Re volu
tion in augura ted by —Pr oc/amation an d Cor onation of
'
J ehoiao a
J ehoash— D eath of Atha/iah—D estruction of the House of Baal—New
Settlem en t in Church an d State .

( 2 KI NG S XI . 1 —2 0 ; 2 CH OR N XX II . . IO —
XX III .

I TH access ion O f Jehu and th e des truction o f th e

th e
hous e of Ahab and with th e ill fat ed all iance be tween
,
-

th e doomed r ac e O f Ahab and th e descendan t s o f Dav id th e ,

las t per iod in th e h is to r y O f I srael and Judah s na tional de ’

cl ine had b egun The measu r e was n ot only full b u t th e

.
,

Hand h itherto l ifted in t h r eaten ing was no longe r s tayed .

We have reached a per iod O f j udgmen ts when each follows th e ,

o the r w ith only b r ie f int erm iss ion O f th e e v e n ts in I srael .

connec ted with th e reb ell ion O f J e hu O f th e cha r ac ter o f th e ,

r el ig ious changes in tr oduc e d by h im and O f th e t r o ubles and ,

d ifficul ties o f th e m il itary mona r chy wh ich h e founded a ,

d eta iled accoun t has already be e n g iven 1

But th e full sweep .

1
Se e V o l
. VL, pp . 1 93 2 1 3 — . r w r cal l on ly th s po in ts
He e e e Th e e : I . e

li te ral fulfilm n t e of th e proph ti c pr d ic tions conc rn i ng th hous f

e e e e e o

B
IO A th a lia h , Q u een of yu da /i .

and impor t of these even t s w ill only be perce ived as we mark

t he ir d irect and ind irec t influence on th e h is t ory O f Judah .

The un ion be tween Jehoram th e son o f Jehoshapha t and , ,

Athal iah th e daughter o f Ahab and J ez ebel had in troduced

, ,

apos tacy and brough t calam ity to th e house O f Dav id If th e

,
.

marr iage had been planned fr om pol itical mo tives perhaps in ,

th e hope of an ul tima t e reun ion Of th e t wo k ingdoms or at l e as t ,

w ith th e e x pectation of a firm and close all iance be twe en them ,

th e resul t speed ily showed th e folly o f a tt emp t ing t o ach iev e

imag inary successes by subo r d ina ting p r inc iple to SO call e d -

pol icy I ndeed th is is o n e O f th e lessons wh ich throughou t

.
,

make th e h is tory O f I srael typ ical O f tha t O f th e Church and ,

in a sense O f all h is t ory and wh ich cons titu t e it s cla im t o th e ,

des igna tion of pr Oph etic I n it even t s m ov e so t o speak .

”
, ,

in s t ep w ith th e u tterances Of th e God O f I srael N O d irec t .

or sudd e n int erference s eem s necessary ; b u t in th e regular

i

succ e ss ion of event s each d e via tion from D iv ine o r der ,

and rule each a ttemp t t o compass r esul t s by depa r tur e fr om

,

God s law and wo r d b r ings w ith it n ot success b u t fa ilure

’
, , ,

and ru in From her en tr ance in t o her new hom e in Judah t o

.
,

her se izure O f its throne A thal iah brough t it only ev il H er ,

.

very name Ath alja h ( Jehovah,

seems sign ifi ” “

can t She possessed all th e ev il qual ities of her mo ther J ezebel

.
,

w itho ut her queenly bea r ing and courage 5 all th e cunn ing of
her father withou t any o f h is impulses t owards good Holy
, .

A hab ( I K ings i —4 K ings ix 6 xx . Tha t th r ac tion aga ins t

2 1 2 2 . 2 . e e

th for ign i dola try in troduc d by Ahab and J

e e b l cons i s t d i a r turn e ez e e e n e

no t t th pur s rv ic
o e f J hovah b t t t ha t und r th f orm f th go ld n
e e e o e , u o e e o e e

calv s ins titu t d by J roboam ( K ings xii 7

e e I shor t it was an
e 1 . 2 n ,

a tt mp t t r v rs th whol pr v i ous po li cy bo th i Church and Sta t

e o e e e e e e n e,

and t r cons ti tu t th k ingdom f I sra l as J roboam had sough t t

o e e e o e e o

found it on it or ig ina l s para tio from Judah

s A d it may w ll hav e n . n e e

b n that h i slaugh t r f A ha i ah and th n f th princ s royal f Judah

ee s e o z , e o e e o

( K ings i
2 7; x 3 x. may from a pol i tical po i n t f Vi w hav
2 . 1 , , o e ,
e

b n d t rm in d by th w i sh t br ak th bonds that w r
ee e e e un iti ng
e o e e e e r e-

th k i ng doms f I sra l and Judah

e o Las tly w hav t b ar i n m i nd th
e .
,
e e o e e

m ili tary charac t r f th monarchy found d b y J h wh i ch con ti nu d und r

e o e e e u, e e

h i s thr succ ssors al though t w ith succ ss fu l r sul ts

ee e ,
no e e .
 Cha r a cter of her R eign . I I

Wr it marks t hat she was her son s counsellor t o do w ick e dly ’ “

2 Chron xx ii ther influence fo r ev il mus t hav e com

( . and .

m en c e d in th e p r ev ious r e ign o f her husband Jehoram T O th e , .

influence o f a r e e x pressly t r ac e d bo t h in
”
th e hous e of Ahab
“
,

th e re ign of Jehoram and in t hat of Ahaz iah th e r ev ival o f ,

idola try ( 2 K ings v iii 1 8 2 7 ; Xi 1 5 3 2 Ch r on xx ii 3 .

,
. . .
,

th e d e secra t ion O f t h e Temple o f J ehovah ( 2 Ch r on xx iv . .

and thos e ev il counsell ings ( 2 Chron xx ii 4 ) wh ich brough t . .

such D ivin e j udgmen t s ( 2 Chron xxi 1 3 1 4 1 6 1 7 xx ii . .

, , ,
.

TO her we canno t doub t was due n ot only th e slaugh t er of h is

, ,

br ethren with wh ich Jeho r am s ta ined th e beg inn ing of h is

,
”

r e ign ( 2 Chron xxi b u t th e des truc tion by Jehu of so large

. .

a number Of th e rema in ing royal p r inces O f Judah ( 2 K ings X .

I 3,
1 4 ; 2 Ch r on xx ii 7 And if her murd erous purpos e
. .
,

on se iz ing th e governmen t had b e en wholly successful th e ,

pol itical un ion be tween th e house of A h ab and tha t of Jeho

shapha t would have ended in th e e x te r mina tion O f th e whole
house O f D av id .

Ther e is n ot a scene in J ew ish h is tory more v iv idly dep ict e d

than t ha t of A thal iah s se iz u r e O f th e J ew ish crown a n d o f h e r
’
,

m is e rable end It seems mo r e than l ikely tha t on h is ill fate d

.
-

e xped ition to th e court of I s r a el J e ho ra- m had en tr us te d t h e ,

'
fl
gov e r nmen t O f th e k ingdom t o h is mo th e r who had all along ,

e x erc is e d such de term in ing influ e nc e upon h im We n ee d .

1

n ot wonde r al though we t ak e no tic e o f it tha t th e pos ition

, ,

o f woman in I srael should have been so d iffe r e n t fr om th a t

gene r ally ass ign e d t o he r in th e Eas t A na t ion wh ich coun te d .

among its h is tor ical p ersonag e s a M iriam a D ebora h and an , ,

i
Ab ga l i — o t t o speak O f o t h e r well known fi u r e s— mus t have
n g
-

recogn ised th e d ign ity O f woma n Nor can we he r e fo r ge t th e .

influ e nce respec tiv e ly e x e r c ised by th e mo ther O f K ing Asa

1 K ings x r
( v I by J.e z e bel and by o ther queen conso t s ,
-

or mo the r s 2
.

1
Sh e ac te d probab ly as Geb/z i h l ik e Maachah th e mo th e r o f Ki ng ra , ,

A sa ( I Ki ngs x v I 3 ) . .

2
v n among non J w ish nations w r call th nam f Did
E e -
e e e e e o o, Of th e
sam l i n ag and i n th sam c n tury as J b l and A thal i ah
e e e e e e ez e e .
12 A t/z a lia /i , Q u een of 3 u da /z
‘
.

When tid ings success ively r e ached Athal iah fi r s t o f th e dea th ,

of Ahaz iah and then Of th e murder of p r esumably th e grea t

,

maj o r ity Of th e royal pr inces th e though t would na tu r ally ,

sugges t itself t o such an amb itious and unscrupulous woman

permanen tly t o se ize th e re ins O f th e governmen t O ther .

mo tives may also have con tribu ted to th is resolve She mus t .

have known tha t desp ite all tha t had been done In t he two
,

previous r e igns to denational ise Judah her par ty fo r med only a ,

small and unrel iable m inor ity even in th e cap ital B o th in .

Jerusalem and throughou t th e coun try th e gr e a t maj ority w e re ,

as even t s a fte r wards proved Opposed to th e queen mo ther or ,

-
,

a t leas t a ttached t o th e old ord e r in S ta t e and Church Th e .

acknowledged and natural head O f th is pa r ty was th e active and

energe tic h igh pr ies t Jeho iada th e husband of Jehosheba or
1 -
, ,

J e hoshabea th th e hal f s is ter O f th e la te K ing Ahaz iah

2
,
-3
And .

Athal iah mu s t have fel t t ha t if afte r th e slaugh ter O f th e o th e r ,

p r inces by Jehu a m inor were p r ocla imed k ing h is guard ian

, ,

sh ip and th e governmen t would na turally pass in to o ther hands

t han h ers .

I n v iew of such poss ibl e dang e rs t o herself b u t espec ially ,

for th e r eal isation O f her own amb itious des igns th e queen ,

mo ther r esolved in true O r ie n tal fash ion on th e slaugh te r O f

, ,

all that rem ained o f th e hous e O f Dav id O n its e x tinc tion .

ther e coul d no long e r be any p oss ibl e r ival nor ye t any cen t r e ,

a r ound wh ich an O ppos it ion could ga th er I t c a s ts man ifol d .

l igh t on th e ins tit ution and th e pos ition o f th e pr ies thood w ith ,

its c e n tr al na t ional sanc t uary in th e cap it al tha t at such a pe r iod ,

1
From th e abs enc e of any d es ignati on to tha t efl ec t it has b een ‘
,

doub ted wh e th er J eho i ada was ac tually the h igh pries t But th is s ee ms -
.

impl i e d throughou t th e narra t i v e and a l so ind i ca te d in 2 Ki ngs x ii s p e , .

,

cia lly in ver . Io .

2
nam s id n tical i n m an i ng and only d iff r i form Th
Th e tw o e a re e e , e n . e

s i gn i fica ti on i s al mo t th sam as tha t f El i sh ba or El isab th

s e e o e e .

3
Ev ry probab i l i ty a tt ch s t
e th s ta t m n t f Jos phus ( A t ix
a e o e e e o e n . .

7 , ) tha t J hosh ba was th daugh t r f J horam ( hal f s i s t r t A ha iah )

I , e e e e o e -
e o z

by ano th r mo th r than A thal i ah Wh th r or t h was ful l is t r f

e e . e e no S e S e o

Joash whos mo th r was Z i b iah f B r h l a ( Chron xx iv )

, e e
“
o ee -
S e i
”
2 . . I
mus t r ma i n und t rm in d
e e e e .
14 A t/z a lia /z , Q u een o f y u da /i .

serv ice o f B aal im wh ich had been b e gun by th e sons O f ,

Athal iah ( 2 Chr on xxiv mus t have been ca r r ied t o its u tmos t
u .

e xten t Na turally it would arouse a s trong r e action on th e par t

.

n ot only Of t hos e who held th e fo r e ign r it es in abho r rence b u t ,

a lso of those wh o were Opposed to th e rul e of th e fore ign queen

who h a d murdered all tha t had rema ined O f th e fam ily of
D av id I n th e seven th year of th is m isrule Jeho iad a took
.
,
“

courage 1
and o r gan ised a coun ter revolu tion in wh ich all
,
” -
,

ranks in th e S ta t e were equally r ep r esen ted I f ever a move .

m en t of th is k ind was cons titu tional it was th at aga ins t ,

th e murde r ous u surper of th e th rone O f D av id The B ook of .

C h ron icles w hile always r ela t ing even ts pre em inen tly from
,
-

th e pr ie s tly an d Lev it ical v ie wpo in t he r e furn ishes some welcome ,

de ta ils apparen tly der ived from th e same o r ig inal sou r ces as
,

t h e accoun t in t h e B ook O f K ings al though om itted in t h e ,

la tter From th e two accoun t s we infer th a t Jeho iada I n th e

.

fi r s t place addressed h im self to th e five cap ta ins O f hundr e ds “

,
”

or cen tur ions whose names are m e n tioned in 2 Chron xx iii 1

,
. . .

Appa r en tly they commanded th e five d iv is ions O f th e royal

bodygua r d w h ich comb ined th e des igna tion Ka r i ( equ ival en t
,

t o Ker eth i) g iven in Dav id ic t ime t o th e co r ps then cons is t ing ,

ch iefly if n o t en tir ely O f fore ign ( Ph il is tian ) au x il ia r ies

, , ,

2
w ith th e Older and more permanen t nam e O f 3
r unners “ ”

in th e B ook O f Chron ic les adds wh a t

( r a tsin z
) The accoun .t
in it sel f woul d seem m os t l ik e ly that th e m il itary leaders distr i ,

bu t ed them selves th ro u gh th e coun tr y t o secu r e th e adhes ion

1
h i s i s th r al m an ing f wha t
T e e e o is r nd r d i
e e e n th e A V . .
, s tr ng th
e

e n d h ims l f i Chron xxii i

e e ,
”
n 2 . . I .

2
SO in 1 Sa m . xxii . 1 7 .

3
1ngs
Ki 7 ; K i gs xi 4 ; Chron xxx 6
x iv . Cons id rabl
2 2 n . 2 . . . e e

doub t how v r pr va ils as t th l it ral r ad i ng f th Ch r th i t s and

, e e , e o e e e o e e e e

P l th i t s Som r gard th m as app lla ti ons f Ph il is ti an clans ;

”
e e e . e e e e O

Ki mch i v n as thos f t w fam i l i s i n I sra l ; wh i l most transla t

e e e o o e e e e

x cu tion rs and couri rs

e e I our v i w th
e K i or K i t ib e . n e , e ar ,
”
ar r e,
”

i an app lla t i on mark i ng th old

s e am f th corps d par tly t it e n e o e ,
ue o s

ori g i nal compos i ti on partly p rhaps also t th c i rcums tanc s i n wh i ch

, ,
e , o e e

it was form d Th corr c t r nd r i ng f

e .K ings i 4 would b e Th e e e O 2 x . e e

c n tur i ons f th Ka ri and th Runn rs

e o e e e .
”
 Th e Na tion a l R is in g . I 5
and c o opera tion o f th e heads of fam il ies and clans and o f th e
-
,

L evite s Man ifes tly it woul d b e necessa r y t o e nl is t th e la tte r

.
,

s ince th e cen tral scene Of th e r is ing was to be th e T emple .

There th e con federa te s m et probably at one of th e grea t fes ti

,

vals when th e you th ful p r ince was p r esen t ed to them As no

,
.
,

doub t in th e firs t ins t anc e th e m il itary leade r s so now th e whole

, ,

assembly bound thems elves by a sol emn oa th t o th e under

t ak ing wh ich pr ima r ily had only th e proclamation O f th e new
,

king fo r its O bj ec t ( comp 2 Chron xx iii

. . .

The d ifferences an d even more th e s im ilarity in th e

, ,

narratives of th e even t in th e B ooks o f K ings and Chron icl e s

have sugges ted wha t t o some app e a r d iscrepanc ies O f de ta il .

I t I S well t o know tha t e ven if these we r e es tabl is h e d they

, ,

would n ot in any way inval ida te th e na rr a tiv e itsel f s ince in ,

any case they only conce r n som e o f its m inor de ta ils n o t its ,

subs tance The mos t no table d ifference is tha t in th e B ook o f

.

K ings th e plo t and its ex e cu tion s eem en tirely in th e hands o f

th e m il itary ; in Chron icl e s e x clus iv ely in those O f th e pr ies t s
,

and Levites But in Ch r on icles also — and inde e d there alone

.

—
, ,

t h e five m il it a r y leade r s are named wh ile on th e o ther hand , ,

th e na rr a tiv e in t h e B ook of K ings th r oughou t adm it s th e

lead ersh ip Of th e p r ies t J e ho iada And e v e n a sup er fic ial
.

cons id e ra tion mus t convince tha t bo th t h e pries ts and th e

m il itary mus t have been engaged in th e undert ak ing and tha t ,

ne ither par ty could hav e d isp e ns e d w ith th e o ther A r evolu .

t ion inaugura t ed by t h e h igh pr ies t in favour O f h is nephew

-
,

who fo r six yea r s had b e en concealed in th e Templ e and ,

wh ich was to b e car r ied o u t w ith in th e pr e c inct s O f th e

Sanctuary its el f could no more have taken place w ithou t th e
,

c o opera tion O f th e p r ies thood than a change in th e occupancy

-

O f th e th rone could hav e been b r ough t abou t w ithou t th e

suppor t O f th e m il itary powe r And th is leav e s un touch e d th e
.

subs tance O f th e narra tiv e in th e two accoun ts e ven if wha t ,

we a r e abou t to sugg e s t in th e sequ e l should n ot seem t o

some a su ffic ie n t e x plana tion o f th e pa r t ass igned r e spec tiv ely
t o t h e p r ies thood and th e m il itary in th e two nar r a tives .
I6 A t/z a lia /z , Q u ee n f
o f
7 u da /
z .

Of th is at leas t there ca nno t b e any doub t tha t th e accoun t

, , ,

in th e B ook O f K ings dea ls w ith th e opera tions ass igned t o t h e

m il itary B riefly th e y may be ske tched as follows As each of
.
,

th e courses in t o wh ich th e p r ies thood was d iv ided rel ieved

“ ”

t h e o th e r a t th e b eg inn ing o f eve r y Sabba th s o appa r en tly ,

also th e r oyal bodyguard The plan now ag r eed upon was tha t .
,

th e guard wh ich was rel iev e d Should ins tead O f re tu r n ing to ,

t he ir homes or barracks march in t o th e Temple where th e , ,

h igh p r ie s t would furn ish them w ith weapons fr om those tha t had
-

formerly belonged to Dav id and wh ich no doub t accord ing to , , ,

sacred cus tom had been depos ited in th e sanc t ua r y The sole
,
.

O bj ec t O f t ha t guard ( 2 K ings Xi 7 1 1 ) was in two d iv is ions t o .

,

surround th e new k ing on e ither s ide w ith o r de r s to cu t down ,

any one who shoul d try to pene tr a t e the ir r anks and t o close ,

around th e pe r son Of th e k ing in all h is movemen ts Thu s far .

fo r th e guard tha t had been rel ieved O n th e o th e r hand th e .

,

rel ieving guard was to be a rr anged in th r ee d iv is ions One O f .

these was t o form a s usually th e guard of th e royal palace so

, , ,

tha t th e susp ic ions Of A thal iah should n o t b e aroused The .

second d iv is ion was to occupy th e ga te Su r also c all e d th e

1
,
“
ga t e O f th e founda tion ( 2 Ch r on xx iii wh ile th e th ir d ”
. .

d iv is ion was t o b e massed in th e ga te beh ind th e gua r d th e “

,
”

sam e as th e ga te O f th e gua r d ( 2 K ings Xi

“
and wh ich ”
.

probably formed th e p r inc ipal access from th e palace in to th e

i
Temple Th e obj ect o all th s was to guard t e palace n ot
. f h —
O nly t o d isarm susp ic ion b u t for de fence ( 2 K ings Xi and to ,
.

ward O ff or ba r any a ttemp t on th e pa r t Of adheren ts O f

2

A thal iah to possess themselves o f th e royal res idence The .

impo r tance O f th is w ill be unde r s tood n o t only in case o f a ,

coun ter revolu tion b u t in V iew O f th e anc ien t cus tom of solemnly
-
,

om hav r gard d th i s as a id n tranc Probably th is ga t gav

1
S e e e e S e -e e . e e

easy acc ss t th palac al though it form d t th pr i va t royal n tranc

e o e e, e no e e e e

t it wh ich was from th ga t f th guard

”
o , e e o e .

T h word
3
e K ings i 6 r nd r d i th A V by tha t 2 x .
, e e e n e . .
“

it b t b e k d w
no has b n variously x plain d ; b t th abov
ro en o n,
”
ee e e u e e

giv s it i s b l i v d corr c tly th m an i ng in t nd d t b conv y d Th

‘

e , e e e e , e e e e o e e e . e

s gg s ti ons f th Rabb is w ithou t valu

u e o e a re e .
 Deta ils of th e Pla n . 17

plac ing th e k ing on th e r oyal th r one as t h e symbol O f h is a c

cess ion to th e gove r nmen t I K ings i 3 5 wh ich it was ih
.
,

t ended t o O bserve also on th is occas ion ( 2 K ings x i .

I t mus t have been no ticed tha t m inu t e and comple t e as

,

t hese arrangemen t s were so far as regarded th e de fenc e of th e

,

new k ing and th e guard of th e royal palace agains t a sudden

a ttack by th e adhe r en ts of A thal ia h they left all th e ma in ga t es
,

O f access to th e Temple unde fended aga ins t any ev e n tual ity .

An d yet it mus t h ave been qu it e as impor tan t t o pro tec t th e

Sanc tuary from a hos tile rush upon it and to aver t its p r o fana ,

tion by a figh t w ith in its sac r ed p r ec inc t s I t is on th is ground .

tha t we deem it an t eceden tly p r obable tha t p r ov is ion should

have been m ade for guard ing th e Temple it sel f s im ilar to tha t ,

in rega r d to th e k ing and th e royal palace Bu t th is would .

na turally devolve U pon th e Lev ites as th e regular cus tod ians of

,

th e Temple j us t as th e m il itary guard would as na tu r ally have

,

th e immed ia t e cus t ody of th e pe r son O f th e k ing And such .

pa r tic ipa tion on th e par t O f th e L e v ites seems o therw ise n ec es

sa rily impl ied in th e c ircums tance t ha t th e r is ing was planned

by th e pr ies thood and organ ised by them as well as by th e

,

m il itary leade r s I n all these c ir cums tances it seems almos t

.

imposs ible to bel ieve tha t an activ e par t o f some k ind should
n o t have been ass igned t o th e Lev it es ; t ha t access t o th e
Temple Should e ithe r have been left unpro tected ; o r tha t th e
guard O f th e Temple should have been en trus ted to o th ers
th an those who were its regular cus t od ians .

These cons idera t ions leave no room t o doub t th e accuracy Of

th e accoun t g iven in t h e B ook O f Chron icles Only as tha t in .

th e B ook O f K ings de ta ils th e a r rangemen t s for th e sa fe ty O f

th e k ing and th e palace so tha t in Chron icles r ecords th ose
,

made for th e security of th e Temple wh ich were en tr us ted to,

th e Lev it es Some o ther confi r ma to r y pa r ticula r s dese r ve

.

a tten tion
. Thus we no tice tha t al though th e accoun t in
Ch r on icles seems to imply tha t all th e a rr ang emen t s were in
th e hands of th e L e v ite s yet when Athal iah was t o be le d t o
,

he r doo m th e order wa s given n ot to th e Lev ite s b u t to th e

, , ,
18 A tha lia h, Q ueen of yu da /i .

m il itary leaders who were to br ing her for th w ith in th e

,
“

ranks ( Sederotb ) Th e verse is almos t l ite r ally th e sam e as in

”
.

2 K ings xi 1 The e r m wh ich we have r endered ranks ind i “

5 .t .

ca tes an orderly arrangemen t as O f sold iers I t is used in ,

.

2 K ings xi 8 in reference to th e m il ita r y guard wh ich was t o

.

su r round th e k ing b u t n o t in des igna tion O f th e wider com

,

pass of Lev ites wh ich acco r d ing t o 2 Chron xx iii 7 was to be

, ,
. .
,

abou t th e k ing We ther e fore conclude tha t th is d iv is ion O f

.

Levites was to form a n ou ter c ircle n ot only around th e k ing b u t ,

also a r ound h is m il itary guard Th is also e x pla ins th e d iffer .

ence in th e d irec tions g iven in 2 K ings Xi 8 to th e m il ita r y .

gua r ds to k ill those who p ene tra ted the ir r anks and in ,
”

2 Chron xx iii 7 t o th e Lev it e s t o k ill thos e who pene tr a t ed

. .
,

in to th e Temple I n o th e r words th e Lev it es we r e to s tand

.
,

beyond th e guards and to p r even t a hos tile en trance in to th e

,

Temple bu ild ings and if any ga ined the ir way th ro ugh th em t o

th e r anks O f th e m il it a r y t h e y were t o b e cu t down by th e ,

guards Thus th e k ing was really sur r oun ded by a double

cordon —th e m il ita r y occupy ing th e inne r cou r t a r ound h is
.

p e r son wh ile th e Lev it es held th e ou te r cou r t and th e ga tes

,
.

The e x plana tions j us t O ffe r e d w ill it is hoped Show tha t there , ,

is n o t any d iscrepancy be tween th e accoun t s of th is even t in

th e B ooks O f K ings and Chron icl e s We can und e r s tand how .

in th e la tter th e func tions and local ities are ass igned t o th e

Lev it es wh ich in th e B ook of K ings seem ass igned to th e
,

m il itary B o th had s im ilar or k indr e d func tions and in close

.
,

pro x im ity to each o ther Thus th e two accoun ts ar e en tirely .

compa tible I n po in t O f fac t they suppl e men t each o the r

.
, ,

th e wr it er O f Ch r on icl e s as u sually t ell ing th e par t wh ich th e, ,

pr ies thood sus ta ined in th e na tion a l r is ing wh ile th e wr ite r ,

O f th e B ook o f K ings s imply rela tes th e pa r t taken by th e

s e cula r pow e r Thus th e one na r ra tes wha t was spec ially

.

don e by th e L e v ite s th e o th e r wha t by th e m il ita r y ; ye t

,

each as we have seen al so g iv ing ind ica tions O f th e c o

, ,

O pera tion O f th e o ther ac tors The whole qu e s tion howeve r .

, ,

is n o t o f any real impor tance al though it may be w ell to s ta t e ,

 Pr ocla m a ti on f yous /z
o . 19

e x plana tions wh ich have been o ffered are subs tan tially
t ha t th e
confirmed by th e accoun t g iven of th e even t by J osephus
( A nt ix . .
7,
The plan O f Jeho iada and th e leaders O f th e r is ing — o r as
we may say o f th e na tional par ty —
,

was carr ied o u t in every

,

par ticular I t is ind ica tive o f th e general oppos ition to th e

.

new r egim e as well as O f th e unpopular ity of th e queen tha t th e

, ,

sec r e t Of th e con fe deracy al though shared by so many r ema ined , ,

unknown to A thal iah At th e sam e time we mus t remember .

tha t they had bound themselves by an oa th on th e keep ing O f ,

wh ich success d epended tha t th e p r ies thood was en tir ely under
th e con trol Of its O ffic ial ch ief ; and t ha t probably only a sho r t
t ime in tervened be tween th e league in th e Templ e ( 2 K ings xi .

4 ; 2 Ch r on xx iii 3) and th e e x ecu t.ion O f th e plan ag.r eed

upon .

O n th e day appo in ted bo th th e m il itary and th e Lev ites ,

were a t the ir pos ts The you th ful k ing who had been .
,

presen ted to th e leaders a t the ir firs t me e ting in th e Temple

2 K ings x i was now ormally in roduced Then crown
( f t t h e

and th e t es timony were p u t upon h im —th e la tter ceremony

. .

probably cons is ting in plac ing in h is hands ra ther th an ( as some ,

have sugges ted ) on h is head a C opy O f th e Law whe ther tha t , ,

re fe r r ing t o th e du ties O f th e k ing ( Deu t x v ii 1 8 o r more . .

,

p r obably th e Law in a w ide r sense Las tly s ince th e r egular

,
.
,

1
M inor d i fficul ti s call on ly f bri f s t x plana tion Th ga t S e t or e e e . e e ur , a

wh ich accord ing t Ki ngs i 6

, pos t was plac d i vid n tly th
o 2 x .
, on e e , s e e e

sam as th ga t Y d ( founda ti on ga t ) f Chron xx iii 5

e
“
e e es o
” “ -
e
”
o 2 . . .

Th mor common x plana t i on tha t S

e e i only a cl r i cal rror f e Y d , ur s e e or eso

( th e dropp d t and W f i t sa t i s fac tor y and th

e ou , rror or s no , e e

may li i Chron icl s rath r than K ings Th xx do s t h r h lp us

e n e e . e L . e no e e e .

Th Rabb is hold tha t it was an

e t ga t and bor s v n d iff r n t nam s ea s er n e, e e e e e e ,

tw f th m b i ng S
o o and Y d Th la tt r may b tru although no
e e ur es o . e e e e,

s r ious valu a ttach s t th ir arch olog i cal no ti c s From th c i rcum

e e e o e ae e . e

s tanc tha t e obj c t f th guard was t wa tch th approach s from th

on e e o e o e e e

palac t th T mpl w in f r that th ga t S poss i bly also call d

e o e e e, e e e e ur , e

Yeso d ( p rhaps it mark d th

e it f th founda ti on s ton ) was as th e e S e o e -
e , , e

word impl i s th ga t f d cl i n i ng a i d n tranc in to th palac ;

e ,
“
e e o e ,
”
S e-e e e e

wh il th gat f or b h i nd th runn rs form d th di

e
“
e e o ,
” “
e ,
” “
e e ,
”
e e or n ar v

and pr i nc i pal n tranc from th palac i n to th T mpl

e e e e e e e .
20 f ools /
z, Kin g f 7 u da /z
o .

success ion had been b r oken by th e in tr us ion o f A thal iah th e ,

‘

new mona r ch was ano in ted by Jeho iada a n d h is sons when , ,

as was th e cus tom th e peopl e brok e in to demons tr a tions of ,

j oy clapp ing the ir hands and shou ting Long l ive th e k ing
, , ,
“

However closely th e sec r e t had h ither to been kep t th e ,

acclamations O f th e guards and th e people were heard in th e

palace and th e queen r ushed in t o th e Temple H er access t o
,
.

it was n o t h inde r ed by th e m il itary s ta tioned in th e palace ,

al though ( accord ing t o Josephus ) her immed ia t e bodygua r d

we r e preven ted by th e pr ies t s from follow ing her in t o th e
Sanc tua r y The s igh t wh ich now m et her eyes mus t a t once
.

have revealed to her th e s ta t e o f ma tters O n th e eleva ted .

s tand at th e en ter ing in p r obably to th e cour t of th e p r ies ts

“ 2
,
”
,

usually occup ied a t leas t on solemn occas ions by th e k ing

, ,

( 2 K ings xx iii 3; 2 Chron Xxx iv . she saw t h e you t h ful . .

pr ince and bes ide him th e cap ta ins and th e Lev ite s blow ing
,
“

t he ir s ilver t r umpe t s wh ile th e peopl e O f th e land g r ee ted

3 “ ”
,

t he ir new monarch Accord ing to th e B ibl ical accoun t A tha

.
,

l iah ren t her clo thes and cr ied Consp iracy consp iracy ! ,
“
,
”

wh ile J osephus adds tha t she called on those presen t to k ill th e

young k ing The appearance and a ttemp ted in terference O f
.

t h e queen was th e Signal fo r her des truc tion B y d irec tion of .

Jeho iada she was led for th beyond th e Temple be tween th e

,
“

ranks fo r med to preven t her escape o r commun ica tion w ith

”

poss ible adheren ts Any who m igh t a ttemp t to follow he r were

.

t o b e immed ia t ely c u t down wh ile A thal iah he r sel f was t o be ,

k illed beyond th e bounds of th e Sanc tuary I t must have .

1
al mud ( H y b ) ass igns th is as th r ason s inc ord inarily
Th e T or n . II . e e , e

th k i ngs i r gu lar d sc n t from Dav id w r

e n e t ano i n t d eO im ilar
e e e no e . n S

grounds th Talmud accoun ts f th ano in ting f Solomon and f

e or e o o

J hoaha
e z .

2
Chron xx iii 3
2 B t p in ions d iff r as t th
. . x ac t l ocal ity
1 . u O e o e e .

3
Th word us d f
e trump ts i t ha t common l y us d
e or f thos “
e s e o e

b l own by th L v i t s I g n ral it w ill b bs rv d tha t th is r f r nc

e e e n e e e O e e e e e e,

and tha t t th p op l f th land —ind d th whol accoun t—s m

.
,
“
o e e e o e ee , e e ee

no t only t confirm b t t i mply tha t i n th Boo k f C hron i l s

o , u o e o c e .
 C H A PT E R I I

glelt oa s h , or g ( Eighth) Rin g of fl ub ah

a ris h, .
3 21
m,

( Gileb m tlt ) Rin g of Tass el .

Character o f Athaliah, f J ehoiada

o , an d o f J oash—Lessons of this His tory
Ear /y Reign of J oash—Rep air of the Temple- D eath of J ehoiada
Coun ter reformation M a ruar of Z echar iah—In vasion by the Syr ians
— ’
-

-
Conspir acy against J oash—M urder of the Kin g .

( 2 KI N G S XI I R N XX IV )
2 CH O . .

we look back on th e
s th e preced ing even ts d e sc r ibed in
chap ter the ir deep mean ing in th is sacred h is tory b e
,

comes increas ingly appa r en t Th e movemen t in th e no r thern .

k ingdom wh ich issued in th e des tr uc tion of th e house O f Ahab

,

and th e el eva tion of J ehu had been inaugura ted by th e ,

p r ophe t s I t was speed ily followed by ano ther in Judah under

.
,

th e leadersh ip of th e pr ies thood wh ich resul t ed in th e de ,

th r o n em e n t o f A t hal iah and th e access ion o f J oash F r om .

th e popular po in t o f v iew e ach O f these movemen t s r epr e ,

s e n ted a reac tion aga ins t wha t was fore ign and non I srael itish -

in pol itics and in r el ig ion and in favour O f th e anc ien t in ,

stitu t io n s in Chu r ch and S ta t e And surely we canno t fa il to .

, ,

perce iv e from th e h igher po in t of V iew th e fi tn e ss tha t in th e

, ,

n or th e rn k ingdom whe r e s ince th e tim e Of J e r oboam there

,

was n o t any au thor ised pr ies thood ( 2 Ch r on xi th e . .

1
prophe ts should in a sense have t aken th e lead in such a
, ,

m ovemen t nor tha t in Judah th e D iv inely ins titu ted pr ies thood
,
-

shoul d have sus ta in e d a s im ilar pa r t I n tr u th th is was one .

,

o f th e h igher pu rposes of th e pr ies tly O ffice ( Lev x 1 0 ; Deu t . . .

xxx iii 1 0 Mal ii

. Bu t wha t we are care ful to ma r k is th e
. .

1
hav sa id i a s ns f th a tt n tiv r ad rs f th i s h i s tory
We e
“
n e e, or e e e e e o

w i ll t fa il t d is tingu i sh th p cul i ar par t tak n by th proph ts and tha t

no o e e e e e

of th s cular l ad rs i th mov m n t
e e e e n e e e .
 Con dition of 3 u da /z ‘
2 3 .

l ight wh ich th is th r ows upon th e D iv inely appo in ted ins titutions -

in I s r ael espec ially in r e fe rence t o th e mu tual rela tions o f Church

,

and S ta te and th e influence for good Of rel ig ion upon na tional

,

l ife and c ivil l iber ty .

T h e r e is yet ano ther aspec t Of these movemen ts al ik e as re ,

gards the ir shor t l ived success and the ir ul tima t e fa ilure They
-
.

wer e a las t D ivin e in terpos ition in tha t downward course wh ich

led to th e final j udgmen ts upon I srael and Judah The p e opl e .

had fallen away fr om th e D iv ine purpose of the ir na tional

call ing and becom e un tr ue t o th e mean ing O f th eir na tional
,

h is to r y F r om th is po in t o f V iew th e t emporary success o f these

.

movem e n t s may be r egarded as a D ivine pro tes t aga ins t th e

pas t Bu t they ul tima te ly failed because all deeper sp ir itual
.

e l e men t s had pass e d away from rule r s and people No r is it .

o th e r w ise than as those who as it wer e u tte r ed th is D ivin e

, ,

p r o te s t tha t th e prophe t s in th e nor th and th e pr ie s ts in th e sou th

t ook so prom inen t a pa r t in t hese movem e n t s Bu t w ith .

th e vital asp e c t wh ich would have g iven permanency t o t hese

movem e n ts ne ithe r th e m il itary par ty in th e nor th nor th e
,

maj ority in th e sou th were in any real sympa thy .

And s till de ep er lessons come to us The r e is n ot a more .

common nor can the r e be a mo r e fa tal m is take in r e l ig ion or in

,

rel ig ious movemen t s than t o pu t confidence in mere nega tions ,

o r to e xpec t from them las ting resul t s for good A nega tion .

w thou t a co r respond ng a
i i ffi r m a i
t o n — indeed if it is n o t th e ,

ou tcome O f it— is o f no ava il for sp ir itual purposes We

‘

mus t sp eak becaus e we bel iev e ; we deny tha t wh ich is fals e

,

only because we affirm and che r ish th e oppos ite tru th O the r .

w is e we may r es is t and enl is t unsp ir itual men b u t we shall n o t

, ,

wo r k any del iverance in th e land J ehu des tr oyed B aal o u t

.
“

o f I s r ael 2 K ings X r n o t fr om th e s ins

( b he depa ed “
ut . t

o f J e r oboam
”
wh ich made I srael to sin
,
And Joash did .
“

t ha t wh ich was r igh t in t h e s igh t o f J ehovah a ll th e days o f

J e ho iada th e p r ies t ( 2 Chron xx iv Bu t a fte r th e d e a th

. .
“

”
O f J eh o ia da he and his p e ople le ft th e house o f Jehovah God
,
“
,

o f the ir fa thers and served groves and idols : and w r a th came upon
,
 yoa s n King of Su da n
‘
2 4 ,
.

J u dah a n d
Jerusalem for t h is t h e ir t respas s ( vers 1 7 And .
,

as if t o mark th is lesson th e mo r e clearly th e j udgmen ts al ik e ,

upon I srael and upon Judah came to them th r ough one and th e
i —
same ins trumen tal ty tha t Of Ha z ael k ing o f Sy r ia ( 2 K ings ,

X .
3 2 ; x ii. 1 7,
As regards movemen t in th e sou thern k ingdom of Judah
th e ,

Old Tes tamen t h is tory does n ot presen t a nobler figure than

tha t of Jeho iada whe ther v iewed as pr ies t or pa tr io t
,
Fa ithful .

t o h is rel ig ion desp ite h is connec tion w ith th e hous e o f J e

,

horam and th e temp ta tions wh ich it would involve he dared to ,

rescu e th e infan t pr ince and to conceal him for six years a t th e

r isk O f his l ife At tha t time he mus t have been upwards of a
.

hundred years of age 1

Even after six years o f m isrul e .
,

Jeho iada s till seems mos t reluc tan tly to have taken th e in itia tive
aga ins t A thal iah al though from his cus tody of th e infan t pr ince
,
-
,

no less than fr om h is age and d ign ity it na tu r ally devolved upon ,

him I n th e language O f th e B ook of Chron icles he had to

.
,
”
“
t ake courage for it And when a t las t h e ac ted it was to .
, ,

use a mod e rn e x p r ess ion in th e mos t cons titu tional manner ,

”
,

as well as in th e mos t earnes t r el ig ious sp ir it The r e .

canno t be doub t tha t th e occupancy o f th e t hrone by At hal iah

was n ot only an usu r pa tion and a c r ime b u t con tr a r y t o th e ,

law and cons titu tion o f th e land Y et in bring ing abou t a .

chang e wh ich was s tr ic tly legal Jeho iada acted in th e mos t ,

careful manner hav ing fi r s t consul ted w ith and secu r ed

, ,

t h e c o O pe r at ion of all th e es t at es of t h e r ealm

-
S im ilarly
,
.
,

t h e e x ecu tion of t h e plan was en t rus ted t o t hose t o whom

action in th e ma tter naturally belong e d ; and if th e h igh
pr ies t marked th e access ion of th e new k ing by a covenan t
be tween him and th e p e ople an d J e hovah h e was at leas t ,

equally ca r eful t o secu r e th e cons titu tional r igh t s and l ibe r tie s
o f th e people by ano ther covenan t be tween them and
ccord i ng t
1
A Chron xx iv 5 J oho iada2d i d t t h g f 3 . . 1 , e e a e a e O 1 0 .

A d as accord ing t
n ,
Ki ngs ii 6 th r s tora ti on f th T mpl und r
o 2 x . , e e o e e e e

J ho i ada took plac i th t w n ty th i rd y ar f Joash th h igh pri s t

e e n e e - e o , e -
e

mus t hav b n abou t 7 y ars ld t th acc ssion f Joash

e ee 10 e O a e e o .
 Ch a ra cter of h is R eig n . 2 5

t he ir sovere ign Las tly in th e per iod that followed Jeho iada
.
, ,

used his pos ition and influence only in favour of what was
bes t and n ot at any t ime for lower or selfish purposes To th is
,
.

record o f h is l ife we have to add h is ac tiv ity in connection with

th e res t o r at ion O f th e Temple We do n ot wonder tha t when .

he d ied at a pa tr iarchal age th e unparalleled honour was

1
,

acco r ded h im Of a bur ial n ot only in Jerusalem itself where , ,

accord ing t o trad ition there were no bu r y ing places b ut in ,

-
,
“

th e c it y o f Dav id and
” “
among th e k ings becaus e he had done ,

a n dtowar d G o da n d H is house 2 Chron xx iv I

(
”
g ood in I srael ,
. .

Bu t perhap s th e mos t s trik ing par t in t h is h is tory is th e

almos t m iraculous preservation of th e infan t pr ince Joash Th is .

fulfilmen t of th e D iv ine prom ise concern in g th e permanence of

t h e house of D av id ( 2 Sam vii 1 2 1 6 )mus t have impressed all . .
-

th e sure merc ies of D avid

”
t hose who bel ieved in Th is th e
“
.

more tha t dur ing th e six years of J oash s concealmen t and

,
’
,

when an A thal iah O ccup ied th e throne it mus t have seemed to ,

have en tirely fa iled The proclama tion of th e you thful sc ion

.

of D av id in th e Temple th e solemn rel ig ious covenan t by ,

wh ich it was accompan ied and th e happy reforma tion wh ich ,

followed mus t have v ividly recalled th e ancien t D iv ine prom ise

, ,

and d irected th e m in ds o f all true heart ed I srael ites t o th e

'

g rea t goal in t ha t S on O f Dav id in W hom all t h e prom ises were

t o be fin ally fulfilled And for a time all seemed in accordance
.

with th e beg inn in g of Joash s re ign It is only reasonable to ’

.

suppose tha t during h is m inority wh ich would n ot have been ,

so lon g as in th e W es t Jeho iada virtually if n ot formally , , ,

acted as regen t I n fact th e rel igious influence Of th e pr ies t

.
,

over th e k ing con tinued all h is days because [ 0 1 s in c e ]

z “
,

1
d scr ib d as satia t d f days
H e is e e fu ll f days“
Th e o
“
o e

ex pr ss ion i only us d i n r gard t th s fi p rsons A braham I saac

e s e e o e e ve e : , ,

Dav id Job and J ho iada

, N dl ss doub t has b n cas t on th
, e .
g f ee e ee e a e o

J ho iada Th compu tation f g i th h is torical book s i g n ra l ly

e . e o a e n e s e e

v ry mod rat and th i s i charac t ris d as an x c p tionally long l i f

e e e, s e e e e e .

I t has b n propos d t trans la t all hi days i all Joash s l if

2 ” ’
ee e o e s v z e

lo g—b t th is i i mposs i bl or ls all th days tha t

,
.
,

n u s Ie y e e, e n an

cas th m an i ng i n t nd d t b conv y d i s as x pla i n d i th t x t

e, e e e e o e e e e e n e e .

C
 ah
’
7 oa sh 3
’
2 6 , King f
o u a .

Jeho iada th e pr ies t ins truct ed h im I f any doub t coul d .

a ttach to th e mean ing of t h is e x press ion it would be removed ,

by th e parallel no tice tha t J oash did tha t wh ich was r igh t in

1

th e s igh t of J ehovah all th e days of J e ho iada th e p r ies t

”

( 2 Chron xx iv H .is change a ft er t ha t is only t oo clearly

.

ev idenced by th e murder of Zecha r iah th e son of Jeho iada an , ,

even t wh ich has n ot been ser iously called in ques tion even by
negative cr itics .

O n th e whole it canno t b e doub ted that th e grea t defect of

,

th e charac t er an d re ign of Joash was a fa tal weakness such ,

as tha t O f h is ances tor Ahab probably due to wan t O f ,

s table personal rel ig ious conv ictions

,
U nder th e gu id ing .

”
influence Of Jeho iada he did t hat wh ich was r igh t ; , yet
“

even so he t olera t ed th e wo r sh ip Of th e people at th e h igh “

I n V iew O f his charact er we mus t r egard it as a

”
places .
,

specially w ise act on th e par t O f th e h igh pr ies t t o conce r n -

h imself abou t th e all iances Of th e young k ing a c ir cums tance

2
,

wh ich is spec ially no ted in th e B ook o f Chron icles ( 2 Ch r on .

xx iv .O f his two w ives one ( Jehoaddan ) is men tioned as a ,

na tive Of Jerusalem and from th e age o f her son Amaz iah at , ,

h is success ion we infer t hat he mus t have been born when h is

,

a ,
—
father Jo sh was t wen ty two years Of age ( 2 Chron XXV I )
,
3
. . .

Bu t th e mos t no t able a ct of th e re ign Of J oash was th e res to ~

rat ion of th e Temple The need for it arose n ot so much fr om .

th e age O f th e bu ild ing wh ich had only been comple ted abou t ,

a hundred and th irty years befo r e as from th e damage done ,

t o it by th e fam ily Of A thal iah and th e forc ibl e approp r ia ,

t ion fo r th e serv ice O f Baal im o f all tha t had been ded ica t ed t o
th e house o f Jehovah ( 2 Chron xx iv The in itiative in th e . .

1
Th e View g iv n abov e e is suppor t d by th anci n t v rs i ons
e e e e of 2 K ings
xi i . 2 .

3
anon Rawl inson cal l s a tt n tion t th d s irabl n ss i n th is cas f an
C e o e e e e e o

early un ion s inc all th s d royal had b n d s troy d by A thal i ah H

, e e ee ee e e . e

also sugg s ts tha t th numb r tw [

e w iv s ] on wh i ch h [J ho i ada] fi x d
“
e e o e e e e

impl i s a d s i r t comb i n r gard f

e e e th osucc ss ion w ith a d i scourag
e e or e e e

m n t f x c ssiv polygamy
e o e e e .
”

J oash
3
d i d t t h g f 47e a e a e o .
 R epa ir f
o th e Temple . 2 7
proposed res toration was t ak en by th e k ing h imsel f al though it ,

is imposs ibl e to d et erm ine in wha t y ear o f h is r eign Acco r d .

in g t o t h e o r ig inal plan th e sum requ ir e d fo r th e work was t o

,

have b ee n de r iv e d fr om all th e mon e y o f th e cons ec r a te d“

t ha t is ,
all th e sacred Offer ings b r ough t in to th e hous e o f “

J ehovah ; th e e xpress ion curren t money 1

mean ing n ot
,
“
,
”

co ined money wh ich was n ot in use be for e th e E x ile b u t s ilv e r

, ,

we ighed in ce r ta in p r opor tions fo r curren t paymen t t o th e ,

workmen The sacred t e xt fu r th er e x pla ins that th is c o n se

.

c r a ted money was t o be der ived fr o m two sources : from th e “

money of souls a fter his es tima t on ,

i — t ha t is t h e red e mp tion ,

money in case O f vows to be fi x ed accord ing t o th e p r ov is ions

,

O f Lev xx v ii 2 et c — and from volun ta r y o ffe r ings

. . These
,
. .

sou r ces o f revenu e th e pr ies t s we r e t o t ake to themselves “

,

every man O f h is acqua int ance ( 2 K ings xii ”

and w it h .

”
t hem t o repa ir th e breaches o f th e house
“
The B ook o f .

Chron icles e x pla ins that th is money was t o be ga the r ed by

personal collection in all th e c ities of Judah Cons ide r ing tha t .

t hese con tr ibu t ions were ma inly O f t h e na ture o f volun ta r y

O ffer ings l ike those once ga thered fo r th e Tabe r nacl e
,

( E x .xxx v such. a mode of collec t ion woul d appear t h e

mos t su itable espec ially in a time of rel ig ious rev ival following
,

aft er a w idesp r ead rel ig ious decay .

The k ing had b idden th e pries ts and Levites has ten th e “

matte r ( 2 Chron xx iv But when even in th e twen ty

. .
,

t h ird year o f h is re ign no sa tis fac t ory progress had been mad e
,

w ith th e needful repa irs of th e Temple th e k ing w ith th e , ,

consent o f th e pr iesthood proceeded t o mak e such al tera tions ,

in th e m ode of collecting th e mon e y as v ir tually to place it in

h is own hands and t hose o f th e h igh p r ies t I t is n ot meces -
.

sary to suppose that there had b ee n de falca tions on th e part o f

1
Th e in te rpr e ta tion o f th e ex pr e ss i on as r eferr i ng to th e annual ,

Templ e tr i bu te o f a hal f Sh ek e l ( Ex xxx -

i s n o t on ly e x eg etically
. .

imposs i bl e b u t th er e is t o say th e l e as t no e v i d e nc e tha t th e prov i s i on O f

, , ,

Ex xxx 1 2 1 3 wa s eith er i n tend e d or a t th e t im e ob ta i n e d as a p erma

. .
, , ,

n en t law Ex actly th e sam e x pre ss i on fo r curren t mon ey occurs i n

. e
“ ”

G en xxii i 1 6
. . .
2 8 Y oa s h King of Y u da h ,
.

th e pr ies thood indeed th e la ter arrangemen t s are incons is ten t

,

w ith t h is idea Bu t we can qu ite und e r s tand t ha t bes ides th e

.
,

na tural r eluctanc e t o collec t fr om fr iends th e p r ie s t s m ight ,

find such calls in te r fe r ing w ith th e coll e ct ion o f t h eir own

r evenues in th e var ious d is tr ict s ; wh il e th e people woul d fe el
l ittl e confidence or en thus iasm in what was a t b e s t an ir regular
and d iso r derly mode of secu r ing a g r ea t r el ig ious and na tional
O bj ec t . I t was o the r w ise when th e k ing and h igh pr ies t t ook -

th e ma tter in hand A ch e s t for r ece iv ing volun ta r y con tr i

.

bu tions was plac e d at th e en trance in t o th e court Of th e pr ies t s ,

a t t h e r igh t s ide O f th e al t ar A proclama tion th r oughou t th e .

whole coun try announc ing a mode of collection iden tical w ith
,

tha t when Moses had r ea r ed th e Tabe r nacl e in th e wilderness ,

caused un iversal j oy and brought t housands of w ill ing con

,

trib u to rs . A ll t h e o ther arrangemen t s we r e equally success ful .

When th e ches t was full it was carr ied in t o th e royal Office and , ,

opened in presence of th e k ing s scr ibe and th e h igh ’

pr ies t or h is r epresen ta tive when th e money was bound in t o ,

bags and we ighed to ascerta in th e e x ac t amoun t A n d t hey .

“

gave th e money that had been we ighed in to th e hands O f them

tha t did t h e work [ t ha t is t hem ] t ha t were appo in t ed for t h e ,
”
house O f Jehovah viz to super in tend th e bu ild ing opera tions
,
.
, .

Accord ing to 2 C hron xx iv 1 2 t hese were Levites and men . .

, ,

O f such t rus t ed cha r ac t e r t ha t it was deemed unnecessary t o

requ ire an accoun t of the ir d isbursemen t s to th e workmen

whom they employed The money was in th e firs t place .

e x clus ively devo ted to th e r epa ir o f th e Temple ( 2 K ings xii .

Bu t when t h is was comple t ed th e res t was u s e d for ,

th e purch a se of sac r ed vessel s for t h e se r v ice of th e Sanct u ary

( 2 Chron xx iv. And . it is spec ially ind ica t ed par t ly t o ,

Show t h e l iberal ity o f th e people and par tly th e e x ten t o f t h e ,

r el ig ious rev ival that all these con tr ibutions in no way d im i

,

n ish e d th e regular revenues o f t h e p r ies t hood 2 K ings xii I 6

(
1
) . .

1
law did t ass ign t th pri s ts any mon y i conn c tion w ith
Th e no o e e e n e

i o ff r ings
S n- e B t w in f r tha t it was th prac t i c tha t th pr i s t r c i v d
. u e e e e e e e e e

som mon y gift b s i d s th fl sh f th sacrific ( L i 5

e e -
e e e e o e e ev . V . 2
 yoa s h King of j u da h
<
‘
30 ,
.

idola try in Judah soon brough t in th e D iv ine order Of th ings , ,

it s na tional pun ishmen t Bu t here also D iv ine mercy firs t .

in t e rposed by admon itions and warn ings sen t t hrough H is

proph et s ( 2 Chron xx iv Among thes e we have probably
. .

t o include Joel whos e prophec ies were probably u tt ered in th e

,

per iod of hopeful rev ival wh ich charac ter ised th e firs t par t o f
t h e re ign of Joash Bu t now th e warn ings of th e prophe t s
.

wer e n ot only le ft unheeded : they called for th v iolen t oppo

s itiou S till prophe t s m igh t be borne w ith b e cause of the ir
.
,

e x trao r d inary m iss ion and message I t was o therwise when

—
.

t h e h igh pr ies t Zechar iah th e son

- — o r ra ther grandson 1
of , , ,

J eho iada s tand ing in h is o ffic ial capac ity in th e court of th e

,

p r ies ts addressed th e p eople ga there d benea th in th e lower

,

cour t speak ing in s im ilar language u nder th e overp ower ing ,

influence of th e Sp ir it of God The pr inces and p eople .

consp ired ; and at th e command Of th e k ing unm ind ful n ot ,

only o f h is du ty to God b u t even O f th e gra titude he owed t o ,

h is fo r m er pres e rver and couns e llor th e g r andson of Jeho iada ,

was s toned to dea th be tw e en th e t emple and th e al tar “

.

All th ings comb ined to m ark th is as a cr im e of no ord inary

gu ilt spec ially typ ical of wha t befell th e las t and g r ea tes t
,

Proph et of I srael th e Ch r is t of God Th e dea th infl ic ted on

, .

Zechar iah was tha t wh ich th e law had app o in ted for idola try
and blasph e my ( Lev xx 2 xx iv Thus th e m urder e rs of
. . .

th e h igh p r ies t as thos e of Chr is t unr igh t eously infl ict ed th e

-
, ,

pun ishmen t w hich was due t o th emselv e s Aga in in th e one .

,

cas e as in th e o ther th e cr im e was provoked by fa ith ful a dm o

,

mit ions and warn ings s e n t d irec tly of God I n bo th ins tances .

th e cr ime was na t ional th e rule r s and p eople hav ing equal par t ,

in it in bo th also it was connec t ed w ith t h e Temple and yet

, , ,

th e ou tcome of na tional apos tasy Las tly in bo th ins tances .

,

th e pun ishmen t was l ikew ise na tional Y et t here is marked .

1
Ma tt xxi ii 35
In . . he is
call d th son f B hi h
e From
e o ara c a .

th gr a t g
e f J ho iada
e a e o e at th ti m
e f h i d a th th r i v ry in t rnal
e o s e ,
e e s e e e

r ason f b l i v i ng tha t
e or e e he was succ d d t by hi son b t by h i
ee e , no s ,
u s

grandson .
 [r r up tion o f H a z a el .
31

d iffe r ence also For as Z e cha r iah d ied he sa id Jehovah

.
, ,
“
, ,

look upon it and r e qu ir e it wh ile our Lord wh e n re fe r r ing to

, ,

t h is ev e n t as parallel t o wha t was abou t t o b e fall H im impl ie d ,

no personal resen tmen t when H e u ttered t h is pred ic tion :

“
B ehold your hous e is left un t o you des olat e And yet .

fur ther unl ike th e words of Zechar iah those of Chr is t ended
, ,

n ot with j udgmen t b u t w ith th e prom ise of H is re turn in ,

mercy and th e prosp e ct of I sra el s rep e n tance ( Ma tt xx iii ’

. .

J ew ish t rad ition has pres erved al though with many ,

1
legendary add itions th e remembrance O f th is na tional crime , ,

fabl ing tha t th e blood of th e h igh pries t sp il t on th e Temple -

pav e men t coul d ne ithe r be w iped away nor be at res t b ut was ,

s till bubbl ing up when more than two and a half cen tur ies later
N eb u z a r—adan e nt ered th e Temple till God in H is mercy at ,

las t pu t it to res t afte r th e slaugh t er o f many pr ies t s .

The j udgm e n t pred icted upon Judah was n ot long delayed .

J o in ing t og ether th e no tices in th e B ooks of Chron icles and O f

K ings we learn that e x actly a y e ar a fter th e murder of Z ech a
,

r iah Hazael th e k ing of Syr ia m ade a v ic tor ious ra id in to

, , ,

Judah We canno t b e m is taken in connec ting th is w ith th e

.

e x ped ition o f th e k ing of D amascus in to th e northern k ingdom

of I srael ( 2 K ings x iii 3 7 H av ing conqu ered th e .
, ,

t e r r it ory eas t and subj ected that wes t o f th e Jordan when

, ,

G ilead spec ially suffer e d ( Am i Haza e l seems ne xt t o hav e . .

marched in t o Ph il is tine territory e ither for personal conques t ,

or perhaps even a t th e reques t of th e people The la tter .

1
s ory i told though w ith som variati ons bo th i th Babylon ia
Th e t s ,
e ,
n e n

Talmud ( Sanh 9 6 b ; G i t t 5 7 b ) and i th J rusal m T almud (J

. T aan . n e e e er . .

69 b ) also i n th M i drash on Eccl s and on Lam n t

a, ,
A ccord ing t
e e . e . o

J w i sh trad iti on th s i n had b n s v n fold th y had murd r d

e , e who ee e e e e e on e

was pr i s t proph t and judg th y h d innoc n t blood i n th cour t f

e , e , e e S e e e o

th T mpl
e eand it was th Sabba th and al so th D y f A ton m n t
e, e ,
e a o e e .

S th T arg m on Lam n t
ee e uI t d s rv s p c ial no t i c tha t th r e . 11. 20 . e e e S e e e e

Z chariah i s x ac tly as i n Ma tth w xx ii i 35 d s i gnat d th son f

e , e e .
, e e
“
e o

I ddo ( comp E v ; i who was r ally th grand fa th r f

”
. z r. . 1 V . e e e o

Z chariah and fath r f B h i h th fa th r s nam b i g om i tt d ( as

e ,
e o ar a c a , e e
’
e e n e

in G xx ix 5 ; Ki ngs i
en . p haps b caus Z char i ah su c d d
. 2 x. er e e e c ee e

I ddo ( N h ii 4 e . x .
,
3 2 Y oa sh King of 7 n da h
, .

s eems sugges ted as we shall see al ike by th e s iege and c ap tur e

, ,

o f Ga th and by th e conj unc t ion o f th e Ph il is tine c ities w it h

,

H azael in th e prophec ies o f Am os ( i 6 1 0 comp also vi .

-
. .

These imply tha t th e Ph il is tine c ities h a d been consp icuou s

by the ir t raffic in th e cap tives who m Hazael had taken in
Jud aea .

The varying h is tory of Ga th deserves sp ec ial no tic e I n th e .

re ign of Solomon it se e ms t o have had a k ing of its own ,

al though apparen tly under th e suzera in ty O f Jud aea ( 1 K ings ii .

D ur ing th e re ign of Rehoboam th e son and successor ,

of Solomon Ga th is men tioned as one of th e c ities fo r tified

,

for th e defence of J udah ( 2 Chron xi The suzera in ty of

. .

Judah over Ph il is tia seems to have con tinued up to th e time

O f Jehoshapha t ( 2 Chron x vii . .W e have no means of
j udg ing how th e Egyp tian e x ped it ion in th e time of Asa
affec ted th e la ter cond ition o f Ph il is tia b u t we know tha t in
th is as in o ther hos til e a tt acks upon Judah th e Ph il is tines
, ,

t ook an ac tive par t ( 2 Chron xxi 1 6. . O n all these,

grounds it seems l ikely that th e na tive popula tion of Ga th ,

apparen tly th e only City held by Judah had called in th e a id of ,

th e Syr ians on t he ir occupa tion of t he k ingdom of I srael and ,

t ha t t h is had been th e occas ion for th e s iege O f Ga t h by

Hazael From Ga th to J erus alem th e d is tance is only abou t
.

th ir ty m iles and th e de fea t of th e Jud aean garr ison in th e

,

Ph il is tine for tress was na turally followed by an incurs ion of Jud aea
proper Al though th e Sy r ian force was numerically mu ch in fer ior
.

t o tha t of Judah th e army of Joash was defea t ed w ith heavy

,

losses These no tably included th e des truction Of thos e

.

“
princes who had been leaders in th e movemen t tha t ended in
th e murder of Zechar iah The B ook of Chron icles ( xx iv 2 4 )
. .

is careful to mark th e hand o f God in a defea t wh ich formed

s o s tr ik ing a con tr a s t to th e V ic to r y wh ich th e L O R D had g iven t o
Asa w ith an army gr e a tly infer ior t o h is en e m ies ( 2 Ch r on xiv 9 . .
,

etc ) And yet t h is was only th e beg inn ing ofj u dgm en t u p o n J o a sh
. .

Accord ing to th e accoun t in th e B ook of K in gs ( 2 K ings xii .

J oash bough t O ff th e cap ture O f h is cap ital by hand ing to th e

 M u r der o f th e King .
33

conqueror all th e hallowed th ings of th e Temple 1 and th e

t reasures O f th e palace .

The w ithd r awal o f th e Syr ian army under cond itions so ,

d isas trous and hum il ia ting to Judah was th e s ignal for in ,

t e rnal t r oubl e s J oash lay s ick and suffer ing p e r h aps in c o n se

.
,

q u e n c e of wounds in th e cas t ella t ed palace M illo

z
( 1 K i
,
ngs
ix . when he fell a v ictim to a palace consp ir acy Two of .

h is s e r van t s mu r d e red him as he lay in h is bed The B o o k of

3
.

Ch r on icl e s traces h is fat e to th e murder of th e son [ grandson] 4 “

of Jeho iada — n o t indeed in th e sense of t h is hav ing been

”
, ,

th e mo tive of th e consp ira t o r s b u t as mark ing th e real cause ,

of h is trag ic end N O doub t th e consp iracy it sel f was due to .

th e unpopula r ity wh ich th e k ing had incurred in consequence

o f th e success ive na tional d isas ters wh ich mark e d th e close o f
h is re ign And even thos e who had mos t w ished t o see th e
.

s ternness of Jehovah worsh ip rela x ed in favour of th e serv ice of -

B aal mus t hav e fel t tha t a ll th e n a tional calam ities had been
connec ted w ith th e murd e r of Zechariah in th e Temple wh ich ,

they would impu t e t o th e k in g Thus n ot only rel igio n b u t .

, ,

supers tition also would be arrayed aga ins t J oash Even h is ,

.

1
Th e qu s tion why if th T mp l poss ss d so many valuabl s a
e , e e e e e e ,

co c on had t b mad f it n c ssary r pairs i s asily answ r d by

l le ti o e e or s e e e , e e e

th e cons id ra tion tha t th sal v n f such a purpos f th ings hallow d

e e e e e or e o e

would hav b n look d upon as sacri l g Th th ings ha llow d by pr v i ous

e ee e e e . e e e

k i ngs ( K ings ii 2 and wh ich A thal iah and h sons had r mov d f
x . er e e or

th s rv ic
e e f Baal w r no doub t r s tor d t th T mp l on th acc ss ion
e o , e e e e o e e e e e

o f Joash .

2
Th x pr ss ion
e e as go th down t Sil l a ( Kings
e , pro on e e o 2 x11 .

bably mark s a local ity b t i d ifficul t f x plana tion ,

u s o e

3
Th d i ff r nc i th nam s i
e e e K ings e and Chron
n e e n 2 XI I . 2 1 2 .

xx iv 6 i as ily x p la in d Th firs t am i
2 s e eK ings Jo achar i i e e n e n 2 z s n
—
. .
, ,

2 Chron Zabad th in itia l

.
J — J hovah,
b i ng ( as
e as ly p rc i v d )
“
0
”
e e e i e e e

dropp d and th Zachar ( 1 3 3 ) b com ing by a cl rical rror Zabad

e , e e ,
e e ,

Th nam f th mo th r f th s cond f th murd r rs i

e e o e e o e e o e e e s

g iv n i Chron i th ful l r form f Shim ith W w t th accoun t

e n . n e e o r . e o e o e

i Chron th no tic
n f th na t i onal ity f th t w mo th rs
. e e o e O e o e .

4
Th plura l sons f J ho i ada i Chron xx iv v id n ya ”
e 5 i o t l e n 2 2 s e e

cl rical rror—DD f 13 S lso th LXX and V u l g

, , . .
,

“ “

e e or . o a e . .
34 ff ehoa /z a z ,
Kin g f
o I s r a el .

mu r de r pr odu ce d no re v u io n ls
in popular f e el in g . J oa h s

b ur ie d in inde e d c itv o f Da vid ” 1

the
“
w as ,
1 1
1
n or in th e
”
s epulchr es o f th e kin g s
1
.

C H A PT E R I I I .

3 03 5 11, ( ( Eiuht h ) Tsin u Emb ah 5 5 11 03 1 3 an h 3 5 11 03 l of . 1

5

( T
i melfi h a n h T hi r teen t h )i g
t in s o f f a t a l .

Accession o f J eh oah az —Chr cn s lcgy cff his Reign

’

th e Period —Char acter o

— Wars with Syria— Th e Assyr ian Als n um sn ts —Th e Pf- ay er cf J eh oah az

an d it s An s war —Re ar r a ngem en t of th e Text —Spir it ual Lesson s of this

istory —Accessis n cf J eh aas — Th e D y n a st

y cf J eh u an d Re versal of
th e Pclicy cf Ah a b —Th e n e w Relatis n to th e Pr s p hets Exp la natisn cf
-

ii— Th e Three F un dam en tal Prin ciples in th e b ear in g cf th e Pr cp h s fs

—Las t ln ter riew b et n sen J eb oe s an d Elisha —Its Les s s n s—Th e
Mir acle after Elish a s D eath— Victories orer
'

Syr ia .

reign of J o h ki g o f J u dah e xt en ded o v er t h e n u

HE as n
.

us u a llv l o n g p erio d o f f o rt y y ear s A cce din z t o th e :

t hr o n e in t h e s eve n t h y ear o f J e h u kin g o f I sr el h e su r vived ,

a
,

n o : o n lv t h t m o n a r ch an d his so n an d s u cc e s s o r I eh oah az
a
b ut .
,

al o wit n es s e d t h e acc essio n o f J eh oa h Acco r di g t o th e Bib

s s .
n

l ca l t e xt J ehu w as foll ow e d o n th e t hr on e O f I srael b y J eho a h a z

i
.
,

h is s o n in th e t w en tv t hir d or m ore St rict ly sp e akin g in t h e

.
-
.
,

1
RE :H :
: “ r a n g:
“

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.
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a m
J -
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Sa w ee n ta e
a r
0. J o s h
—
, I “ n I

—e
.

an a
~
h _= c o
R
He !

LE S
I . G

L e
L
e y o k
'
o

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o

Ic
k
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1
k i n g d m
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s o c na Ls
s er v a m s c e s
. on
‘

u
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5
e y c s e 0. h a s m
1

e : lea s H
h v g
o wh L
e owea
-‘
. 3

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fi
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OA
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-
fl

a a : O (1 1 1
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s
a
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th
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1

[a b
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en ee m n e G5 e r v 0 v1 3 11 01
q

: n S
n i L a o t th a . . . 4 ,

s
e
rv a n s b ee h e Wa s
a a “
?

3
9 a l e s 2 or a R E DT
- .

on y w lv y s l
t e e ear .
 Ligh t f r om A ssy r ia n JWon u n z en ts .
35

tw e n ty fir st yea r o f J o a sh k ing o f J u dah H is r e ign wh ich las te d

-
,
.
1
,

s ev e n te en yea r s was a p e r iod of incessan t wa rfa re with S yr ia

, ,

and o f cons tan t and inc r eas ing hum il ia tion t o I s r a el Th e .

h is t ory is ve r y b riefly ind ica ted in th e B ook o f K ings which is ,

chiefly conc e r ned in mark ing th e deepe r sp ir itual r e asons fo r

th e disas t e r s O f I s r ael in th e inc r eas ing apos tasy o f k ing and

people Bu t welcom e l igh t is thr o wn on th e b r ie f de tails o f

.

political h is to r y fu rnished in th e B ibl ical accoun t by wha t we

r ead on th e As syr ian m onumen t s I t will be r em emb e r ed tha t .

th e S yrian conques t o f I s r aelit ish t err it ory ha d b e gu n du r ing th e

1
comparison f Kings xiii ( th t w n ty th ird y ar w ith
A o 2 . 1
“
e e -
e v er . 1 0,

th thir ty s v n th f Joash
e shows tha t th s t w numb rs
-
e e o i m e e o e ar e n co

pa ti bl — sinc if J hoaha acc d d i th tw n ty third y ar f Joa h and

e e, e z e e n e e -
e o s ,

r ign d s v n t n y ars th acc s i on f h i s

e e e e ee could t hav tak n
e ,
”
e es o 5 0 11 no e e

plac i th thir ty s v n th b t i th f f ti th or i th thirty ni th y ar

e n e -
e e ,
u n e o e n e -
n e

f th l g f Judah t h r n t ri g in t o th con trov rsy w hi ch

'
’
o e I Vith
n n o . ou e e e e n e e

o f th s t w da t s hould b
e e corr c t d ” w assum w i th Jos phus
o e S e
“
e e , e e e

( A t i 8 5 ) tha t th acc ss i on f J hoaha f I sra l r ally t ook plac

n . x .
, e e o e z o e e e

i n th tw n ty fi t y ar e f Jo sh king f Judah
e -
rs eA on any th o y”
o a , o . s, e r

f th compos i tion f th Books f Kings th man i f s t d i scr pancy b

‘

o e o e o e e e e
,

tw n th num rals i v r
ee e d could t hav scap d th w r it r
e n e s . I an 10 no e e e e e ,

th r mus t b
e e som plana tion f it al hough i n th abs nc f d fin i t
e e ex O ,
t e e e o e e

mat rials it i s impo s ibl t propos any wi th absolu t confid nc Poss i bly
e , s e o e e e e .

t h econc ili a tion may li t i n an rror f t anscrip tion ( 2 5 f N 5 )e, no e o r or

b t i n th p c liar mod
u ef c lcu la ting th y ars f a r i gn i Judah
e u e o a e e O e n

( from th mon th N i ) ed ifi i g from t ha t ob t a in i

sang i n I sra l I any er n n e . n

ca th occur nc f a d i scr pancy which canno t ra ti onally b a ttribu t d

s e, e re e o e e e

t i gnoranc
o on th part f th wri t r hould m k us car ful i n
e e i o e e ,
S a e e our h

f er en c esabou t o th r ch onologi al difli lti f wh i ch as y t no ad qua t

e r c cu es , or e e e

solu ti on has b n found I t by no m ans f ollows tha t furth r r s arch s

ee . e e e e e

w ill t bring such t

no l i gh t Th is r mark appl i s sp c i ally t th o . e e e e o e

r la tion b tw n th ch onolo gy f th B i b lical docum n ts and tha t

e e ee e r o e e

on th A ssyrian monum n ts wh ich ad m i tt dly i t lways absolu t ly

e e ,
e s no a e

x ac t ( H r og s R l E y hl
e see w d i t i on vol X V I I p
e z
’
ea - Such nc .
, ne e ,
. .
, .

prosp c t f fu tu conc i liati on s ms t us th mor l i k ly from th c i rcum

e o re ee o e e e e

s tanc ( lully xp lain d i n th Ch onologi c l N o t A V l V I f th i s H i s tory

e e e e r a e ,
o . . o ,

pp 4 6) tha t th tw chronologi s g as t th da t f th fall f

. 2 1 -
2 1 e o e a ree o e e o e o

Samari a ( 7 B O th o th r hand w hav th c rious ph nom non

22 n e e ,
e e e u e e

t ha t th d i ff r nc s b t w n th m f th p riod b for tha t v n t

.

e e e e e ee t e or e e e e e e are n o

un i form d p rm n n t b t vary as t diE t r igns wh i l w mark th

an e a e ,
u o e r en e e e e

s till mor curious fac t t hat i n th dat f v n ts af r th fall f Samaria

e e e o e e te e o

( as t wh i ch o bo t h chronolog i s agr ) th r i s a d i v r g nc f t h ir t n y ars e ee e e e e e o ee e

36 yehoa ha e Kin g of I s r a el , .

r e ign of J ehu T h e B ib l ical no t ice of t hese success ive con

.
‘

q u e s t s b y Hazael ( 2 K ings x 3 2 3 3 ) is probably some .

,

wh a t gc n c ra l a n d n o t confined only to th e t im e o f J e h u
,
in t .

th e r e c o rds on t h e Assy r ian m o num e n ts s h o w tha t H azael was

a t wa r w ith th e pow e r fu l e mp ir e o f Assyr ia de fe a te d and , ,

ob lig e d to e n tr e a t p e ac e u n de r h um il ia ting cond itions They .

also r e co r d tha t J ehu h a d pa id tr ibu te to th e powe r ful k in g o f

As s y r ia—mo r e s tr ic tly tha t h e h ad en te r e d in to a t r ibu tary ,

all iance w ith tha t em pire 2

W h en p e ac e was co n cluded b e tween .

As syr ia and H a z a e l t h e la tte r s e e ms to have tu rn e d h is whol e ,

fo r c e aga ins t th e k in g dom o f I s r a e l as a ll ie d to A ssy r ia By a .

s e r ie s o f V ic to r ie s H aza e l g r a dually poss e ssed h ims elf of t h e ,

w h o le coun try cas t o f th e J o r dan Thenc e du r ing th e r e ign of .

,

J ehoa h a z b e e x te nd e d h is con qu e s ts over th e Isra el it ish te r r ito r y

,

w e s t of th e J o r da n t ill in th e j u dgm en t o f God th e army o f

3
, , ,

t h e k in g o f ls ra c l ga th e r e d t og e th e r in Sama r ia as th e las t s tro n g

,

h o ld c a m c to b e r e duc e d to
,
fifty hors e m en t e n c h ar io ts a n d “
,

T h e r e s t—in th e e x p r e ss ive languag e

,

4 ”
te n th ou sand foo t m c n .

(s ec chra d r d [( ili h
S d A T
e , d dition p. For as
e
n sc r . u . . . .
, 2 n e , .
,

s u redly wh n th t w a gr
, as t th fal l f Samari a it s ms almos t
e e o ee o e o , ee

impos ibl tha t th r should

s e t b a r asonabl x p lana ti on or conc il ia ti on
e e no e e e e , ,

o f da t s subs qu n t t
e it Th u t t r groun dl ssn ss f th bol d
e e n ti r
o . e e e e o e ,
e e

r j c tion by c r ta in writ rs f th chrono log i cal no tic s i th B i bl ical

e e e e o e e n e

boo k s has b n abundan tl y prov d by K amphaus n and Ri hm ( Il g

ee e e e s ee e rz o
’
s

R lEea - p n c. W x pr ss th mor con f d n tly our i ws on

, a s . e e e e e i e V e

th is po i n t tha t p rsona lly w a ttach l i ttl in tr i ns i c impor tanc t such

e e e e o

po i n ts s p c ially wh r as i n num rals rrors so as ily cr p i Although

, e e e e, e , e e ee n .
,

as h i n t d no so lu tion h ith r to pro pos d has sa tisfi d us w may call

e , e e e , e

a tt n tion t an a tt mp t i tha t dir c tion i th Ch h Q t ly

e o e n e n e urc u a r er

R iw f
ev e January 886 For th li t ra tur f th subj c t and a full
or , 1 . e e e o e e

discuss ion f it a lthough from th G rman po in t f V i w w r f r t th

o , e e o e , e e e o e

A t Z it
r . h g (ealr ady m
r ecn t ion d ) i
nun V l X f th w d i tion e f e e n o . V11 . o e ne e o

l le rco g s It ea l-E n cy lcl

’ ’
.

1
C omp h is lli t y p
. V ol . v1 . of t s or , . 2 12 .

th inscr iptions r cording th A ssyr ian v ic tor i s and th tribu t f

2
S ee e e e e e e o

J hu i S chrad r
e , n pp 7— e ,
u s . .
, . 20 2 10 .

Th subj c t i
3
K ings x iii 7 h )i J hovah and t H a a l
e e n 2 . e s e ,
no z e .

W no t th s pr c is d ta il s as mar k ing pr c is and accura t docu

4
e e e e e e e ,
e e e

m n tary in forma tion

e .
3 8 Y eh oa h a z , King o f i s r a el

t ime of Jehoahaz! may be r a ther of a general charac ter ( see

ve r s 2 2 and 2
. I n any cas e t h e con t inuous h is tor ical no tices ,

or e x trac ts recommence w ith ver 7 wh ich desc r ibes th e de

,
.
,

p r e ssed cond ition o f th e k ingdom under J ehoahaz wh ile v e rs 8 , .

and 9 record in th e usual fo r m th e d e a th of J ehoahaz and th e

, ,

access ion of h is son J ehoash ( or J oash ) Thus as already ,

.
,

s ta ted vers 5 and 6 if n o t also ver 4 form an in te r cala ted

,
.
,
.
,

no tice t ell ing o n th e one hand how Go d had heard th e prayer of

, -

J ehoaha z by ra is ing up a saviour to I s r ael ( ver and on ”

.
,

t h e o ther hand how t h is grac iou s in te rpos ition did n o t really

,

affect th e sp ir itual s ta te of I srael ( ver They n o t only con .

t in u e d in th e s ins of J eroboam b u t there s t ood th e Ashe r ah 2 “

,

also in S amar ia Th is paren the tic no tice mu s t b e cons idered

.
”

as of a general ch arac te r : th e sav iour ra ised up be ing in “ ”

th e firs t place J ehoash ( ver and fi nally and fully J e roboam .

I I ( 2 K ings x iv 2 5 S im ila r ly th e accoun t o f I srael s ’

. .

degenera t e rel ig ious cond ition in 2 K ings x iii 6 mus t be .

regarded as a general descr ip tion and n o t confined to e ither ,

4
th e re ign of J ehoahaz t ha t of J ehoash or tha t of Jeroboam II , , .

Las tly the graph ic e x press ion th e ch ildren o f I srael dwel t in

, ,
“

t en t s as be fore times li as yes erday and h h rd day )

“
( i ”
t t t e t .

s in tended t o recall th e p r im itive happy days

( th e day be f ore ) i , ,

th e idea be ing tha t so thorough was th e del iverance from th e

Syrians tha t I srael once more dwel t in perfec t security as in
olden times .

Bu t th e paren thes is in verses 5 and 6 is n o t th e only one in

h
t i s chap t er The br ief no tice in
. vers 1 0 —1 3 of th e access ion .

of Jehoas h th e c h arac ter of h is re ign h is dea th and h is suc

, , ,

1 nd d many in t rpr t rs und rs tand th words all th days ( A V

I ee ,
e e e e e e . .

ll th i days
a e r as m an i ng ll th days f J hoaha B t th is s ms
e a e o e z . u ee

to m t a na t ura l H br w cons truc ti on

e no e e .

2
O th n l asc i v i ous worsh i p and r it s f A sh rah or A s tart
e e o e , e, se e

V l o . f th i s H i s tory p
V . o 5 8 and also chap t r X ; and f a fu l l
, . 1 , e IV . or

accoun t f it Ri h m H d We t b d Bihl A lt pp
o , e
’
s —
5 an -
r er . . . . 1 . . I II II .

3Mark sp c ially th x pr ss i on h sav d th m i

e e 7
e e e ,
“
e e e ,
”
n ver . 2 .

4
Th i s d i spos s f th con trov rsy wh th r th A sh rah s tood i n th tim
e o e e e e e e e e

o f J hoaha
e was on l y t up i tha t f J roboam I I
z , or se n o e .
 Th e P r ay er f yeh oa ha z
o .
39

cess ion by Jeroboam I I s e ems derived from th e same h is tor ical

.
,

record fr om wh ich th e e qually br ief p r e v ious accoun t of

J ehoahaz had been taken I t is followed in vers 1 4 —2 1 by a
. .

paren the tic accoun t of wha t occu rr ed in connec tion w ith th e

dea th of El isha th e p r oph e t de r iv e d we would v e n tu r e to, ,

sugg e s t from ano ther sou r ce ; p e r haps a na rr a tive o f th e l iv e s

,

and ac tiv ity o f El ij ah and El isha l

W ith th is th e w r iter con .

n ec ts ( in verses 2 2 —2
5) wha t really resumes and fully car r ie s
o u t t h e more summary r emarks in vers —
4 6 Las tly in chap ter . .
,

xiv .
,
t e h s to r y of J ehoash
h i — wh ich had only been ou tl ined
in x iii 9 — 1 3 — is taken up in de ta il and con tinued and t h is in
.
,

connection w ith th e h is to r y o f Judah be ing p e r haps de r ived ,

fr om th e annals of Judah as th e prev ious br ie f record may

,

h ave been e x trac t ed from those o f I sra e l .

V ie w ing th is h is tory fr om ano ther and h igher s tandpo in t ,

we ma r k th e r e ad iness of th e Lo r d in H is mercy to l is ten to

th e e n trea ty of J ehoahaz welcom ing as it were eve r y s ign of
, , ,

repen tance and by H is del iverance in response to it e n c ou

, ,

rag ing a full re turn to H im showing also tha t prosper ity or

“

d isas te r depended on th e r ela tion of th e people t owards H im .

And assuredly no be tter ev idence could be affo r ded us tha t even

in our far thes t decl ine we may s till turn to God nor yet tha t ,

p r ay er even by J ehoahaz and in tha t s ta t e of I srael— shall

—
,

n o t rema in unanswe r ed Y et though th e prayer was im m e di

.
,

a tely hea r d as in th e j udgmen t pronounced upon Ahab ( I K ings

,

xxi 2 7 . its im m ed ia t e man ifes ta tion was delayed These .

are p r ec ious p r actical lessons to all time and th e mo r e valuable ,

tha t they a r e in such en t ir e acco r dance w ith God s deal ings as

’

declared in o the r par ts of Revelation e x hib iting th e harmony ,

and inward un ity of H oly Scr ip ture And even as regards th e .

ou twa r d s truc ture o f th is na r ra tive its ve r y wan t o f ar tis tic ,

connec tion only insp ires us w ith g r ea ter confidence in its

t r us twor th iness as n o t concoc t ed b u t appa r e n tly s tr ung t og e ther
,

fr om e x trac ts o f e x is ting h is to r ical documen ts .

1
Th e exi s tenc e o f such a b iograph ica l wor k was sugg e s ted in V o l V I . .

pp . 12 1, 122 .
40 f7 eh0a s h King of I s r ael
, .

J ehoah az was succeeded on th e throne of I srael by h is son

J ehoash ( or Joash ) whose re ign e x tended over s ix teen yea r s
,

( 2 K ings x iii IO . Rel ,

ig iously i t was l ike t ha t of h is ,

fa ther marke d by con tinuance in th e s ins of J eroboa m th e

,
“
,

son o f N eb at I ndeed as prev iously s ta t ed th is r e tu r n to th e

.
, ,

rel ig ious pol icy of th e founder of th e nor thern k ingdom sup ,

pl ies th e e xplana tion o f th e adm in is tration o f J ehu and of th e ,

popular reac tion aga ins t th e hous e of Ahab wh ich he r epr e

sen ted and headed Of th is un ifor m pol icy we find an in
.

dicatio n even in th e name J eroboam wh ich th e son an d ,

successor of J ehoas h bore There was th is o ther con tinu ity als o
.
,

tha t th e monarchy founde d by J ehu or ig ina ting in a m il itary ,

revolu tion con tinued a m il itary rul e under h is successors

, .

Th is appears fr om th e all iances w ith Assyr ia from th e con ,

t in uou s and finally successful wars w ith Sy r ia dur in g th e wh ole

of th is dynas ty and las tly from th e war w ith Amaz iah k ing of
, ,

Judah ( 2 K ings x iii I n th is as in th e abol ition of Ah ab s

.
,
’

rel igiou s ins titu tions we ob serve a reversal of th e pol icy o f th e

,

de throned house Nor can we b e m is taken in ascr ib in g t o th e

.

la tt er cause th e new fr iendly relations w ith th e servants of

Jehovah and especially H is prophe ts wh ich th e new dynas ty
, ,

sought to inau gura t e Almos t th e firs t act of J ehu had been

.

t o inv it e Jehonadab th e son o f Rechab t o make publ ic en try

, ,

w ith h im in t o Samaria and to w itnes s h is zeal for J ehovah

,

( 2 K ings x . Almos t h is firs t publ ic measure had been

th e des truc tion of th e t emple of B aal wit h its pr ies t s and wor ,

sh ippers ( 2 K ings x 1 8 Even th e slaugh ter of th e

.

descendan t s of Ahab and of th e pr inces of Judah ( 2 K ings x .

—
1 3,
14
) m igh t b e impu t ed t o t h e sam e mo t ives at leas t by a

people in th e rel igiou s cond ition of I srael The sam e fee lings .

may b e t raced in th e repen tan t prayer of Jehoahaz ( 2 K ings

x iii . and las tly in th e v is it of Jehoash t o th e dea thbed o f
El ish a ( 2 K ings x iii .

I t is ano ther and a more ser ious ques tion how th e rela tion of
t hese servan t s of Jehovah and espec ially o f El isha t owa r ds
a dynas ty s t ained by so many cr imes and s o unfa ithful to th e ,
 Th e Pr ophets in I s r a el .
41

t r ue service Lo r d is to be e xpla ined It cer ta inly

of th e , .

canno t be unders tood w ithou t t ak ing s eve r al cons ide r a tions

in to accoun t The s ituation was n ot s imple b u t compl ica ted
.
, ,

and acco r d ingly th e mo t ives influenc ing th e conduct o f th e

prophe ts wer e varied and if one s idedly viewed may for that , ,
-
,

very reason appear confl icting Th e se three cons idera tions .

may however help us to unders tand t he ir general bea r ing

, , .

F irs t th e prophe t s were always only th e e x ecu tors of God s

,
’

behes ts 5 they s tood n ot in any independen t p e r sonal rela tion

to even t s or ind ividuals Secondly th e behes t s of God and .
, ,

consequen tly th e prophetic comm is s ion whe ther as regarded ,

j udgment or del iverance appl ied to act s and ind iv idual even ts , ,

n ot t o persons or l ives T hirdly th e final obj ect of all was on.

, ,

th e one hand th e v ind ica t ion of J ehovah s deal ings and on

’
, , ,

th e o ther th e arres ting of I srael s sp ir itual and w ith it of

’
, ,

t he ir national decl ine I t was need ful that s ignal j udgmen t s -

.

should sweep away Ahab and all connected with h is ways and ,

J ehu was in th e c ircums tances of th e t ime and in th e s tat e o f

,

th e people th e mos t su itable ins trumen t for it

,
Thus far and .
,

thus far only had his coun t er r evolu tion th e coun t enance of
,
-

th e prophe t s Aga in it was in accordance with th e D ivine

.
,

purpos e of mercy t hat th e firs t ind ica tion of any sp ir itual c om

prehens ion of God s j udgmen t s should be welcomed and ’

encouraged Hence th e prayer of J ehoahaz was heard hence

.
,

also and in further pursuance of th e prom ise of del ive r ance

, ,

th e in t erv iew be tween th e k ing and th e dy ing prophe t as w ell ,

as th e pred iction o f Jonah th e son o f Am itta i ( 2 K ings xiv ,

.

Nor mus t we overlook in all this th e human aspect of th e

ques tion The prophe ts were indeed fi r s t and foremos t God s
.
’

messengers ; b u t they were al so true pa trio ts and in tensely ,

national and th is n ot desp ite b u t rather because o f th eir o ffice

, ,
.

Any national reac tion any poss ible prospect of na tional re tu r n ,

to God mus t have had the ir warmes t sympa thy and rec eived th e ir
,

mos t heart y encouragemen t I n shor t whenev e r they could .

, ,

t hey would mos t read ily r ange t hemselves on th e s ide o f th e ir

peopl e and its rulers They would c o opera te whenever an d .
-

D
4 2 fiehoa s h K ing of I s r a el
f
, .

in what soever they m igh t ; and only pro tes t warn and denounce , ,

when they mus t And a cons ideration al ike of th e bear ing of

.

Jehonadab ( comp V ol V I p and again of El isha mus t

. . .
,
.
,

conv ince that as the ir c o operation was never w ithheld when -

it m igh t be g iven so it was never e x tended to t hat wh ich was

,

e ither wrong in itself or incons is tent w ith the ir sp iritual

1
m iss ion .

I f ev idence were requ ired of what has j us t been s tat ed it ,

would b e found in th e las t int erview be tween J ehoash th e k ing ,

o f I srael and El isha ,

Fort y five years had elapsed s ince th e .
-

ano inting of J ehu and as El isha was grown up even dur ing th e
,

re ign of Ahab ( 1 K ings xix he mus t have atta ined a ve r y .

advanced age S trange as it may seem we have n ot any

.
,

record of h is publ ic activ ity dur ing th e for ty five yea r s tha t had -

passed s ince Jehu s access ion I t is imposs ible t o det erm ine’
.

whe ther or n ot some of h is r ecorded m igh ty deeds had been

done dur ing t h is lengthened period al though inse r ted in t h is ,

h is t ory withou t regard t o chronolog ical order hav ing been ,

e xtracted from a separa t e b iograph ical rather than h is tor ical

work Or his activity may n o t have been of so publ ic a cha
.

ra ct er or it may n ot have requ ired record in th e gene r al h is tory

of I srael or t hrough h im may have come th e message to Jehu
2 K ings x h i
( and aft erwards
. t e mpulse wh ich led t o t h e

prayer of Jehoahaz .

Res id ing in Samar ia El ish a could n ot even as regards , ,

h is prophe tic o ffice have fallen o u t of publ ic v iew s ince , , ,

on tid ings of his las t fa tal illness Jehoash at once has tened ,

1
mp t d t say tha t th k ings f I sra l mus t hav found th s
O n e is t e e o e o e e e e

proph ts x c d i ngly impracti cabl p rsons —fail i ng th m jus t wh n i n th i r

e e ee e e e e e

spiritual duln ss th y had r ck on d upon find ing th m on th i r s i d I

e e e e e e e . n

t r th
u t h y und rs tood
, e t any f th princ ipl s abov ind ica t d and
e no o e e e e ,

look d f abso lu t p rsonal support on th ground f th ir suppor t f

e or e e e o e o

c r ta in ac ts and fac ts It r qu ir d sp iritua l d isc rnm n t t und rs tand tha t

e . e e e e o e

th proph ts w r
e ith r pol i tica l par tisans nor po l itica l ppon n ts b t
e e e ne e O e , u

m igh t i turn b i th r or b th I th s c ircums tanc s w n d t

n e e e o . n e e e e ee no

wond r that c rta in mod rn cr i tics und rs tand th proph ts no b tt r than

e e e e e e e e

did th k ings f Isr l

e o ae .
 Dea th heel of Elis ha
-
.
43

to h is s ide Nor on th e o ther hand could we imag ine

.
1
, ,

t h is h is t ory t o have om itt ed all re ference t o th e dea t h o f

El isha nor yet that th e prophe t should have departed
withou t some publ ic admon ition for good or pledge of J ehovah s ’

near del iverance o f I srael I ndeed had it been o therw ise .

, ,

th e v ictory over Syr ia com ing s o long after th e prayer of ,

Jehoahaz m ight have been impu ted to th e prowess of J ehoash

, ,

and n o t to th e answer of God .

It would be d ifficul t t o imag ine a more s tr ik ing con tras t than -

be tween th e bear ing of th e you thful k ing o f I srael and tha t o f

th e aged dy ing prophe t El isha is full o f confidence and .

courage wh ile Jehoash is overwhelmed ra ther w ith conce r n

,

than w ith gr ief at th e impend ing dea t h of th e prophe t weep s ,

”
“
over his face and addresses him : M y fa ther my fa ther !
, ,

th e cha r io t of I srael and th e horsemen t hereof ! The lan ”

,

guage is th e same as that of El isha h imself on th e removal o f

El ij ah ( 2 K ings ii b u t u ttered in a sp ir it very d ifferen t
.

2
from his The k ing s was language of respec tful a ffe c tion
.
’

indeed b u t also of unbel ie f as if with th e removal of El isha s

, ,
’

p r esence from amongs t them th e defence and m ight o f I srael

had ce a sed V ery d ifferen t also from th e bear ing o f El isha
.

when his mas ter had been taken from h im was tha t of Jehoash .

Then th e firs t a ct of El isha had been one of fa ith tha t dared

th e u tmos t when w ith th e man tle fallen from h is mas t er s
’
,

shoulders he smo te th e wa ters o f Jordan and they parted ,

h ither and th ither On th e o ther hand almos t th e fi r s t a ct o f

.
,

Jehoash in view o f th e depar ture of his mas ter was one o f

unbel ie f that in coward ice shrunk back even with in sound of
, ,

th e prophe t s e x press d irections and o f th e accompany ing

’

assurance of prom ised D ivine help S o th e sam e words .

have a very d ifferen t mean ing in th e mou ths o f d ifferen t

persons nor is there sa fe ty in any mere formula however
, ,

1
C am down u to h i m Th x p r ss ion impl i s as K ings v i 33
e n . e e e e , 2 .
,

tha t th e hous f El isha i Samaria ( K ings v 9 i 3 )was t th bo tto m

e o n 2 . v . 2 a e

o f th e h l on wh i ch th c ity was bu i l t
il e .

2
See V l f th is H is tory p
o . VI . o , . 1 00 .
44 7 eh0a ha z ,
King f
o I s r a el .

sacred or sanctioned I n th is also th e le tter k ille th b u t th e

.
,

Sp ir it make th al ive .

Al ike in tr ins ically and in v iew o f th e cond ition o f th e k ing

, ,

as also fo r a las ting record t o I s r ael it was need ful tha t th e ,

prophe t should befo r e h is depar ture once more give e mphatic

t es timony t o Jehovah empha tic confirma tion also o f H is
,

p r om is e and encourag e men t t o I srael

,
S o would h is dy ing .

words becom e a p ermanen t message to th e people and n ot ,

only sum up and seal b u t s o t o speak perpe tuat e h is whole

, , ,

m iss ion It was in accordance with almos t un iform prophe tic

.

cus tom ( comp 1 K ings xi 2 9 —3 2 ; I sa xx 2 , J er x iii 1 ;

. . . .
,
. .

E z ek iv 1 and o thers ) and also bes t su ited t o th e cond ition o f

. .
, ,

th e k ing and th e c ircums t ances of th e case t ha t th is message ,

should b e j o ined to a symbol ic a ct as its s ign It would be .

imposs ible t o m isunders t and it when El isha bad e J ehoash t ak e ,

bow and arrows and pu t h is hand upon th e bow wh ile th e ,

prophe t h imself la id h is hands upon t ha t of th e k ing And when .

t h is had been done th e w indow t owards th e eas t wa s opened

, ,

o r r a ther its lattice r e moved and th e k ing at El isha s co m mand

, ,
’

sho t th e arrow Towards th e eas t was Syria in shoo ting th e

.

a r row th ither th e k ing of I srael was acting at th e d irection

, ,

and w ith th e symbol ically assured help ing Presence o f th e

L O R D And so it mean t : An arrow of salva tion [
. del iver
“

ance ] of J ehovah [ th e del iverance be ing H is] and an arrow o f

salvation fro m [ agains t over] Syr ia t o wh ich th e p ro ph etic
,

prom ise was immed ia tely added : For thou sha lt sm ite Syria “

in Aphek t o des truc tion [ comple te an n ih ilation J ”

The la tter .

s tatemen t it need scarcely be sa id refer r ed only t o th e Syr ian

, ,

hos t at Aphek s in ce th is firs t was followed by o ther v ictor ies

, .

Bu t Aphek was a s ign ifican t name mark ing th e local ity where ,

by D iv ine pred iction and D iv ine help I srael had once before
de fea ted th e overwhelm ing m ight of Sy r ia ( 1 K ings xx 2 6 .

Bu t th e in terpos ition of God al though d irec t is n ot o f th e , ,

nature o f magic I f any success gran ted by H im is to be com

.

p let
,
e it impl i e s m oral cond it ions on our par t To p u t it .

o therwise : th e full recep tion o f God s benefi ts has for its con ’
46 ye/z oa ha z ,
King f
o I s r a el .

— th e same power wh ich s tood beh ind him in l ife could work
del iverance through him after he was dead The ma in po in t .

was n o t th e man b u t his m iss ion and to it tha t he was a , ,

-

proph et— th is m ir acle after his dea th gav e th e mos t empha tic
a ttes ta tion such also as would bo th in itself and fr om its sur
round ing c ircums tances spec ially appeal to tha t time an d g e n e
ra tion Th is w ithou t overlook ing its o ther poss ibl e symbol ic
.
,

1
appl ica tion seems t o us its ch ief mean ing I t app e ars tha t
,
.

a t th e com ing in o f th e year — probably in th e sp r ing a fter

—
El isha s bur ial they were carry ing a man to his bury ing as was
’
, ,

t h e won t on an open b ier ,

Bu t lo as th e process ion r each e d .
,

th e las t place of r es t one of t hos e preda t ory M oab ite bands , ,

wh ich l ik e th e B edawin of modern times desola t ed th e land

, , ,

was seen swoop ing r ound to whe r e th e mourners were ga thered .

Only a has ty fl igh t c ould save them from death or bondage .

Th e r e was n ot time for hes ita tion Roll ing away th e s tone .

wh ich barred th e en tranc e and open ing th e door o f his ,

sepulchre th e y la id th e dead man upon th e bones of th e

,

prophe t and then has tily fled Bu t lo l ife came aga in to th e

dead man by t ouch of th e dead prophe t—and he s tood on
.
, ,
“

h is fee t th e only l iv ing man in th e s ilen t home of th e dead

”
,

safe in the sepulchre of El isha from e ither fl ight or th e

Moab it es Bu t wha t ev e r its immed ia t e mean ing who can in
.
,

t h is prophe tic h is t ory refra in from t h ink ing here of th e l ife t ha t

comes fr om t ouch of th e cruc ified Ch r is t 5 of th e ra is ing of th e
young man ca rr ied at Na in on his b ier to th e bury ing or even
of th e dim dawn ing of though ts of a r esurrection th e full ,

blaze of whose l ight comes to u s from th e emp ty t omb on th e

Eas ter morn ing ?
At its close th e narrative aga in re turns to wha t is its key
no te ( in vers 4 A ga in comes th e re cord of th e L OR D S
’

,
.

compass ion of H is fa ithful remembrance of th e covenan t w ith

,

1
n d scarc l y b said how absurd would b any in f r nc from th is
It ee e e e e e e

m i racl i n r gard t th
e f r l i cs —s til l mor t th ir v n ra ti on
e o e use o
“
e ,
”
e, o e e e .

Th t w cas s hav
e ot any th ing i n common s inc if any th ing i c l ar it
e e no e s e ,

i th un i qu charac t r f th i m iracl
s e e e o s e.
 Pr ophecy Fu lfilled .
47

th e Fa thers and of H is merc iful d elay o f that final pun ishment

,

o f I sra el s s in wh ich would swe ep t h e m far fr om t h e ir land

’
It .

was as God had prom is e d Hazael was d ead Once and . .

aga in nay th r ee tim e s did Jehoash d efe at Ben hadad

, ,
-

th e son and successor of H azael and t ak e from him t hose c itie s ,

wh ich h ad been cap tur e d in th e r eign of Jehoahaz .

Bu t as from th e rock h ewn s epulchr e of El isha came at -

t es t a tion o f his D iv in e m iss ion so comes t h e re t o u s from th e ,

monum e n t s of Assy r ia confirma tion o f th is de feat o f Ben hadad -

in fulfilm e n t o f D ivine prom ise For whereas his father is re .

p ea t e dly r e fe r red t o as a bold warr ior even aga ins t t h e over

wh elm ing m ight of Assyr ia Ben hadad ( I I I ) is n ot even ,
-
.

m en tion e d 1 Th is is most s ign ifican t ; ev iden tly h is re ign was

.
,

sm itten with weakness and h is power had been wholly b r oken

,
.

C H A PT E R IV .

Z
<tm az ialr fi
(g iu th 5
, m
)3 g go f irli s h .
fl ehoae h, ( fiihir teen th)
fi in g of Em m i .

Accession of Amaz iah— Character of

h is R e ign — M ilita ry Pre p ar a tio ns

The Hirin g of Israelitish M ercen aries, Warn ing of the Prophet, and
D ismissal of the Adxi a ies
li r Th e Va lley fo S a lt — D e fea t o f t he
—
Edomites Ma rch upon Pet r a — Desc r ip tio n of Pe tra — Sla ug ht er o f th e

Captives In troduction of Ea omite Idolatry—Th e Challenge of Amaz iah

— ’

to J ehoash
, his R e l
py
—D ef
an d
ea t of J udah—Cap tur e an d Plun der of
— —
J erusalem Conspiracy against Amaz iah F light to Lachish — M urder
of the King .

( N G — ; CH R N
2 KI ) S x iv . 1 20 2 O . xxv .

T has been well r emarked tha t Jehoahaz of I srael had on

h isdea th le ft t o h is son and successor Jehoash am ids t ,

th e so r e troubles o f h is coun try th is p r icel e ss inher itance ,

th e p r om ised answer t o h is prayer H ow la r gely this p r om ise .

1
C omp . S chrad r e ,
u . s. , pp . 2 1 1, 2 12 .
4 8 A m az ia h, King f
o y n a a h ’
.

had al r eady been fulfilled appears fr om a comp a r ison o f th e

cond ition t o wh ich Hazae l had r educed th e army of I s r a e l in
th e time of J e hoahaz ( 2 Kings x iii w ith th e three b r ill ian t .

v ictor ies wh ich Jehoash ga ined ove r B en hadad I I I No r we r e -

.

t h e m il it a r y successes of I s r ael confined t o for e ign enem ies .

J e hoash p r oved as victor ious aga ins t Judah as aga ins t Syr ia .

I n th e second year o f th e r e ign o f Jehoash ove r I srael ,

J oash k ing o f Judah was succeeded by h is son A m az iah Th e

, ,
.

re ign o f that m onarch who a sc e nded th e throne a t th e a ge of

,

t wen ty fiv e -
e xte nd e d over twen ty—
,
n ine years Its beg inn ing .

was marked by a con tinuance o f what on th e whole m igh t as ,

in th e case of his father Joash be chara ct er ised as do ing t ha t ,

wh ich was r igh t in th e s igh t of J ehovah 1 To th is th e

“
.
”

Book o f K ings adds howeve r th e qual ifica tion Y et n ot as , , ,

Dav id his fa the r wh ich th e B ook of Ch r on icles e xpla ins by

,
”

th e e x p r e ss ion I n t r u th his
”
n o t w it h a perfec t
,
hear t .

r el ig iou s b ear ing du r ing tha t per iod was ( as bo th th e h is to r ical

r e cords note ) l ike t hat of his fathe r J oash and includ e d th e ,

t ol e ra tion o f wo r sh ip and serv ices in Bu t ”

th e h igh places
“
.

ev e n th is qual ified adh e r e nc e to th e r el ig ion of h is fa thers did

n ot con t inue du r ing t h e l a tt e r pa r t o f h is re ign .

Ascend ing th e th r one after a palace r e volu tion to wh ich his -

fa ther had fallen v ictim ( 2 K ings xii 2 0 it mus t hav e been .

,

som e t ime be fo r e th e k ingsh ip [ royal rule ] wa s confirmed in

“

his hand 2
S o soon as th is firs t n e c e ss ity was s e cu r e d he
.
”
,

pun ished th e au tho r s of th e la t e revol t by e x ecu ting th e

murderers of h is fa ther The sac r ed te x t espec ially no t es tha t .

in so do ing he spar e d the ir ch ildren in con form it y w ith th e ,

Mosa ic law ( D eu t xx iv wh ich in th is as in so many

. .
,

o ther respects d iffer e d from th e co m mon p r actice o f ancie n t

,

1
Wemark as r gards th is and o th r Jud an monarchs f th is p riod
, e e ae o e ,

th t th i r mo th rs w r f J rusal m “
a e e e e o e e .

Th is
2
x plana tion i bo th na tura l and su ffic i n t Th r i
e s t y e . e e s no an

r ason f th i n k ing f a c nfirmation f h i s acc ss ion by th k ing f

e or o
“
o
”
o e e o

A ssyria or tha t Judah w

, t tha t t im a fi f f tha t mp ir
as a e
“
e o e e.
 Wa r w ith Ea orn
’
.
49

t im e s Bu t th e p r om is e o f th is good b eg inn ing fa il e d only t o o

.
1

soon As o n e has ap tly r ema r k e d

. with a pe r fe ct hea r t ,
“ ”

Amaz iah was only a sold ier and ev e n th is r a th e r in th e s e ns e ,

o f a c r u e l and boas tful Eas t e r n m o n ar ch t han o f a w is e o r

brave g e n e r al I t seems n ot imp r obable that th e success e s o f

.

th e k ing o f I s r a e l aga ins t Sy r ia h a d awaken e d in Amaz iah lus t

for m il ita r y glory Fo r th e a tta inm e n t of th is obj ec t he mad e
.

pr epa r a tions o f th e mos t e xtens ive cha r act er H is fi r s t a im .

was aga in t o reduc e Edom t o th e vassalage wh ich it had cas t o ff

du r ing th e r e ign o f J eho r am ( 2 K ings v iii 2 o I n pro .

sp e ct of th is e xped ition he r e o r gan ised th e forc e s of Judah ,

-
,

tha t had be e n sha ttered by th e Syr ians in th e t ime o f h is

fa th e r Joash ( 2 Chron xx iv 2 3 F r om th e accoun t in
. .
,

2 Chron xx v 5 6 he se ems t o have mad e a levy en n ia sse

. .
, , ,

call ing to a r ms th e whol e popula tion capabl e o f m il ita r y se r

v ice 3
.The national cha r ac ter o f th is m e as ur e app ea r s e v e n
fr om th e c ircums tance t ha t th e o ffic e r s o f th e new a r my w e r e
fi r s t appo in t ed acco r d ing t o th e old a rr ang e men t o f tr ib e cl a ns , ,

and fam il ies ( 2 Chron xxv and tha t thes e ch iefs th e n

. .

conducte d th e levy o f th e peopl e Th e g r and to tal s o called .

t o a r ms appea r s la r ge b u t it is cons id erably small e r than tha t in

th e t ime of Ab ij ah ( 2 Chron x iii in tha t o f Asa ( 2 Ch r on . . .

xiv . or in tha t o f J eho shapha t ( 2 Chron x vii 1 4

4
. .

B es ides ra is ing a na tive Jud aean a r my Ama z iah had r e cours e ,

t o th e nov e l d ev ice of h ir ing 1 o o o o o I s r ael itish me r c e na r ie s , ,

a t th e eno r mous cos t of 1 0 0 t al e n t s — presumably s ilver tal en t s 5

,

amoun ting to abou t , 5 3 7 5 0 0 o f our money Such aid could ,

.

1
Se e fo r e x H erodo tus iii 1 1 9 C ur ti us ( vi 1 1 ) sp e aks o f it as a l ega l
. . . .

prov i s i on tha t th e r elati v e s of r eg i c i d e s w ere ex ecu ted along w ith th e ac tual

cr i m i nals ; comp Ci c ero ao B u t 1 5 I n th e sam e h ea th e n sp irit had
.
’
. r . .

J ehu ac te d ( 2 Chron xxii . .

2
Comp V o l VI f t h is H i s tory p 1 8 9
. . . o , . .

3
From 20y ars old and abov
e e .

4
Bu t s ee on thos numb rs th r marks e e e e in V ol . V . of hs
t i Hi s tory ,

pp . and 6
1 59 1 2 .

Gold tal n ts would hav b n so d s i gnat d and th y would hav

5
e e ee e e ,
e e

amoun t d t th incr di bl figur f abou t 6 7

e o e e e e o
 A m a z ia h King 3 h
’ ’
50 , f
o n a a .

only lead t o de fea t s inc e J ehovah was n o t with I srael O f ,

.

t h is e ven the ir h iring t hemselves o u t for a fore ign warfare in

wh ich they were n ot in any wise conce r ned affo r ds fr esh

evidence Had Amaz iah p ossessed sp ir itual ins igh t h e
.
,
”
would n ot have sough t such help As it was a prophe t .
,

was comm iss ioned t o warn h im tha t if he wen t t o ba ttle

rely ing on such a id he should su r ely succumb 1 God would . .

show tha t H e had power n ot only to help b u t also to cas t down ,

.

Th e answer of th e k ing was charact er is tic I t ind icat ed that .

wh ile he r igh tly appra ised th e character of these mercenar ies 2

,

he was ch ie fly concerned abou t th e money wh ich had been

spen t upon them The d ign ified reply o f th e m an of God
.
,

po in ting h im upwards to H im who could g ive far more than

t h is a t leas t s ilenced th e k ing and he d ism issed h is au x il iar ies
, ,
.

Bu t th e m a tt er ended n ot t here D isappo in ted no doub t .

, ,

of the ir hop e of plunder and ravage th e Ephra im ites ,

re turned to the ir homes in burn ing anger ( 2 Chron xx v . .

Josephus al though t ell ing th e s tory w ith his usual

,

embell ishmen ts adds wha t seem s a h is torical no tic e to th e

,

effect tha t these I srael ites la id was te th e land as f ar as B e th

horon t ak ing much cattle and slay ing
,
men ( A n t ix 9 ,
. .
,

If t h is accoun t be t rus two r thy we can scarcely be m is taken ,

'

in trac ing t o th is th e la t er war be tween Judah and I srael ,

w ith its d isas trous consequences to Amaz iah .

I f Amaz iah had h ither to p r oved h imsel f any th ing b u t what

[
”
h is name impl ied th e s trong one of Jehovah or perhaps
“
, ,

J ehovah s treng thens J h is true character was soon t o ”

,

appear a l ike in h is success and in h is de fe a t The d ism issal

,
.

1
Th e v ery d ifficu lt v e rs e 2 Chron xx v 8 i s g e n e ral ly ex p la in e d by sup
,
. .
,

pos ing tha t t or N 1 has dropp d t from th s cond

“
no ,
”
e ou e e

claus and that th v rs shou ld r ad B t ra th r go thou do

e, e e e e ,
u e ,

t ha t th L RD may e t mak th
O fall Th i s how v r s ms an
no e ee ,
e e , ee

arb i tra y solu ti on and w would propos t r nd r th v rs as it s tands

r , e e o e e e e e ,

trans l a t i ng Db? D by or ls ( Ewal d L h h ”

“
h h Sf e e s ee , e r . a.
’
e r . r.

p 86 firs t l i n ) O ls ( i if tho w ilt p rs is t) go thou do b

. 1, e : r e e v z . u e , , ,
e

s trong t ,
”
e c.

H s tyl s th m ( 9 ) th band f I sra l th sam x pr ss ion as

2
e e e v er . e o e , e e e e

in 2 Chron xx ii K ings xiii

. . and o ft n i th sam s ns
I 2 . 20 e n e e e e .
 Ba t tle in f Sa lt
”
th e Va lley
“
o .
51

of au x il iaries did n o t d elay th e p r epara tions fo r

th e I srael itish
th e wa r Th e sou th eas t e r n l im it o f
”
th e land
“
. m ay b e -

roughly marked by th e lower end of th e D ead Sea H e r e .

,

eas t of th e m oun ta in of r ock sal t ( th e Kha shn z Usa n n z ) s tr etch e s -

’
,

sou thward tha t con tinua tion of th e Jordan go r g e ( th e G h or ) -

known as th e V all e y of Sal t ( h S a bha h

) T h vall y
“
t e e e .
,

wh ich e xte nds abou t e igh t m iles ( abou t three hou r s ) tr e nds ,

sou thwa r ds t o th e wh ite chalk cl iffs wh ich r is e 5 0 t o 1 5 0 feet ,

1
.

They a r e formed from th e deb ris washed down fr om th e

h igher so il of th e A r a b a h— here espec ially tha t par t o f th e “

pla in wh ich s tretches fr om Je r icho downwa r ds on bo th

”

s ides o f th e Jordan a s far as th e Ela n itic Gul f o f th e Red

Sea ?
The sal t valley itsel f form e d th e sou the r n boundary ”

o f Jud aea t owa r ds Edom I n its w e s t ern and cen tr al par t s it .

is wholly desola t e th e clay so il b e ing o ften flooded by th e ,

Dead Sea and even th e wa tercourses wh ich tr ave r se it

,

be ing impr egna t ed w ith th e sal t wh ich encrus t s th e d is tr ict .

I t is o the r w is e as regards th e sou thern par t o f th e valley ,

and espec ially th e eas tern wh ich is cover e d w ith vege ta tion , ,

and whe r e we s till trac e th e s ites o f anc ien t t owns 3

H ere .

indeed we have an oas is tha t formed th e anc ien t bounda r y

be tween Edom and Moab .

I n th is sal t vall ey had Joab or r a ther Ab isha i h is

“ ”
, ,

bro ther defea ted Edom in th e time of Dav id ( 2 Sam viii 1 3

,
. .

1 Chron x v iii 1 2 . and he r e aga in did th e Edom ite army

.
,

encoun ter th e hos t of Amaz iah Al though we know n ot th e .

1
I t is at as t doub tfu l wh th r th s cl iffs
le e e e e a re iden tical with
'

th e
A hr a hhim , or scorp i on s tairs
“
f N umb xxx iv -
,
”
o . .
4 ; Josh x v . .
3;
Ju dg . i 36. .

2
A t pr s n t th par t sou th f th bound i ng r idg
e e e f chalk h ills b ars o e e o
-
e

sp cially th nam A b h O d scr i p ti on f th coun try i s bas d ch i fly

e e e ra a . ur e o e e e

on R o b i nson s Bibl R ii pp — ’
73 ; Bad k S i P
. l p 8 es . . . 12 1 1
'

e er -
oc n s
’
a .
, . 1 1,

t
e c . no ti c s i o th r works ( so f as acc ss i bl ) b i ng also tak n in to
e n e ar e e e e

cons i d ra tion Ri h m H d Wh t h g iv s as g n rally a v ry good

e . e
’
s an -
’

r er . e , e e , e ,

alb i t br i f summary f in forma tion

e e ,
o .

3
Comp h r also Tris tram L d f M h chap t rs iii and i
. e e ,
an o oa ,
e . v.
 A m a z ia h , King f 7 h
’
5 2 o n a a .

p r e c ise spo t whe r e th e ba ttl e was fough t we may well suppos e ,

t ha t it was in th e sou t h e rn par t o f th e vall e y The Edom ites .

w e r e w ith in the ir own te r r itory the ir r e tr eat would n ot be diffi

cul t and ow ing t o th e surround ing h e igh t s comparativ ely sa fe
, , ,
.

On th e o th e r hand if th e Jud aean army had been beat e n it , ,

is n o t e asy t o imag in e how any cons iderable r emnan t could

”
have escaped e ith e r by cross ing th e treacherous valley or
,
“
,

by sk irting it Never th el e ss th e Edom ite army was d efe ated

.
,

w ith a slaugh ter o f men and th e cap tu r e o f o th er te n ,

t housand 1
The accoun t in th e B ook o f K ings ( 2 K ings xiv 7 )
. .

adds that th e v ict or ious J e wish army m a r ched on t o Sela or ,

P etra wh e r e accord in g t o 2 Ch r on xx v 1 2 th e wr etch e d

, ,
. .
,

p r isone r s we r e cas t down fr om th e he igh t of Sela

“
N e edless .
”

obj e ction has be e n t ak e n t o th e t r anspo r t o f p r isoners over

wha t is som etim e s desc r ibed as so long and d ifficul t a j ourn e y .

2 ”
Ch ie fl y for th is reason th e local isa tion of th e V alley of Sal t
“
,

has also been called in ques tion Bu t if we suppose th e ba ttle .

field to have been th e sou thern par t o f th e valley these o b ,

e c t io n s a r e removed i
3
j And obv iously t would be t h e
. pol icy o f
th e v ic tor ious army t o pene tra t e in t o th e hear t of th e conqu e red
1
coun try take its cap ital / and by an a c t of t errible vengeanc e
,

t o s tr ike t error in t o th e people .

I t mus t have been a marvellous s igh t wh ich m et th e Jew ish

hos t as they d e scend e d from th e eas t in to tha t su r pass ingly
g r and defile wh ich opens in to th e so called Wady M fisa— th e -

— th e s it e o f th e anc ien t Sela

'

5 ”
V all e y o f M oses rock ,
“

1
We r gard th s as round numb rs
e e e e .

2
Th o th r obj c tions
e e w ak e a re e .

3
A ccord i ng t Bad k th whol journ y from J b l U dfim t
o e er , P tra e e e e e s o e

occup i s only from 8 t

e hours ; and if from th is w sub trac t abou t
1 o 20 e

four and a hal f hours t th chalk cl iffs wh i ch bound vall y w “ ”

th o e e e , e

hav l ittl mor than th irt n hours t trav l f w h ich only tw or thr
e e e ee o e ,
o o ee

could r ally b call d d i fficul t B s i d s th A rabah sou th f th chalk

e e e . e e , e o e

cl i ffs b ars mark s f hav i ng b n wh n E i G b r s too d th road f

e o ee ,
e z on e e , e o

commun i ca tion from th Gul f f Ak b h in to J w i sh t rr i torye o a a e e .

4
S l was l ss than for ty m i l s from t h D ad S
e a e e e e ea .

5
For th or i g in f th nam and ind d f a d ta i l d accoun t f P tra
e o e e, ee or e e o e ,
 54 A m a z ia h , King o f y ua a h
’
.

th e m ids t of all th is wond r ous glo r y of n a ture and weal th of

man tha t th e J ew ish army marched w ith its t en thousand cap
t ives There canno t be doub t tha t th e v ic tor ious hos t
.

plundered and la id was te Sela Th is e x pla ins how Amos does .

n o t men tion it b u t only Boz r a h ( Amos i

,
1
wh ich seems .

t o have becom e th e cap it al of Edom S im ilarly it is n o t named .

,

by th e later prophe ts e x cep t in I s xvi 1 and x l ii 1 1 ; and it ,

. . .

only again emerges in t o impor tance in th e four th cen tury

be for e our era Bu t th e mos t t err ibl e scene yet rema ined to
.

be enac ted in th e conquered c ity We can scarcely be m is .

t aken in suppos ing t ha t th e v ic tors marched or drove the ir

cap tives through its s tree ts across to th e wes tern bank of
th e r ivule t There up th e wes tern cl iffs moun t s a s ta ircase
.
“ ”

”
of broad s teps hewn o u t o f th e rocks “
H igh up in these .
“

cl iffs be tw e en two g igan tic walls o f cl iff s tands a t emple

, It , .

mus t be h ere o r on th e cl iffs above and around— or perhaps

,

on th e Acropol s som wha i e t t o th e sou h of

t it— tha t we have to
2—
look for th e he igh t of Sela ( 2 Chron xx v 1 2
“
lit th e . . .
,
“

t op ,
or head
” “
whence th e t en thousand Edom ite cap tives
were hurled the ir shattered l imbs dash ing from cl iff and r ock
, ,

and the ir mangled rema ins s trew ing th e he igh ts and cover ing
th e ground benea th Bu t as they tha t long a fterwards la id
.

was te Jerusalem changed its name to A elia Capitolin a so did ,

K ing Amaz iah change tha t o f S ela in to 7 ohtheel th e subdued ,

“

2 K ings x iv
( et ne ither th e one nor th e o ther
”
o f God Y .

name g iven by man in his p r ide did long con tinue

,
?
,

I t is a ho r r ible hear t s icken ing scene o f h is to r y so u tterly

,
-
,

u n Jew ish in charac ter t ha t we can only accoun t for its enac t
-

men t by th e s tat e o f mo r al degrada tion wh ich th e con te m

p o r ar
y prophe t s Hosea and Amos descr ibe in such v iv id
language Y et ano ther t err ible inher itance bes ides th e gu il t
.
,

o f th is deed did Judah b r ing back fr om th e campa ign a ga ins t

,

Edom We can read ily imag ine how deeply th e r ock c ity had
.
-

1
A bou t s ix tee n m il e s sou th eas t o f th e De ad Sea -
.

2
I n th e A V . rock .
“
to p of th e .

3
Ev n t h i s c ircums tanc s ms t b to k n a con t mporary no ti c
e e ee o e e e e .
 Ea on z ite I a ola try
’ ’
.
55
impressed th e m ind of th e k ing Bu t one of its ch ief fe atur e s .
,

wh ich s till fi r s t a ttr ac ts th e traveller is th e s tartl ing app e arance ,

and we ird loca tion of its t emples An Eas tern m ind n ot .

,

r el ig ious b ut sup er s titious would r ead ily come under th e spell

, ,

of these d ivin itie s whose temples were so we ird and grand ,

so thoroughly in accord w ith na ture around l B e th is as it .

may; on h is r e turn from Edom K ing Amaz iah b r ough t w ith

h im its idols and did worsh ip to th e m al though th e no tice of
, ,

it in 2 Chron ( xx v 1 4 ) seems t o imply personal ra ther than

. .

na tional or publ ic idola tr y Non e th e less was D iv in e anger .

k indled aga inst such a J ew ish and Dav id ic k ing I n va in was .

D iv ine wa rn ing sen t t o him by a p r ophe t The k ing repl ied “

.

by coa r se snee r s and threa ts wh ich n e edless to say so far fr om , , ,

s ilenc ing th e D iv ine messenge r only le d to th e announcemen t ,

of n ear j udgmen t ?
And th e sacred na rr a tive e xpr e ssly marks
th e connec tion be tween th is and th e la t er consp iracy wh ich cos t
th e k ing h is l ife ( 2 Chron xx v . .

Two charac ter is tics wh ich have so often impressed us in th e

1
O n th e ch ara cter dom it worsh ip w ith it human sacrific s comp
°

of E e ,
s e , .

Dallin ger, H eiaen th

’

j th p 4 5 O Edom. g n rallyu comp . u a en

’
. . 0 . n e e , .

L g k
en erK e,i pp 9 6—3 Jos phus ( A t x v 7 9 ) sp ak s f
en a a n , . . 2 02 . e n . .
, e o

a god K worsh ipp d by th I dum ans Th is d iv in ity i probabl y th

oz e, e e ae . s e

Q a i f
z a th N ob th and H auran
e i t ic i nscr
a i p ti
aons and t h K
e an i f , e ass o s o

th Pho n ic ians
e e Comp H r og R l E . i p 4 . e z , ea - ne . v . . 1 .

2
W mar k as s ign i fican t f th s ta t f Ama iah tha t th proph t
e o e e o z ,
e e

app als i n h i firs t m ssag t t h i gh r du ty b t t th common s ns

e s e e no o e , u o e e e

and x p r i nc f th k ing ( Chron xx v

e e e e o Th firs t par t f th k ing s
e 2 . . e o e
’

re ply H av w [i th k i ng and h i s adv i s rs] mad th couns ll or f

,
e e v z .
, e e e ee e o

th k i ng ? i t ak n up i th r ply f th proph t I know tha t God

”
e

has couns ll d [so lit using th sam word as th k i ng—th m an ing b i ng

e s e n e e o e :

e e . e e e e e e
,

d t rm in d J b caus thou hast don th is and t h ark n d un to my

e e e
”
e e e ,
no e e e

couns l [again th sam word ] T th thr a t f th k i ng F b

e
”
e e . 0 e e o e , or ear

why should s t b sm itt n th proph t r pl i s by announc i ng th k ing s

e e e e e e e e
’

d s truc tion W no t firs t that th proph t do s t app ar t hav

e . e e, ,
e e e no e o e

h d any pr v ious comm iss i on t th a t ff c t ; s condly tha t h i pr d ic ti on

a e o e e e ,
s e

s ms an in f r n tial proph cy bas d on hi knowl dg f th Div in

ee e e e ,
e s e e o e e

d al i ngs th ird ly that it was n c ssary t only f th v ind i ca ti on f th

e , e e ,
no or e o e

proph t s m i ssion b t f that f th au thor i ty f J hovah ; and las tly

e
’
,
u or o e o e , ,

t ha t th k ing s d s truc tion was d p nd n t on h i s d i sob d i nc All t h s

’
e e e e e e e e . e e

in f r nc s mbody p rman n t pr i nc i pl s
e e e e e e e .
 6 A m a z ia h , King f fi h
f ’
5 o a n a .

cou r se of th is D ivine h is tory appear in th is narra tive also For .

,

fi r s t th e D iv ine d e c r ee in th is ins tanc e o f j udgm e n t wa s n o t

, , ,

immed ia t ely ca rr ie d o u t and t o some it m igh t se e m t o ta rr y

, .

And fu r the r th e e x e cu tion o f th is dec r e e d d e s tr uct ion came

, ,

n o t in sudden or m ir aculous manner b u t in wh at m igh t b e ,

r egarded as th e natu r al cou r se o f even ts t hrough popula r dis ,

satis faction at g r a tu itously provoked na tional d isas te r Thus .

,

howev e r r eal th e connec tion b e tween th e D iv ine ag e ncy and

Amaz iah s des tr uc tion it would on bo th th e grounds above
’
, ,

men tioned requ ir e th e eye of fa ith to perc eive it And this

,
.

also is of pe r manen t mean ing : tha t th e t each ing of God is

only t o those who a r e capabl e o f lea r n ing it .

I t m igh t almos t seem as if th e v ic to r y over Edom had ih

fa tuated th e k ing and h is counc il fill ing them with unbounded ,

self c o n fiden c e and over ween ing sel f es teem Fo r s ince they
- -
.
,

d isca r d e d God was it n o t th e p r o wess and m igh t of Judah

,

wh ich had wrough t th e v ic tory ov er Edom ? V ery sign ifican tly ,

~

th e accoun t o f Judah s de fea t by I s r ael in th e B ook of

’

Ch r on icles is in troduced by th e no tice And th e k ing t ook ,

“

”
counsel H e had taun ted th e prophe t as n ot be ing a coun
.

s ello r t o th e k ing and th e proph et had announced t o him

,

th e counsel o f God t o h is des tr uct ion 1

I t would n ow appear .

h ow th e k in g s own chosen counsellors would themselves

’

b r ing abou t this counsel of God “ ”

.

As we have sugg e s ted it is n ot unl ikely tha t th e wa r be tween

,

Judah and I s r ael really grew o u t o f th e d ism issal o f th e

I srael itish au xil iar ies from th e hos t of Judah This would be .

th e more p r obable if th e accoun t o f Jos ephus is t rus twort hy ,

t ha t Amaz iah had h ired t hese sold ie r s d irec tly from th e k ing o f

Is r ael and tha t on the ir r e tu r n to th eir homes they had la id was te

,

Jud aean t e rr ito r y And th is would also be tte r accoun t for th e

.

challenge to figh t wh ich Amaz iah with advice of his counc il

2
, ,

1 pr vious no t
Se e th e e e.

Such i s also th v i w f K imch i L t us loo k ano th r i th

“
2 e on e e n
e e o . e

fac e— l t us figh t as it w r
e who i th b tt r m e e, s ee s e e e an — charac t ris ti c
a e

O r i n al p h ras
e t e .
 Wa r w ith I s r a el .
57

add r e ssed t o Jehoash k ing of I s r a el than to v iew it as a demand , ,

fo r sub m iss ion and r e tu r n t o obed ie nce t o th e Dav id ic r ul e ,

wh ich accord ing to J os ephus fo r m e d th e burd en o f th is

, ,

m ess a g e If th e challeng e o f Amaz iah was pecul ia r ly Or ien tal

.

and boas tful in its t on e th e reply o f Jehoash equall e d and ,

e v e n su r pass e d it in t hes e r e sp ec t s The allego r y wh ich h e

1
.

tho r n in L e banon tha t had sough t a

”
us e d abou t th e “

fa m ily all ianc e with th e ceda r m e a n t tha t it was absolu te folly ,

on th e pa r t o f Ama z iah t o rega r d h imself as th e e qual o f

J eho a sh Y et th is was impl ie d in h is pu rpos e o f m e asu r in g
.

h ims el f w ith h im A con te s t be tw ee n the m ! Why a b e as t

.
,

o f th e fiel d in L e banon pass ing over th e t ho r n would crush it

?
down Th e n followed th e mock ing appl ica tion o f th e s im il e
Thou has t indeed sm itte n Edom mak e thyself glo r ious
—
e nj oy th y glo r y
[ ] and ab id e a t hom e : why should e s t t hou
,

m e ddl e w ith e vil tha t thou fa ll thou and J udah w ith the e ?
3
, ,
”

( 2 K ings x iv .

T h e adv ice was sound t hough e x t r emely provoca tive to one in ,

th e mood of Ama z iah Bu t J e hoash did n o t awa it h is a ttack . .

March ing sou thwa r ds he m et th e Jud aean army at B e th ,

Shemesh th e sou th e as tern po in t in th e anc ien t possess ion o f

,
-

Dan close t o th e border of Ph il is tia s ituated in a beau tiful

,
4
,

v all e y only e igh t or n ine hours wes t of Je r usalem The .

ba ttle was mos t d isas trous for Judah The army fled ; .

Amaz iah was taken prisoner ; and th e I srael itish hos t a d

va n c e d unopposed to Jerusalem H ere they made a breach .

in th e w a ll 4 0 0 cub its ( o r abou t 6 0 0 fee t ) wid e from th e

5
,

no r th ern ga te of Ephra im ( or B enj am in th e pr e sen t Da ,

m a s c u s ga te ) to tha t in th e no r th w e s t corn e r o f th e wall -

,

whe r e it r uns sou thward Thus th e c ity would be la id op e n .

1
T h i s rath r than a parabl
, e e .

thornbush a th i s tl as i n th A V
2 ”
A t ,
no e, e . .

3
I th H ith p el wh n th word i us d i n conn c tion w ith war
'

n e a , e e s e e .

4
H r th Ph i l i s t i n s firs t d pos i t d th A k ( S m v i
e e e e e e e r 1 a . . 12
5
Th anc i n t J w i sh cub i t was t w spans
e e e ach f thr hand b ad ths o , e o ee - re ,

th e handbr ad th b i ng four fing rs w id i a cub i t = 6 handbr ad ths

e e e e, . e. , e ,

2 4 fin gerb rea dth s .

 '
58 A m a z ia h , King o f y a n uh .

t owards th e nor th or th e land o f I srael Josephus ( A n t ix

, . . .

9 3 ) has it tha t Jehoash through th is breach made tr iumphal

,

en try n to Jerusalem carry ing h is royal prisone r w ith h im

i ,
1
.

The v ic tor plundered th e Temple o f what treasures it s till “

con ta ned n cha r ge of one Obed Edom

i i ?
H e al so s tr ipped th e -

royal palace of its valuables and t ak ing w ith h im hos tages ,

“

“ —
probably from th e ch ie f nobles r e turned to Samar ia ?

The war be tween Judah and I srael probably o ccurred qu it e

near th e close o f th e re ign of Jehoash k ing o f I s r ael As , .

Amaz iah o f Judah re igned al toge ther twen ty n ine years ( 2 K ings -

xiv . and surv ived Jehoash for fi ft een years ( vers e we

conclude tha t th e J u daeo I srael itish war had occurred in th e -

four teen th and th e Edom ite wa r probabl y in th e th ir teen th

, ,

year of th e r e ign o f Amaz iah The fifte e n years wh ich followed .

after th e dea th of J ehoash were full o f trouble t o th e k ing of

J udah At las t th e general d issa tisfaction caused by th e
.
,

d isas ters o f th e wa r an d th e a ttemp ted in troduc tion of fo r e ign

r ites culm inated in a r evolu t ion at J erusalem
,
Amaz iah .

escaped to Lach ish in th e low countr y of Judah ( Josh x v 3 3 , . .

,

on th e road from H ebron t o Gaza .

Lach ish has some times been e rr oneously iden tified w ith th e
presen t Tel cl Has i Its more correc t location seems to be
- -
.
4
,

pass ing from Eleuth erop olis [ th e B ibl ical L ibnah ] wes twards

t o Aj l an th e anc ien t Eglon whence at a d is tance o f abou t fo r ty

, ,

five m inu tes th e r u ins o f Umm L ak is th e anc ien t Lach ish — are
1
Le ss cr ed it a ttach e s to h i s no t i c e tha t J e hoash had thr ea ten ed to k i l l
A ma iah un le ss h e p ersuad ed th e i nhab i tan t s o f J e rusal em t o op e n th e c i ty
z

to h im Ev id en tly th er e could n o t hav e b ee n any i d ea o f hold i ng o u t

.

b u t Jos e phus may hav e fe l t it d e s i rab le thus to accoun t fo r an e asy cap tur e
o f th e c i t y wh i ch o ff er e d such s tubborn r e s is tanc e t o th e R omans .

2 Chron xx v Bu t probably t h e boo ty from th e Te mpl e was in

2
24 . . .

cons id erable Comp 2 Ki ngs xii 1 8 Perh a ps th e nam e O b ed Edom

. . . .
-
,

as treasur er o f th e Temp l e a t tha t t i m e may i n its el f b e s ign i fican t I n , .

any cas th sp c ial m tion f th nam mark s th is as a con t mporary

e, e e en o e e e

no ti c e .

3
Tha t J hoash l ft A ma iah on th thron ind ica t s how compl t ly th
e e z e e e e e e

pow r f th la tt r mus t hav b n b rok n

e o e e e ee e .

4
Comp Gu r in L j 1 pp Bad k p 3 '
’ ’

.
99 t e ,
a u a ee . . 2 ,
e c . e er, . 20 .
 M u r der o f th e King .

59
reach e d As usually th e anc ien t c ity lay on th e top o f a h ill
.
, .

Among its r u ins many c is terns are found The coun tr y a r ound .

is undulating and two great wadys open on e ither s id e Lach ish

,
.

was as we know s tr ongly fortified ( 2 Ch r on xi

, , it was b e . .

s ieged by Sennacher ib ( 2 K ings xv iii 1 4 1 7 I s xxx v i 2 ) and .

,
. .

could offer a s tou t res is tanc e to Nebuchadn e zzar ( Jer xxx iv . .

I n shor t it was one of th e s tro n g for tresses t owards Egyp t

, ,

al though from th e friable n a ture of t he bu ild ing ma ter ials its

, ,

ru ins as tho se of o th er s im ilarly cons tructed places are n o t con

,
-
,

s iderab le I n th e time of S olomon Lach ish had been on e o f

.
,
”
th e char io t c ities for wh ich al ike its s itua tion near th e
“ -
,

Egyp tian empor ium of horses ( 1 K ings ix 1 9 ; x 2 6 and . .

th e plen tiful pas turage around would sp ec ially fit it From ,

.

th e p r ophec ies o f M icah ( i it appea r s t o have been th e .

fi r s t Jud aean c ity t o adop t th e idola tr ous wo r sh ip o f th e northern

k ingdom wh ich th e nce passed in t o J e r usal e m
,
.

Bu t th e s tr ong walls of Lach ish could n ot a ff ord secu r ity to

Amaz iah Th e consp ir ato r s fr om J e rusal e m follow e d th e k ing
.
,

and h is dead body was b r ough t back t o J e r usalem — pe r haps in

th e ve r y char io t in wh ich he had made h is escape 1
Y et e v e n .

t h is c ir cums t ance as well as h is honourable bur ial w ith h is

,

r oyal ances tors an d th e elevation to th e throne o f h is son by

, ,
“

”
all th e people of Judah ind ica t e tha t al though th e d iscon ten t ,

was n o t c onfined to th e cap ital yet th e people gene r ally ,

w e r e wholly ave r se to any change of dynas ty such as had ,

character ised eve r y revolu tion in I srael ?

1
2 Ki ngs h y carri d ( lit brough t] h im upon th
x iv . 20 An d t e e . e

hors se ,
”
w i th
th d fin i t arti cl probably t mark th chario t as tha t i
e e e e, o e n

wh i ch h had gon e e.
2
Si m i larly th murd r f Joash th fa th r f A ma iah had
, e e o t b n , e e o z ,
no ee

follow d as i n I sra l by th
e , n thron m n t f
e , f t h consp i ra tors
e e e e o on e o e .
60 Uz z ia h King of
, 7 uaah
’
.

C H A PT E R V .

gtz fi z z iah ( Ea rth) zh in a of fl ub ah

ar iah, or , fl ern hoam .

( gfiom teen th) Etn a of llam a .

Accession of Az ariah or Uz z iah—Reign of J er ob oam Il —Restoration of .

Israelitish Terr itory—Political Ca uses an d D ivin e Agen c) in these l

Successes —Corrup tion of the People—Scatter ed Historical Notices

—Ne w Phase in Prophecy—Its Characteristics—The two Pr ophets
on the Boun dary lin e—P rophets of that P
-
er iod : J oel Amos Hosea , , ,

J onah .

( 2 KI N G S XI V . 2 1

Twould seem that a pecul iar mean ing a ttaches to th e

no tice that all th e people of Judah t ook A z ar iah who
“
,

was s ixteen years old and made him k ing ins t ead of h is fa the r
, ,

Ama z iah ( 2 K ings xiv

”
W ith th e e x cep tion of th e
.

nam e th is s ta temen t is l it erally repeat ed in 2 Chron xx vi I

, . .
,

ind icating t ha t th e w r iters of th e t wo books had cop ied it fr om

th e same h is t o r ical r ecord Bu t cons ide r ing th e you th of th e
.

new k ing on th e dea th of h is father Amaz iah at th e age of , ,

fifty fou r ( 2 K ings xiv

-
he could scarcely have been h is
.

eld e s t son Probably the r e was therefor e a spec ial reason for
.
, ,

his s el e c tion by th e people Poss ibly the r e may be some con

.

n e c tio n be tw e e n it and t h e t wofold name wh ich he be a rs in H oly

Scr ip tur e I n 2 Ch r on icles — wr itten as we may say fr om

.
, ,

t h e pr ie s tly po in t of v iew — th e new k ing is always call e d Uzz iah 1

,

wh ile in th e B ook o f K ings he is des ignat e d dur ing th e fi r s t par t

o f h is r e ign as Am az ia h wh ile in th e no tic e s o f th e la tte r
,

par t o f tha t p e r iod h e appears as U z z iah ( 2 K ings x v I 3 3 0 3 2 .

, , ,

The usual e x planations e ith e r o f a cl e r ical e rr o r th r ough

th e con fus ion of s im ila r l ett e r s ? or tha t he bo r e t wo nam e s
3
,

1
W i th th e ex c ep tion o f 1 Chron iii 1 2 wh i ch forms par t o f a bar e
. .
,

g en ealogical l i s t .

2
Th e I i s suppos e d to b e con fus e d w ith b ut w e can scarc e ly
“

imag in e a con fus i on so o fte n r e p e a te d .

3
O f th i s t h er e is n o t ano th er i ns tanc e in th e O ld Te s tam e n t as regards
k ings .
62 7 er ohoa 7n I I .
,
King o f I s r a el .

H oly S cr ip ture g ives only th e b r iefes t ske tch of o utward even ts

during tha t half cen tu r y in I s r ael Rel ig iously it was marked
-
.
,

by a con tinuance of th e wrongful ins titu tions of th e found e r of

th e I srael itish monarchy ( Jeroboam Pol itically it was dis ,

t in gu ish e d by th e comple te defea t of Syr ia and th e recovery o f ,

all th e terr itory wh ich had in th e mos t flour ish ing times o f ,

un ited Judah been conque r ed by Dav id or occup ied by

1
,

S olomon in th e language of th e sacred te x t from th e ,

“

en te r ing of Hama th un to th e sea of th e pla in ( 2 K ings xiv .

I ndeed th e conques t s of J eroboam seem to have e x tended

,

even beyond th is and to th e boundary of M oab ( see Amos vi , .

1 4 where for
,
r iver of th e w ilde r ness read of th e Ara b ah
“
,
” “

The D ead Sea unques tionably marked on tha t s ide th e sou thern
boundary or iginally o f un it ed Pales tine and a fterwards of th e ,

trans — r da n ic k ingdom of I srael wh i le h en er ing of “

J o t e t in ,
”
Hama th equally ind icat es th e nor thern l im its of th e realm
( Numb x iii 2 1 ; xxx iv
. 8 ; J osh . x iii 5 ; 1 K ings v iii 6 5 ;
. . . .

2 Chron v ii 8 Amos vi
. The prec ise local ity des igna ted
. .

as th e en te r ing of H ama th has n o t yet been accu r a tely

“
,

asce r ta ined Bu t it mus t b e sough t in tha t broad r ich pla in

.
,

flanked towards th e wes t by th e Lebanon and wa tered by th e ,

O r on tes wh ich ascends for a d is tance of abou t e igh t hours fr om

,

Horns t o Hamah th e anc ien t Hama th th e Grea t ( Amos vi , .

I n all l ikel ihood it is in th is general sense tha t we are to under

s tand wha t seem s th e parallel no tic e o f these conques ts ( 2 K ings
xiv . Damascus and H ama th“
The e x press ion seems .

to refer t o th e whole of th e broad pla in j us t descr ibed—th e

words bear ing th e same general mean ing as when Dav id is
1
The e x pr e ss ion in 2 K ings x iv . 2 8 :
“
which b elon ged to Judah ,

n d t b s truck t as propos d by som

ee no e ou , e e. nd ca s ha was
I t i i te t t it
par t f th anc i n t t rr itory f Judah b for
o e e e o , e e th e tw o k i ngdoms w r e e

d i v i d d al though it was now r cov r d f I sra l ( th

e , e e e or e e nor th rn k ingdom )
e ,

w ith in whos t rritorial l i m its it was

e e .

2
S b s id s th g ograph ical au thor i ti s pr v iously m n tion d Rob i n
ee , e e e e e e e e ,

son P Cond r H th
, es . M b pp 7 8 and f e , a d i ff r n t loca ti on
e an a
’
oa , .
,
or e e ,

Por t r D m e , I I pp 35 5 —3 5 9 O th map it mus t b l oo k d f

a a scu s , . . . n e e e or

north and li ttl s t from B lb ec a e ea aa .

 F u lfilm en t f Pr ophecy
o . 63

s ta te d have pu t ga rr isons in Sy r ia o f Damascus ( 2 Sam v iii

to . .

5 ,
and Solomon t o have occup ied Hama t h ( 2 Chron v iii . .

3 ,
H e re aga in welcome l igh t comes t o us from th e

monumen ts o f Assyr ia Thence we l ea r n on th e one hand .

, ,

t ha t th e k ingdom of I srael was tr ibu tary t o th e k ing of

A ssyr ia and on th e o ther tha t tha t monarch conquered
, , ,

Damascus t ook pr isoner its k ing who hav ing emb r aced h is
, , ,

kn ee s in subm iss ion had to pay a ransom o f ,

t alen t s of
s ilver 2 0 o f gold ,
o f coppe r o f iron t oge the r w ith
, , ,

ga r men t s o f wool and l inen a couch and an umbr ella o f ivo r y , ,

and o the r spo il numberless ?

The d isas tr ous war o f Syr ia
w ith Assyr ia and th e tr ibu tary all iance o f I srael w ith th e
,

la tter would su ffic ien tly accoun t for th e conques ts of Jero

,

boam II .

And yet here also there is a h igher mean ing I f on th e .

,

sugges tion j us t made th e ins trumen t al ity used to br ing abou t ,

th e v ic t o r ies o f Jeroboam I I was n ot th e d ir e ct help o f .

Jehovah b u t th e prowess of Assyr ia we ough t to bear in m ind

, ,

t ha t d ir e ct in t erpos ition on t h e pa r t of th e L O R D in behal f of

such a k ing could n ot have b ee n e x pec te d And yet as no ted .
,

in th e sacr e d t e x t ( 2 K ings xiv th e prom ise o f th e L O R D .

g iven through th e prophe t Jon a h th e son o f Am itta i was , ,

l iterally fu lfilled— only in th e natural cou r se of pol itical even t s .

And th e more clearly t o ma r k th e agency o f God in wha t

m igh t s e em th e na tu r al cou r se of even t s th e conn e c tion ,

be tw e en these success e s and th e o r ig inal p r om is e in 2 K ings

x iii 4 5 is ind ica ted in 2 K ings xiv 2 6 as well as th e h igher
.
, ,
.
,

mean ing o f all ( in ve r .

It s till r ema ins t o po in t o u t th e s tr ic t accuracy o f th e B ibl ical

accoun t al ike as rega r ds th e prosperous in te r nal cond ition o f
,

1
H ama th i ts elf may hav e b ee n occup i e d by th e J ews a t th e t im e o f ,

Solomon and in t ha t o f J eroboam I I

, b u t it i s scarc e ly cr ed i bl e tha t th ey .

e v e r h e ld Damascus H ama th l i e s i a narrow vall ey b e tw e e n h i gh

. n

cl i ff s op en only to th e eas t and w es t wh er e th e s tream pass es through

, ,

th e m Th e t err itory as w e shall s ee soon pass e d ou t o f th e poss e ss i on o f

.
, ,

I sra l e .

2
S chrad r u e 5. 2 12 —2 1 7
, .
pp . .
64 7 er ohoa 7n I I .
, King o f I s r a el .

th e land at tha t per iod ( 2 K ings x iii and the moral and .
'

r el igious decay o f th e p e ople ( 2 K ings x iii If th e v ic tor ie s .

o f Jeroboam had as on g r ounds of con t emporary h is t ory seems

,

l ikely b e en ga ined in th e e arly par t o f his r e ign th e r es t o f tha t

, ,

long pe r iod was one of almos t unpreceden ted w eal th and pros
p er it
y b u t,
also of deepes t moral corrup t ion To bo t h f ac t s th e .

con tempo r ary p r ophe t s Amos and H osea bear fr equen t w itness
—to th e p r ospe r ity in such passages as Hos ii 8 xii 9 [A V
, ,

. . . . .

ver 8 ] Amos iii 1 5 vi 4 —6 to th e co r rup tion in many pas

. . .
,

sages and in va r ied pa r ticulars ?

A more t err ible p ic tu r e o f
rel ig ious degeneracy and publ ic and p r iva te w ickedness coul d
scarcely be imag ined than tha t pa in ted by th e p r ophe ts in th is
th e mos t prospe r ous per iod o f I srael itish h is t o r y Thus th e .

goodness o f God m isunders t ood by an apos ta t e people wh ich

, ,

a ttr ibu ted all to its own prowess ( see Amos vi was only .

abused t o fur ther sin ( Hos x iii A people wh ich could n o t . .

be humbled by j udgment s and t o wh ich eve r y m ercy b e came ,

only th e occas ion fo r deeper gu il t was r ipe fo r t hat final doom ,

wh ich th e prophe ts pred icted .

O n some o ther po in ts of in teres t sca ttered no tices may here

be pu t toge ther F irs tly J eroboam I I was ce r ta inly th e mos t
.
, .

wa r l ike k ing and th e mos t success ful adm in is tr a tor o f all who
occup ied th e throne o f I srael O f t h is even th e new reg is tr a .

t ion in th e r e conquered trans J or dan ic p r ov inces a ffo r ds

- -

evidence ( 1 Ch r on v 1 1 Secondly th is h is to r y is ano ther

. .
,

proof of how l ittle r eal success could a tte nd such a r e ac tion -

aga ins t th e fo r e ign r ite s of th e house o f Ahab a s tha t wh ich

had been in itiated by J ehu The wo r sh ip of th e golden calves .

speed ily led t o tha t on h igh places and e ven to th e r es to r a tion of ,

t h e se r v ice o f Baal ( Hos ii 1 3 I 7 Amos ii 8 ; iv 4 ; v 5 v iii . .

, . . . .

I4
) .Nay J e r oboam and
,
his pr ies t a t B e thel proceeded t o ac tual

1
analys is would occupy t much spac b t w may s l c t from t h
An oo e u e e e e

op n ng chap t r th follow ing charg s I d l t y H ii 8 3 7 iii

e i e e e o a r : os . .
,
1 ,
I . I,

4 ; iv .
3 127 A
,
m 1i v 4 5
, L 1 i i H ii 4 ; i v . 8.
, : a sc v ou sn ess : os . . . 1 0, 1 1 , 1

Wi h d c e and i ln es s f v ry k i nd H iv
v o en ce o 4; i 8 — ; Am e e os. . I ,
2 ,
1 v . 10 .

ii 6 —8 ; iii
.
; iv ; v 7 I I
. 10 . 1 .
, .
 N ew S tage of P r ophecy . 65

persecu tion o f th e p r oph et s o f th e Lo r d ( Amos vii 1 0 .

Las tly we may de r iv e fr om a s tudy o f t h e p r oph etic w r itings

,

much ins igh t in to th e pol itical r ela tions o f I s r a el and Judah at

th e t im e mo r e e sp e c ially as r eg a r ds S y r ia and Assy r ia
,
?

Bu t the r e is o n e subj ec t wh ich cla ims spec ial a tte n t ion Ev e n .

a supe r fic ial s tudy mus t conv inc e tha t fr o m a r el ig ious po in t

o f v ie w and pa r ticula r ly as r ega r ds I s r ael s fu t ur e a n d t h e g r e a t

’
,

hope o f th e wo r ld en tr ust ed t o th e ir k e ep ing we have now ,

r each e d a n ew p er iod We are n ot now th ink ing o f th e .

general r el igious and moral d e cay no r o f th e n a tional judg ,

men t wh ich was so soon to follow b u t th e o th e r and w id e r aspect ,

o f it all G od s g r e at j udgmen t s wh e n v ie w e d fr om ano the r

’
,
.

po in t a r e always s ee n to be a tte nded w ith w id e r man ife s tations

,
r

o f m e rcy I t is n e v e r j udgmen t only b u t j udgm e n t and m er cy

.
,

and ev ery movem en t is a mov em e n t fo r w a r d ev e n though ,

in mak ing it t h e r e should b e a c r ush ing down an d a b r e ak ing

down Even h e r e so e arly in th e h is tory o f th e k ingdom
.
,

o f God t h e cas ting away o f I s r a e l was t o b e t h e l ife o f t h e

,

wo r ld Fo r w ith t h is pe r iod a new s tage in p r oph e cy b eg ins

. .

H ith er t o th e p r ophe t s had b ee n chie fly God s e n t t eache r s and -

m e ss engers to th eir con tempo r a r ies — r ep r ov ing wa r n ing , ,

gu id ing e ncou r ag ing ,

H e nc efo r th th e p r oph etic ho r iz on
.

enl a r g e s B eyond th eir con tempo r a r ies who w e r e ha r d e ned b e

.

yond hop e o f r ecov e r y th eir ou tlook is hence fo r th on th e g r ea t

,

hop e o f th e M e ss ia n ic k ingdom They hav e despa ir e d o f th e .

pr e s e n t : b u t t he ir t hough t is o f th e fu ture They have .

d e spa ir e d o f th e k ingdom Of I s r ael and o f Judah ; b ut th e

D iv in e thought o f p r epa r ation tha t unde r lay it comes in
c r e a sin l in t o p r om in e nc e and cl e ar e r v is ion Th e p r om is e s
gy .

o f old acqu ir e a n ew and d ee pe r m e an ing th ey assum e shap e

and ou tl ines wh ich becom e e ve r mo r e defin ite as th e da yl igh t

1
T ih s must b l ft t th s tudy f th r ad r s inc our l im it d
e e o e o e e e ,
e e

spac r nd rs it i mposs i b l t analys th con t n ts f th s proph ti c

e e e e o e e e o e e e

books Th y w i ll b found t cas cons i d rabl l i gh t on th p liti l

. e e o t e e e o ca

h i s tory f th ti m as d scr i b d i n th s tr i c tly h is torical books w i th wh i ch

o e e e e e ,

al on w
e conc rn d i n th i s V olum
e a re e e e .
66 er ohoa rn II King f I s r a el
y .
,
o .

grows It is th e fu ture w ith I srael s M ess iah K ing to rule a

.
,
’
-

people res t ored and converted and an endless boundless k ing , ,

dom o f r igh teousness and peace wh ich in its w id e emb r ace

includes reconc il e s and un it es a ransomed world obed ien t t o
, , ,

t h e L O R D wh ich is now t h e grea t burden o f t he ir messag e and

, ,

th e j oyous assured hope of t he ir though t s For doomed apostat e .

I srael aft er th e flesh we have I srael aft er th e sp ir it and on th e , ,

r u ins o f th e old rises th e new : a Jerusalem a t empl e a k ing , ,

dom and a K ing fulfill ing th e ideal of wh ich th e ear thly had
,

been th e type .

It is n ot mean t t hat these prophe t s had n o t the ir message for

th e presen t also : to I srael and J udah and t o t he ir k ings as , ,

well as regard ing even t s e ither con t emporary or in th e near

fu ture H ad it been o therw ise t hey woul d n ot have been
.
,

p r ophe t s to nor yet unders t ood by the ir fellow coun trym e n

, ,
-
.

B es ides God s deal ings and d isc ipl in e w ith I s r ael s till con
,
’

tin u e d and would of necess it y con tinue — pr imar ily t o th e com ing
,

of th e Chr is t and then beyond it t o th e final fulfilm e n t o f

,

H is purposes of mercy H ence the ir m in is try was also of th e .

presen t though ch iefly in warn ing and announcemen t o f

,

j udgmen t Bu t by th e s ide o f th is d e spa ir of th e p r esen t and

.
,

because of it th e ideal des tiny of I srael came in to cl e a r e r m inds

, ,

th e mean ing of th e Dav id ic k ingdom and its final sp ir itu a l real ,

iz ation in a happy fu ture ; and along w ith d e nunc ia tions o f

impend ing j udgmen t came th e comfor t of prophe tic prom ises
1
of th e fu ture .

Two po in ts h ere spec ially presen t themselves to our m inds .

The firs t is tha t w ith th is per iod commences th e era of w r itten

,

prophecy B efore th is tim e th e prophe ts had spoken ; n o w

.

t hey wro t e o r— t o speak more p r ec isely— ga ther e d the ir pro

,

p h et ic u t te r anc e s and v is ions in t o pe r manen t r eco r ds And .

,

as connec ted w ith t h is new phase o f p r ophe tis m we m ark tha t ,

it is rather by v is ion and pred ic tion than by s igns and m ir acles

1
omp H ass G h d
C . e, es c . es a . Bun des , a
pu d B ahr u s p 37 , . . . 0 .

G n rally w r f r h r also t
e e e e e e e o th e r mark s
e of B ahr on th whol subj c t e e e

und r cons i d ra tio

e e n .
 Pr ophets of the Per iod . 67

tha t prophe ts now man ifes ted the ir activ ity

th e But th e .

impor tance of wr itt en records o f p r ophecy is self ev iden t -

.

W ithou t them al ike th e man ife s ta tion and es tabl ishmen t o f th e

,

Mess ian ic k ingdom in I s r ael and its spread in to th e Gen tile

world would humanly speak ing have been imposs ible Chr is
, , .

t ia n ity could n ot have appealed to M ess ian ic pred iction as its

sp r ing nor yet could th e prophe tic word of God have tr avelled
,

t o th e Gen tiles W ith th is yet a second fact o f u tmos t in te r es t

.

seems in tima tely connected O n th e boundary l ine of th e .

-

two s t ages of prophe tism s tand two figures in J ew ish h is to r y

one look ing backwards El ij ah ; th e o ther look ing fo r wards , ,

Jonah th e son of Am itta i ( 2 K ings xiv 2

,
Bo th a r e dis .

t in gu ish e d by t he ir m in is try to th e Gen tiles El1jah by h is s tay ,

and m in is try at Sa r e p ta to wh ich m igh t perhaps be added , , ,

th e m in is try of El isha to Naaman ; J onah by th at call t o ,

1
repen tance in N ineveh wh ich forms th e burden o f th e
proph etic book conn e ct ed w ith his name — wh ile on th e o the r ,

hand his con temporary mes sag e to J eroboam is apparen tly n ot

,

record e d ?
Thus th e grea t unfold ing o f p r oph e cy in its ou tlook
on th e inbr ing ing o f th e Gen tiles was marked by symbol ic
even ts .

W ithou t a ttemp ting any de ta iled accoun t th e p r ophe ts of ,

tha t per iod and th e con ten t s of the ir w r itings may h ere b e
, ,

br iefly re ferred to The ea r l ies t of them was probably y oel

3
.
,

Jehovah is God — a Jud aean whose sphere o f labour was

also in h is native coun try H is prophecy cons is ts o f t wo
”
.
“

u tterances ( i 2 ii 1 8 ; ii 1 9—iii . couched in languag e

-
. . .

as pure and beau tiful as th e sen timen t s are eleva ted From .

1 h s wha t v r Vi w may b tak n f hi m iss ion or f th tim wh n th

T i , e e e e e o s , o e e e e

proph ti c book f Jonah was publ i sh d ( no t t th d f th is chap t r )

e o e se e e a e en o e .

I f th Boo ke f Jonah b r gard d as a grand all gory f th m ssag

o f
e e e e o e e e o

God s grac t th G n ti l s r luctan tly born t th m by Isra l th i s w ill

’
e o e e e , e e o e e

only incr as th s i gn ificanc f th fac t r f rr d t i th t x t

e e e e o e e e e o n e e .

2
Th r s ms no r ason t suppos tha t th is proph cy i pr s rv d i
e e ee e o e e s e e e n

Isa . xv i .
,
xv .

3
U nl ss w t er gard Jo l 3 as po
e a rein ting t a s til l
o arl i r
e e 11 . 2 o e e

pro ph t e .
 68 ? er ohoa rn I I .
,
King f
o I s r a el .

i —
t h e allus ions t o con tempora y even t s ( i i 4 8 , as well a s r .

r
f om th e absence o f any men tion o f Assyr ia , we in fe tha t r
his m in is try was in th e time of J oash k ing of Judah and , ,

of th e h igh p r ie s t J eho ad a w ith wh ich agr ee h is t empl e

-
i —
,

r e fe r e nces wh ich ind ica te a t ime o f rel igious r ev ival But

,
.

he r e also we ma r k th e wide r M ess ian ic r e ferences in chap ters

ii and iii
. The p r oph e c ie s of J o e l seem al r eady r e fe rr ed
.

t o by A m os th e burden — bea r e r ( comp Amos i 2 ; ix 1 3

“
. . .
,

w ith Jo el iii 1 6 1 8 . Amos h ims el f was also a Jud aean

, , ,

or ig inally a he r dsman o f T ekoa ( Am i 1 ; vii

“
Bu t . . .

h is m in is tr y wa s in I s r ael and dur ing th e la tter part o f ,

J e r oboam s r e ign a fte r th e access ion o f Uzz iah ( Am i

’
,
. .

The r e in B e th el wh e r e th e false wo r sh ip o f I srael was com

,

b in e d w ith th e grea t es t lu x u r y and d iss ipa tion th e p r ophe t ,

was con fr on ted by Ama z iah its ch ie f p r ies t Al though ,

.

apparen tly unsucces s ful in h is accusations o f pol it ical c o n

sp irac y aga ins t t h e p r ophe t A m os was obl ig e d t o w ithd r aw in t o ,

J udah ( Am vii 1 0 . H e re he w r o t e do wn h is p r ophe tic

.

u tte r ances p r efacing t hem by an announcem e n t o f com ing

,

j udgmen t ( Am i ii ) t h r ough a nation ev iden tly tha t ve r y

. . .
,

Assy r ia on wh ich th e confi dence o f J e r oboam had r es t ed

( comp .Am v 2 7
. v i . Y e t am i ds t all h is denunc
. ia t ions , ,

Amos also looked forwa r d t o and prophes ied o f th e glor ious ,

Mess ian ic k ingdom ( Am ix 1 1

'
A th ir d p r ophe t of tha t
. .

per iod was H osea help — th e Je r em iah of th e no r th e rn

,

k ingdom as he has b e en ap tly des igna t ed F r om cer ta in

, .

allus ions in h is book we in fe r tha t h e had be e n a na tive o f

t h e no r t h e rn k ingdom ( H os i 3 ; v i 1 0 ; comp V ii . . . . .

H is m in is tr y was p r obably t owards t h e end o f th e r e ign o f Jero

boam and e xte nded t o th e r is ing o f Shallum and o f Menahem
,

( comp . H os vi 8 ; . v ii H is
. p r ophec ies g ive spec
. ial in

s igh t in to th e pol itical r ela tions a n d dang e r s o f th e no r the r n

k ingdom and in t o th e u tter co r rup tion o f all class e s
, .

F r equen t t o o a r e h is r efer e nces t o Judah

, , Y et he r e also .

we ma r k th e p e r s is te nc e o f th e ou tlook on th e b ette r Dav id ic

k ingdom ( H os with much conce r n ing it sca tte r ed through
.
7 0 Uz z ia h, King of 5 ‘
n da h .

of Jonah and unders tood n ot th e s ign ; no r was o ther s ign to

,

be g iven to it S o would it be to t hos e who heard and saw

.

th e Chr is t yet c r aved after o ther s ign su ited to the ir un “ ”

,

bel ief None o ther than th e s ign of J onah woul d be the irs
.

x ii
(
”
even h is a s ign s u flicie n t i i self Ma
“
e t t n t tt
y ,
. .

a s ign also n o t only o f j udgmen t b u t of w ider mercy ,

( Ma tt xii ,
.

C H A PT E R V I

E
fiz z iah ( fi en th l
) fi ng f g
irlis h
’

l ariah, or , i o .

State o f J udah at the Accession o f Uz z iah—Accoun t o f his Reign in the

Book of Kings—Re-occupation of Hath—Religious Con dition of J udah
Expedition again s t the Philistin es an d n eighb ourin g Tr ib es— Occu
pa tion of Trans J or d an ic Terr itor —
y Restor a tion an d Exten sion of the
-

For tificat ions of J er usa le m— R e-

org an isa tion—Prosperity of the Coun try
Growing Pr ide an d Corr up tion —The Sacri/ege of Uz z iah—His
Leprosy an d D eath—J ewish Legen ds .

( 2 KI NG S xv . 1 —
7 ; 2 C HR N O . xxv r .
)

mo tives had de t ermined th e selec tion of

H ATEV ER

Uzz iah by all th e people o f Judah as succ e sso r to h is

murdered fa ther ( 2 K ings xiv th e cho ice proved s ingula r ly .

happy To adap t th e language of th e prophe t Amos ( ix I I )

. .
,

wh ich as mos tly all prophe tic announc emen ts o f th e M ess ian ic
,

fu ture takes for its s tar ting and connec ting po in t re fe r ence to
,

th e presen t eas ily unders tood and hence full of mean ing to
—
, ,

con temporar e s Uzz iah found on h is access ion th e taber

i ,
“

n acle o f Dav id if n o t fallen and in ”

r uins yet w ith threa t
,
“
,

of h is tor i cal charac t r f it d tails or l s f it b ing only a gr a t

th e e o s e , e e o s e e

rO
p ph ti eall gory c found d how v r on a subs t tum f h i s torical fac t
e , e , e e , ra o ,

w do
e t f l call d upon h r
no t
ee n t r I i th r cas th po in t
e e e o e e . n e e e e

would t a ff ct it Div in au thority it r al ity or it l ssons

no e s e ,
s e , s e .
 Con dition of y u a a/
z
’
.
71
e n in g breaches in it Never had th e p ower o f Judah sunk
“
.

low er than when after th e d isas trous war w ith I srael th e he ir

, ,

of Dav id was tr ibu tary t o Jehoas h and th e broken walls of ,

Jerusalem la id th e c ity open and defenceless a t th e fee t o f th e

conqueror Th is s ta te of th ings was absolu tely reversed dur ing
.

th e re ign of Uzz iah and a t its close Judah n o t only held th e

same place as I srael under th e former r eign b ut surpassed it in ,

m ight and glory .

There can be l ittle doub t th a t Jeroboam I I re ta in e d th e .

hold over J udah wh ich h is father J ehoash had ga ined ; and

th is n o t only dur in g th e fifteen years a fter h is access io n in
, ,

wh ich Amaziah of J udah s till occup ied th e throne b ut even ,

in th e beg in n ing of th e re ign of Uzz iah For breaches .

“ ”

such as those tha t had been made are n ot speed ily repa ired ,

and Uzz iah was at h is access ion a you th of only s ix tee n yea r s
, ,

( 2 K ings x v We . t he r e fore incl ine to the v iew tha t th e

o therw ise un in tell ig ible no tice ( 2 K ings x v I ) tha t Uzz iah .
,

acceded in t h e
“
t t —
wen y seven th year o f Jeroboam be a rs
re ference to th e tim e when he had shak e n off the suzera in ty of
”
J eroboam and b egan to r eign in th e real sense o f th e t erm
,
“
.

Th is would make th e per iod of Judah s l ibera tion th e twen ty ’

seven th after J eroboam s access io n and th e twelfth a fte r th e

’
,

eleva tion of Uzz ia h to th e throne when th a t monarch was ,

1
t wen ty eigh t years o f age
-
I mpor tan t though th e re ign o f
.

Uzz iah was — c h ie fl y from a p ol itical b u t also fr om a rel ig ious ,

po in t o f v iew— th e wr iter of th e B ook of K in gs gives only a few

and these th e br ie fe s t no tic e s o f it I n fac t h e may b e sa id .
,

only to s ingle o u t th e l e ad ing charac te r is tics o f tha t p eriod As .

r ega r ds pol itical even ts h e ma r ks th e beginn ing of the recovery

,

o f Judah s powe r in th e occupa tion o f t h e impo r tan t harbour

’

o f Ela th and th e rebu ild ing of tha t t own ( 2

,
K ings xiv .

Th is as we shall sho w reason fo r bel iev ing probably in th e early

, ,

Th i s i th Vi w f Kl i n r t i Ri h m H d W t b p 7 ’
1
s e e o e e n e s an -
or er 11 . . 1 0 a .

O th rs hav r gard d th num ral 7 ( 73 ) as a cl r i cal rror f

e e e e e e 5 2 e e or I

I any cas U i ah could

n e t hav acc d d i
z z thno7 th y ar f J roboam
e e e n e 2 e o e ,

as app ars from a compar i son w i th Ki ngs xi v

e 7 3 2 . 2 , I ,
2 .
72 Uz z ia h, King f
o 7 n da /
z .

years of th e access ion of Uzz iah As always he r eco r ds th e .

1
,

age o f th e new k ing and th e du r a tion o f h is re ign as w ell as ,

th e nam e of h is mo th er ( 2 K ings x v I f th e sugges tion .

prev iously mad e is correc t he also no tices th e e x ac t t ime o f ,

t h e recovery of Jud aean ind e pendenc e from I srael ( 2 K ings x v .

Aga in th e rel ig ious charac ter of th is r e ign is d e scr ibed ;

,

wh ile las tly th e un h appy fa te an d end of th e k ing a r e r e

, ,

corded al though w ithou t men tion o f wha t led to it M an ife s tly

,
.

th e po in t o f v iew in t h e B ook o f K in gs is s imply proph etic “

— n o t as in Chron icles p ries tly— and th e w r iter hu r r ies over

, ,

e ven t s al ike o f a pol it ical and a personal c h arac ter t o ind ic a te ,

wha t seem s to h im of ma in impor tance th e theocra tic rela tion

2
of th e peopl e to J ehovah .

The b r ie f ou tl ine in th e B ook of Kin gs is amply fill e d up

in tha t of Ch r on icles ( 2 Chron He r e als o th e fir s t .
, ,

even t recorded is th e tak in g of Ela th Th is impor ta n t .

harbour from wh ich as fro m th e ne igh bourin g Ez io n Gebe r

, ,
-
,

Solomon had sen t h is flee t of traders to Oph ir ( 1 K ings ix .

2 6— 2 8 2 Chron V 111 I 7 lay o n th e nor th eas tern end o f th e '

-
. .
,

Gul f of Ak ab ah and a t presen t bears th e same nam e O f its

,
.

anc ien t grea tnes s only a tower r e ma ins for p r o te c tion of th e pil
g r ims to M ecca 3
Around it are ru ins and wre tched h ovels
.

b u t abundance o f da te palms s till be token s th e form e r fer til ity -

.

For hal f an hour beyond th e t own s t r e tch along th e blue gulf

- -
, ,

sands cover ed w ith beau tiful shells th e V iew b eing finally shu t
o ff by gran it e and sands tone m oun ta ins Such is th e p r es e n t .

aspec t o f Elo th ( or Ela th ) th e s tro n g tr ees

“ ”
Th e re can “
.
”

be l ittl e doub t tha t wh e n in th e days of Jo r am o f Judah

Edom revol ted ( 2 K in gs viii 2 0 Ela th r ecov e red
”
.

its indep endence The conqu es t o f Edom by Ama z iah had

.

appar en tly on ly e x tended as far as Pe tra abou t half way ,

-

1
h i s s ms v n impl i d by th o th rwis s trang add i ti on i
T ee e e e e e e e n

2 Ki gs xi v
n a ft r th k ing f l l as l p Comp th sam i n
. 22
“
e e e ee .
"
. e e

2 Chron xx vi . . 2 .

2
B ahr p 376, u . s. , . .

3
I t i s th t n th s ta tion on th road from C a iro t M cca
e e e o e .
 R eligiou s Cha r a cter of t/z e R eign .
73
be tween the Dead Sea an d Ela th In occupy ing it aga in and .

rebu ild ing it Uzz iah the r e for e compl e te d t he subj ec tion o f
,

th e coun try by h is fa th e r Such an e xped ition could n ot in .

,

t h e s ta te of Edom h av e o ffe r ed any real d ifficul ty howev e r

, ,

much its success mus t after th e la te d isas ters hav e r a is ed , ,

t h e courage o f Judah an d insp ir e d th e p eopl e w ith confid e nce .

These c ircums tances as well as th e place wh ich th e na rr a tive

,

occup ies in th e sacred te x t lead us to in fe r tha t th is was th e ,

firs t m il itary und er tak ing of Uzz iah And in v iew of h is .

,

ul tima te pu r pos e as rega r ded I srael th e k ing would naturally ,

beg in with wha t was n o t only cer ta in o f success b u t would ,

also sec ure his rear in any fu ture e x p e d ition Nor was th is all . .

A wide r each ing plan of na tional res tora tion would emb r ace
-

th e revival of commerce And wh a t prom inence th e n ew .

Tarsh ish mercan til e mar in e held in publ ic though t and how it ,

affec ted l ife in Judah in th e days of Jo tham th e successor o f ,

Uzz iah appears from th e allus ion in I sa ii 1 6

,
. . .

As rega r ds th e rel ig ious cond ition of th e coun try it is sig

n ifica n t tha t as th e re ign of former k in gs so th e pres e n t was
, ,

charac terised by a comb ina tion o f doin g th e r igh t in th e s igh t .

”
of J ehovah w ith a con tinuance of th e h igh places and the ir
,
“
,

sacr ifices and worsh ip I t seems to ind ica te tha t th is s tra n ge

.

m ix ture in r el ig ion marked th e h ighes t po in t a tta in e d by

th e p e ople Bu t even th is qual ified adherence to th e worsh ip
.

of th e Lord was only temporary as th e te x t e x pla ins in th e ,

“

1 ”
days of Zecharia h who ins truc ted h im in th e fear o f God
,

( 2 Chro n xx v i .Th is prepares us al ike

. for th e la t e r h is to ry

1 For th pr s n t M m ti t x t 11 1111 3 1313 3 ( i th A V und r

e e e as e c e : n e . .
“
e

s tand i ng i n th v i s ions ) w hav v i d n tly t r ad ( th s cond word )

e
”
e e e e o e e e

i n th f ar —as many C di th LXX Sy Targ th J w i sh

“
e e
”
o ,
e .
,
r . . e e ,

and m os ly all Chr i s ti an in t rpr t rs Th firs t word shou ld th n b r nd r d

t e e e . e e e e e e

e i th r und rs tand i ng i n th f ar f God ( so th XX or ins truc ting

e
“
e e e o e L .
“

i n it W pr f r th la tt r in t rpr ta tion ( w i th th Sy Targ Rabb is and

. e e e e e e e e 1. .
,

many t p t ) Th x pr ss on occurs th sam s ns i n N h v iii 9

1n er r e ers e e e i in e e e e e . .

Th i s Z char i ah i
e t o th rw i s known N dl ss t say tha t h was
s no e et . ee e o e no

th e proph t f tha t nam e

”
v n h tha t i s m en tion d i I v i ii
o e n or e e e e n sa . . 2 ,

who l iv d a g n ra tion lat r

e e e e .
 ’
74 Uz z ia h, K ing o f 7 nan/
z .

of th e k ing ,
an d for wha t we shall l e arn of th e cond ition of th e
people .

Bu t th e firs t or rel ig ious per iod of th e re ign of Uzz iah was

one o f con tinuous and prog r ess iv e prosper ity Al though .

it is n ot poss ibl e t o d eterm ine th e prec ise chronolog ical suc

cess ion of ev en ts it seems l ikely tha t th e e xped ition aga ins t
,

th e Ph il is tines soon followed tha t t o th e Red Sea The obj e ct .

of it was finally to break up th e grea t an ti Jud aean confederacy -

wh ich in th e days of K ing J ehora m had w r ough t such havoc

, ,

in Judah after th e successful revol t of Edom ( 2 Chron xxi

,
. .

8 The defea t o f Edom mus t hav e rendered th is e x

d itio n also one o f compara tive ease One by one th e grea t
p e .

Ph il is tine c ities fell 5 Ga th wh ich in th e re ign of Joash had , , ,

been wr e s ted by Hazael o f Sy r ia an d made th e s tar ting po in t ,

-

o f h is incurs ion in t o Judah ( 2 K ings xii Jabneh ( Josh .

xv . a fterwards Jamn ia and abou t n in e m iles to th e no r th ,

eas t of it and th r e e m il e s fr om th e sea Ashdod I t was

, ,
.

probably ow ing to th e impor tan ce o f th is s trong t own wh ich ,

comma n ded the road from Egyp t tha t th e sacred te x t ,

specially m en tions th is d is tric t as one in wh ich th e k ing

“
bu il t c itie s ( 2 Chron xx v i ”
The general pol icy seems . .

w isely to have been n ot to des tr oy nor depopula t e th e

Ph il is tine c ities b u t to render t hem harmless by break in g
,

down the ir for tifica tions and found ing by the ir s ide throu gh ,

o u t t h e Ph il is tin e ter r ito r y c ities inhab ited no doub t by , ,

Jud aean colon is t s And fr om Ph il is tia th e e x ped ition na turally

.

e x tended to an d reduced to subm iss ion th e Arab tr ib e t o

, ,

h
t e so h u t in Gur baal and th e M eun im ( or M eu n ites )
“
- 2 “
.

We have n ow probably reached th e per iod wh en e ith e r

1
See V ol pp 9 9 . v1 . . 1 0, 1 1 .

3
O th i s trib and th con f d racy g n ral l y compar V l V I p 7 8
n e e e e e e , e o . . . .

I t s ms t o m l i k ly tha t v n if Gur Baal i t i d n ti cal w ith G rar

‘

ee e e , e e -
s no e e ,

abou t thr hours t th sou th w s t f Ga a ( th

ee o it mus t b
e - e o z se e e e

sough t i n that n ighbourhood From Ph il i s ti a i th S W v i d n tly a

e . n e . e e

lin e f d f nc i drawn t th
o e e x tr m S E — th t rr i tory f A mmon
e s o e e e e . e e o

N ar G rar—th l ocal i sa ti on f wh ich i s

. .

e e e t how v r absolu t l y c r ta i n o no , e e , e e ,

op ns th wady wh ich s tar ting from H bron s tr tch s down t B rsh ba

e e , e , e e o ee e .
 Pr osper ity of the Cou n try .
75

lu x ury and corrup tion had so demoral ised I srael as to render it

incapable of r e s is ting th e e x tend ing power o f Juda h or e lse ,

th e gov ernmen t o f J e r oboam I I had become pa r alysed For . .

al th ough th e subdual of th e Ph il is tines and th e o ther tr ibes

t o th e sou th and sou th eas t e x pla ins th e s ta temen t tha t
-
th e
“

n ame — he r e presumably th e au tho r ity— of Uz z iah w e n t “

, ,

t o th e go ing down in t o Egyp t mo r e is impl ie d in th e ,

”

n o tice tha t th e Ammo n ites gave g if ts

“
Th is tr ibu te impose d .
”

on Ammon eviden tly presupposes th e occupa tion by Uzz iah o f

th e in terven ing trans J o r dan ic t err itory belong ing to I sra e l 1
-
.

An d its possess ion seems impl ie d in th e fu r ther no tice

( 2 Chro n xx v
. i tha t.t h e herds of Uzz iah pas tured in “

th e low coun tr y tha t is on th e r ich Ph il is tine downs by th e

”
, ,

Med iterranean ( 1 Chron xxv ii and in th e pla in tha t is

. .
“
, ,

on th e w id e graz ing lands eas t of Jorda n in th e anc ien t ,

possess ion of Reuben ( Deu t iii 1 0 iv 4 3 and J os h . . . .

Bu t by far th e mos t impor tan t under ta k in g of th e re ign o f

Uzz iah was th e res tora tion and th e for tifica tion of th e no r thern
wall of J erusalem wh ich had been broken down in th e time
,

of Amaz iah ( 2 Chro n xx v Draw in g an almos t . .

s tra igh t l in e along th e no r th o f th e anc ien t c ity Uz z iah ,

”
bu il t thr ee t owers : at th e lower ga te in th e nor th wes tern ,
-

corner o f th e c ity wh ence th e wall slopes sl igh tly sou thwards

, ,
”
and towards th e w es t ; at th e valley ga te th e presen t Ja ffa “ -
,

ga te ; and las tly at th e oppos ite e x trem ity o f th e n or the r n

,

wall ( and aga in sl igh tly sou th ) to pro te c t th e so called horse ,

-
“

ga t e ( Neh iii 2 8 ; J er xxx i

”
. . w h ere th e n or thern wall
. .

fo r ms to th e eas t a turn ing or angl e whence it runs sou th

“ ”
,

wards ( comp Neh iii 1 9 2 0 2 4

. Thus as th e upper
. .
, , , ,
“

c ity had b es ides that j us t men tioned n o t any o ther ga te to

”
, ,

wards th e wes t nor yet any to th e sou th th e en trance in to

, ,

th e c it y was defended on th e nor th wes t sou th and a t its , , ,

n or th eas tern angle

-
Moreover th e se for ts we r e a r med w ith
.
,

new and powerful engines for proj ec tin g arrows and g r ea t ,

1 ossib ly H v may con tain an all us ion t th is al though p rhaps

P os . . IO o , e

mor l ik ly t v n ts i n th r i g f Jo tham ( comp Chron xx v ii

e e o e e e e n o . 2 . .
76 Uz z ia h , King f
o 7 n da /i .

s tones upon a n y b es ieg in g hos t ( 2 Chron xx v i Las tly . .

,

in acco r dance w ith all th is w e read of a r e organ isa tion ,

o f th e a r my accord ing to th e n umb e r of t he ir e n r olm e n t

,

( mus t e r ing ) by t h e hand o f J e ie l t h e sc r ib e and Maas eiah , , ,

th e officer ( sup e r in t enden t under th e ha n d ( d irec tion ) of

Ha n an iah on e o f th e k in g s cap ta ins ( 2 Chron xxv i ’
. .

Th e levy wa s aga in made in acco r dance w ith earl ies t na tional

—
cus tom al though in ev e n more sys tema tic manner than
b efore Under two thousand s ix hundre d
. heads or “

ch iefs of houses m igh ty men o f valour an army of ,

” “
,

n ot less than m en was ga thered and compl et ely ,

equ ipped by th e k ing— th e heavy in fan try be ing fur n ish e d w it h

sh ields cu irasses and helme ts th e l igh t infan try w ith bows
, , ,

and s tones fo r sl ings

“ 1
Th is spec ially ind ica tes th e com .
”

p le t e n e ss o f t h e armamen t wh ich t h is t im e was n o t only , , ,

fu r n ished by th e cen t r al au thor ity b u t w ith such care t ha t ,

e ven th e sl ings and th e s t ones generally p icked up by th e men

we r e se r ved o ut to th e troops 2
.

1
and t as i th A V sl ings t cas t s ton s Th armam n t
So , no n e . . o e . e e

was that common t th na ti ons f an ti qu ity o e o .

W purpos l y om it r f r nc t th A ssyr i an inscrip tion wh i ch r cords

2
e e e e e e o e ,
e

an a tt mp t d all ianc b tw n H ama th and n in t n c iti s f th d is tr i ct

e e e e ee e ee e o e ,

and A iy h — A ar i ah or U i ah ( Schrad r v 5 pp 7
z r a u z It i z z e ,
.
, . 2 1 s

qu it poss i bl tha t i n th ir r vol t from A ssyr i a th s c i ti s may hav sough t

e e e e e e e e

an al l i anc w i th U iah in to wh ich how v r that monarch d i d t n t r

e z z , , e e ,
no e e .

B t th r f r nc t U iah i th boas ful r cord by Tigl th p il

u e e e e e o z z n e t e a -
es er

o f t h i s Syrian coal ition i t shadowy t adm it i our v i w any c r ta i n s oo o ,

n e , e

in f r nc ( comp N owack A y
e e e B h [m / . p 7 N ot A w ,
ss r . a . e tr . . 2 ,
e re e

t r gard th i n troduc tion f th nam

o e e f A iy h as m an ing l i t ral ly tha t o e e o z r a u e e

monarch or only i n a g n ral s ns as r f rr ing t h i m i n h i s succ ssors

, e e e e e e o e

jus t as O mri i s i n troduc d i n th i nscri p tions ? Aga in w t r gard th e e , a re e o e e

r f r nc as i nd ica ti ng a s tr i c tly h i s tor i cal v n t ? Th is s ms scarc ly

e e e e e e ee e

poss i bl O i it a g n ral r f r nc t or in f r nc from a lat r pol i cy

e . r s e e e e e e o, e e e ,
e

or do s it x pr ss a susp i c i on or i it only a boast ? O th Assyri an

e e e , s n e

chronology i it b aring on tha t f Scr i p tur w purpos ly forb ar n t r i ng

, n s e o e, e e e e e

for r asons pr v i ously ind i ca t d A a tt mp t t concil i ation f th tw

e e e . n e a o e o

chronolog i s ( by O pp t) t th clos
e f H omm l A d i B b A
er , s ee a e e o e ,
r ss a
’
. o . ss .

u .l G / C omp also H Brand s A l/

sr . er t z . G / O i t i
. . e ,
i i. z ur es e z . a.
’
r en : nt

A lter ilz .
7 8 Uz z ia h, King f 7 n dn /i
o .

func tions of th e pries thood with thos e of r oyal ty 1 The hol ies t .

service of th e Templ e was when th e incense was offered on

th e golden al tar w ith in th e H oly Place I t symbol ised th e .

offe r ing o f I s r ael s worsh ip by th e grea t H igh Pries t

’
Re .

g a r dle ss of th e e x press D iv ine ord inance ( E x xxx 7 . .

,

2 7 Numb x v iii 1 .Uzz iah pene tr a ted in to th e Holy Place

.

to a r roga t e to h ims e l f t h is holy func tion I n va in Azar iah .

,

2 Chron xx v i 1 7 e ig h t y
”
th e ch ief prie s t ( and w h h i
“
it m . .
,

o ther brav e men no doub t p r ies ts of th e course then on

,
“ ”

service sough t to arres t th e k ing The ir remons trance re ally

, .
,

the ir warn ing tha t th e issue would b e o ther than h is pr ide had
,

an tic ipa ted only se r ved to inc ite th e wra th o f th e k ing Such
,
.

u tter m isund e r s tand ing and p ervers ion al ik e of th e pr ies tly ,

func tions in the ir de epes t mean ing and of th e royal o ffice in its ,

h igher obj e c t— and tha t from mo tiv e s of p r ide— mus t br ing

ins tan t and s ignal j udgmen t Wh il e yet th e censer w ith its .

burn ing coals was in h is hand and looks and words of wra th ,

on h is face and on his l ips in s igh t o f th e pr ies thood he was , ,

sm itte n w ith wha t was regard e d as p r e em inen tly and d irec tly -

th e s trok e o f God s own Hand comp Numb xii 9

’

( 10 ; . . .
,

2 K ings v There bes ide th e al tar of incense th e

.
,
“
,
”

plague spo t of l eprosy appeared on his forehead H as tily th e

-
.

ass e mbled pr ies ts thrus t h im whom God had so v is ibly ,

sm itten fr om th e H oly Place les t th e presence of th e leper

, ,

should d e fil e th e sanc tua r y Nay h imsel f terror s tr icken .

,
-
,

has te ned thence So th e k ing whose hear t had been l ifted up

.
,

t o th e u tte r fo r ge tfulness of th e help hither t o g iven him by

J e hovah un til he dared th e u ttermos t sacr ilege descended l iving ,

in to th e grave in th e v e ry momen t of h is g r ea t es t pr ide T ill .

d e a th released h im he was a leper dwell ing ou ts ide th e c ity , ,

S om cr itics hav nd avour d t ma i n tain tha t i th is U iah on l y

e e e e e o , n ,
zz

a i m d t t as Dav i d and Solomon had don and t r ass rt th anci n t

e o ac e, o e e e e

royal r igh t f ch i f conduc t f th r l i g ious s rvic s B t th r i abso lu t ly

o e o e e e e . u e e s e

no t a t i ttl f v i d nc
e o tha t ith r Da id or So lomon
e e e v r arrogat d t
e e v e e e o

t h ms lv s any s tr ic tly pr i s tly func tions l as t

e e e f ll t ha t abou t t b
e , e o a o e

m n tion d
e e .
 Dea th of th e King .

79

separa ted — “
in a house of s ickness — or as o the r s h ave ,

rend e r ed the e xpr e ss ion w ith p e r haps g r ea ter probab il ity in , ,

“
a hous e o f sepa r a tion ( comp Lev x iii 4 6 ; Numb v 2 ; . . . . .

2 K ings v ii Cu t off fr om access t o th e house o f th e Lord

.
,

wh e r e he had imp iously sough t to command and d ebar r ed ,

fr om all in te r course w ith men th e k ingdom was adm in is tered ,

by Jo tham his son — fo r how long a per iod be fore th e d ea th

,

o f U z z iah it is imposs ible t o de t erm ine H is pun ishmen t .

follow e d h im ev e n in to th e g r ave Fo r al though he was .

,
“
bu r ie d with h is fa th e r s it was in th e field of th e bur ial ,
“

wh ich belonged to th e k ings p r obably th e burying g r ound ,

”

o f th e m embe r s o f th e r oyal fam ily ; he was n o t la id in th e

s epulch r e where th e k ings o f Judah res ted for they sa id H e “
,

is a l e pe r 1 ”
.

Of th e r ecord of h is deeds by I sa iah to wh ich th e sacred ,

t e x t r e fe r s ( 2 Chron xx vi no po r tion has been preserv e d

. . .

Al though th e activity of th e p r oph et began du r ing th e r e ign of

Uzz iah ( I sa i 1 vi y e t cons
. ide
. r ing tha t it e x t ended
. in t o ,

tha t of He z ek iah I sa iah mus t have b e en s till young ,

2
when ,

th e lep r ous k ing d ied Jewish legend has fabled much abou t .

th e s tr oke tha t d e scended on th e sacr il eg ious k ing I n h is .

clumsy manne r of a ttemp ting to accoun t for th e d irec tly

D ivin e by na tur a l causes Josephus connec ts th e sudd e n
3
,

leprosy o f th e k ing with tha t ear thquak e ( Am i 1 ) o f wh ich . .

th e t e rr ible m e mo r y so l inge r ed in th e popular memo r y as almos t

t o form an e r a in the ir h is t o r y Z e ch x iv 4 n tha t ea r th
( I . .
,

quak e wh ich Jos ephu s desc r ib e s h e t ells u s

, a r en t was ,
“

made in th e Temple and th e br igh t r ays of th e sun shone ,

through it and fell upon th e k ing s face insomuch tha t th e

’
, ,

lep r osy s eized upon h im immed ia tely Oth e r J e wish wr ite r s .

”

s tr angely iden tify th e dea th o f U z z iah re fer r ed to in I sa vi . .

1 ,w ith th e l iving dea th of h is lep r osy and th e earthquake w ith ,

Th e ie wv
h r tak n i that f Rash i and o th r Rabb i n ical comm n ta tors
e e e s o e e .

2
Som cr itics hav sugg s t d tha t h was t h n only abou t t w n ty y ars
e e e e e e e e

of a
ge .

3
Ant . ix . 1 0, 4 .
80 Z a cha r ia h , King of I s r a el .

th e solemn scene the r e p ic tured Y e t th is appl ica t ion of .

the ir s is cer ta inly true when they rank Uzz iah w ith t hose who “

a tta in e d n o t wha t th e y sough t and from whom was taken tha t ,

wh ich they had ( Ber R ”

. .

C H A PT E R V I I .

E
flz z iah ( fi eu th) 3 01 11 11 111 ( G
ileb m ilt ) an b 3 1m
, ( Etoclf th) , ,

E ih
l u] o f gn b a h z ar har ia h i
( gfi ftccn th) § hal lu m
.
,

(fi ixt een t h), gdm ’

a hen r fi ek ahia h
( Qfiightecn th) iB
eka h ( fi tn cteen th) fi in g of fi ar ael
‘
, , .

Accession an d M ur der of Z achariah—Accession and D ea th of ShaI/um

Accession of M en ahem—Takin g an d Sack of Tiphsah— Access ion an d

Victor ies o Tiglath pileser II of Assyr ia—Tr ib ute to Assyr ia

f Pa ! or -
.

Accession an d M urder of Pekahiah— M ilitary Re volution an d Accession

of Pekah—Accession an d Reign of J otham in J udah —Sy r o-Isra elitish

League again st J udah—Accession of Ahaz in J udah— Char acter of his

Reign —Th e n ew idolatry— Changes in the Temple an d its Worship .

(2 KI NG S xv . 8 —xv 1 . 1 8 ; 2 CH R N
O . xxv u . xxv n r .
)

H I LE k ingdom o f Judah was enj oying a br ie f

th e
per iod o f p r osperity tha t of I sra e l was r ap idly near ,

in g its final ove r throw The deep sea ted and w ide cor r up tion
.
-

in th e land affo r ded fac il ities fo r a success ion o f r evolu tions ,

in wh ich one o r ano th e r pol it ical o r m il ita r y adven ture r o ccu

p ied th e th r one fo r a b r ie f p e r iod I n th e th ir te e n o r fou r .

t ee n y e ars b e tween th e dea th o f Jeroboam II and tha t of .

Uzz iah th e no r thern k ingdom saw no less than fou r k ings

,

2 K ings x v r
( . of whom each was emoved by v iol e nce .

I n th e th ir ty e igh th yea r o f Uzz iah

- 1
Je r oboam I I was suc ,
.

c ee de d by h is son Zachar iah th e four th and las t mona r ch of ,

1
We a re wr i ti ng on th suppos i tion e of th e corr c tn ss
e e of th e numb rs i e n

th e B iblical t x t e .
 Revela tion s in I s r a el . 81

th e l ine o f J e hu Holy Scr ip ture he r e specially ma r ks th e fulfil

.

men t of D ivine pred ic tion ( 2 K ings x in th e con tinuance .

of th is dynas ty un to th e fou r th genera tio n Of h is br ie f r eign

“
.
”
,

which las te d only six mon ths we read tha t it was cha r act e r iz e d ,

by con tinuance in th e s ins o f Je r oboam A consp iracy by .

one Shallum n ot o therw ise known issued n ot in th e p r iva te

1
, , ,

assass ination b u t in th e publ ic murder of th e k ing So t err i

2
,
.

bly had all bonds of society been loosened The reg ic ide .

occup ied th e throne for only one mon th M enahem whom .

,

Josephus descr ibes as th e gene r al of Zachar iah advanced

3 4
,

agains t Shallum from T irzah th e anc ien t royal res idence and
5
, ,

slew th e usu rper The assump tion o f th e crown by M enahem .

seems to have m et some res is tance At any ra t e we read .

,

o f an e x ped ition of Menahem aga ins t a place called T iphsah

a fo r d wh ich had re fused to Open its ga tes to h im The .

t own and its surround ing d is tr ic t were t aken and M enah e m ,

t ook ho r r ibl e vengeanc e on th e popula tion 7

The r e ign o f .

M e nahem wh ich as r egards rel ig ion r esembled tha t o f his

, , ,

pred e cessors las ted ten yea r s Bu t it may tr uly be ch aracte r is ed

,
.

as th e beg inn ing of th e end For w ith it comm e nced t he .

acknowledged dependence of th e nor thern k in gdom upon

Assyr ia of wh ich th e ul tima te ou tcome was th e fall o f
,

Jos phus ( A t i I I ) d scrib s h im as a fri nd f th k i ng

1
e n . x. , 1 e e e o e .

UD SQ E b for th p op l i n public v i w Th X X p
'
2 “ ”
e e e e e e . e L .
,
a

p tly unabl
a r en t und rs tand th H br w word hav l ft th m
e o e e e e s, e e e un

transla t d and mad [( hl

e , th nam ith r f th plac wh r e e a a ni e e e e o e e e e

Zachar i ah was k ill d or ls according t Ewald f h i murd r r e , e e, o , o s e e .

3
An t . a . s.

ccord ing t Jos phus w ith h i s army and gav battl t Shallum
4
A o e , , e e o .

For a d scrip tion f Ti h V l V f th is H is tory p 5

5
e o '
rz a see o . . o , . 1 2 .

It s ms doub tfu l wh th r t h i s was th T i phsah f Solomon ( Ki ngs

6
ee e e e o 1

i
v . wh ich lay on th banks f h Euphra t s Th nam wh ich e o t e e . e e,

m ans a ford i so g n ral that it may hav a ttach d t o th r plac s

e ,
”
s e e e e o e e .

A t th sam t i m it should b r m mb r d that abou t tha t p riod

e e e e e e e e e

A ssyria had fall n i n t o s ta t f gr a t w akn ss e a e o e e e .

Such horrors w r
7
t unh ard f on th par t f I sra l though only
e e no e o e o e ,

t
oo common i h ath n warfar ( Kings v i ii ; H
n x iii 6 ;
e e e 2 . 12 os. . 1

Am . i .
 82 J l en a h em , King o f I s r a el .

Sa m a ria an d th e deporta tion o f I s r ael in t o th e lan d o f th e

conqueror .

Lea v ing as ide for reas ons a r ea d y indica t ed qu es t io n s o f

l
, ,

chronolo gy th e A syrian monum e n t s ena ble u s mor e cl ear l y to

,
s

unde r s ta nd th e B iblica l accoun t o f th e r elat io ns be twe e n

M e n ah em an d his e as tern suz e r ain ( 2 Kings xv 1 9 .
,

Thus w e l earn tha t af t e r a p e rio d of d e c a d e nc e which m a y

accoun t fo r t h e independ e n t p r ogress o f J e r oboam I I pe r haps . ,

ev e n for th e occupa tion o f T iphsah by M enah em a milit ary ,

adven tu r er o f t h e name of Pul app aren t l y spr ung fr o m t h e ,

lo we r orde rs s e iz ed t h e crown of A syria an d a s sumed t h e titl e

,
s
,

o f Tigla th pile s er II
1
Th e fir s t mo n arch o f t ha t na me fiv e
-
. .

cen tu r ie s ear lie r had foun ded t h e pow e r o f As sv ria w h ich was
,
.

now to be r e— e s t ablish e d I n th e v er y y e ar o f his acc e ss ion he .

van qui sh e d an d impaled th e king of Bab v lo n an d h e nc efo r th ,

himself assum e d tha t title Tw o v ear s la t e r he t urn e d his .

a r m ies t o th e w es t an d aft er a s ieg e o f thr ee y e ar s t oo k th e

,

S yrian c it y Arpa d in t h e ne igh bourhood o f Hama th an d , ,

n o t far from Damascus comp I a x 9 xxx vi 1 9 K in s

( s 2
g . . .
,
.

“ 1 11 3 4 ; J er e m x l ix 2 3 fo llo wing his fur t h e r

. . .

m ilit a r y ex pe dit io n s it ma y suffice t o St a t e th t t hr ee y ear la t e r a

s

n t h e e igh t h yea r o f h is r e ign i i

( i ) h e s descr b e d on t h e m onu

m e n t as r e c eiv in g t h e tr ib u t e o f M enah e m o f I srael amo n g

s .

t hose of o th e r va s al kin gs Th e sha tt erin g o f t h e po w e r of

s .

t h e S yr ian co n f e dera c y and th e occupa t ion of H ama t h fu lly

exp l ain t h e B iblica l no tice o f t h e advan c e o f Pul o r Tigla t h

p ile s e r II in t o t h e no.r t he r n ki ngdom H is p r ogre s s w as for .

th e tim e ar r e s t e d b y th e subm is s ion o f M e nahem and his pav ,

men t o f an annual t r ibu t e o f t al e n ts o f s il v e r o r abou t ,

wh ich th e k ing o f I s r ael le vi ed by a ta x o f 5 0

1
Th e i d en ti ty
B i bl i l P l wi h Tigl h pil of II h w th e ca u t at -
eser . as , e

b li v b n la ly prov d b yond h pos i b ili y f doub O h

e e e, ee te e e t e s t o t
. n t e

subj c t g n all y comp Sayc F h L gh t f r m t h A lwt J

e e er , m t . e, r es i o e na - a
’
eiru en s ,

pp 5 — 3 ; Sch d r
. 12 1 1 d ar icl by s m writ r in
ra e ,
u . s .
, an t
h
e t e th e a e e

Ri h m H i IV p
’

e 66 4
s a rr -
. . 1 , et c .

A b u t t hr hou nor h f Al ppo I pos s ion did t how

o ee rs t o e . ts se s no ,

ev r b com p rman ill

e , e eim f S n ch r i b
e en t t t
h
e t e o en a e .
 o f Peha h ia h . 8J “

S h ek e ls o r abou t i f6 5 5 on all t h e weal th ie r inhab itan ts o f h is

,
.

r e alm Th is would imply tha t the r e w er e

. con tr ibu to r s
t o th is t ax a l a r g e figu r e in dica t ing at th e sam e tim e t h e w id e
, ,

prosp e rity o f th e coun try an d th e e xt en t o f th e bu r d e n wh ich ,

th e tr ibu t e mus t h a ve l a id on t h e p e ople On th e se ha r d con .

ditio n s M e nah e m was

”
confi rm e d in th e k ingdom by th e “ ”

Assy rian conqu ero r 1

.

M enah em was succ e ed e d in th e kingdom by his son Peka hiah ,

whos e r e ign o f a cha r ac ter s im ilar t o tha t o f his fa th e r las ted

,
2
,

only tw o y ea r s H e fell th e vic tim o f an o th e r m il itary con

.

sp ira cy h e ad e d by Pekah t h e son o f Remal iah

3
p r obably o n e , ,

o f th e cap t a ins o f t h e kin g s bodyguar d As we in te rp r e t th e

’

n ar ra tiv e ( 2 Ki ngs x v 2 th e k in g o f I s r ael had su rr ounded

.

h ims elf with a bodygu ar d such as tha t wh ich o f old had be en ,

fo r m e d by K ing D a v id The nam e o f Pek ahi ah s fa th e r : Me

’
.

nah em th e s on o f Gadi ( 2 K in gs xw
,
s eems t o in dica te ”
.

t ha t h e was d e scend e d fr om th e tr ib e of G a d I t is th e r efo r e .

t h e mor e l ik ely tha t t his body gu ard had b ee n ra is e d fr om

amo n g his coun tr ym e n th e Gil ea dit es — thos e b r ave h ighlande r s

on th e o the r s id e o f Jordan who w e r e fam e d as warrio r s ( comp .

Judge s xi 1 1 Chron m i . h
Thus t e Lx x — p e r haps a fte r
. . .

an old t ra dition — rende r

”
ins t e ad o f th e G il e ad ite s o f th e
“
,

H eb r ew t ex t th e 4 0 0 wh ich r eminds us o f Dayi d s famous 6 0 0

, ,
’

( 2 Sam x v .Th i s body g.ua r d we suppos e t o hav e be en

under th e comman d o f thr ee ca p ta ins one o f whom was ,

Pekah th e l ea der o f t h e r eb ellion A r gob ”

Th e o th e r two
“
,
.
,

so named fr om th e tra n s J orda n ic dis trict o f B as h an ( D eu t - .

1 Ch r on xii f
iii Arieh th e lion ( comp ell
”
an d
“
,
. . . .
,

probably in defending th e king As we r ead it Pekah with .

, ,

1
Th eaccoun t which w hav giv i confirm d by th r f r nc t e e en s e e e e e e o

th burd n or tribu t f th k ing f p i c th king f A ssy i

e e
”
e o
“
e o r n es
”
e o r a,

H os i ii
. x Som wri s hav r g rd d this v n t
. 10 . e form ing th t er e e a e e e as e

subj c f th proph cy i A m ii —3
e t o e e n . v . 1 .

2
A ccord i ng t Jos phus h f o llow d th ba barity f hi fa th r “
o e e e e r o s e

(A n t . ix . 1 1,
3
om cri ics hav s ppos d tha t hi low b irth i s i nd i cat d by hi
S e t e u e s e s

d signa tion simply th son f R maliah i I ii

e as 9 ; v iii 6 e o e n sa . v . . .
84 7 :7 f /la 7ll , Kin g o f 7 n da h .

fi fty o f th e G il ead guard pur sued th e king in t o th e ca s tle; o r ,

fo r tifi e d par t of his palace a t Samar ia a n d t he r e slew h im and -

h is adher e n ts Th e c M e vi vi dly illus tra t e s th e condit ion o f

.

publ ic fe e lin g and morals as desc r ibed by th e prophe t H osea

( iv 1 .
,
The murde r er of h is mas t e r was n o t only allowed
to s eiz e th e crown b u t re ta ined it d uring a period of ,

th irty year s 1
.

Th is r evolu tion had taken plac e in th e las t ( th e fifty second ) -

y e ar of Uzz iah H e was succeeded in J udah by h is son

.

J o tham in th e s e cond y e ar of Pekah th e son o f Remal iah

, ,
.

Jo tham was twen ty fiv e yea r s old when he ascend e d th e th r on e -

and his re ign is sa id to have e x tended over s ix t een y ea r s Bu t .

wh ethe r th is per iod is to be reckoned fr om h is c o r eg e ncy -

( 2 K ings x v 5 2 Ch r on xx v i
. or from h is sole r ul e it is . .
,

imposs ibl e t o d e t e rm in e And in th is may lie one of th e .

reasons of th e diflicu lties o f th is ch r onolo gy 2

.

Th e r eign of Jo tham was p r osp e r ous and only clouded ,

t owa r ds it s clos e B o th rel igiously and pol itica lly it was s t ric tly
.

a con tinua tion of tha t o f Uzz iah whose c o— r egen t o r a t l eas t , ,

adm in is tr a to r J o tham h ad been ,

Acco r d ing t o th e fu ll e r .

accoun t in th e B ook of Chron icles ( 2 Chron J o tham .

main ta ined in his o ffic ial ca pac ity th e worsh ip o f J ehovah in H is

T e mple wisely abs t ain ing howeve r fr om im ita ting h is fa th e r s
, , ,
’

a tt emp ted intru s ion in t o th e functions of th e p r ies thood .

Among th e p e opl e th e form e r corrup t forms o f r el igion wer e

s t ill con tinued and had t o be t ol era t ed Na turally thi s co r
,
.

rup tion would increase in th e cours e of t ime Among th e under .

1
B ib lical t x t has
Th e 3 w h ich s ms t b e a t nsc ib r s ror 2 0, , ee o e ra r e
’
er

f
or 3 Th la t t r n mb r s ms r qu ir d by a compar i son f
0 . e e Kingsu e ee e e o 2

x v 3 ! 33 ! x vii
. 2 Th only al t rna ti v s ms t in t rpos an i
. I . e e e ee o e e n

terre g m f tnu y ars b t w n P kah and H osh a f which how v r

o en e e ee e e ,
o , e e ,

th B i bl i cal t x t do s
e t g iv any i nd i ca tion
e e no e .

2
Ri hm i n th
e labora t A t Z it h g ( i h i s H d
, e e e r . e r ee n nn n an

ma i n ta i ns tha t th s ix t n y ars f Jo tham s r ign cons is t d f tw lv

e ee e o
’
e e o e e

y ars f r g ncy w i th U i ah and only four y ars f sol rul If th r

e o co - e e z z ,
e o e e . e e

had b n four y ars f sol rul a con fus i on f th is numb r w i th th

ee e o e e o e e

s ix t n y ars f hi r ig may hav l d a t ranscri b t th

ee e o s e n e e er o e err o n o us

no tic abou t th tw n ti th y ear f Jo tham ( Kings x v

e e e e o 2 .
 Y otha in 7 h
’
86 , King f
o a a a .

Temple repairs had been placed by J eho iada ( 2 K ings xii .

Las tly from its d e s ignation by Ezek iel ( v iii

,
as th e ga t e .
“

o f th e al t ar we in fe r th at it formed th e common access for

,
”

”
those who o ffered sacr ifices I ts lat er name o f new gat e “
.

was due t o its r e cons tr uction by J o tham wh ile th e passages in ,

wh ich it is men tion e d ind ica te tha t this was th e place where th e
pr inces and pr ies t s were won t to comm un icat e w ith th e p eople
assembled in th e ou ter court ( J er xx v i 1 0 xxxv i . . .

N or were th e ope r a tions o f J o tham confin e d t o J erusalem .

And c ities he bu il t in M oun t Judah [ t h e h ill coun t ry ] and ,

in th e fores t s [ or th icke ts where t owns could n o t be bu il t] , ,

cas tles [ fo r ts ] and t owns [ n o doub t for

,
T 0 com
le t e t h e r ecord of that re ign we add t ha t th e e x ped ition of th e
p
previous re ign aga ins t Ammon was resumed and th e Ammon ,

ite s were forced to pay an annual t r ibu t e n ot only of th e produce ,

of the ir fer tile lands K or o f wheat and as many of

1

barley ) b u t of a hundred talen t s of s ilver or abou t

, ,

Bu t as th e sacred t e x t impl ies ( 2 Chron xx vii

,
th is t r ibu t e . .

was only paid du r ing three years I n th e fourth probably th e .

,

las t year of Jo tham s re ign it ceased no doub t in consequence

’
, ,

of th e Syro I srael itish league aga ins t Judah wh ich was ap

-

a r e n tly j o ined by th e ne ighbour ing t r ibes who had h ither t o

p
been subj ect to Uzz iah and J o tham Las tly of th e in ternal .
,

cond ition of th e coun try of its prosper ity weal th and com , , ,

merce b u t also of its lu x ury and its s ins a v iv id p icture has

, ,

been left in those p r ophec ies of warn ing j udgmen t wh ich form
th e open ing chap t e r s of th e B ook o f I sa iah ( chap 1 5 . .

J o tham h imsel f only w itnessed th e approach of th e calam i

1
Th e Kor ( e ie tl mor anc n y d s i gna t d H m or ra th r Ch m )
e e o er e o er

t en Eph a h = thirty Sea h = 1 0 0 O or [ ni er i f an ss a r on v z . o

E phah =
) 1 80 Qa bh ( DD ) A ccord i ng t th Rabb is th Q abb h ld
. o e e e

t w n y our
e t f
-
egg e Ro sh lls ugh l y sp ak ing th K would b l ss than
. e , e or e e
“
a quar t r e .
”

I am fol low ing th

2
cal cula tions f Schra d r e l A o e n . ( . .

T t
es .
—
pp 4 44 and i n th Ar ticl i Ri h m H d IV A ccord ing
. 1 2 1 , e e n e
’
s an -
.

t H r f ld ( H
o e z d lg h p
e th sum would amoun t t
an e s ese , . e o

b t h i s c ompu ta tion i bas d on a m isconc p tion

u s e e .
 Sy r o [s r a elitis h
-
Leag ue . 87

ties wh ich were so soon to b efall Judah I n th e no r thern .

k ingdom Pekah mus t hav e found h imself in th e m ids t o f

tu r bulen t e l e men t s Even if he had n o t to de fe nd h is crown
.

1
a ga ins t ano ther pr e te nd e r th e d isorgan ized cond ition of th e
,

coun tr y th e necess ity o f keep ing th e peopl e engaged in und er

,

tak ings tha t would d ive r t them from domes tic a ffa irs as well as ,

th e obv ious d e s ir ableness o f form ing fore ign all ianc e s to sup
h — i
por t s hrone p rhaps even more amb t ous plans mus t have
i t e i —
made th e th ir ty years o f th is m il itary usurp er a p er io d o f so r e
2
_

trouble in I s r ael We catch only gl impses o f it at th e clos e of

.

Jo tham s re ign Bu t our scan ty in formation is to some e xte n t

’
.

supplemen t ed by th e Assyr ian records Holy Sc r ip tu r e s imply .

in fo r ms u s tha t in thos e days J ehovah began t o send aga ins t

“

Judah Rez in th e k ing o f Syr ia and P ekah th e son of R e ma

, , ,

l iah ( 2 K ings x v
”
It is a maj es tic and truly p r ophe tic
.

mode o f v iew ing even ts thus to r ecogn ise in such a league as ,

that of Rez in and Pekah th e d iv inely appo in t ed j udgm e n t upon -

Judah It is to pass from th e seconda r y and v is ibl e causes

.

o f an e ven t s tra igh t t o H im Who over rules all and Who w ith
-

D iv in e sk ill weaves th e threads tha t man has spun in to th e

web and woof o f H is deal ings I n po in t of fact th e Sy r o I srael
. .
,
-

itish leag u e aga ins t Judah ul timat ely embrac e d n o t only th e

Ammon ites who r efused to con tinue the ir tr ibu te b u t also th e
, ,

Edom ites th e Ph il is tines and all th e sou thern tr ibes la tely

, ,

r e duced to subj ection ( 2 Chron xxviii 1 7 . .

,

As al r eady s ta ted Jo tham only witnessed th e commencem e n t

,

o f th is great s tr uggle or else he was suffic ien tly s trong s till t o

,

k eep in check wha t a t firs t we r e probably only maraud ing ex

p e ditio n s I t.was o therw is e when h is weak and w icked son
Ahaz ascended th e throne in th e seven teen th year o f Pekah , ,

th e son of Remal iah ( 2 K ings xvi He was p r obably .

1
Som writ rs hav suppos d that th r was such during th firs t
e e e e e e e

p riod a ft r th r o l u tion h ad d by P k ah
e e e ev e e e .

2
O y ar con t mporarily w i th U iah s ix t n y ars con t mporar i ly
ne e e z z ee e e

w i th Jo tham ; t w lv y ars con t mporar i ly w i th Ah = tw ty n i n or

e e e e az en - e, ,

allow i ng f th mod f r ckon i ng y ars th irty y ars

or e e o e e e .
 A ha z King y h
’
88 , f
o ii a a .

1
t wen ty five years of age when he succeeded his fa ther
-
.

The s ixteen years of h is re ign were in every sense mos t

d isas trous fo r Judah As throughou t th is h is tory it is em .
,

pha tically ind ica t ed th a t j us t as former successes had come

from t he help o f th e Lord so now th e real caus e o f Judah s ,
’

rev e rs e s lay in the ir apos tasy from God From th e fi r s t and .

,

throughou t Ahaz did n ot th e r igh t in th e s igh t of th e Lord

,
“
.

Nor should we om it to mark how th e sac r ed t e x t when de

scr ib ing each success ive re ign in Judah br ings its rel igious
charact er in t o compar ison w ith tha t o f Dav id Th is n ot only .
,

because h e was th e founder of th e dynas ty nor even because in ,

h im cen tred th e D iv ine p r om ise t o th e royal house of Judah ,

b u t fr om th e s tr ictly t heocratic charac ter of h is publ ic a dm in is

t ratio n wh ich should have been th e t yp e for tha t o f all his suc
,

c es so r s even as J eroboam s became t ha t fo r th e k ings of I s r ael

’
.
,

I t is imposs ibl e to de t e r m ine whe ther th e var ied idola try

descr ibed in 2 Chron xxv iii 3 4 cha r acterised th e beg inn ing . .
, ,

of Ahaz s re ign or was only gradually in troduced during its

’
,

course M ore p r obably th e latter was th e case ; and as th e suc

.

cess of Syr ia was th e avo wed mo tive for in tr oduc ing its gods in to
Judah so tha t o f I srael formed at leas t th e pre te x t for walk ing
,

in th e ways of th e k in gs of I srael ( 2 Chron xx v iii

”
I ndeed
“
. .
,

there is n o t a s ingl e aspect from wh ich th e charac t er of th e

k ing could have commanded e ith e r respect or sympath y U m .

bel ieving as rega r ds th e Lo r d and H is power ( I s vii 1 1 . .

he was nevertheless r eady to adop t th e mos t abj ect super

stitio n s By mak ing
. mol ten images for Baal im he ,
”

n o t only followed in th e ways of th e house of Ahab

( 1 K ings xvi 3 2 ; 2 K ings 1 2.
; iii b u t adop t ed t h e . .

r it es then practised in I srael ( Hos ii 1 3 ; x iii Connected . . .

1
So i n 2 Chron xx v iii I accord ing t o th e r ead ing o f som e
, . .
,

suppor te d by the LXX and th e Syr Th e correc tn e ss o f th i s read i ng

. .

app ears from a compar i son w ith 2 Chron xx ix I For if A ha had a fter . . . z ,

s ixteen years rei gn d ie d a t th e age o f th i r ty six and his son succ eed ed h i m
’
,
-
,

at th e a ge of w n ty fi Aha mus t hav b n w dd d w h n only t

t e -
ve , z e ee e e e en

y ars old
e . Sim i larly w hav t corr c t i
, Ki ngs i th num ra l
e e o e n 2 xv . 2 e e

20 in to 5 2 .
 Top heth . 89

with th e s e was th e s e r v ic e o f Moloch [ or m or e co rr ectly ,

M ol ech ] wh o was only ano th e r form o f Baal ( comp J e r

, . .

x ix 3 6 ; xxx ii Al ik e in th e s erv ice of th e o n e and th e

-
.
.
,

o the r human sacr ifices we r e o ffered : fo r wh ic h ind e ed Baal

, , ,

h ims el f was suppos e d t o hav e g iv e n a p r eceden t Bu t th is was

1
.

t o r e v iv e th e old Canaan it ish and Phoen ic ian worsh ip w ith all it s ,

abom ina tions and all its defilem e n ts Th e valley of G ihon .

,

wh ich bounds J e r usal em on th e w e s t d e sc e nds at its sou th er n ,

e x tr em it y in t o tha t o f H innom wh ich in turn j o ins a t th e ,

anc ie n t r oyal ga r d e ns th e vall e y o f K id r on tha t r uns along th e ,

eas te rn d e cl iv ity o f th e H oly C ity Th e r e a t th e j unc t ion of .

,

th e valleys of H innom and K idron in t h e s e gard e ns was , ,

Toph eth — th e sp itting o u t

“
or plac e o f abom ina tion — wher e ,

an Ahaz a Manass eh and an Amon sacr ificed th e ir sons

, , ,

and daugh te r s t o B aal Moloch and burn t incense to foul -

,

idols . T r uly was H inno m m oan ing 2

and r igh tly was its “
,
”

nam e G ehin n o m [ —
vall e y of H innom G eh enna ] adop te d as tha t ,

fo r th e plac e o f final suffe r ing And it is o n e o f those s trange .

co inc id e nces th a t th e h ill wh ich r is e s on th e sou th s ide o f th is

spo t was tha t po tte r s field th e fi eld o f blood wh ich
“ ’
,
“
,
”

Judas bough t w ith th e wag e s o f h is b etr ayal and wh er e w ith ,

his own h a nds h e e x e cu te d j udgm en t on h im sel f H is to r y is .

full o f such co inc id enc e s as m en call them no r can we fo r g et ,

in th is conn e c tion tha t it was on th e bounda r y l in e b e twe e n th e -

r e igns o f J o tham and Aha z tha t Rom e was founded ( in 7 5 2

wh ich was des tin e d to ex e cu te final j udgmen t on
apos ta te I sra el .

No r was th is all N o t only did Ahaz bu r n inc e nse in tha t

.

accu r s e d plac e wh er e h e offer ed his own son as a bu r n t3

1
omp Ensch P p a g i
C . .
44 r ee ar . n . . 1 0, .

2
Th i s i s th probabl m an ing f
e H innom al though th nam s ms
e e o , e e ee

orig i nally t hav b n tha t f a p rson

o e ee o e .

3
I n Ki ngs x v i 3 only
2 son i s m n tion d as pass d through th
. on e e e e e

fire . Th i s s ms th mor l i k ly ( comp

ee Ki ngs iii 7 ; xxi
e e and th
e . 2 . 2 . e

plural i n Chron i cl s i s probably only a g n ral i sa ti on Wh n i n Ki ngs

e e e . e 2

w e r ad tha t h mad h i son pass through th fi

e e
“
e th is may b
s e re,
”
e

G
 A ha z King f 7 n aah
’
9 0 ,
o .

sacr ifice to B aal — M oloch b u t a s im ilar idola trous worsh ip was ,

offered on th e h igh places on th e h ills and und er e ve r y g r een

1
, ,

tree ( 2 Chron xx v iii 4 2 K ings xvi . Thus in rega r d to . .

,

—
form th e many sanc tuar ies in oppos ition to th e one place o f
worsh ip — as well as to subs tance and sp ir it there was d ir ec t ,

con trar ie ty to th e ins titu tions of th e Old Tes tamen t I ndeed .

,

it may n ot b e w ithou t us e he r e to mark tha t in th e sur

round ings of I srael e x clus ive un ity of wo r sh ip in one c en tral,

t emple as aga ins t many sanc tua r ies was absolu t ely necessa r y if
, ,

a pure mono the ism was to b e prese r ved and th e in troduc tion
of hea then r ites to be avo ided .

Bu t th e idola try in troduced by Ahaz was to be carr ied to all

its sequences A despo tic ed ic t of th e k ing wh ile a t Damascus
.
, ,

in s ingular con tras t to th e weaknes s d isplay e d t owa r ds his

fore ign enem ies ordered a new al tar for th e Templ e after th e
,

pa ttern sen t to J erusalem of one no doub t devo ted to an Assyr ian ,

e i th er
a t chn ical x pr ss ion or it may r f r t
e e f th orig ina l id as
e , e e o on e o e e

or purpos s f th s sacrific s that f lus tration by fi

e o e e A d poss ibly e : o re . n

th prac tic may

e t always hav
e b n th sam and h nc th orig inal
no e ee e e, e e e

ex pr ss i on r ta in d B t from th parall l passag i Chron icl s th r

e e e . u e e e n e e e

canno t b a doub t tha t i t h is ins tanc as i thos aft rwards

e ,
n e, n e e re

cord d th unhappy v ic tim was li t ral l y burn t Tha t thos pass d

e , e e . e
“
e

through th w r r ally burn t app ars from a comparison f J

”
fi e re e e e , e o er .

xxxi i 35 w ith ii 3 and f E k

. v i . w ith xxii i 3 7 O th
1, o z e . xv . 2 1 . . n e

qu s tion wh th r th ch i ldr n w r only pass d through th fi or burn t

e e e e e e e e e re

i it th R abb i s hav
n e x pr ss d d i ff r n t op in i ons I Y lk t on J
e e e ii e e e . n a u er . v .

3 ( ii p 6 co l
1, . . w hav a r al is tic d scr ip tion
1 . . f th brass figur
e ef e e o e e o

Moloch holl ow and fi l l d w i th fi w ith an o x s h ad and human arms in to

, e re ,
’
e

wh i ch th ch i ldr n w r la i d Th is s ms t agr w i th th accoun t f

e e e e . ee o ee e o

th C th g i
e ar rit ( Bi odo Si xx
a e n an I n t o th larg l i t ra tur on
e t . c. . e e e e

th esubj c t th i s i s t th plac t n t r To th pr s n t wr i t r it has

e no e e o e e . e e e e

o ft n s m d mor l arn d than cl ar For our purpos it i mor im

e ee e e e e e . e s e

portan t t no tic tha t accord i ng t P i 3 7 E k i th v i c tims

,

o e , o s . cv .
,
z e . xv . 2 0, e

s m t hav b n firs t slain and th n burn t I t would thus b a t rribl

ee o e ee e . e e e

coun t rpar t f th Old T s t burn t sacrific s Jos phus ( A t ix

e o e e .
) e . e n . . 12 , 1

al so s tat s tha t Aha had ac tually burn t hi son

e z s .

1
Th h igh p l ac s w r thos on wh ich th r was a sanc tuary or
e
“
e e e e e e

chap l ( 11 72 e
e th h il l tho wh i ch only an al tar was r ar d
e s,
”
se 0 11 e e
 Th e N ew A lta r in the Temple .
9 1

de ity wh ich he had se e n in Damascus and app r oved H e was

,
.

ob eyed by a serv ile h igh pr ies t W hen Ahaz re tu r ned to his -

.

cap ital sacrific e s we r e o ffered by him on th e new al ta r probably 1

,

th an k offerin gs fo r his sa fe arr ival Th is was only th e beg inn ing .

of o ther changes It seems n o t unl ikely tha t th e k ing in tr oduced

.

in connection w ith th e new al tar th e worsh ip o f th e gods o f

Damascus ( 2 Chron xx v iii 2 3 in connec tion with ve r . .
, .

Ce r ta in it is tha t ane x clu sive place was ass igned to it Appa .

r en tl
y U r ij ah t h e p r ies t had o r ig inally s et it a t th e rear of th e old
, ,

al ta r o f burn t o ffe r ing wh ich s tood befo r e th e Lord tha t is

-
,
“
,
”
,

“
befor e th e house in o ther words fr on ting th e en trance in to th e
,
”
,

sanc tuary Bu t as th is would hav e ind ica ted th e infer io r ity of

.

th e new al tar th e k ing on h is r e t urn from Damascus brough t

, , ,

th e two al tars in t o j u x tapos ition I n th e words o f th e sac r ed

?

t e x t ( 2 K ings x v i And t h e al t a r t h
. e b r azen [ ]
one 3 “
,

wh ich [ was ] before J ehovah h e brough t nea r [ placed in j u x ta

pos ition ] fr om be fo r e th e hous e [
,
th e sanc tua r y ] from be twe e n ,

th e al tar [ th e new Damascus al tar ] and th e house of J e hovah ,

and he pu t it at th e s ide o f th e al ta r [ th e new Damascus al tar

] ,

no r thwards The mean ing o f th is is tha t th e b r a z en al ta r

.
”
,

wh ich had h ithe r to faced th e en tr ance to th e sanc tuary eas t ,

wards was now removed to th e nor th s ide o f th e n ew al tar so

, ,

t ha t th e la tt er becam e th e p r inc ipal nay th e sol e sac r ific ial al tar , , .

Accord ingly by command of th e k ing all sacr ific ial worsh ip

,
4
,

1
do s t how v r n c ssaril y follow tha t A ha h ims l f o ff r d th
It e no , e e , e e z e e e e

sacrific s i th s ns f d ischarging pri s tly func tions al though Ki ngs

e n e e e o e , 2

x v i 3 s ms ra th r t l ad up t th s
. 1 ee e o e o i .

Dj p fi h brough t n ar ( K i gs h brough t
”
2 ‘ “
ei 4 A V e 2 n xv . 1 , . .
“
e

i. h brough t th
e. e n ar t th o th r e on e e o e e .

3
Th ld a l tar f bu n t o ff r ing so cal l d i
e o con trad i s tinc tion t
o r e , e n o

th e gold n al tar f i nc ns i n th H o l y Plac

e o e e e e .

4
I th n m n tion f th da i ly morn ing ifi th m a t o ff ring i
e e o e -
sa cr ce, e e -
e s

om i tt d ; i n tha t f th v n i ng sacr i fic th burn t o ff ring B t i n bo th cas s

e o e e e e, e e . u e

sp c i al m n t i on was t r qu i r d s i nc v ry burn t sacri fic had it m at

e e no e e , e e e e s e

o ff r ing ( N umb ii 8 7 x v
e ) wh i l th v n i ng sacr i fic smok d ll
. v . . 2 -
12 e e e e e e a

n igh t on th al tar ( L v i e so tha t it consummati on could t b

ev . . 12 , s no e

w i tn ss d by th worsh i pp rs
e e e e .
 A ha z K ing f 7
f h ’
2 o a n a
9 ,
.

was now cel eb r a te d a t th is new hea th e n al tar th e d isposal o f ,

1
th e old a l tar b eing le ft fo r fur ther cons idera tion .

Th e new place of sac r ifice rende r e d o the r changes in th e

T emple furn itur e almos t n e cess ary The old al tar o f bu r n t offe r .
-

in g was t en cub its or abou t fi ft een fee t h igh ( 2 Chron iv

,
. .

H ence th e r e was an asc e n t to it and a c ircu it around on , ,

wh ich th e m in is ter ing p r ies ts s tood As th e p ieces o f th e .

sac r ifice la id on th e al tar had to be washed th e ten lave r s of ,

“

b r ass for th is purpose wh ich surrounded th e al tar wer e

”
, ,

placed on h igh bas e s o r r a ther s tands so tha t th e o ffic ia ting

“
,

p r ie s ts could wash th e sacr ific ial p ieces w ithou t com ing down
fr om th e c ircu it o f th e al ta r Th e s ide p ieces wh ich form e d th e .

body of th e se s tands we r e o f brass r ichly ornamen ted al terna tely ,

w ith figu r es o f l ions and o x en w ith wr eaths und er nea th th em ,

and ch e rub im ( comp 1 K ings vii 2 7 Fo r th e new

. .

al ta r such h igh s tands wer e no longer r e qu ir e d, and accord ingly

Ahaz broke away th e s idep ie c e s o f th e s tands [
“
A V cut
”
. .
“

off th e borders o f th e bas e s S im ila r ly h e lower e d th e “

s ea ,
by r emov ing it from th e p e des tal of th e braz e n o x e n “
,
”

2 ”
and plac ing it on a base of s tone Poss ibly th e k ing m ay
“
.

also hav e been influenced by a d e s ire to m ake o th e r u se o f

th e se valu a ble p ieces of T empl e fu r n itur e than tha t for wh ich

th e y had been or ig inally d e s ign e d A t any ra t e they r e ma ined .

in th e Temple t ill a la te r pe r iod ( comp J e r 111 1 7 . . .

I t is mo r e d ifficul t t o unde r s tand th e impor t of th e changes

wh ich K ing Aha z made on accoun t o f th e k ing o f Assy r ia “ ”

”
th e en tra n c e o f th e k ing
“
in th e covered Sabba th place and
“
, ,

2 K ings xvi n our ignorance of th e

th e ou ter one ( I .

pr e c is e purpose or local ity of these we can only o ffer such sug

ges tions as seem in acco r dance w ith th e language of th e
o r ig inal We conj ec tu r e tha t th e cove r e d Sabba th place o r
.
“
,

1
b s t r nd ring f th d i fficul t p i i K ings i 5
Th e e e e o e ex 1 e ss o n n 2 xv . 1 : th e
bra n al tar shal l b f m t i nqu i r by ( A V and R V J P3 5
z e e or e o e . . . .

is shall b f m t cons id r Comp Prov xx 5 and N w k

e or e o e .
”
. . . 2 o ac ad loo .

S as th X X ri gh tly nd r it and t pav m n t as i th

o, e L . 1e e , no e e n e A V . .

and R V . .
 A ha z King 9
’

f h
’
94 , o n a a .

roof of th e Al iyah or upper chambe r in th e Temple no 1

,

doub t for th e Assyr ian worsh ip o f th e s tars ( Jer xix I 3 . .

Zeph i . .

C H A PT E R V II I .

g hee, ( Emelf th i
) fl gn o f g ah ifit kah ( g in t teen th)
n h , ,

w
as hes ( E men ticth) £ 1211 1
, ; o f h t
a r ed .

Import f
o the Changes in troduced by Ahaz —Purpose of the Syro Israelitish -

League—Taking of Ela th, Success of Rez in, an d Victory of Pekah

Siege of J er usa lem— App eal to Assyr ia—M essage of Isaiah—Withdra wal
of the Aflies—D anger fr om Assyr ia—The P r ophet Oded an d Lib era tion

of the J udaean Cap tives—Less ons of it— The Name Sh ear Yash ub
Assyrian M arch up on Isr ael— Cap ture an d An nexa tion of Naph ta/i
F urther Campaign— Ta king of Samaria—Re rolution , an d M ur der of
Pekah—Succession of Hoshea—Tr anspor tation of Isr aelites—Siege an d
Capture of D amascus—D ea th of Rez in —Cessation of the Syrian Power .

( 2 KI N G S xv . 2 9 , 3 0 ; xv 1 2 CH R N XXVI II )
O . .

change so comple te as that wh ich has been

R ELI G I O U S

described m igh t seem inc r ed ible if it had been sudd e n ,

or we we r e l eft in ignorance o f its d e epe r causes I n tr u th it .

,

was no less than a sys tema tic a ttemp t t o subs titu t e a compl i
c at ed hea then ism fo r th e rel ig ion o f th e Old Tes t amen t I f its .

ins titu tions had any deeper sp ir itual impo r t eve r y th ing in th e m ,

mus t have been symbol ic H ence eve r y al tera tion would .

,

necessarily des tr oy th e symme try th e ha r mony and w ith th e m , ,

t h e mean ing o f all To subs titu t e for th e al tar of burn t o ffe r ing
.
-

one after th e heathen pa ttern was n ot only to infr inge on th e

1
It has b n surm i s d tha t th is A liy h had b n cons truc t d by Aha
ee e a ee e z

on on e f th bu i ld i ngs i
o eth T mpl cour t ( f th la tt r comp J
n e e e or e e . er .

xxx v . B t m y it ut hav b n on th Al i yah ov r th H oly and

a no e ee e e e

Mos t H oly Pl ac s ( Ki ngs i 7 e and may th r t b som conn c

1 v . 1 e e no e e e

t i on b tw n th i s also and th chang i th k i ng s Sabba th s tand and i ’

e ee e e n e - n
,

h i s n try t it ?
e o
 Pr ies thood an d People .

95
D ivin ely prescr ibed orde r b u t to des troy its symbol ism More , . .

t han th is it was t o in t e r fe r e w ith and in a s e nse t o subv e r t

, , ,

th e ins titu tion o f sac r ific e s wh ich fo r med th e cen tral pa r t in the ,

r el igion o f I s r ael Aga in t o close th e doors o f th e Holy and

.
,

Mos t Holy Plac e s was t o abol ish what set fo r th I s r a el s fellow

1 ’

sh ip w ith the ir Lo r d H is grac ious accep tance o f them and, ,

H is commun ica tion o f pa r don l igh t and l ife Th e te mple o f , , .

Ahaz was no longer tha t o f Jehovah and th e attemp t to a ttach ,

th e old se r vices t o th e new al ta r would only aggravat e th e sin ,

wh il e it ex h ib ited th e folly o f th e k ing .

Even more s trange seems th e m ix ture o f heathen r ites wh ich

it was sough t t o in tr oduc e by th e s ide of th e pe r ve r ted Templ e
r itual It cons iste d o f th e worsh ip o f th e Syrian d eities of
.
,

2
B aal im o f Ashtor eth of th e hos t o f heav e n and of Molech
, , ,

— in shor t it comb in e d Syr ian Phoen ic ian and Assyr ian

, , ,

idola tr y 3
Y et in all th is Aha z found a se r v il e ins trumen t in
.

th e h igh p r ies t U r ij ah ( 2 K ings xvi 1 1 Assur e dly th e .

proph et s desc r ip tion o f I s r a el s wa tchmen as igno r an t

’ ’ “ “
,
”

dumb dogs loving t o slumbe r g r eedy dogs in sati ,

” “
,
” “

abl e sheph erds only ben t o u ga in and s teep e d in v ice was

, ,

t r ue t o th e le tt er ( I s lvi 1 0 And with th is corresponds

. .

th e sa m e prophe t s accoun t o f th e mo r al and r el ig ious cond i

’

tion o f th e p e ople ( I s ii 6 9 v 7 I n v ie w o f th is
. .
-
.
,

K ing Ahaz can only b e r egarded as th e ou tcom e o f his time

and th e r ep r e sen tativ e o f h is p e ople Acco r d ingly th e j udgm e n ts .

a nnounced in these p r oph e c ies of I sa iah r ead only as th e

'

log ical sequence o f th e s ta t e o f ma tters .

The accoun t o f these judgmen t s comes t o us equally fr o m

th e B ooks o f K ings and Ch r on icles wh ich he r e supplemen t ,

1
ha t such was l i t ral ly th cas i confirm d by th no tic f th
T e e e s e e e o e

op n i ng f th doors f th Sanctuary i n Chron xxix 3 ; comp

t e- e o e o e 2 . . .

v rs s 7 7
e e ,
1 .

Th i s i s i mpl i d i n th worsh ip und r v ry gr n

2 '
f t th
e e r e er en ce o e e e e ee

tree i n Chron xx viii 4

2 . . .

I t i s only r i gh t t say tha t i n A ssyrian worsh i p th r i

3
o t a trac f e e s no e o
human sacrific s e .
 A haz King 7
f h
’
9 6 ,
o f a n a .

on e ano ther and espec ially fr om th e p r ophec ies o f I sa iah

, ,

wh ich in chap ter vii giv e th e mos t v iv id desc r ip tion o f th e .

cond ition of th ings The Sy r o I s r ael itish league had been .

-

form e d at th e clos e o f th e r eign of J o tham ( 2 K ings x v .

al though its full e ffect s only app eared when Ah az acceded t o

th e th r one In its dev elopmen t th e confederacy embraced also
.

t h e Edom it es and Ph il is tin e s al though p r obably a t a la t e r p er iod ,

— in all l ik el ihood a ft e r th e ea r ly v ictor ies of th e Sy r ian and

I srael itish arm ies ( 2 Chron xx v iii 1 7 Th e pu r pose of th e . .
,

t wo ch ief all ies is e as ily unde r s t ood No doub t it wa s th e des ir e .

o f Syr ia and I sra el wh ich Tiglath p ile ser h a d so deeply hum

,
-

bled t o Shak e o ff th e yok e o f Assy r ia And as a ft e r a pe r iod

,
.
,

o f d e cadence th e Assyr ian power had only la t ely be e n r es t or e d

,

by th e u surpe r Pul a hop e m a y hav e been ch erish e d tha t a,

power ful l eague m ight hu r l Tigla th pileser from h is th r on e Bu t -

.

for th is obj ect it was necessa r y fi r s t t o secu r e the m s elv e s a ga ins t

any dang e r from th e sou th e spec ially as the r e is some ind ica ,

t ion in th e Assy r ia n inscr ip tions o f a connec tion e x is ting b e

t ween Jud a h a n d Assy r ia s inc e th e days o f Uzz iah .

I n p oin t o f fa c t th e e x ped ition was r a ther aga ins t Ahaz than

,

aga ins t Judah and we a r e d istinctly in form e d tha t it wa s th e

1
,

purpose o f th e all ie s t o d epose th e hous e of David and t o place ,

on th e th r one o f Judah a p e rson o f low o r ig in th e son of ,

“

Ta b h eé l whose name ind ica t es h is Syr ia n desc e n t ( I s v n

,
2
. .

It is only when r e al iz ing th is purpos e o f m a k ing a full end o f

t h e hous e o f Dav id w ith all th e M e ss ian ic p r om ises and ,

hopes bound up w ith it that we fully unde r s tand how it e vok e d , ,

in th e case of Ahaz that mos t full and pe r sonal M e ss ian ic ,

1
p rsonal charac t r f th war app ars t only i n such x pr s
Th e e e o e e no e e

s i ons as Ki ngs i 5 Th y b s i g d Aha

2 xv . b t t a tt n ti v:
“
e e e e z , u o an e e

r ad r throughou t th whol accoun t f it bo th i Ki ngs and Chron i cl s

e e e e o , n e .

2
W ga th r tha t h was f low or i g in from th con t mp tuous d s i gna
e e e o , e e e

t i on th son f T b h é l —l i k th son f R mal i ah Probably h was

”
, e o a e e e o e . e

a Syrian cap ta i n T b h l ( i p . T b h l)=

a good i s God i n A ram
ee n a n sa , a ea
”
,

a nam k indr d t T h im m
e e B t it i s
o mi t k a t suppos tha t it
r on . u a s a e o e

occurs i n ano th r form ( I tib il or Ti b i l ) on an A ssyri an tabl t I t i s also

O

e e .

th nam f a P rs i an o ffic i al i n E ra i v
e e o e
7 z . .
 A ha s King f 7 h
’

9 8 ,
o n a n .

There we read of a two fold success of th e all ies —tha t achieved

by Rezin in cons e qu e nc e o f whi ch a great mul titude o f cap
,

tives w e re ca r r ied t o D amascus and a v ic to r y ga ined by

Pekah I n all p r obab ility Rez in ma r ched from Damascu s
.

th rough th e t r ans J o r da n ic t errit o r y s tra igh t in t o th e sou t h o f

-

Judah e xt e nding his m arch as fa r as th e la t es t conqu e s t o f

,
'

Judah Elath T hi s was now res t o r ed t o Edom S yri a alone

,
. .

could scarcely hav e h eld such an isola t ed pos t no r could it have ,

been left in th e r ear in th e hands of Jud aeans On th e o ther .

hand its r es tora tion t o Edom e xpla ins the ir ac tive partic ipation
,

in th e l e a gu e ( 2 Chr on xxviii The t e xt leaves it some . .

wha t doub tful whe the r Rez in ac tually fough t a p it ched ba tt le

a ga ins t a J u dze a n army such as was e vid e n tly won by P e kah ,

( 2 C hr on xxwi ii o r else
. t h e sm it ing of t h.e S yr ians spok e n “ ”

of in v er 5 only r e ferred in a mo r e gene r al s e nse t o th e losses

.

1
infl ic t ed on Judah by Rez in As it is n o t likely t ha t an arm y .

o f Judah co ul d ha ve been opposed t o Rez in while ano ther was ,

despa tched aga ins t Peka h we adop t th e la tt er view ,

.

t ile Rez in thus ravaged th e sou th Pe kah a tt ack e d Is rae l ,

fr om th e nort h I n a p itched ba ttl e no fewer than .

,

Jud aeans fell in one day J Among th e sla in we r e Maase iah a

2
.
,

i
royal pr nce A kam z r i p r nce o f th e palace
i ,
— p r obably its ,

chief o ffic ial or n z ajoi a on z o— and Elkanah , th e second t o -

’
,

th e k ng
i — probably th e chie f of th e r oyal counc il ( comp .

Es th x I t is n o t easy t o a r r ange th e success ion o f ev e n t s

. . .

Bu t we conj ec t ure t ha t aft er th e losses infl ic t ed by Re z in in th e

sou th and th e blood y vi c to r y ga ined by Pekah in th e nort h
, ,

For a sim ilar u se o f th e exp ress ion comp I Sam vi 1 9 ; 2 Sam xxiv
1 -
. . . . .

1 7 and o th r passag s e e .

A l though thi s numb r s ms som wha t larg and ind d l ik e ee e e, , ee , e

t ha t f th o cap ti v s t ak n t Samari a ( Chron xx iii

e e e o 2 . v .

i s vid n t ly a round numb r y t w mus t b ar i n m ind th s i

e e
“
f e ,
”
e e e e z e o

th Jud an army
e ae und r A m iah Chron 5 ; e az , 2 . xx v .

und r U i ah xx vi
e f r th r th
zz b i t r f l i ng pr vailing i n I sr l
, . u e . e t e ee e ae

( Chron xx v iii
2 d las tly tha t as C anon Rawl i nson r m i nds
. . an , ,
e

us ( Sp l C m m t l ) as l rg
ea eer s
’
d v n larg r loss s
o en , ao
’
. ea ,
a e, an e e e , e are

r cord d i n pro fan his tory ( thus th A rm n ians los t t Tig

e e e t e e a r an ocer a

ou t o f
 Tw o G r ea t Even ts .
99

th e two arm ies marched upon Jeru salem ( 2 K ings xvi with , .

th e obj e c t o f depos ing Ah az Bu t fr om th e s trengt h o f its

.

l a te fo r tifica tions th e unde r tak ing fa iled o f succ e ss I t was .

when Ah az was thus pressed to th e u tte r mos t and th e Edom ites ,

and Ph il is tines had ac tively j o ined th e hos tile all iance ( 2 Ch r on .

xx viii I 7
.
,
t ha t two even t s of th e graves t pol it ical and

t heocra t ic import ance occurred The firs t of these was th e .

r e solve o f th e k ing to appeal to Assyr ia for help with abj ect ,

subm iss ion to its rule r The second was th e app e arance th e
.
,

message and th e wa r n ings o f th e prophe t I sa iah ( I s vii viii )

,
. . .

As we unders tand it the ir inab il it y to t ake Jeru salem and t he

, ,

knowl e dge tha t Ahaz had resolved t o appeal t o Tiglath pileser -

,

induced th e k ings o f Syr ia and I s r a el t o r e tu r n t o the ir cap ital s .

Re z in carr ied p r obably at tha t time h is ca p tives t o Damascus

wh ile th e I srael itish a r my la id th e coun tr y was t e and took n ot ,

only much spo il b u t no less than ,

cap tives mos tly ,

wom e n and ch ildr en ( sons and daugh te r s “ —as th e sac r ed

t e xt s ign ifican t ly marks t o sho w t h e unpreced e n t ed enorm it y o f
,

th e c r ime o f the ir bre thr en ( Ch r on x v iii The ir

“
2 x . .

ul tima t e fat e w ill b e t ol d in th e sequel .

We pass now to th e second ev e n t re ferred to Wh ile th e .

fa t e o f Judah was t r embl in g in th e balanc e t h e proph et I sa iah ,

was comm iss ioned t o go w ith his son Shea r Y a sh u b t o mee t 1

,

th e king a t th e end o f th e condu it o f t h e uppe r pool a t th e

“
,

h ighway o f th e fulle r s field ( s vii i r ”

I s uppe pool
’
I f t h . .
“

was ( as seems mos t l ikely ) th e presen t B irke t el Mam illa th e - -

,

“
d r agon well o f N eh em ii 1 3 and se rpen t s pool o f
”
. .
,
“ ’ ”

Josephus ( Wa r v 3 it lay in th e north wes t o f t h e c ity

,
.
,
The -
.

“
pool wh ich is only a r eservo ir for r a in wat er is part ly
,
”
-
,

hewn in th e r ock and l ined w ith s tone F r om it s ea s te r n s id e .

an ou tle t channel o r condu it op e n e d wind ing somewha t t o ”

,

th e sou th o f th e Ja ffa ga t e eas t wa r ds in t o t h e c it y where a t

, ,

p r es e n t it debouches in t o th e Pool o f th e Pa tr ia r ch ( th e
“ ”

H a m n z ciin cl Ba tr a h) th e Arn ygdalon [

- -
,
Towe r ] Pool o f Jose
1
Th e symbol i c import of th e nam e is e x p lain ed in th e s qu l e e .
 1 00 A ha z ,
King o f 7 n da h .

h
p us F r om th e manner in wh ich th e local ity is men tioned
.
1
,

we in fer t ha t th e k ing was won t t o pass t ha t wa y poss ibly on

~

an inspection o f th e north wes te r n fo rtific atio n s The prophe t s

2 -
.
’

comm iss ion t o Ahaz was th r e e fold H e was t o admon ish him .

t o cou r age ( Is v ii and to announc e tha t so fa r fr om th e pur

. .
,

pose o f th e all ie s succeed ing Eph r a im its elf should w ith in a , ,

3 ”
g iven t im e c eas e to be a people ,
Las tly he was t o g ive “
.
,
“
a s ign o f wha t had been sa id espec ia lly o f th e con tinuance of
”
,

t he house of Dav id Th is was in con tras t t o th e k ing s unbel ie f ’

.
, ,

t o po in t fr om th e pr e sen t to t h e fu t u r e and t o ind ica t e t h e ,

u l tima t e obj ect in v iew— t h e b ir t h of t h e V ir g in s Son Whos e

’
,

name I mmanuel symbol ised all of p r esen t prom ise and fu tu r e

, ,

4
salva tion connect ed w it h th e house of Dav id .

The r esul t was wha t m igh t have been e x pect ed fr om th e

cha r act e r o f Ahaz As w ith ill d isgu ised ir ony he rej ect ed .
,
-
,

Sign imply ing t h a t h is t rus t was in th e h elp of Assy r ia

”
the
“
, ,

n o t in th e prom ise of God so he perseve r ed in h is course , ,

d e sp it e th e p r ophe t s wa r n ing Y et it scarcely requ ir ed a ’

.

p r ophe t s v is ion t o fo r e t ell th e issu e al tho ugh only a prop h et

’

could so au tho r ita tively and in such t erms have announced it , ,

( I s v ii 1 7
. Eve r y . Jew ish pa t r io t mus t have f el t t h e wrong
1
It is
also call d th Poo l f H k iah as suppos d t hav b n mad
e e o ez e , e o e ee e

by tha t k i ng Pro f ssor S i ( Bad k P l t p .

) thro w s som
e oc n e e r, a as . . 12 1 e

doub t on t h i d n tifica tion f th upp r pool w ith El Mam illa ; b t it i s

e e o e e -
u

unh s i ta ingly adop t d by M ithl n i n h i s x c ll n t ar ti cl on J rusal m

e t e a , e e e e e e

( Rh im H e W i p 69 )
,
an a . . . Ia .

2
I t could scarc ly hav b n t s top th wa t rs f th foun tainse e ee o e e o e

w ithou t th c i ty s inc th r et any f oun ta ins th r

, and th poo l e e e a re n o e e,
“
e
”

was f ra i n wa t r
on e or -
e .

3
I our v i w th fulfilm n t f th i s proph cy was i th t ransplan ting t
n e e e o e n e o

Samar ia f a for i gn popula t i on i n th days f Esar haddon ( E

o e iv ) e o -
z r . . 2

and t as has la t ly b n sugg s t d i n t h appo i n tm n t f an A ssyr i an

no , e ee e e , e e o

pr f c t f Samar i a wh i ch would scarc ly fulfil

e e o Ephra im shall b
, e
“
e

brok n tha t it b t a p opl ( I v i i

e , e no e e
”
s . .

Th i s i s t th plac t a tt mp t a d ta i l d x p lana t i on — ra th r v ind i

'
4
no e e o e e e e or e

cation — f th M ss i an i c proph cy I ii 4 W w ill only say tha t th

o e e e , s . v . 1 . e e

i n t rm i ngl i ng f l m n ts f th pr s n t i n th v rs s follow i ng th
e o e e e o e e e e e e e

proph cy i s i our v i w charac t r i s ti c f all such proph cy S r mark s i n

e , n e ,
e o e . ee e

th e s qu l e e .
 f Yn aah
’
1 02 A ha z ,
King o .

t o, s till rema ins to be desc r ibed I t w ill be remembered that .

th e I srael itish v ict o r s had t aken p r isoners From th e .

e xpress ions u sed we infer t ha t these we r e brought to Sama r ia

, ,

n o t by th e whol e army — th e maj o r ity hav ing aft er th e Eas t ern ,

manne r p r obably d ispersed to t he ir homes — b ut by a d iv is ion

, ,

or armed escor t perhaps by thos e who formed th e s tand ing

,

army But even in Sama r ia God had n ot le ft H imself withou t a

.

w itn e ss .A prophe t of J ehovah was the r e whose name was

“
,

O ded .
”
As in th e d ays of Asa th e p r ophe t Aza r iah had m et ,

t h e v ict or ious arm y of J udah on it s re turn n ot w ith words of

flattery b u t of earnes t admon ition ( 2 Chron x v 1
,
so now . .

t h is o therw ise unknown prophe t of Samar ia And h is very o b .

sc ur ity and sudden and isola t ed message as well as it s e ffect

, , ,

are ins tructive of th e obj ec t and charact er of p r ophe tism O nly .

a prophe t of th e Lo r d could have dared in th e c ircums tances , ,

t o u tt er wo r ds so hum il ia ting t o I srael s pr ide and so e x ac ting

’
,

in t he ir demand The de feat and loss o f Judah had been in

.

D ivine pun ishmen t of sin an d would they now add to the ir ,

own gu il t by mak ing slaves of th e ch ildren o f Judah and

J e r usalem ? Or did they p r esume t o regard themselves as
ins tr u men t s of God s j udgmen t s forge tful o f th e gu il t wh ich
’
,

res t ed upon t hems e lves ? Nay let t hem know tha t w r a th was ,

already upon them al ike for the ir s ins for t h is fra tr ic idal wa r
, , ,

and now for the ir purpose of enslaving t he ir b r e thren —and let

t hem set t he ir cap tives free .

The r e is n ot th e leas t reason for ques tion ing th e accuracy of

t h is narra tive 1 no r yet of t ha t o f th e effec t ual in t erven tion on
,

behal f o f th e cap tives of four o f th e heads of houses in

Eph r a im whose names have been handed down t o honou r
,
.

The latter is a furthe r confirma tion o f th e h is t o r ical cha r acte r of

th e repo r t I ndeed even if it had n ot been r eco r ded we should
.
, ,

have e xpect ed some such intervention The mo r e se r ious pa r ty .

1
Th i s has b ee n don e by c er ta i n cr iti cs U nw il l ing as w e a r e t o u se
.

hard languag e n ot only in th i s b u t in mos t o f th e d i fficul ties rai s ed by

, ,

tha t school o f cr i tics it s ee ms n o t e asy to d eterm i n e wh eth er th e i r

,

i ng enu i ty is gr e a ter in ra is i ng obj e c tions t ha t a re ungr ound ed or i n con ,

s t uctin g a h i s tory o f t h e i r own

r .
 Cap tives in Sa m a r ia . 1 03

in I srael , wh ether fr ie nds o r fo e s o f Pekah mus t have dis ,

app r oved o f such an unde r tak ing as tha t o f the ir k ing The r e .

had p r ev iously b e en wars be tween I srael and Judah b ut never

one in wh ich I srael had j o in e d a heathen pow e r fo r th e pu rpose
of ove r th r owing th e hous e of David and plac ing on its th r one a ,

Sy r ian a dven turer I t mus t have awakened every r el ig ious and

.

na tional fe el ing ; and th e s ight o f Jud aean women and

ch ild r en d r iven in t o Sama r ia weary foo tso r e hungry and in , , , ,

r ags to be sold as slaves would evoke n ot satisfaction b ut ab

, , ,

h orr en c e and ind igna tion I t is t o th is t hat we unders tand th e .

fou r pr inces t o re fe r when speak ing o f th e trespass already “ ”

comm itte d by th is war and warn ing aga ins t add ing to it by re ,

t a in ing th e cap t ives as slaves As we r eal ise th e scene we do .

,

n o t wonde r at th e in t erv e n t1o n of th e p r inces nor a t th e popular ,

reaction wh e n th e wo r ds o f th e p r ophe t roused them to full

consc iousness o f the ir wr ong No r tak ing merely th e pol itical .
,

v iew o f it could pr inces or people have been bl ind to th e folly

,

o f weaken ing Judah and en t angl ing t hemselves in a war w ith

T iglath pileser -
.

As so o ft en in s im ilar c ircums tances th e revuls ion of ,

popular feel ing was immed ia t e and comple t e The spo il and .

th e cap tives were handed over to th e pr inces t hose

“

wh o had la tely been p r isone r s we r e t ende r ly cared for as

bre th r en an d honou r ed gues t s and brough t back to th e
1
,

—
Jud aean bo r der c ty Je r cho
i i 2 W ithou t presum ing t o a ffi r m .

1
h y w r ano in t d and th w ak among th m carri d back
T e e e e , e e e e

on ass s e .

Look ing back upon th is p isod

2
it has b n suppos d by som cr i tics
e e, ee e e

tha t th narra ti v s i n Kings and Chron r la t t tw d i ff r n t cam

e e 2 2 . e e o o e e

i — t h ory i n its l f u tt rly i mprobabl

ns a e W th t n t ring on a formal
e e e. I ou e e
p g a

d iscuss i on f cr i t i cal qu s tions it i s hop d tha t th accoun t g iv n i n th

o e , e e e e

t x t i th r an t i c i pa t s or r mov s t h
e e e obj c ti ons advanc d A x c ll n t
e e e e e e . n e e e

monograph on th subj c t i tha t f Caspar i Ub e e Sy i h s o er

’
a en r sc

e
p h m i
r aet K i g (.C hr i s t i an
r e i a 8 4 9 pag s ) T ha t scholar p l,ac s th1 , 101 e . e e

ev n ts r cord d i n Chron xx v iii 5 t b tw n th firs t and th s cond

e e e 2 . .
, e c . e ee e e e

hal f f K ings x v i 5 ( Caspari

o 2 p. B t r ad rs f Caspar i s ,
a . s. , . u e e o
’

monograph w i ll p rc i v tha t i n som importan t parti culars our v i w f th

e e e e e o e

cours f v n ts d i ff rs from that f D Caspari

e o e e e o r . .
1 04 A ha z ,
King o
f
t ha t th is ep isode was in th e m ind o f our Lord when H e spoke
”
t h e parable of th e Good Samar it an t here is t ha t in th e
“
,

b e ar ing o f these men who a r e e x pr e ss e d by names 1 wh ich

r em inds us of th e e x ampl e and th e lessons in that t each ing of
Chr is t .

Ano ther sugges tion we woul d ven tu r e to mak e I t w ill b e .

r e member e d that wh e n I sa iah was d irected to mee t K ing Aha z

h e was to go n ot alone b ut accompan ied by his son Sh e ar , ,

Y a sh u b ( I s v ii The mean ing o f th is ev iden tly symbol ical

. .

nam e is A r emnan t shall re t urn

“
May tha t nam e n o t have .
”

been a symbol ic pred iction of th e ep isode j us t r ela t ed and ,

in t end e d t o show how e as ily th e Lo r d coul d g ive del iveranc e ,

w ithou t any app e al for h elp t o Assy r ia ? 2

If so it cas t s s till ,

fu rth e r l igh t on th e place occup ie d by symbol ism n o t only in ,

t h e Old Tes tamen t b u t in H ebrew and in measu r e in all , ,

Eas tern t h ink ing Symbol ism is so t o sp eak its mod e o f

.
, ,

e x press ion — th e languag e o f it s h ighes t th ink ing H e nc e its .

mo r al te ach ing is in pa r abl e s and p r ove r bs ; its dogma tics in

r itual and typ ical ins titu tions wh ile in its p r ophecy th e pr e sen t
s erv e s as a m ir ror in wh ich th e f utur e is reflec ted To ov e r look .

th is cons tan t pr e s e nce of th e symbol ical and t yp ic a l in t h e

wo r sh ip h is tory t each ing and p r ophecy o f th e Old Tes tam e n t
, , ,

is t o m isund e rs tand n o t only its mean ing b u t e ven th e g e n iu s ,

of th e H ebrew people .

We turn o n tze m o r e t o th e cours e o f th is h is to r y t o trace t h e

resul t s o f Ahaz app e al t o Assy r ia a s aga ins t Syr ia and I srael
’ 3
.

1
Tha t i s th eir nam e s w er e r e cord e d in perpet a m r ei m em or ia m
,
A u .

nobl e fac t th i s nor was in all l i k el i hood parti cipa tion i n th is good d eed
, ,

l i m ited to th e four princ es .

2
mark tha t throughou t th nam s h r symbol ical ( comp I v iii
We e e are e e . s . .

Tha t Sh Y h b r curs i n I x
ea r ( comp as ) i s only i
a e s . . 2 1 . v er . 20 n

accordanc w ith th r fl c ti on f th fu tur upon th pr s n t wh ich i s

e e e e o e e e e e ,

a charac t ri s tic f proph cy —nor can w fa i l t r mark conc rn ing th i s

e o e e o e e

Y h b tha t it i s a r mnan t f Jacob and it r turn i t El “ “

Sh ea r as a e o s e s o

G ib b [God th M igh ty ] comp I i 6

or e , . s . x . .

3
W h r follow i ng th arrang m n t f Schrad r bo th i h i s work
e are e e e e e o e , n ,

A T t and i n th ar ti cl s con tr i bu t d by th
'
Di [( ili h ift
’
e e n se r er n . a . . es . e e e e

sam scholar t Ri h m H d
e o e
’
s an
1 06 H oshea King of I s r a el, .

th e old Can aan itish towns at th e wes tern foo t of Lebanon wh ich ,

commanded th e road to Pales tine Two of these are spec ially .

men tioned A r ka ( Gen x

1
,
th e modern I rk a ab ou t twelve . .
,

m iles nor th eas t from T r ipol is and Z em ar ( Gen x

-
th e ,
. .

2
modern Sym ra th e anc ien t Sim yro s ,
A fter an unhappy .

break of two l ines in th e insc r ip tion we ne x t come upon th e ,

names of two of th e c ities wh ich in 2 K ings x v 2 9 are descr ibed .

as taken by Tiglath pileser G ilead and Abel be th Maachah -

,
- -
,

w ith e x press no tice of the ir s itua tion in th e land of B e th Omr i -

( Samar ia ) and of t he
,
ir hav ing been added t o th e t err it ory of
Assyr ia The inscr ip tion fur ther s ta t es tha t Tiglath piles er had
.
-

s et his own o ffic ials and governors over these d is tr ic t s Thence .

th e v ic to r ious e x ped ition is t raced as far as Gaza whence ,

no doub t after having subj uga ted all th e border tr ibes

,
-

t o Nor thern Arab ia it r e tu r ned to th e land of B e th Om r i “ ”

-
.
,

I t is added tha t Tiglath pileser carr ied away to A ssyr ia all its -

inhab itan t s w ith the ir cha ttels and k illed Pekah the ir k ing
, , ,

appo in ting Hoshea in h is place ( 2 K ings x v .

W e do n ot fa il to perce ive in th is record boastful exaggera

tions by th e Assyr ian monarch s ince al though th e revolu tion , ,

wh ich cos t Pekah h is l ife ( 2 K ings x v 3 0 ) was no doub t occa .

s ion ed by th e v ic t or ies o f Tiglath — p ile s er e t th e I srael itish

y ,

k in g fell by th e hand of Hoshea th e leader of th e r is ing At ,

.

th e same time H oshea was absolu tely dependen t on Assyr ia to ,

wh ich he became tr ibu tary O n th e Assyr ian inscr ip tion th e .

sum e x acted from h im is sa id to have amoun ted to ten talen ts

of gold 6 7 5 0 0 )and t alen t s o f s ilver
,
The
l is t of th e conquered I srael itish c ities g iven in 2 K ings x v 2 9 .

1
Th e
”
Apx'y of Jos phus e ( An t i 6 , . . th e Ca sa r ea Lib a n i of th e
R oman Emp rors e .

N ar th N ahr l K b ir
2
e eth gr a t r iv r th anci n t El th
-
e - e ,
“
e e e , e e eu er o s

( Macc
1 ii wh i ch partly form d th nor th rn boundary f th
. x . e e e o e

L banon d i s t ic t
e r .

Th s sums s m normous
3
e e A ccord i ng t Pro f ssor Sayc ( F h
ee e . o e e r es

L gh t f m t h A i t M
i ro m t p e th Babylo ian tal n t was
n c en on u en s , . e n e

consid rably smal l r t han th J ud an Th proporti on f i lv r t gold

e e e ae . e o S e o

was accord i ng t H f ld as
, accord i ng t Schrad r as
o er z e , o e ,
 A s sy r ia n Victor ies .
1 07

enables us to follow th e course o f th e campa ign o f T igla th

p ile se r s t ra igh t down fr om nor t h t o s ou th t h r ough Upp e r ,

Gal il ee The Assyr ians t ook firs t Ij on in th e tr ibe o f Naph ta l i

.
,

Chron xvi a plac e formerly conqu e r e d by Ben hadad

( 2 . .
-

1 K ings x v th e mode r n Tell D ibb in on a h ill

( probably .
,

in a well wat ered d is tric t on th e road from Damascus

“
,

t o S idon Thence th e conquerors passed to Abel b eth

.
-

Maachah th e meadow ,
o f B et h Ma a cah
“
( a ne ighbou r ing -

small Syr ian d is tr ict) also called A bel M ay im meadow of , ,

“

wa ters ( 2 Ch r on xvi ”
a cons iderable town known to u s . .
,

from th e days of Dav id ( 2 Sam xx 1 8 ) and o f B en hadad . .

-

1 K ings x v s it uat ed abou t one and a half hou r s wes t

( .

no r th wes t from Dan The ne x t town occup ie d Janoah ( n ot

-
.
,

tha t of J osh xvi probably th e mode r n Hun in lay abou t

. .
,

m idway be tween Abel be th Maachah and K edesh th e place - -

,

ne xt cap tured It was also in th e possess ion o f Naph tal i .

and ind e ed t o d is tingu ish it fr om o ther places o f th e s a m e name

, ,

was known as K ed e sh Naphta li or K edesh in Gal il e e ( Josh -

, .

xx 7 xxi 3 2 I Chron vi
. . Th is was one o f th e anc ien t . .

Levitical c ities and th e b ir thplace of B arak ( Judg iv 6 , . .

,

Al though belong ing t o Upper Gal ilee it was at th e time of ,

Chr ist held by th e Tyr ians ( Jos Wa r s ii 1 8 whose ter r itory .

,
.
,

here bounded w ith Gal ilee It s till re ta ins its old name and .
,

l ies no r th — wes t of th e marshes that surround Lake Merom .

The o ther three names in 2 K ings x v 2 9 among th e conques ts .

—
of Tiglat pileser seem those o f d is tr icts r a ther than towns
h
G ilead th e later G aulo n itis th e northe r n po r tion o f th e
,
1
,

1
Th e r nd rs it G l
Lx x A c ity
. f G il ad ( no doub t i tha t
e e a aan . o e n

d is trict) i s m n tion d i n H v i 8 ii ( P) Th con t x t would

e e os . . x . 1 1 . e e c er

t i ly l ad us t
a n apply t a c ity ra th r than t th d i s tric t th t rm i n
e o o e o e e e

2 K ings x v 9 B t th local i sa tion h ith r to propos d f th i s Gil ad

. 2 . u e e e or e

do s t m t th xi g nci s f th narra ti v b i ng t f sou th A v ry

e no ee e e e e o e e, e oo ar . e

impor tan t qu s tion h r ar i s s i conn c ti on w i h

e Chron v 6
e e A e n e t I . . 2 . s

P l and Tigl th pil

u and th sam p rson and th transpor ta
a -
e ser are o n e e e e ,
e

it on allud d t was th s cond — e t ha t und r Shalman s r or ra th r Sargon

o e e e e e , e

( comp Ki
. ngs x2v ii 6 ) —w can only sug g s t t ha t by som con
. fus i on e e e

caus d by th tw nam s P l and Tigl th pil

e e tho la tt r has by a e u a -
e s er , e e ,

cl rical rror cr p t in to th t x t i ns t ad f Shalm n s r or ls Sargon

e e , e e e , e o a e e e e .
1 08 H os hea King of I s r a el
,
.

t r ans J o
-
d is tr ict which J e roboam I I had only lat ely won
r dan c i .

back fo r I s r a e l ( 2 K ings xiv 2 5 ) Galil e e in th e mo r e r e s tr icte d .

,

s e ns e o f th e t e r m t hat is : th e nort h e r n p a rt o f it or Gal il e e

, ,
“

o f th e G e n t il e s comp”
1 Kings ix I I — i shor
( s ix 1 a ll
'
“
I . .
) h t . .
,
”
th e land o f N a ph t al i .

The advanc e o f T iglat h pile s er marked by th e occupa tion -

,

o f those t o wn s in a s t ra igh t l in e from nort h t o sou t h conv e rt e d ,

Gal il ee and t h e adj o in ing trans J o r da n ic d is tri ct in t o an As s yr ian -

pro vi nce wh ich se r ve d as a bas is for fin t h er opera tions Thes e

,
.

m
t er i t na ed — pe r hap s afte r pass ing nea r o r thr ough J erus alem
— wit h th e occup at ion o f Sama ria wh er e a r evolu tion e nsu ed , ,

in whi ch P ekah fell H e was succ ee d e d by th e l e ad e r of th e

.

r is ing H osh e a who b e cam e t ribu ta ry t o Ass yr ia The eas ier

, ,
.

part o f his un d e rt ak ing accomplished Tigla th p ileser t urned ,

-

h is arms aga ins t D amascus H e r e h e m et with a s t ubborn .

r e s ista nce H oly Sc rip t ur e only r eco r ds ( 2 Kings xvi 9 ) that

. .

Damascus was tak en R e zin k ill e d and th e peopl e ca rrie d , ,

cap tive t o Kir— a dis t rict n o t yet c e rt a inly id e n tified b u t ,

appa r en tly belonging t o Med ia ( comp I s xxi 2 xxii It . . . .

was th e nce tha t th e S yr ians had o r iginally come ( Amos ix .

and th ith e r t h ey we r e aga in transport ed when t he ir wo r k in

hi s t ory was done ( Amos i Un fo rtunat ely th e Ass yr ian .
,

t abl et s wh ich r e co r d thi s campa ign ar e mu t ila t e d t ha t in which ,

t h e dea th o f Re z in was reco r d e d b e ing los t Bu t we learn .

t ha t th e s iege o f Damascus occup ie d two y e a r s ; tha t t e r r ibl e

bloodshed marked a gr e at v ict ory o f t h e Assyrians t hat R ez in
was shu t up in h is cap ital in t o wh ich h e had b ee n dr iven tha t ,

n o t only was e ve r y t r ee in t h e ga r dens r ound D amascus cu t

down b u t in th e language o f th e t abl et th e whol e land d e sola t ed

, , ,

as by a flood W ith th e cap ture o f Damascus th e Damasco

.
,

Sy rian emp ir e wh ich had h ithert o b ee n a scou r g e fo r th e

,

pun ishm e n t o f I s r a el cam e t o an e n d H e nce fo r th it was

,
.

only a p r o vinc e o f Ass yr ia I t is in th e l igh t o f all these .

e ven t s t ha t we have t o r ead such p r ophec ie s as t hos e in I s v ii . .

and th e fi r s t part o f chap te r vi ii Th e m aj e s t ic d ivi ne ca lm o f .

th e s e u tt e r anc e s t h e ir lo ft y d e fianc e o f man s s e em ing po w e r

’

, ,
I 10 H os hea ,
King o f I s r a el

C H A PT E R IX

350 2 1
1 1 1
1 ( E mr n t
,ieth) 1
£ 9
11 of 355 1 11 1 1 .

Summary f
o this History— Accession o f Hosh ea — Religious Character

o f h is Reign — D ea th of Tigla th-pi/cser an d Accession f Sh

oa lm an es er

lV — Exp edition in to Pales tin e and Sub m ission o f Hoshea— Attemp ted
—
.

Allian ce f Isr ael with Egyp

o t H os hea m a de a P r ison er —Siege of
Sam a r ia— Accoun t of it in th e As syr ian Inscr ip tion s— Accession of

Sargon — Cap ture of Sam aria— D ep or ta tion of Isr ael Localities — of

th eir Exile— Th e n e w Colon ists o f Samaria an d their Religion —Lessons

o f this History .

( 2 KI N G S XVII ) .

H ER E is
a s trange J ewish trad ition to th e effec t tha t from
th e t im e when Reuben Gad and th e hal f tr ibe of , ,
-

Manasseh we r e d epo r ted th e observance of J ub ilee years ,

ceased ( A r a hh 3 2 h y er Shehh 3 9 o ; 7 er G ilt 4 5

1
. . . . .

Wha tever of tru th the r e may be in th is no tice o ther p ecu ,

liaritie s connect ed w ith th is per iod are of such in t eres t and

impor tance in th is h is tory al ike re trospec tively and pro ,

sp e ct iv ely t ha t we group t hem t oge t her in an orderly form

,

be fore proceed ing w ith our narra tive 2

.

W hen we turn to th e firs t and mos t prom inen t factor in th is

h ist ory I srael we are impressed w ith th is— tha t now fo r
, , ,

t h e firs t time s ince th e separa tion of th e bro ther— na tions th e ,

northern k ing dom had en tered in t o a formal league aga ins t

J udah w ith a heathen na tion and tha t its hered ita r y foe Syr ia , ,
.

And th e s ign ificance of th is fac t deepens as we remember tha t

th e final obj ec t was n o t merely t o conquer Judah b ut t o ,

de throne th e house of David and subs titu te for it a Syr ian , ,

1
ha t
T is, as of B ib li cal ins tit tion u ; n o t, as aft rwards
e ,
of R abb i n i c
ord i nanc e .

2
I n th e f oll ow ing s u m m a ry : we are larg l y fo l low ing Caspari
e , Uher a.
’

Sy r . Eph r aem Kr ieg, . pp . 1 —

2 7 .
 S u m m a ry of H is tory . 1 1 1

presumably a heathen ruler S o forge tful had I srael become of

.

it s g r ea t hop e and of th e ve r y mean ing of its na tional e x is tence

,
.

For th e firs t time also at leas t in th e B ibl ical record does th e

, ,

Assyr ian power now appear on th e scene of Pales tine firs t to ,

be boug ht off by M enahem ( 2 K ings x v 1 9 2 0 ) then to be .

,

invoked by Aha z w ith th e resul t of rendering Judah tr ibu tary

, ,

and finally o f over throw ing I s r ael .

When we pass from I srael to J udah we find that th e coun try ,

had now a tta ined a s tat e o f national prosperity grea ter e ven
t han in th e time of S olomon Bu t in its tra in had com e
.

lu x ury vice idolatry and heathen thought s and manners to

, , , ,

th e u tt er corrup tion of th e people I n va in did th e prophe t s .

call to r ep e n tance ( Joel ii 1 2 4 4 ; I s i 2 —9 1 6 —2 0 ) in va in

. . .
,

did they speak of near ing j udgmen t ( M icah ii 3 ; I s i 2 4 ; . . .

iii 1 —
. 8 I 6 iv I ; v 5 —end ); in va in seek t o woo by p r o
,
-
. .

m is e s of mercy ( M icah iv I —5 ; I s ii 2 . Pr ies ts and . .

peopl e boas ted in an ou tward and formal observance of r itual

ord inances as if thes e were th e subs tance of rel ig ion and in
th is trus t set l igh tly by th e warn ing of t h e prophe t s ( I s i I I —
, ,

I . .

I n the ir overween ing confidence as to th e pr e s e n t and th e ir ,

worldly pol icy as r egarded th e fu tu r e they b r ough t on them ,

selves th e very evils wh ich had been pred icted b u t from wh ich ,

they had deemed t hemselves secure And so it came tha t a .

people who would n ot turn t o the ir God wh ile they m igh t had ,

in th e end th is as the ir j udgmen t of harden ing tha t they could ,

no longer t urn t o H im ( Is vi 9 I 3) . .
-
.

I ndeed Judah had so decl ined tha t n ot only idola t ry of

,

every k ind b u t even th e serv ice o f M olech— nay w itchcra ft

, ,

and nec r omancy e xpressly denounced in th e law ( Deu t

,
.

xv iii 1 0
. we r e O penly practised in the land ( I s viii . .

The D ivine pun ishmen t of all th is has already appear e d

in th e preced ing h is t o r y For if at th e beg inn ing of th e
.
,

re ign of Ahaz Judah had a tta ined its h ighes t s tat e o f prosper ity
, ,

it had sunk at its close to th e low e s t lev e l yet reached In .

t ru t h all th e three na t ions engaged in th e war descr ibed in th e

p r ev ious chap ter rece ived me et pun ishmen t The con tinuance .
 1 12 H os hea , K ing of I s r a el .

of th e no r th e rn k ingdom was now only a ques tion of time and ,

th e e x il e o f I s r ael had act ually b egun Judah had becom e .

d ep e nd e n t on Assy r ia and h e ncefor th was only abl e fitfully

,

and for b r ie f p er iods t o shake Off its yoke till it finally sha r e d ,

t h e fa t e o f it s Sis te r—
k ingdom Las tly Sy r ia c e as e d t o e x is t as
.
,

an ind ep e nd e n t pow e r and became a prov inc e o f Assy r ia

,
.

Bu t in th e h is t o r y of th e k ingdom o f God every mov e men t

is also a s t ep t owa r ds th e g r ea t goal and all j udgm e n t b e comes ,

la r g e r m e r cy So was it on th is occas ion also H ence fo r th th e

. .

whol e h is t or ical scen e was changed The p r ophe tic ho r izon had .

e nla r ged The fall ing away o f I s r a e l had b e come al r e ady in itially
.

th e l ife o f th e wo r ld Th e fulles t p r e d ictions of th e P e rson and

.

wo r k o f th e Mess iah and o f H is un iv e rsal k ingdom da t e from

t h is p e r iod Even th e new r elations o f I srael form e d th e bas is
.

fo r w id e r conc ep tions and sp ir itual p r og r ess ion Those pe tty .

wars w ith Sy r ia Edom M oab Ammon and Ph il is t ia wh ich

, , , , ,

had fill e d th e p r ev ious h is tory now c e as e d to be fac tors in it, ,

and I s r ael found itsel f face t o fac e w ith th e gr e at wo r ld power -

.

Th is cont ac t gave new form and shap e to th e idea o f a un ive r sal

k ingdom of God w ide as th e wo r ld wh ich had h ithe r t o only
, ,

b e en p r e sen t ed in dim ou tl ine and of wh ich only th e g e r m ,

had e x is ted in th e rel ig ious consc iousness of th e people Thus .

in ev ery r espect th is was th e b eg inn ing o f a new e r a— a n era

o f j udgmen t ind ee d b u t also o f larg e r m ercy ; an era o f new
,

d evelopmen t in th e h is tory of th e k ingdom o f God ; a type

also o f th e final ha r den ing o f I s r ael in th e r ej e c tion o f th eir
M e ss iah and o f th e op e n ing O f th e k ingdom of heaven to all
,

b el ievers .

H oshea th e son o f Elah th e las t k ing of I srael ascend e d

, , ,

th e th r one in th e t welfth year o f Ahaz k ing o f Judah H is , .

re ign e xtended at leas t nom inally ov e r n in e yea r s ( 2 K ings

, ,

x vii . O f its r el ig ious cha r ac te r we have th is b r ie f no t ic e ,

tha t
“
he did tha t wh ich was ev il in th e s igh t o f th e Lord b u t ,

n o t as th e k ings o f I s r ael tha t were b e fo r e h im I n th e abs e nce

”
.

o f de ta ils we can only conj e c tu r e th a t t h is ind ica te s dec r eas e in

,

th e fo r me r ac t ive oppos it ion t o th e wo r sh ip o f J ehov a h Th is .

 1 14 H os hea K ing of I s r a el , .

th e Assyr ian inscr ip tions mu tilated as they are lead us to , ,

regard th is campa ign as cons is tin g of several e x ped itions I n t o

Ph oem cra Th is r enders it d ifficul t to know a t wha t prec ise
.

period th e firs t subm iss ion o f H oshea was made .

It seems l ikely tha t th e pro trac t ed res is tance o ffered by Tyre

may have encouraged th e hope t ha t Shalmaneser m igh t a fter
all prove unsuccessful aga ins t a powerful comb ina tion Accord .

l
in gly H oshea en ter e d in t o nego tiations w ith S ev e
, th e k ing ,
“

”
o f Egyp t The k ing of I sra el had good reason for look ing
.

hopefully to an all iance w ith th is monarch H e was th e firs t .

Pharaoh of th e twen ty fifth E th iop ian dynas ty Under h im -

.

Egyp t wh ich before had been p r essed in th e north by th e

,

Assyr ians and in th e sou th by th e E th iop ians and suffer e d ,

from in ternal d issens ions became s trong p eaceful and inde , , ,

penden t Th is is n ot th e place for de ta ils of a re ign wh ich

.

was n ot only s ignally beneficial to h is coun try b u t elevat ed in ,

charac ter S ev e was to o w ise a m onarch t o be persuaded by

.

th e ambassadors or seduced by th e presen t s wh ich H oshea “

,

sen t in t o an ac tive all iance w ith I srael aga ins t Assyr ia

,
The .
2

a ttemp ted consp iracy 3

became known to Shalmaneser H e
“ ”
.

t urned aga ins t H oshea who in th e mean time had ceased t o ,

pay h is tribu te se ized and cas t him in to pr ison ( 2 K ings,

x vii .

1
Massor ti c po in ting S s ms incorr c t ; th pro p r r ad ing would
Th e e o ee e e e e

b S e or S By th Gr ks h i call d S b h ( S h ) on th
'

e ev a va . e ee e s e a a on e vec us e

monum n ts S h b h th las t syllabl b ing p rhaps an Eth iop ic d

e a a a. e e e e en

syllabl O t h e. if m i n ip ti h i s call d S h hi i Comp E b

e cun e or n s cr on s e e a - . . er s

i Ri h m H d W r t b ii p
’

5 5 h
-
n e s an o er . . . 1 0 , .

2
U n for tuna t ly f Egyp t it d i d e t a la t r p riod n t r in to an
or , ,
a e e , e e

al li anc aga i ns t A ssyr i a Th d f a t d hum il iati on f Egy pt

e . e e e an o a re

r f rr d t i I xx
e e e o Probably th proph cy i I
n s . i . f rs t
I . e e n s . x x . re e o

th sam subj c t
e eFor th h i s tory f th A ssyri an v ic tori s Schrad r
e . e o e e s ee e

pp who al so g i v s ( pp 4 —4 5 ) an abs tract f th v n ts

. e . 02 0 o e e e

of 5 1 t f th
ou 7 y ars f th r ign f Sargon
o e 1 W only add tha t on
e o e e o . e ,

th A ssyrian monum n t S
e é i d s i gna t d as Su ltan or princ
e t as ev s e e , e, no

Pharaoh k ing f Egyp t ( Schrad r

,
”
p o e a s . .
, .

3
Som critics how v r propos t r ad f
e , “ DP consp iracy WPW
e e D , e o e or , , ,

fal s hood
”
e .
 Cap tu r e of S a m a r ia . 1 1 5
The fur ther progr e ss of th is war is only briefly s umma r is ed
in th e B ibl ical record ( 2 Kings x v ii 5 wh ich is ch ie fly con .
,

c e rn e d with th e issue of th e s truggle and its sp ir itual impor t ,

and lessons I t only r ela tes tha t th e s iege of Samar ia l a s ted

.

thr ee y e ars h
tha t at t e end of them — tha t is in th e n in th ( or ,

—
las t) y e ar of Hoshea th e c ity was tak e n ; and las tly tha t , ,

I s r ael was ca rr ied away to certa in places wh ich are men

“ ” “ ”

tio n e d Happ ily th e Assyrian inscrip tions enable us to fill up

.
,

t h is bare ou tl ine From them we learn that after th e s iege of

.

Samar ia had con tinued abou t two years Shalmaneser was suc ,

c eede d by Sa r gon who t ook th e c ity

( a ft er a Siege of al t oge t her
,

three years ) in th e firs t year of h is re gn i — tha t is in th e year ,

72 2 S tr ic tly speak ing th e sacred t e x t does n ot e x pressly ,

a ttr ibu t e th e cap ture of Samaria to Shalmaneser h imself ( comp .

2 K ings x v ii 6 ; x v iii 10 al though Sargon is n o t men

. .
,

tion e d And for th is s ilence or even th e ascr ip tion o f th is

.
,

campa ign wholly to Shalmaneser there may b e r easons , ,

unknown to us connec ted w ith th e rela tion be tween Sargon

,

and Shalmaneser and th e pa r t wh ich th e fo r mer may hav e ,

t aken in th e m il itary op e ra tions or th e conduc t of th e s ieg e .

C er ta in it is tha t Sa r gon was n o t th e son of Shalmaneser ,

al though apparen tly o f pr incely descen t— perhap s th e sc ion o f

a colla t eral branch of th e royal fam ily Nor do we know th e .

c ircums tances o f h is access ion— poss ibly in consequence of a

revolu tion eas ily accoun ted for by d issa tisfac tion w ith th e
,

k ing s fa ilure bo th before Tyre and Samar ia In any case th e

’
.
,

inscr ip tions d is tinc tly inform us tha t Sa r gon cap tured Samar ia ,

le d away o f its inhab itan t s t ook fifty char io t s l e av ing , ,

h is subord ina tes to take th e res t o f th e prope r ty found in th e

c ity and appo in ting a governor with th e same t r ibu te as
, ,

H oshea had pa id .

1
k B ibl ical and A ssyrian chronology l ad up t th y ar 7 or
Al i e e o e e 22

7 B
2 1 as that f th tak ing f Samari a
. C . o e o .

I t mus t how v r b
2
adm itt d tha t th argu m n t f th r ad ing
, e e , e e e e or e e
1111 3 5 1
1 and h
3 t oo k it ( Ki ngs x v iii ) f e t h y t oo k it ,
”
2 . 10 or e ,

has gr at w igh t e e .
 I 16 Ex ile of I s r a el .

S im ilarly th e B ibl ical accoun t of th e d epo r ta tion of I s r ael

,

in to e x il e is supplem e n ted and confi r m e d by th e Assy r ian

re cords The places to wh ich th e y were carr ie d a r e n o t
.

inde e d enume r a te d in t h e Assy r ian inscr ip tions b u t th e ir ,

loca tion can mos tly be ascer ta in e d H a lah ( or ra t h e r .

th e fi r s t place men tioned in 2 K ings x v ii 6 was .

, ,

j udg ing from its conj unc tion w ith th e r iver Ch ab or and w ith “

Go z an ( comp I Chron v a d is tr ic t con tiguous to them

. . .
,

called Chalc itis wher e a mound called G la may r epresen t th e ,

c ity 1 There canno t be any doub t in r ega r d to th e o th e r

.

local ities to wh ich th e I srael it es we r e ca r r ied Th ey w e r e .

“
placed on th e Ch ab o r th e r ive r of Gozan and in th e
” “ 2
, ,

it i h
c es of t e M e des Gozan — n —
G au sa it s th e Assyr ian
i .
” “

G u z a nu is a d is tr ic t in M esopo tam ia traversed by th e Ch ab o r

- -
,

( A ss H a bur
, ) th e g r ea t -
r ive r w it h ve
,
r dan t banks wh“
ich ”
,
“
,
”

sp r ings near N is ib is and is nav igable long before it d r a ins ,

th e wa te r s of Gozan in t o th e Euphra t e s The las t dis

t r ie t m e n tioned l ies eas t o f th e o the r s M e d ia is th e ”
.

prov inc e s tre tch ing eas t o f th e Z agro s Moun ta ins and nor th to ,

th e Casp ian Sea or ra th e r t o th e Elb u r moun ta in cha in wh ich,

-
,
”
runs parallel to its sou th ern shore I ts c ities had only l a tely .
“

b e en over r un by th e Assyr ian conqu e ror I n them th e l egendary .

book of Tob it s till plac e s these e x il e s ( Tob i 1 4 ; iii

3 The . . .

accoun t o f th e Ten Tr ibes by Josephus adds l ittle to our know

l e dge H e descr ibes them as a n immense mul titud e n ot to
.
“
,

b e e s tima t ed by numbers and as loca ted beyond th e ,

” “

Euph r ates ( A n t xi 5 Equally if n ot ev e n mo r e vague are

”
. .
, , ,

1
C omp Canon Rawlinson i th Sp h C m m t l
.
, n e ea er s
’
o en . aa
'
oe .

2
Som wr it rs how v r hav r gard d th is as r pr s n ti ng ”
e e , Ch b e e , e e e a or e e e

no t th w ll k nown r iv r b t a small r fll t f th Tigris nor th f

e e -
e , u e a
‘
u en o e ,
o

N in v he e Sim ilarly it has b n ma i n ta i n d tha t th

. r i gh t r nd r i ng
, ee e e e e

would b th r i v Go an a r i v r flow i ng i n to th Casp i an S

e
“
e er. Thus
z ,
”
e e ea . ,

wh il all writ rs
e appro x ima t ly t
e as t th g n ral d i r c tion f
a re e a on e o e e e e o

th e plac f x il th re o su ffici n t d i v rg nc s t mak th pr c i s

e e, e e a re e e e e o e e e e

d i s tr i c t and local i ti s m a tt r f con trov rsy e e o e .

3
B t th suppos i ti on tha t th b ir thplac
u e f th proph t N ahum was e e o e e

t h Elkosh
e t f from N i n v h and on th l ft bank f th T i gr i s i s
no ar e e ,
e e o e ,

a t l as t unprov d
e e .
 1 18 Ex ile of I s r a el .

th e sc an ty and scattered se ttlers The sacred h is torian r ecog .

n ises in th is t h e hand o f th e L O R D
‘
And r ightly so s ince all .
,

wh o are in sympa thy w ith th ings D iv ine mus t by th e sp ir itual

ins tinct o f th e ir n ew natu r e r ise to th e recogn ition of H im Who
rule th and of Whose gove r nmen t and purposes all even ts are
,

th e unb idden means and all men th e unconsc ious yet fr ee

, , ,

ag e n ts Bu t espec ially do we mark th is real isa tion of th e

.

e ternal Presence of th e l iv ing God as th e d is t ingu ish ing

cha r ac ter is t ic of Ol d Tes tam en t t each ing whose firs t and las t ,

u tte r ance it is : J ehovah r eigne th “

.
”

Bu t we have mor e th an m er ely a general confirma tion of th e

‘

B ibl ical accoun t F r om th e Assyr ian records we lea r n tha t in th e

.

firs t year after h is access ion Sa r gon vanqu ished Merodach

Baladan o f B abylon and depo r t e d of th e peopl e t o Cha tti
,
“
,
”

wh ich is th e des ignation for Sy r o Pales tine inclus ive of Samar ia -

,
.

Aga in th e B ibl ical e x press ion B abylon includes bes ides th e

,
“ ”

cap ital o ther c itie s o f B abylon and transpor ta tions from some ,

th e land of B eth Om r i o r Sama r ia a re e x p r essly

“ ”
o f t hem to , ,

r ecorded Acco r d ing t o th e insc r ip tions these t ook place n ot

.
,

only in th e fi r s t b u t in o ther years no tably in th e seven th a fte r ,

th e access ion of Sa r gon and th e tak ing of Samar ia Among .

th e c ities men tioned as furn ish ing colon is t s

”
Cu thah wh ich ,
“
,

has been re d iscovered In th e mod e rn Tell I br ah im lay

- -
,
”
abou t fifteen m iles nor th eas t o f B abylon -
Ava h a s n ot yet .
“

been iden tified Sepharva im or th e tw in S ipar ( Sipph ara )

.
,
“ ”
,

so called because th e c ity was bu il t on bo th banks of th e

Euphra tes has been r e cogn ised in th e ru ins of Abu H abba
,
-
,

abou t twen ty m iles nor th of B abylon where th e celebra te d ,

Temple of th e Sun has been la id bare Las tly Hamath is th e .

,

—
well known Sy r ian c ity wh ich rebelled aga ins t Assyr ia under a
k ing J a hu b i d who was vanqu ished in th e ba ttle o f K arkar
’
, ,

1
At th e sam e tim e th e r e nd er ing o f 2 K ings x v 11 2 5 2 6 in th e A V is
, .
, ,
. .

n o t corr e c t I ns tead o f th er efor e th e Lord s e n t l ions among th em

“ ”
. it ,

should s imp l y b e and th e Lord s en t l i ons amongs t th em N o r should

, .
”

th e a t tribu tion o f th ings to God b e always pr e ss ed in its s tr i c tl y li tera l

s ens e Som etim es it i s e v en a O rien tal mod e of ex press ion Comp
. n . .

2 Chron xxx v 2 1
. . .
 The N ew Colon is ts . 1 19

when Hama th was taken and its people deported The o ther , .

c ities m en t ioned in Sc r ip ture were conqu er e d by Sargon at a

la ter per iod in his final wars aga ins t Me r odach Baladan in th e
,
-
,

t we lfth and th ir teen th yea r s a ft e r his acc e ss ion ( 7 1 0 7 0 9 ,

Hence th e transpo r tation o f t h eir inha b itan ts t o Sama r ia mus t

have been as many years after th e t ak ing o f th e cap ital of I s r ael .

As th e sac r e d te xt in forms us ( 2 K ings x v ii 2 5 3 th e new .

-

colon is ts b r ought w ith them th e worsh ip o f the ir national

2— ”
de ities Among th ese Succo th b en oth
. men tioned as th e ,
“ -

de ity of th e men of B abylon “ — is p r obably a corrup tion of 3

' '

h f h i
t e name o t e well known B abylon an goddess Z i r hcin z t - 4
,
-
,
“
She wh o g ives seed As th e god o f Cu th ,

Nergal is mentioned and th is is confirmed by th e Assy r ian ,

inscr ip tions Nergal seems to have been th e l ion god repre

.
-

sen ted by th e colossal w inged l ions at th e en tranc e to th e

5 ”
palaces Con cern ing Ash ima th e de ity o f Hama th and
.
“
, ,

N ibhaz an d Tart ak th e gods o f th e Av it es we possess n ot any

, ,

defin ite inform ation O n th e o ther hand Adrammelech

.
,
“

[ Adar i k ng and Anamm e lech

[ Anu is k ing gods
“ “
s i th e

of Seph a rva im represent well known Assyr ian de ities Adar

,
-
.

i i i ”
)
3
or
( g nally A t ar means fa t her o f
-
dec s ion I n t h e in s c r ip
“
.

t ions th is god bears a m ong o thers th e des igna tion o f lo r d of “

”
fire wh ich accords w ith th e B ibl ical no tice tha t th e wors h ippers
,

bu r nt to h im the ir ch ildren in fire H e is represen ted as a

” “
.
”

winged bull w ith human h ead and a man s face A n u was

,
’
.

represen ted as a man clo thed in th e sk in of a fish culm ina ting ,

in a tiara After th e two supreme gods II and Asur he occup ied

.
, ,

1
S argon dat s hi first y ar e s e as
“
ki ng of Babyl on i n 7 09 .

2
I n th e LXX . Ewnxtb e 3 6 1 46 .

3
p rhaps a paraphras tic in t rpr tation w ith in t n tion f s im ilarity
Or e e e , e o

of sound i th words us d T hus th H br w am

n e m ans t n ts f e . e e e n e e
“
e o

daugh t rs th A ssyri an Z i bé it th gi v r f s d
e e r -
n ,
“
e e o ee .

Th w i f
4
f th god M rodach and w ith h i m n x t t B l and B l tis
e e o e e , , e o e e ,

a favourit obj c t f worsh i p

e e o .

Comp Schrad r
5
p 83
. e ,
a s . .
, . 2 .

T h is god i also nam d K

6
th firm
s id n tifi d w i th s atura
e eva n ,
“
e on e, e e

h nc Satu m —Kronos—H rcul s

,

e e e e .
 I20 Ex ile of I s r a el .

th e fi r s t r ank in th e Tr iad [ An u Bel N isroch ] H e is al so , ,

.

d e sc r ib e d as th e good god an d as lo r d of th e n igh t

“
,
“
.
”

H is fe male coun te r pa r t bor e th e name A n a t or A n a tu v 1

.

Th e p e r il s wh ich th e n ew s ettle r s e x p e r ie nc e d fr om th e
incr e as e o f w ild beas ts wh ich in t r ue h e a then mann e r th e y
, , ,

asc r ib e d to the ir igno r ance o f th e manner o f th e God of th e “

land le d to an app e al to th e k ing En te r ing in t o th e ir v ie ws

,
.
,

Sa r gon despatch e d to Samar ia o n e of th e p r ies t s who h a d a e com

a n ie d I s r a e l in t o e x ile H se ttl d i B t h l t h t rad itional
p e e n e e .e ,

me tropol is o f I srael itish worsh ip such as J e roboam I h ad r e ,

.

mod elled it An dit wa s th is c o r rupt fo rm of J ehovah worsh ip which

.

h e taugh t th e new se ttlers The resul t was a m ix tu r e o f I sra elitish .

t r u ths t rad itions and co r rup t ions w it h th e pagan r it es wh ich

, , ,

th e y had brough t w ith them Thus the ir new r el ig ion bo r e a .

s trange Sim ilarity to th e m ix ed new pa r tly I s r ael itish par tly , ,

fore ign p opula t ion

,
And such acco r d ing t o th e w r ite r of th e
.
,

B ook o f K ings con tinu e d subs tan tially th e cha r ac ter of th e

,

rel ig ion of Samar ia to his own days .

Y et a n o ther t r anspo r ta tion o f fore ign colon is t s t o Samar ia

seems to have t ak e n plac e in th e re ign o f Esa r— haddon or ,

ra th e r o f h is son — poss ibly in consequenc e o f an a ttemp ted

ris ing on th e pa r t o f th e I sra el itish popula tion ( comp E z ra iv . .

2,
Bu t w h a t mos t deeply impr e sses us in th e B ibl ic al
na r ra tive of thes e even ts is t h e sp ir it and manner in wh ich a t
th e clos e of I sra e l s na tional h is t o r y th e w r it e r passes in r e v ie w
’

th e l e ad ing c h a r ac te r is tics The D iv ine call ing of I sra el the ir .

de fec tion rap idly g r ow ing in t o op e n idola tr y th e warn ings o f

,

th e prophe t s sen t t o th em and the ir neglec t th e hard e n ing o f

,

hear t l e ad ing up to th e u tmos t co r rup tion in r el ig ion mo r als

, , ,

and l ife — such w ith a b r ie f r eflec tion on J udah s k ind r ed

,
’

gu il t and danger is th e summary p r es e n ted to u s o f th is h is to r y

,

in its sp ir itual aspec t S carcely on any o ther occas ion do e s th e

.

sac r ed w r iter allow h im sel f r efl e ctio n s o f th is kind Bu t th e y .

1
nam f A na t or Ana th s ms t app ar as a compound i som
Th e e o ee o e n e

nam s f plac s m n ti on d i th Old T s tam n t ( although c r ta i nly t

e o e e e n e e e e no

i n A na tho h nor A th th y h )
t na o a .
12 2 H ea eh ia h King of 5 u da h
,
‘
.

b etter God is m igh t was tr uly ind ica tiv e of th e char a c te r o f

,
“
,

h is re ign In ev e ry resp e c t— n o t only as r ega r ded th e k ing

.

pe r sonally b u t also in th e r e sul ts of h is adm in is tr a tion as

, ,

ff i hi —
a ec t ng s coun tr y and people th is per iod was in comple te
con tr as t to tha t wh ich had immed ia tely pr e c e d e d it .

H ez ek iah th e son of Ahaz ascend e d th e throne at th e age

, ,

of twen ty five towards th e close of th e th ird year o f H o sh ea s

1
-
,
’

re ign in I srael H e was there fore a w itness o f th e even t s wh ich

.

befell Sama r ia From a me r ely pol itical po in t of v ie w th e

.
,

pos ition of a k ing of Judah mus t have been one of no small

d ifficul ty I n th e no r the r n k ingdom Pekah had sown th e w ind
.
,

and Hoshea would r eap th e wh ir lw ind The one had brough t .

upon h imself th e m igh t o f Assy r ia th e o ther would ul tima t ely

los e crown and l ife in his a ttemp ts to shak e off th e yoke o f
th e conquero r And in his ru in would I sra e l b e involved
. .

Assy r ia was th e pa r amoun t power n ot only in Samar ia wh ich , ,

was so soon to become a prov inc e o f tha t emp ire b u t in Judah ,

also Fo r Ahaz had made h imsel f tr ibu tary to it and h eld

.
,

h is crown almos t a t th e mercy of th e g r ea t world e mp ire -

.

And as w ill appear in th e sequel He z ek iah h imself was to

, ,

feel th e power of Assyr ia even before he came in to ac tual

confl ic t w ith it .

All th is success ion of ev ils and those wh ich were s till to ,

follow were th e cons e quences o f th e d isbel ie f and unbel ief of

,

Ahaz As he had d iscard e d th e r el igion o f J ehovah so h e

.
,

d e sp ised H is Word I n th e pol itical c ir cums tances o f th e .

coun try th e only al terna tive b efor e h im was e ith e r to trus t in

,

th e Lo r d for d el iv e ranc e or else t o su rr e nd e r t o a fo r e ign ,

power Aga ins t th e admon itions and wa r n ings o f th e g r ea t

.

p r oph et who had assu r ed h im o f D iv ine help Ahaz had chos e n

, ,

th e second al te rna tive H is resolv e was n o t only s in : it was .

folly H is shor t—
. s igh ted pol icy brough t in ano th e r powe r whose
dom ina tion could n eve r a fte r wa r ds b e p e r manen tly shaken o ff .

1
compar i son w ith th da t s i n Ki ngs x v iii 9 has l d som wr i t rs
A e e 2 . I, e e e

to subs ti tu t th fo r th f h th i r
e
“
y ar f H osh a ( so alr ady
e u
”
or
“
t e t e o e e

Jos phus A t ix 3 I ) B t th r s ms no n c ss ity f th i s

e , n . . 1 ,
. u e e ee e e or .
 Cha r a cter of h is Reign .
12 3

Afte r wa r ds when th e k ingdom o f I sra el cam e to an end th e

, ,

t wo r ival wo r ld emp ires Assy r ia and Egyp t s tood face to fac e

-
, , ,

t itt e —
only separa ed by l l Judah an O bj e c t o f amb ition to bo th ,

a help to ne ith er yet whose subj e c tion was absolu tely n e c e ssa r y
,

t o Assy r ia n o t only in V iew o f its fu r ther p r oj ec t s b u t e v e n if

, ,

p r ev ious conques t s w ere to be prese r ved And for an Assy r ian .

monarch n ot to be success ful was as th is h is to r y has shown , ,

t o lose crown and l ife .

So ma tters s tood when H ezek iah ascended th e throne O f .

all th e pol itical comb ina tions poss ibl e to him he chose non e , .

H e r eturned to th e po in t fr om wh ich Ahaz had d epa r ted H is .

pol icy was n ot t o have any pol icy b u t t o tr us t in th e l iv ing ,

God to ob ey H is Word and to follo w H is gu idance H is

, , .

pol icy was h is r el ig ion an d h is rel ig ion was tr ue pol icy The
, .

only occ a s ion on wh ich he was t emp ted t o dev ia te fr om it was

a t a la t er t ime and it well n igh p r oved fa tal t o him
,
-
as in th e ,

sequel it ce r ta inly did to h is succ e sso r s N o t that H e z ek iah .

ne glec t ed to ava il h imsel f o f p ol itical comb ina tions a s they a r ose .

I nde e d th is b e came th e sourc e o f h is dang e r

, H e may hav e .

a r gu e d that n o t t o mak e u se o f th e m eans placed w ith in h is

r e ach was fa tal ism n o t fa ith I n th is h e e rr e d Y et he did
,
. .

n ot
p u t h is t r us t in such all iances H e t r e a t e d t hem r a the r as .

m eans for de fe ns ive than as ins trum e n ts sough t for o ffens ive
,

purpos e s The only r eal h elp wh ich he sough t was tha t of th e

.

l iving God .

Thus r el ig ion was th e cen tr al p r inciple of his re ign and th e

sec r et of h is success The fi r s t ac t of h is gov e rnmen t was to
.

abol ish ev e r y k ind of idola tr y whe th e r of fo r eign or dom e s tic ,

or ig in The b a m oth or h igh places we r e abol ished ; th e

.
,
“
,
”

m a tsehh oth or s tone p illars and s t a tues e r e c ted for th e worsh ip

,

of Baal we r e broken down ; and th e A sh er a h or wooden

‘

,
1
,

1
Th e word i s h er e us e d coll e c tiv e ly A s tar te whos e v ery nam e s ee ms .
,

to sugg es t de file m en t was th e sam e as A phrod i te and V e nus

,
H er ,
.

worsh i p was co jo i n ed w i th that o f Baal h e embl em was a tree with its

n r ,

branch es b u t w i thou t roo ts plan ted upri gh t i n th e ground Onc e w e

, ,
.

r ead o f an image o f A sh erah ( 2 K ings xxi Comp th e e labora te A r t . . .

A ta te by Pro fe ssor Schlo t tmann i n Rie h m s H a d Wor t h

’
-
s r , n er .
12 4 H ez eh ia h Kin g of 7 u da h ,
.

symbol o f th e lasc ivious worsh ip of As ta r te was cu t down , .

Nay e v e n th e b r azen serp e n t w h ich had apparen tly be e n

, ,

p r eserved s ince th e time o f Mos es and had no doub t in

1
, ,

d eg e n e ra t e t imes b e com e almos t an obj e c t o f wo r s h ip was

, ,

now des troy e d hav ing rec e iv e d th e appella tion wh ich wh e n 2

—
, ,

i
made an idol t d e serv e d lVech u shta n ,
b r azen a p iece o f ,
“
,
”

b r ass ( 2 K ings x v iii I n g e n e ral th e sacr e d t e x t d e sc r ib e s

.
,

Hez ek iah as unequall e d in rel ig ious e a r n e s tness and in con

form ity to th e D iv ine law by any even o f th e p ious k ings tha t
had pr e c e ded or who succeed e d h im and it places h im on a
, ,
”
level w ith Dav id h is fa ther “
And th is is fully v ind ica te d .

by h is abol ition of even tha t fo r m o f Jehovah wo r sh ip on -

”
h eigh ts wh ich Solomon as w ell as Asa Jehosh apha t J ehoas h , , , ,

Amaz iah and Uzz iah had t ole r a t ed ( 1 K ings iii 2 xv 1 2 I 4 ;

,
. .
,

xx ii 4 3 ; 2 K ings xii 3 ; xiv 4 ; x v 4

. . . .
,

Bu t th e r e fo r ma t ion in itia te d was n o t only nega tive and ,

He z ek iah r es tored t h e s e r v ices o f th e T e mpl e in the ir com

p l e t e n ess and pu r ity F r om t h e de t a il e d accoun t i n t h e
.

B ook o f Ch r on icles we lea r n th a t th e house o f th e Lord ,

“ ”

had ac tually been closed ( 2 Chron xx ix 3 By th is we . .

,

und ers tand th e clos ing o f th e Sanc tuary its el f tha t is o f th e , ,

holy and mos t holy places s inc e Ahaz con t inued to u se th e ,

cou r t o f th e pr ies ts al though fo r sac r ific e s at th e h ea th e n ,

al tar wh ich h e had r e ared Bu t now th e doo r s of th e Sanc .

tuar y wer e r epa ir e d and once mo r e thrown op e n Th en .

H e z ek iah ga the r e d th e p r ies t s and Lev ite s in th e w id e

“ “

plac e on th e e as t 3
p r obably som e well known local ity in th e
,
”
-

e as te rn par t o f th e T e mpl e bu ild ings

4
( comp Ezra x 9 ; Neh
-
. . .

1
h i s do s t n c ssar i ly i mply tha t it was k p t i th r i n th T mp l
T e no e e e e e e e e

or th Tab rnacl T th i s th r i no allus ion i th O ld T s tam n t

e e e . o e e s n e e e .

Som cr i t i cs hav r gard d it as a la t r i m i ta ti on f th bra n s rp n t f

-

e e e e e o e z e e e o

Mos s b t th i s s ms con trary t h pla i n m an ing f th t x

e u ee o t e e o e e t .

2
I t i doub tfu l wh th r th
s x pr ss i on call d it ( Ki ngs x v iii 4 )
e e e e e e 2 .

r f rs t H k i ah or t I sra l B t th r sul t would b t h sam wh th r

e e o ez e o e . u e e e e e e e

w supp ly
e or th o th r subj c t
on e e e e .

3
S in Chron xxix 4 r nd r d l i t rally
o 2 . .
, e e e e .

4
Th i s ra th r than t h C our t f t h Pr i s ts
,
e e o e e .
 H ez enz a /z King of 7 z ecz a /z
'
’
12 6 , .

recommenced w ith a g r and func tion when s even bullocks , ,

seven rams and seven lambs we r e o ffe r e d fo r th e congr ega tion

,

as burn t offer ings and seven h e goat s as sin offe r ings ( comp
-
1
,
- -
.

Lev iv 1 4 ; E z r a viii
. . I n s tr ict accordanc e w ith th e .

Mosa ic law all th e sacred functions were d ischa r ged by th e

,

A a r on ic pr ies thood w ith sp r inkl ing o f blood on th e al ta r and , ,

impos ition of hands on th e sac r i fices deno t ing the ir v ica r ious ,

ness ( Lev i 4 ; iv 4 1 5 2 4 and Lev iv 7 1 8 3 0 ; v

. . .
, , ,
. .
, ,
.

But wha t spec ially d is t ingu ishes these services is that th e sin
offe r ings were brought n ot only for J udah b u t for all I srael ,
“ ”

( 2 Chron xx ix ind ica t.ing al ike t h e sol ida.r it y of all “

I srael as th e congregation of th e Lord and th e rep r esen ta tive

”
,

character o f these sac r ifices And in accordance w ith th e ins ti .

tu tio n of Dav id th e sacr e d s tr a ins fr om Levit e ins t rumen t s

, ,

2
and th e insp ir e d hymns of D avid and of Asaph once more ,

filled th e Temple w ith th e vo ice of melody and of p r a ise 3

,

wh ile th e k ing th e pr inces of Ju dah and th e p eople r e , ,

sp o n sively bowed t he ir heads in lowly worsh ip .

The more d irect sacr ific ial offer ings for th e people we r e
follow e d at th e k ing s sugg e s tion by th an k o fferin gs ( comp
’
,
.
,

Lev vii 1 1 . also of a p u b lic cha r acte r t o wh ich as many

.
, ,
“

as w e r e o f up r igh t h eart — p r obably th ey who had s tood aloof

fr om th e idolatr y o f th e prev ious r e ign — add e d b u rn tofferin gs .

As these th a n k o fferin gs we r e b r ough t by th e congreg a tion as a

whole th e v ictims wer e n ot sla in and fl a yed by th e offe r e rs a s
, ,

was th e case wh e n brough t by p r iva te ind iv iduals ( Lev i 5 . .

,

b u t t h is part o f th e s er v ice d e volv e d on th e p r ies thood who ,

called in as in such case th e y m igh t th e ass is tance o f th e

, ,

1
hat only th h goa ts w r brough t as i o ff rings app ars firs t from
T e e- e e s n- e e , ,

2 Chron xxix 3 .and s condly f rom th .c ircums

2 t,anc t ha t t h burn t
, e , e e e

o ff rings a ft rwards sp c i ally num ra t d i n

e a re e 7 e e e e v er . 2 .

2
T h is r f r nc t th tw
e e egr a t Psalm i s ts t only ind ica t s th
e o e o e no e e

exi s t nc f th i r Psalms t tha t t i m b t s ms t i mply such

e e o e ac ti v i ty
a e, u ee o an

on th par t f H k iah i n r gard t th canon f H oly Scri p tur th n

e o ez e e o e o e e

exi s ti g as i s x pr ssly m n t i on d i n conn c t i on w i th th Book f Prov rbs

n e e e e e e o e .

3
For th mus i cal part f th T mpl s rv ic s it tim and mann r
e o e e e e e , s e e , s ee

T/z e Temp le and its Ser vices .

 Pr ep a r a tion f or Pa s s over . 12 7
L ev ites When we rem e mber tha t bes ides th e spec ial bu r n t
.
,

o ffe r i ngs o f ind ividuals ( 7 0 bullocks I O O rams and z o o , ,

lambs ) th e th an k o fferin gs of th e congr ega tion amoun te d to

,

no l e ss than 6 0 0 o x e n and sheep ( 2 Ch r on xx ix 3 2 we . .

,

scarcely wonde r that th e pr ie s ts alone should n o t hav e su ffic e d

for th e servic e And as th e t e x t s ign ifican tly marks r e call ing
.
,

th e spec ial de fec tion of th e pr ies thood fr om th e h igh p r ie s t ,

-

Ur ij ah downwa r ds ( comp 2 K ings xvi th e numb e r o f

. .

pr ies ts who had as yet sanctified th emselves was propo r tionally

sm all er than that of th e more fa ithful L ev ites S o th e se r v ic e .
“

o f th e house o f J ehovah was e s tabl ished And H ez ek iah .

rej o ic e d and all th e p e ople because o f tha t wh ich God had ,

pr epared t o [ fo r] th e p e ople [p r obably r e fe rr ing to the ir w ill ing

p a r tic ipation and con t r ibu tion to th e se s e r v ic e s ] fo r th e th ing ,

had com e sudd e nly [ w ithou t long prev ious pr epa r a tion ] ( 2
”

Chron xx ix 3 5
. .
,

What follow e d shows that howeve r sudden th e impulse in ,

t h is r el ig ious r e v ival it was ne it he r t r ans ie n t no r sup e r fic ia l

, Of .

all th e fes tival s in I sra el th e mos t sol emn was tha t o f th e ,

Passover I t comm emo r a ted I s r ael s na tional b ir thday as th e

.
’

r e d ee m e d o f th e Lo r d and po in ted fo r wa r d to tha t b etter d el iv er

,

ance o f wh ich it was th e e mblem Ord ina r ily th is feas t co rn .

m en c ed on th e even ing o f th e 1 4 th N isan ( Ex od xii 6 8 and . .

, ,

pa r all els ) Bu t in th e p r e sen t ins tance th is was imposs ibl e N o t

. .

only had th e cleans ing o f th e Temple occup ie d till th e r oth

o f th e mon t h b u t a suffic ien t number o f p r ies t s fo r th e s e r v ices
,

h a d n ot yet sanc tified themselv e s wh ile fu r th e r t ime was ,

r equ ir ed to make announcemen t o f th e Passove r th r oughou t all

I s r ael. Fo r unl ike th e s erv ices a t th e reconsec r a tion o f th e
,

Templ e wh ich seem t o have been confined to th e inhab itan ts

,

o f J e r usalem th is was t o b e observ e d as a g r ea t na tional

,

fes tival Bu t it was poss ible t o remove th e d ifficul ty t hus

.

a r is ing Th e law wh il e fi x ing th e o r d ina r y d ate o f th e Pass

.
,

ov e r had a lso mad e p r ov is ion fo r an a ft er c el eb r a tion o f th e

,
-

feas t on th e co rr espond ing da y o f th e s e cond mon th in cas e s o f

unavo idable h ind r ance ( Numb ix 6 Th is is one o f th e . .
 H ez eeia /i King of 7 a a a n
’
12 8 , .

mos t ins tructive commenta tions on th e charac t e r o f th e M osa ic

law I t shows tha t th e ou tward fo r m was n ot o f it s e ssence
.
,

b u t was fle x ible and adap table Thus th e law was n ot some .

t h ing r ig idly ou tward and absolu tely p e rmanen t b u t gav e ,

ind ica tion o f th e poss ib il ity o f an enla r g e men t by a h ighe r

fulfilmen t o f its sp ir it as d is tingu ish e d fr om th e mere le tter .

Hence such a provis ion seems l ike an ou tspok e n pledge of a

fu ture trans forma tion o f th e law in accordance w ith th e h igher ,

cond itions and th e wan t s o f new c ircums tances Las tly it also .
,

affords a preceden t and a wa rr an t fo r such a chang e as t hat o f

th e t r ansference of th e Sabba t h fr om t h e close of t h e week t o
its beg inn ing ; fr om th e day of res t to tha t o f th e R e surrection
of Chris t ; from th e memor ial o f th e comple t ion of th e fi r s t
crea tion t o tha t of th e s e cond in th e cr e ation of th e new heavens
and th e new ear th whe r e in dwelle th r igh te ousness ,
.

O f th is legal p r ov is ion of an a fter Passover Hezek iah -

,

resolved to ava il h ims el f We mark as spec ially in teres ting in .

it s el f and as foreshadow ing grea t changes in th e fu ture pol it ical

,

and eccl e s ias tical o r gan isa tion o f I s r a el that Hezek iah acted ,

in th is w ith th e adv ice o f his p r inces and all th e cong r ega tion “

in J e r usa lem ( 2 Chron xxx And yet mo r e in te r es t ing is

”
. .

it to lea r n tha t th e inv ita tion t o a tt end th e Passover add r essed

by th e k ing and h is pr inces was sen t n ot only to th e c ities
“ ”

b u t t o all I s r ael fr om B eersheba even to Dan ”

o f Judah
“
.
, ,

To th is t h e t e xt adds th e r e trospect ive no t ice tha t prev ious

Paschal O bse r vances had be e n partial n ot g e neral : for n ot ,
“

in mul titude [ in la r ge numbers] had they done it as it is ,

w r itten 1
( 2 Chron ”
xxx . .

1
pr v ious c l bra tion had t b
An y e a tt nd d by th p op l
e e no e en e e e e e

g n rally accordi n g t th L w b t had b n par tial and local Th

e e , o e a ,
u ee . e

r nd ri ng f Dfi b by i n mul titud and t as i A V by f a

e e o
“
e, no ,
n . .
,
“
or

long tim s ms s tabl ish d by th

e,
”
ee f th sam e x pr ss i on i n r gard
e e u se o e e e e e

to th pri s ts i
e 4 I t i s also confirm d by such passag s as G
e n ve r . 2 . e e en .

xx 3 ; x lviii 6 ; D u t i
. 0 Th r nd r ing i s v ry i mpor tan t as
. 1 e . . 10 . e e e e ,

show ing firs t th con ti nu d obs rvanc f th Passov r ; s condly it

, , e e e e o e e e ,
s

adm i tt d l y spars a tt ndanc wh i ch r nd r d it mor l ocal than na ti onal

e e e e, e e e e .

Th is also accoun ts f it rar m n tion i th h i s tor i ca l books

or s e e n e .
1 30 H ez eé ia /z King of y a a a n ,
’
.

sla in for h imsel f and h is house Th is appl ied specially t o .

t hose who had come from th e no r the r n k ingdom ( ver If .

,

none th e less they were allowed t o partake o f th e Pasch al

,

feas t t h is was a concess ion almos t n e cessa r y in th e c ir cum

,

s tances s ince o therw is e the irs woul d n o t at all h ave b ee n a

,

Passover ; and fo r th is Hezek iah implored and ob ta ined

forg iveness fr om th e Lord 1
.

H ow deeply th is rev ival had s truck its roo t s appears from

th e volun tary resolve o f th e people t o follow up th e s even days
of th e Passover by o t her seven days of fes t iv it y For th e .

wan t s of th e people du r ing tha t time K ing H ezek iah and t h e

princes made l iberal p r ov is ion ( v e rs 2 3 I t was at th is .
,

t ime also t ha t th e removal o f all t r aces o f idola try fr om th e

land br iefly no ticed in 2 K ings x v iii 4 took plac e Th is was
,
.
,
.

e ffe cted as th e fuller accoun t in th e B ook o f Ch r on icles

,

e x pla ins by a spon taneous popular movemen t wh ich e x te nded

,

beyond Judah to Ephra im also and Manasseh ( 2 Chron “ ”

.

xxx i . al though as we may reasonably conj ectu r e only in , ,

d is tr icts fr om wh ich th e ch ie f inhab itan t s had com e to Jeru

salem Clos ely connec ted w ith th e res to r a tion of th e T e mpl e
.

se r v ices we r e th e ar r angemen t s now made fo r th e ir o r d erly con

t in u an c e The cou r ses of th e p r ies ts and Levites were once
.
“

more se ttled The publ ic sacr ifices o f th e cong r ega tion — da ily
.
,

Sabba tic and fes tive — were prov id e d by th e k ing as h is con

,

trib u t io n : th e p o r tion o f h is subs tance The l atte r was

“
.
”

ind e ed ve r y large ( comp 2 Chron xxx ii 2 7 2 9 )3 b u t th e numb e r . . .

-

of sacr ific ial an imal s and o ther requ is ites furn ished by th e k ing
accord ing to th e requ iremen t s of th e law ( Numb xx v iii xx ix ) . .
,
.

was co r respond ingly great I t has been calcula te d to have .

amoun ted to n ea r ly lambs 1 1 3 bullocks 3 7 rams and

“
, , ,

1 x pre ss ion i n v e 2 0
Th e e Th e Lord h ea led th e p e op le
r .
,
“
,

refers to moral h eali ng tha t from gu il t Comp Ps xli 4 ; cx lv ii 3 ; ,

. . . . .

2 2 ; H os xi v 4 W e add t ha t e r 2 2 should b e r end e r d A ll

'

J er iii. . . . . v .
e ,

th e Le v i t s tha t und ers t ood good und ers t an di g abou t t/ e s

e i o f th e n z er v ce

Lord i e who w er e w e ll sk i ll e d in th e var ious s erv i c e s o f th e sanc tuary

”
.
, .
,

d evolv i ng on th e m .
 Pr ovis ion f or fire Pr ies ts . 1 31

3 0 goa ts b e s ides vas t quan tities of flour o il and w ine for th e

, , ,

1
accompany ing meat and dr ink offerings -
.
”

For th e p ersonal suppor t o f th e m in is ter ing pr ies ts and

L evite s no th ing more was r equ ir ed than th e r e enactmen t of
th e anc ien t prov is ion of fi r st fru it s t it hes and firstlin gs ( Ex , ,
.

xx iii 1 9 ; Numb x v iii 1 2 2 1 etc Lev xxv ii 3 0

. . . Thes e
, ,
. . .
,

t oge ther w ith th e tithe of ded icat ed t h ings

“ 2
( Lev xx v ii 3 0 . .

Deu t xiv . were now o ffer e d in such quan tity as n ot only

.

t o su ffice for th e wan t s o f t h e pr ies t hood b u t t o leave a la r ge ,

su r plusage t o th e thank ful j oy and surpr is e o f Hezek iah and

‘

th e p r inces I n answ e r t o th e k ing s inqu ir y th e h igh p r ies t

’
-
.

Aza r iah e x pla ined tha t th e large s to r e accumulat ed was due to

th e spec ial bl e ss ing b e s t owed by th e Lo r d on a w ill ing and
obed ie n t people ( 2 Ch r on xxx i 5 The collection o f th is . .

—
s tore began in t e th r d mon th tha t of Pen tecos t when th e
h i —
wh eat harv e s t was comple t ed and it ended in th e seven th ,

—
mon th that o f Tabernacl e s wh ich marked th e close o f th e ,

fr u it harves t and of th e v in tage And these con tr ibu tions o r .

,

dues came n ot only from Judah b u t also from th e ch ild r en

, ,
“

n th e no r the r n k ingdom
(
”
o f I sra e l ver t ha t is from t.hose i ,

who had j o ined the ir b r e thren in re tu r n ing to th e servic e and

t he law o f the ir Lo r d .

For th e s torage of these prov is ions H ezek iah orde r ed tha t ,

ce r ta in chambe r s in th e Templ e should be pr epa r ed and he ,

appo in ted o ffic ials who a r e named in th e sacred te x t al ike fo r

, ,

th e supe r v is ion and th e adm in is t ra tion o f t h e se s to r es ( v e r ses

”
1 1 Aga in and aga in it is no te d w ith wha t fa ith fulness “

one and th e o ther du ty wer e d ischarged by each in th e spec ia l

depar tmen t ass ign e d to h im ( vers e s 1 2 1 5 Th e p r o , ,

v is ion fo r th e pr ies thood included n ot only those wh o were fo r

1
C anon Rawl inson i th Sp k C m m t Z n e ea er s
’
o en . ao
7
oe .

2
Th call d T m tn h r cal l d a tith b caus th y s tood i n
e so - e er a o , e e e
“
e, e e e

the sam r la ti on t th i ngs d d i ca t d as th ord inary t i th t th

e e o
“
e e
”
e e o e

ord i nary produc f th so i l e o e .

3
I v rs
n e 5 and 8 transla t i ns t d f
. 1 1 i th i r t fli ( A and e ea o
“
n e se o ce .

w i th fa ithfuln ss and i th i r fa i th ful n ss HQIDRD

e ,
” “
n e e ,
”
 32 H ez enia /i King of 7 ,
ica a /
z
’
.

t h e t ime actu a lly on se r v ice in t he Temple b ut also th e o thers ,

1

in th e pr ies t c itie s t oge the r w ith t he ir w ives and ch ildren a n d

, ,

las tly to those in th e coun tr y d is tr ic t s around these c ities ( v e rs .

1 6 T h ese and all k indred a rr ang e m e n ts w e r e e xte nded

t h r oughou t all Judah And th e d et a il e d accoun t g iv e n of .

t h e r el ig ious act iv ity of H e z ek iah closes w ith th e t wo fold no t ice

tha t he w r ought th e good th e r igh t and th e tru th be fore
“
, ,

Jehovah his God ; and tha t in all he unde r too k whe the r a s ,

ma tter o f publ ic o r pr iva t e rel ig ious ar r angemen t h e did it ,

“

with all his hear t and p r os pe r ed ( 2 Ch r on xxx i 2 0 ,

”
. .
,

To th e descr ip tion of t he r efo r ma tion inaugu r a t ed by th e

p ie ty o f H e z ek iah it seems des ir abl e t o add som e fu r the r ,

pa r ticula r s e ither illus tr a t ive of th e t ex t or de r ived from o the r

,

no t ices in Holy S cr ip tu r e As r ega r ds th e trus t wor th iness o f .

th e accoun t of th e sac r ific ial worsh ip in th e res to r ed Temple

t ha t it was n o t o f la t er inv e n t ion and des igned t o bea r o u t th e ,

p r ies tly ins titu t ions fi r s t en fo r ced in th e time of Ezra — we hav e

t o po in t t o th e impo r tan t fact t ha t th e number of sac r ifices and

s in o ffe r ings in th e t im e of Hezek iah no t ably d iffe r s fr om t ha t

-

a t th e d e d ica t ion of th e Temple in th e t ime of Ezra ( comp :

2 Ch r on xx ix 2 1 3 2 w ith Ezra vi
. . Th is cons id e r ing
,
.
,

espec ially th e symbol ism of numbers shows that th e o n e ,

accoun t could n ot have been fr am e d upon th e o ther I t .

follows tha t th e M osa ic ins t itu tions mus t have e x is ted in and
Th e te x t is som e wha t invo l v e d
1
I n ve r 1 6 transla t e b es id es th e i r . .
,

reg i s tra ti on [th e nam es r eg i s ter ed ] o f th e mal es from thre e years upwards ,

o f a ll th e m t ha t cam e t o t h e hous e o f J ehovah accord i ng to th e requ ire ,

m n ts f v ry d y t i as th y w r n d d f d ty ach day V rs
e o e e a ,
”
e c . . e .
, e e e ee e or u e . e e

7 i s an i n t rcala t d s n t nc b t th r g i s tra tion f th pri s t s it w “

1 e e e e e, u e e o e e , as

accord i ng t th hous s f th ir fa th rs t ( i n th ir charg s i i n

o e e o e e ,
”
e c .
“
e e ,
”
. e .
,

t h i r o ffic s )
e V rs 8 aga in conn c t s i ts l f w i h th clos
e . e e f1 5 e e t e e o v er . 1

( v rs s 6 and 7 b i ng a doubl par n th s i s )

e e 1 1 and [i t giv ] t th
e e e e v z o e o e

r gis tration [th nam s r g i s t r d ] f all th ir l i ttl on s

e e e f in e e e o e e e or

t h i r fa ith fuln ss th y show d [

e prov d ] th ms lv s holy ( comp E k
e e e e e e e . z e .

xxx v iii 3 and . Ewald L / l

2 , I b Sp s eep 3 9) i g t/ , e zr ) . a
’
. ze r . r .
, . 2 con cer n n ze

cons crat d e eI th R V th r nd r i ng i th i r t o fficn is e . . e e e n e se e

u tt rly unwarran tab l — trus t i t much b t r O th rwis th i r

e e
“ ”
s no e te . e e, e

r nd r i ng s ms t apply t th r c i p i n ts t t th di s tr i bu tors Th i s
e e ee o o e e e ,
no o e .

i poss i bl b t our r nd r i ng i s i accordanc w i th th con t x t

s e, u e e n e e e .
1 34 H ez ek ia h K ing of 7 ,
n aa i
’
/ .

of Solomon wh ich th e men of H ezek iah k ing o f Judah

, , ,

collecte d 1
( Prov xx v ”
And t o t h is as assuredly among
. .
,

th e mos t impor tan t par t s of H ezek iah s activity th e clos ing

’
,

no tice of his r el ig ious work done by him may also bear re fer
ence And in every wo r k tha t he began in th e se r v ice of th e
“

house of God and in th e law and in th e commandmen t s t o

, , ,

seek h is God he did it w ith all his hear t and prosp e red
, ,
”

( 2 Chron xxx i . .

C H A PT E R XI .

Zliez r kis lt ( fl hir tem th) 23mg of gub s h .

Outward Even ts f th e Rei

og f
n o H ez ekia h— Victory over th e Philis tin es
League again s t Sargon — Assyr ian Advan ce an d Sub m issmn of J udah

Sen n acher ib —Th e Assyr ian Inscr ip tion s— Th eir Accoun t of the Assyrian
In vasion of J udah— Victor ies of Sen n acher ib —Assyrian Misrep re
‘

f
sen ta tion oE ve n ts — T h e Bib lica l Recor d— Wor ks in D efen ce of J eru
salem—The Var ious Scr ip tura l Narr atives of these Even ts—Th e
Assyr ian Hos t b efor e J erusalem—Its Leaders an d the Repr esen tatives
of Hez ekiah— T h e Conferen ce b et ween th em .

( 2 KI NG S xv 11 1 .
—
7 x 1x 2 CH R N O . xxx rr . 1 —2 6 ; Is x . x xv 1 .
, xxxv rr .
)

LT H OU G H beg inn ing of H e z ek iah s re ign was m a inly

th e
’

d e vo ted t o th e firs t and mos t impo r tan t t ask o f r el ig ious

r e fo r m o ther ma tte r s of press ing necess ity w e re n ot overlooked
,
.

Th e sam e w isdom wh ich m a r ked h is r e s t o r a tion of th e Templ e

serv ices also gu ide d h is o ther adm in is tra tion and th e same ,

happy resul ts a ttend e d bo th I n fac t Hezek iah made use of .

,

th e years o f qu ie t t o p r e pa r e aga ins t t h e t roublous pe r iod wh ich

h e mus t hav e fel t to be a t hand And in th e B ook o f K ings .

we have t h is general no tic e : And J ehovah was w ith h im ; ‘

in all to wh ich he proceeded he prospered ; and he r e b e lled

2

1
flp r
mm r mov d trans f rr d
“
co ll c t d
e e ,
” “
e e ,
” “
e e .

2
Th i s th r nd ring f th V ulga t s m s b tt r than tha t f th A
,
e e e o e e, ee e e o e .

and R V — Wh i th rso v r h w n t for th wh i ch would scarc ly s m

. .
“
e e e e e ,
”
e ee

h i s tor i cally qu i t accura t e e .

 R ela t ion s w it/i A s sy r z a
'

,
1 35

aga ins t th e k ing of Assy r ia and se r ved h im n ot

( K i
2ngs
x v iii .

In t r u th , th e
relations be tween Hezek iah and th e m ighty
world emp ire o f Assy r ia fu r n ish th e e xplanation of all th e o u t
-

wa r d even t s of his r e ign O f th e firs t of these th e v ictory over .

,

th e Ph il is t ines
”
un to Gaza and th e compl et e subj uga tion of ,

t h e ir coun t ry from th e tower of th e watchmen to th e fenced

“
,

c ity ( 2 K ings x v iii

”
it is imposs ible to fi x th e da t e To . .

j udge from its pos ition in th e t e xt it seems t o hav e tak e n place ,

du r ing th e re ign of Shalmanes e r befo r e th e access ion of Sa r gon , ,

by who m Samaria was taken The appa r e n t ill succ e ss o f .

-

Shalmaneser before Tyre m ay have r e ndered poss ible and en

c o u rage d such an under tak ing on th e pa r t o f Hezek iah In .

any case we hav e t o bear in m ind t hat Ph il is tia so impo r tan t

, ,

to Assyr ia as b e ing th e road t o and fr o m Egyp t always fo r m e d ,

an obj ective po in t in th e wes te r n e xp e d itions of th e g r ea t “

k ings and tha t its c it ies seem to hav e b ee n d ivided some

,
”
,

b e ing d ispos e d t o mak e caus e ag ains t Assy r ia wh ile o the r s ,

no tably Ashdod and Gaza —toge the r w ith Moab Ammon and , , ,

Edom w ere on th e s ide o f th e e as te r n emp ir e

,
2
Thus th e period .

o f Sh alm a n e ser s weakness was be ing u t il ized by H ez ek iah n ot

’

only fo r h is r el ig ious re formation b ut fo r s e cu r ing his flank in ,

any fu tur e con te s t w it h Assyria as well as for works o f in te r nal ,

de fe nc e to wh ich re fer e nc e w ill be made in th e sequ el

,
.

The aspect of ma tte r s changed with th e acc e ss ion of

Sa r gon That m ona r ch did n ot ind ee d feel h ims el f s tr ong
.

e nough immed ia t e ly a ft e r th e t a k ing o f Samar ia t o advanc e , ,

sou th aga ins t Egyp t B es ides t r oubl e s nearer hom e esp e c ially .
,

th e subdual of M erodach Baladan e ngaged h is a t te n tion But ,

.

in th e second y e a r a fte r h is access ion we find h im engag e d

1
In 2 ssyr i an conqu s t f Samar i a and th
Ki ngs x v iii .
9
-1 2 th e A e o e

d porta ti on f I sra l aga i n r l at d — i th r b caus i n chap x v ii th y

e o e ar e e e e e e e . . e

w r r la t d t f th i r chronolog ical ord r or ls b caus th y follow d

e e e e ou o e e , e e e e e e

i mm d i a t ly on th Ph i l i s ti n x p d i ti on r cord d i n Ki ngs x v iii 8

e e e e e e , e e 2 . .

2
Poss i bly th A ssyr i an procl i v it i s f th sou th rn Ph i l i s t i n c i i s may
e e o e e e t e

be e x pla i n d by th ir pro xi m i ty t Egyp t and t h i r f ar f absorp tion i n

e e o ,
e e o

tha t mp ir
e e.
1 3 6 H ez ek ia h King of 7 n da /z , .

in a wes tern e xped ition In th is campa ign th e r e b ell io n o f .

Hamath was c r ushed and th e g r ea t battle o f K arkar won But , .

what mos t concerns ou r h is t ory is th e e x ped ition o f Sa r gon

aga ins t th e hos tile league fo r med by S e v e o f Eg yp t and H a nno
k ing o f Gaz a —as we conj ec tu r e a dependan t o f H ezek iah who
,

sympa th ised w ith though he does n ot s ee m ac tually t o ha v e ,

t ak e n par t in th e an ti Assyr ian comb in at ion Sa rgon was -

.

comple tely successful I n th e ba ttl e of Raph ia th e all ie s w e re .

defe a te d ; Sev e fled and was allowed to m a ke h is p e ace by ,

pay ing tr ibu te wh ile Hanno was t aken pr isoner ,

O n th is .

occas ion H e zek iah appears t o have been called to a ccoun t ,

and t o have been obl ig e d to m ake subm iss ion An Assyr ian .

inscr ip tion speaks of Sa r gon as th e subdue r of Judah though “ ”

,

w ithou t any added men tion of battl e or t r iumph From its .

dat e we conclude that it r efers to some th ing that had taken

place dur ing th e e x ped ition of Sargon aga ins t Sev e and Hanno
'

2
S a rgon re igned al toge ther s ev e n teen years I n th e de .

fec tive cond it ion o f th e inscr ip tions it is imposs ible t o know ,

fo r ce r ta in whe th e r or n ot he was k illed by an assass in He .

was succ e eded by his son S e nnache r ib who after a r e ign o f , ,

t wen ty four yea r s per ished a t th e hands of his own sons

-
,

( 2 K ings xix The long per iod of res

. t be t ween t h e

1
compl t th is h is tory w may m n ti o tha t i th l v n th y ar
To e e e e n ,
n e e e e e

of h i s r i gn Sargon und r too k ano th r x p d ition t qu l l th r b ll ion

e , e e e e o e e e e

of A shdod wh i ch had b n ins ti ga t d by Egyp t or ra th r Eth iop ia

, ee e ,
e .

Sargon was aga in v i c t o ious A shdod was t ak n ; th Egyp ti an army r . e e

did t v n tur t
no mak it app aranc and it k ing surr nd r d t
e e o e s e e, s e e e o

Sargon th l ad r f th A shdod r b l li on who had fl d t h im

e e e o It i s e e e , e o .

t th s
o v n ts tha t th proph cy i I xx r f rs wh r mark sp c i ally
e e e e e e n sa . . e e , e e e e

v rs 5
e e Th Tar tan
. was t h o ffic i al d s igna tion f th A ssyr i an
“
e e e o e

command r i ch i f O th is occas i on Judah do s t s m t hav

e -
h -
e . n e no ee o e

b n touch d
ee e .

I 2
v i w f th s da t s th no tic i Kings x v iii 3 abou t th
n e o e e e e e n 2 . 1 ,
“
e

four t n th y ar f Ki ng H k iah mus t b r gard d as a spurious gloss ”

ee e o ez e , e e e ,

wh ich a copyist may poss ib ly hav transf rr d from a marg i nal no t i n to e e e e

th e t e t x .

3avo id th m ltipli t
To f r f r nc s w may s ta t tha t as
e u ca l o n o e e e e , e e ,

r gards th fac ts f A ssyr i an h i s tory w hav m a i nly follow d th work f

e e o , e e e e o

S chrad r pr v iously m n i on d
e , e e t e .
1 38 H ez eh ia h King of y a a a h ,
’
.

Ashd od and Gaza— r ema ined fa ith ful t o Assy r ia T id ings .

seem t o have reached S ennacher ib b efo r e th e con federa tes had

t ime t o carry t he ir plans in t o e x ecu tion The Assy r ian a r my .

rap idly advanced Elu laeu s k ing of S idon fl ed to Cyprus

.
, , ,

and Eth ob al was appo in t ed in h is place wh ile th e c it ies along ,

th e rou te of th e Assyr ian conqueror e it her subm itted to h im

or were taken S e nnacher ib n e x t advanced aga ins t Ascalon
.
,

and t ook it Z idk a its k ing and th e royal fam ily were
.
, , ,

t ranspo r t ed in t o Assyr ia ; Sarlu dar i th e son o f th e prev ious ,

k ing was appo in ted in h is place ; th e whol e coun tr y ove r run

,

and l ike S idon made t r ibu tary I t was p r obably on h is

, ,
.

—
march from Acco t o Ascalon pe r hap s rom Ja a t hat f ff —
S ennache r ib de tached a corp s in t o Judah wh ich took all th e ,

fenced c ities thereof ( comp 2 K ings x viii”

The . .

Assyr ian insc r ip tions speak of th e cap ture of fo r ty— s ix fort ified
”
t owns and of innumerable cas tles and small places of th e
“
,

t ransport a t ion of of the ir cap tiv e inhab itan ts m en ,

and women ; o f th e t ak ing of immense boo ty and th e an ,

n exatio n —probably only nom inal and in any case t empo r ary , ,

—o f th e conquered d istricts to th e doma ins of th e small

,

po ten tates on th e sea boa r d fr iendly to Assyr ia It is to -

, .

t h is e x ped ition t ha t I sa x 2 8 — 3 4 re fers as indeed th e whole . .

,

prophecy in th e t en th chap t er of I sa iah appl ies to th e war

1
o f S ennacher ib aga ins t Judah .

B eyond Ascalon it was scarcely sa fe for S ennacher ib to

advance much fur the r The Egyp to E th iop ian a r my was .
-

e x pec ted in fron t ; beh ind him yet unconquer e d was Ek r on , , ,

and on h is flank th e s trong fo r tr ess o f J e r usalem w ith th e ,

whole flower o f th e Jud aean army and th e h ir ed au x il ia r ies to

whom th e Assyr ian monumen t s r e fer I t was there fore a w ise .

1
Engl i sh critics g en eral ly— comp
Pro f ssor Ch yn s C m m t y . e e e
’
o en a r on

I i h p 6 6 ( t Ed )—hav
sa a , . appli d th i s chap t r t th x p d i ti on f
Is . e e e o e e e o

Sargon on accoun t f th r f r nc i I x 9 t H ama th Arpad

o e e e e e n sa . . o , ,

S amar i a and Damascus wh i ch w r tak n

, t by S nnach r i b b t by
, e e e , no e e , u

Sargon B t th m n ti on
. u f th s plac s occurs s i m i larly i K ings
e e o e e e n 2

x v iii 34 For an x plana ti o f it w r f r t our subs qu n t r marks

. . e n o e e e o e e e

on tha t passag e.
 The E m b a s sy to La ch is h . 1 39

s tra teg ic movemen t on th e part o f S e nnacher ib t o t urn as ide

and lay s iege to Lach ish th e modern Umm L ak is 1 It was , .

s till a con tinua tion o f h is advance in th e d irection o f Egyp t ,

al though a d epar ture from th e s tr a igh t r oad to it and it would ,

obl ige th e Egypt ian army to mak e a d isadvan tag e ous d ig r ess ion
inland t hus remov ing it from th e ma in bas is o f its Opera tions
, .

Bu t in Lach ish Sennacher ib also hel d a s trong pos ition bo th

,

aga ins t Ekron and Jerusalem th e la tte r be ing at th e ap ex o f ,

an isosc eles tr iangl e of wh ich Ek r on and Lach ish form th e

,

e xtr em ities of th e bas e Thus h e would b e abl e to turn upon

.

e ith e r one or th e o ther l ine conver g ing upon Lach ish or else ,

t o move r a p idly upon Gaza On th e o th e r hand H ez ek iah .

, ,

see ing th e success of th e Assyr ian advance and perhaps de ,

spa irin g of a timely approach o f th e Egyp tian a r my sough t ,

t o make his peace w ith S ennacher ib and sen t t o Lach ish th e ,

embassy and tr ibu t e o f wh ich we read in 2 K ings x v iii 1 4 1 6 .

-
.

I t was no doub t on th is occas ion also tha t H ezek iah s et at

, ,

l iberty th e cap tive k ing o f Ekron; accord ing to th e Assyr ian

reco r ds and sen t h im to Sennacher ib
,
.

A ft e r th is po in t th e Assyr ian in sc r ip tions purposely become

confused; and m ix up a se r ies o f d ifferen t even ts w ith th e ,

ev iden t in tention of convey ing a fals e impress ion and con

c ea lin g th e v ir tual if n o t th e ac tual defea t of Sennache r ib
,
As ,
.

we in fe r fr om a compar ison o f th e A ssy r ian accoun t w ith th e

B ibl ical record Sennacher ib who by that time mus t have been
, ,

awar e o f th e advance o f an Egyp tian army d etached a la r ge ,

d iv is ion ( a g r eat hos t

“
aga ins t Jerusalem wh ich howeve r , , ,

held o u t al ike aga ins t th e powe r and th e th r ea ts o f th e Assy r ian

leade r s ( 2 K ings x v iii 1 7 —xix M ean tim e th e Egyp tian hos t
. .

was approach ing a n d th e Assy r ian l e ade r s r e tu r ned and found

, ,

Sennach er ib in Libnah somewhe r e eas t o f Lach ish and north ,

of Ele uth eropolis Th is probably be fore th e ba ttl e wh ich Sen

.

n ach erib fough t w ith th e Egyp tians at Altak u on a pa r all e l l ine ,

b etween J erusalem and Ekron Th is ind ica tes a further .

1
r m mb r it as th plac
We e e e e e to wh ich A ma iah z fl ed, and wh r e e he
was murd r d ( Chron xx v
e e 2 . .
1 40 H ez ehia h King of fi n a a h ,
f ’
.

retrea t of S ennache r ib w ith his a r my I n much va inglor iou s .

l anguage th e Assyr ian monarch cla ims a v ictory b u t from th e

word ing of th e accoun t it is ev id en t tha t th e v ictory if such , ,

it was could only have been nom inal and was a real d e fea t
, ,
.

I ns t ead th e re fore of t urn ing upon J erusalem th e Assyr ians

, , ,

advanced aga ins t Ek r on and t ook it hav ing already prev iously ,

fa iled in the ir a ttemp t t o ob ta in th e sur r ender of J e rusal e m by

a second message full of boas tful and blasphemous th r ea t s
2 K ings x ix 9
( comp . Then f ollowed .t h e des t ruc t ion of
th e Assyr ian hos t ( ver and Sennacher ib s re turn to N ineveh ’
.

( ver . On t h e Assyr ian monumen t s no th ing is sa id o f t hese

d isast r ous even ts wh ile Sennache r ib boas ts tha t he had shu t up
,

Hezek iah in h is cap ital as a b ird in a cage and th e depu “

,

tatio n and th e tr ibu t e sen t t o Lach ish are repr e sen t ed as if

Hezek iah had despa tched them t o N ineveh imply ing a t r iumph ,

of Assyr ian arms and th e final subm iss ion o f Judah The r eal .

course of even ts is however perfectly clear and th e accuracy

, , ,

of th e B ibl ical accoun t of Sennacher ib s ignom in ious fa ilure ’

before Jerusalem and of his final re trea t has been un iversally

adm itted .

W ith these facts before us we turn to th e prophetic narra ,

“

tive of them in t he ir sp ir itual import on th e theocracy

,
As .

regards th e h is t ory wh ich we have been h ither to read ing from

th e Assyr ian monumen t s 1
th e accoun t in 2 K ings x v iii 1 3 xix ,
.
-
.

keeps so parallel with wha t is w r itten in I sa xxx v i xxx vii as . .

,
.
,

s im ilarly tha t in 2 K ings xx w ith I sa xxx v iii and xxx ix ( w ith . . . .

th e e xcep tion of H ezek iah s hymn of pra ise I sa xxx v iii 9

’
. .
,

t ha t a conn e ction be tween th e two is apparen t Whe ther e ith e r .

o f t hem and wh ich was der ived from th e o ther

, ,
2
are ques tions ,

1
Weagain r p a t t ha t w l av ing as id th d ifficu l t qu s ti on f th
e e e are e e e e o e

r lation b tw n B i bl i cal and A ssyrian chronology f wh ich — t l as t i

e e ee , or a e , n

th ejudgm n t f th pr s n t writ r—w hav

e o e t y t su ffic i n t da ta
e e e e e no e e .

A ccord i ng t th A ssyrian monum n ts th is x p d itio

o e was th th ird e , e e n e
“

campa i gn f S nnach rib ”

o e e .

2
Th critics who suppos a m u t ual d p nd nc
e f th t w narra tiv s
e e e e e o e o e

a re som wha t v nly d iv id d as t th prior ity f th

e e e or th o th r I t
e o e o e on e e e .

w ill b und rs tood tha t ll h r r s ts ch i fly on con jc tural grounds

e e a e e e e e .
142 H ez ehia h King of y t/a a h ,
’
.

th e modern B irket Mam illa ),

and th e lower ( Isa xxu . .
9
—th e
modern Pool of th e Pa tr iarch wh ich were connected by an
open condu it As th e upper pool lay ou ts ide th e c ity walls
.
,

and would supply th e wan ts of a bes ieg ing army H ez e k iah ,

covered it in and by an aqueduct brough t its wa ters in to a

,
” ”
large reservo ir or lake be tween th e two walls of th e upper
“
,
“

and th e lower c ity ( Is a xxu 1 1 comp 2 K ings xx 2 0 2 Chron . . . . .

xxx ii . Bu t some wr iters conj ec ture tha t in anc ien t times

2

( al t hough n ot a t presen t
) t here may have been a spr ing or
b r ook near th e upper por t wh ich H ezek iah also covered in , ,

d ive r ting its wa ters in to th e c ity ( 2 Chron xxx ii

3
Fu r ther . .
,

he repa ired all th e walls tha t were broken down and ra ised ,
“

) ( ) (
”
( he igh ened upon i h owers 4
and repa ired bu il ) h “
t t t e t t ? t e ,

o ther wall w thou ti —probably that wh ich in closed th e lower

c ity— as well as M illo in th e c ity of D av id probably a
“
, ,
”

s trong t ower w ith fortified bu ild ings at th e wes te r n s ide o f th e

Tyro p oeo n or V alley o f Cheesemongers
,
S im ilarly arms of .
,

de fence were prepared and o fficers appo in ted B es t of all he .

,

gathered h is men and cap ta ins,and encouraged them w ith th e

ch ief of all comfor ts th e assurance tha t Ano ther grea t e r an d , ,

s tronger than all th e m igh t of Assyr ia was w ith t hem n ot , ,

“
an arm of flesh b u t Jehovah the ir God to help them and
, ,

to figh t the ir ba ttles .

W hen from th is account we turn to th e prophe tic narrative in

I sa xx ii we feel tha t it had n ot been always so ( ver
. .
,
b ut .

tha t t hrough th e admon itions of th e prophe t wha t had been ,

a t firs t confidence in th e s tr eng th of t he ir d e fences became ,

t ransformed in t o t rus t in th e l iv ing God I nd e ed th e p r ophe t .

,

could n ot have sympa th ised w ith th e whole prev ious pol icy of
Hezek iah wh ich led up t o th e hum il ia ting embassy t o Lach ish
,
.

Bu t now he could bring them th e assu r ance of D ivine del iver

1
accord ing t som th mod rn B irk t S ltfi
Bu t, o e, e e e -
es - u n.
2
For a qu it d iff r n t l oca tion f H k iah s work
e e e o ez e
’
at Sil oah comp , .

H r og s P l E y hl vo l i p 5 6 7
’
e z ea - nc .
, . v .
, . .

3
Th XX had v id n tly r ad ins t ad f through th e m ids t of th e
“
e L . e e e , e o

land i th m i ds t f th c i ty
” “ ”
,
n e o e .

4
S i a l l probab il i ty th t x t should b
o n m nda t d ( e e e e e e se e th e V ulga t e )
.
 S iege of yer n s a lem .
43

ance in that mood of sp ir itual repen tance wh ich was

th e o u t
come o f h is m in is trations and wh ich appeared mos t fully ,

dur ing th e s iege of Je r usalem and a t th e later summons fo r ,

its surrender We shall have t o r evert t o th is wh e n tell ing

.

o f Hezek iah s bear ing t owards th e ambassadors of Merodach

’

B aladan who v is ited th e J ew ish cap ital be fore these event s

, ,

probably some time befo r e th e commencemen t o f th is campa ign .

The second even t recorded in Scr ip tu r e is th e embassy of

H ezek iah t o Lach ish and th e tr ibu te there imposed upon h im ,

of three hundred talen t s o f s il ver and th ir ty talen t s of gold ( 2

“

K ings x viii 1 4 The impos t al though n ot grea tly d iffe r ing

.
,

from t ha t wh ich Menahem had to pay to Tiglath pilese r ( 2 K ings -

xv . was heavy amoun ting in gold to ,

and in
s ilver to and it necess ita te d th e sur r ender o f all
th e t r easures in th e Temple and th e palace It is r emarkable .

t ha t ne ithe r in th e p r ophecy of I saiah nor in th e B ook of

Ch r on icles do we find any reference t o th e embassy of
2

H e z e k iah no r t o th e t r ibu t e wh ich he sen t Probably bo th .

were v iewed as th e sequence of a course d isapp r oved wh ich , ,

however had no real bea r ing on th e even t s tha t followed an d

, ,

wh ich only because of the ir sp ir itual impor t came w ith in range ,

of th e obj ect of th e nar r a tive .

The th ird even t recorded in H oly Sc r ip ture is th e de tach

men t of th e grea t hos t aga in s t Je r usalem w ith all th e
“
,

event s connected with it Of th is we have an accoun t al ike in .

th e B ook o f K ings in tha t of Ch r on icles and in th e prophec ies

, ,

of I sa iah 3
The lead of th e Assyr ian e xped ition and th e
.

”
conduc t of nego tia tions were en trus ted to th e Tartan wh ich “
,

1
ssyr i an inscr i p ti ons S nnach rib d scrib s th tribu t as th ir ty
O n th e A e e e e e e

t al n s
e go d and i gh t hundr d tal n ts f s ilv r th la tt r no doub t f
t of l e e e o e , e e , , o

l igh t w i gh t ( f th r w r tw k inds f tal n t i Assy i an r c k on ing )

e or e e e e o o e n r e ,

wh ich would b qual t thr hundr d J w ish tal n ts

e e o ee e e e .

2
B ti u Chron xxx ii 9 w hav th no ti c tha t S nnach r ib w as
n 2 . . e e e e e e

laying s i g t Lach i sh
e e o .

3
B t w no t tha t i th tw l att r such h i s tor ical d ta ils as th d ig
u e e n e o e e e es

na tions f al l th l ad rs f th A ssyrian x p d ition gi n i n Kings

o e e e o e e e ,
ve 2

x v iii 7 . 1 , wan ti ng
are .
1 44 Hez ehia h, King of 5 ua a h ‘ ’
.

was o ffic ial title of th e Assyrian commander in ch ief ( comp

th e - -
.

I sa xx th e Rabh Sar is
”
. .
“
probably th e transla tion of an
- -

Assyr ian o ffic ial t itle wh ich in H ebrew means ch ief o f th e ,

“

eunuchs — and th e R e b h —Sh ak eh

“
appa r en tly a H ebrew ,
”

adap ta tion o f Rab sak th e Assyr ian t itle of ch ief cap ta in

-
,
“
,
”

wh ich repea tedly occurs on th e monumen ts and probably

rep r esen ts th e second in command o r ch ief o f th e s ta ff 1
We ,
.

mark th at app r opr ia tely th e spokesman in summon ing th e city

to su r render was n o t th e gene r al in ch ief nor th e ch ief eunuch - -
,

b —
( poss ibly t h e pol i tical o fficer ) u t th e Rabh Sh a k eh or second , ,

in comma n d .

The w isdom of H ezek iah s prepara tions espec ially in de ’

,

p r ivin
g t h e Assyr i ans of th e wa t er supply was soon apparen t ,
.

—
For it was a t tha t very place th e no r th wes te r n a n gle of th e -

c ity—tha t th e s tre n gth of th e Assy r ian attack was del ivered ,

and it was here by th e condu it of th e upp e r pool wh ich is in

,
“
,

th e h ighway of th e fuller s field

’
t ha t th e three Assyr ian ,

leaders m et th e represen ta tives of K in g Hezek iah whom they ,

had summoned to conference Even had the ir sp ir itual prepa .

ra tion been less dec is ive all mu s t have fel t the r e was som eth ing ,

sp ec ially s ign ifican t in th e fact that a speech such as tha t wh ich ,

th e Rabh Sh ak eh made shoul d have been d e l iv e red on th e

-
,

very spo t whe r e I s a iah had u ttered God s messag e t o Ahaz ’

s imposs ible t o de term ine a t wha t pe r iod of

( I sa vii
. I.t i
th e s iege th e conference be tween th e t wo par ties t ook place .

But it was probably n ot long a fter th e ar r ival o f th e bes ieg ing

army Fo r al though th e Rabh Sh ak eh r efers to th e ho rr ors o f
.
,
-

a p r o tracted s iege ( 2 K ings x v iii h is coarse la n guage .

sounds ra ther l ike a th r ea t of fu ture than an ind ica tion of

p r esen t s tra its B es ides J e r usalem m a y have been shu t up for
.
,

some time befo r e th e actual s iege wh il e in any case tha t fr ee ,

commun ica tion w ith th e coun tr y mus t have been in te r rup ted
wh ich was n ecessary for th e supply o f prov is ions to th e cap ital .

1
C omp Schrad r . pp e , a s . .
3 1 9 , 32 0 Th e H e . br w form Rabh e ,
“

Sh ak eh ,
”
m ans ch i f bu tl r
e e e b u t t e e is hr e no r cord on th monum n ts e e

of such a h igh s ta t o ffic ial e .

 1 46 H ez eh ia h King of yz ida h , .

C H A PT E R XII .

fi rs t kis h ( fi hirtem th) 23t , at g ub ah .

M eaning an d Lessons o f the Accoun t f the Assyrian

o In vasion .

( 2 KI N G S xv 1 11 . I 7—
x1x ) .

perhaps was there an occas ion on wh ich fa ith in

AR ELY , ,

th e unseen was pu t t o severer t es t than in th e con

ference be tween th e l eaders of th e Assyr ian army and th e
rep r esen ta tives of K ing Hezek iah Wha t gave spec ial po in t to .

th e message wh ich t h e Rabh — Sh ak eh addressed t o th e k ing of

Judah was th e deep sense of pas t incons is tency : tha t as ,

r egarded th e ma tter in hand it had n o t always been w ith Judah ,

as at presen t and tha t in measure the ir presen t ev il was th e

,

ou t come of the ir wrong do ing Bu t there comes to u s also for -

.

all time th is precious l e sson : that even whe r e we have been

u tterly m is taken if only we turn in repen tance t o ou r God we
, ,

may look for H is help and del iverance in th e new and be tter
course on wh ich we a r e en ter ing however we may have to su ff er ,

for pas t s in For God rema ine th fa ithful however we m ay

.
,

h ave erred and s trayed from H is ways .

I t was only t o o t r ue as th e Rabh Sh ak eh said

— 1 ‘
t ha t in, ,

rebell ing aga ins t Assy r ia H ezek iah s confidence had been in ’

Egyp t ; t oo true also as even th e e xper ience of th e past

2
,

i
m gh t have taugh t h im tha t th is was to trus t in th e s taff
2
,
“

of a bru ised r e ed ( comp I s a xxx 1 Thus assuredly . . .

, ,

1
op n i ng words f th Rabh Sh k h sp ch Th gr a t k ing
Th e e o e - a e
’
s ee ,
“
e e ,

th e ng f A ssyria g iv
ki o f th v ry t i tl s by wh ich th A ssyrian
,
”
e on e o e e e e

monarchs d s igna t th ms lv s on th monum n ts

e e e e e e e .

Comp chap t rs i x and i

2
. e . x .

I pr f r t h is t th r nd r i ng
3
e e o crack d by Pro f ssor Ch yn It
e e e e , e e e .

c rta i nly do s t m an brok n th d is tinc tion b tw n th tw words

e e no e e , e e ee e o

b ing cl arl y mark d i I x l ii 3 Th figur f a r d as app l i d

e e e n sa . . . e e o ee e
 Wor ds of the R a bh - S ha /
eeh . 1 47

whe ther as regarded h is plans or the ir proposed e x ecution ,

it was only word o f th e l ips : counsel and s trength for th e

“

wa r ! Bu t in th e second po in t wh ich th e Rabh —

”
Sh ak eh
urged lay th e weakness of h is cause and th e s trength of
H ezek iah s pos ition Address ing h imsel f to Hezek iah s a d
’
.
’

1
h eren ts he argued from th e hea then po in t o f v iew tha t s ince
,

H ezek iah had abol ished all th e al tars on th e he ight s and con ,

fined publ ic rel igious worsh ip to tha t in th e Temple he had n ot ,

only forfe ited any cla im upon Jehovah Whom he regarded ,

as th e Jew ish national de ity b ut provoke d H im to j u dgm e n t ,

.

Accord ingly as on th e one hand he had taun ted Hezek iah

,

w ith wan t of all m eans fo r res is ting th e power of h is mas ter 2

,

so on th e o the r hand he now boldly claimed for th e in r oad o f

Assyr ia and its success n ot only th e approbation of b u t even a , ,

man da te fr om J ehovah .

Al ike pol itically and in its rel ig ious m isrepresen ta tions th e ,

speech was well calcula ted to appeal t o such a populace as

t hat o f J e r usalem Hence also th e represen ta tives o f Heze .

k iah r eques te d th e Rabh— Sh ak eh t o commun ica te w ith them

n H eb r ew
J e w ish ( )
3 ”
n ot in ha i as he had done b i
“
t t s i u t n , , ,
”
“
Aramean wh ich al though th e commerc ial lang uage of
, ,

to E gyp t i p culiarl y happy from it r f r nc t th N il bank s ( comp

s e ,
s e e e e o e e .

I sa xix 6 and g n rally E k xx ix 6 wh i ch v id n tly r f rs t K ings

. .
, e e z e . .
,
e e e e o 2

x v iii or ls t I xxx v i
. 2 1, A r d
e e i s its l f an i nsu ffic i n t
o sa . .
“
ee
”
e e

support ; b t th is d i b s id s bru is d Wh n l an i ng on it it w i ll
u r ee s e e
“
e . e e ,

br ak and th hand tha t r s ts ll it w i gh t th r on w ill fall upon it and

e , e e a s e e e

b p i rc d
e e e .

1
I I xxx v i 7 it i p t i th singular
n sa . if thou say s t
. probab ly
s u n e ,
“
e ,

addr ss d t th ch i f J wish spok sman

e e o e e e e .

2
Th x pr ss i on
e K ings x v i ii 3 r nd r d i n th A V
e e 2 giv . 2 , e e e e . .
“
e

p l dg s i th marg in f th R V mak a wag r n ith r f wh ich

e e ,
n e o e . .
“
e e , e e o

giv s a goo d s ns — w would transl a t A d w n t r in to comp tition

e e e e e
“
n no e e e

w i th my mas t r I 4 th word nr
e
jg . wh”
ich i t ru S m i ti
n ver . 2c ( comp e
,
s e e .

Schrad r pp 86
e , s i gn ifi s a sa trap or gov rnor b t t th
it s . . 1 , e , e ,
u a e

sam ti m al so a m i l itary ch i f
e e Th l as t f th s rvan ts i bo th e . e e o e e , . e. ,

num r i cally and as r gards valour and d isc i pl i n

e e e .

Th t rm
3
J wish f H br w occurs on ly h r and i th parall l
e e e or e e e e n e e

passag s ( Chron xxxii 8 and I xxx v i

e 2 and i N h x iii 4
. . 1 sa . . n e . . 2 .
148 H ez eh ia h King of Y n a a h ,
’
.

Sy r ia and Pales tine would n ot be unders tood by th e comm on ,

people The sugges tion was haugh tily rej ec ted and th e
.
,

Assy r ian openly avowed tha t h is obj ec t was n ot t o nego tia t e

w ith th e k ing no r h is r epresen ta tives b u t to p r oduce a reaction ,

among th e bes ieged whom h e r epresen ted as reduced t o th e ,

u tmos t s tra it s To them he now d irec tly appealed They

. .

w e r e n o t to allow themselves t o be dece ived H ezek iah .

—
would n ot be able to del ive r them viz by th e aid of Egyp t .
,

nor yet was th is o ther p r e tens ion well founded tha t J ehovah -
,

would del iver them Ra ther was it the ir w isdom t o ignore th e .

k ing and make a t r ea ty o f subm iss ion to Assy r ia in v ir tue of

,
1
,

wh ich ins tead of the ir p r esen t m isery they m igh t con tinue t o
, ,

enj oy und is tu r bed possess ion o f the ir land till they could be
t r anspor te d in t o d is tr ic t s equally fe r tile w it h the ir own .

Th is bold avowal of th e ul tima te pol icy of Assyr ia mus t

have ma r red an appeal o therw ise cleve r ly con tr ived Bu t its
—
.

e ec tiveness wou d be comp ely des royed

ff l le t t a t leas t with

th e p ious in I s r ael — b y th e con t emp tuous re ference t o J ehovah ,

as if He we r e l ike th e false gods o f o th e r na tions who in th e ,

2

pas t had been unabl e to del ive r th e lands of the ir wo r sh ippers

from th e m igh t of Assyria It was an a r gumen t calcula ted .
,

indeed t o influence heathens to whom th e ques tion was as to

, ,

1
Lit mak a b l ss i ng probably t r f rring so much t r l i gious
.
, e e ,
no e e o e

c r mon i s conn ct d w ith such tr a ti s as t th o ff ring f g i fts on

e e e e e e e , o e e o

such occas io s — th t rm a b l ss i ng b ing fr qu n tl y us d f

n , e e ,
a “
e ,
”
e e e e or
“

pr s n t
e e .
”

2
I r f r nc t th na tions m n tion d i
n e e e e K ings x v i ii 34 A p d
o e e e n 2 .
, r a ,

m n t i on d i n th B i bl
e e ( comp also I x 9; J
e x l ix 3) and i th
e . sa . . er . . 2 n e

A ssyr i an monum n ts i n conn c ti on w i th H ama th was a cons i d rabl and

e e , e e

pow rful Syr i an town w ith adjac n t t rritory probably th mod n T ll

e e e , e er e

E yir c a, abou t thr hours no th f A l ppo H m th and S ph im

’
ee r o e . a a e a r va

th t wa i n Si par— hav
e b n p r v iousl y r f rr d t From it conjunc ti on
e ee e e e e o . s

w i th th latt r pl ac w i n f r tha t H was a c ity i n Babylon ia probably

e e e, e e en a ,

th mod rn A t four days j ourn y from Bagdad on bo th banks f th

’
e e na , e , o e

Euphra t s T h local ity f l i h or A

e . e h ( Ki ngs x v ii 4 has
o z va ,
vva 2 . 2 ,

no t b n asc r ta i n d ; b t it was probably also a c ity f Babyl on i a A ll

ee e e u o .

th s plac s w r conqu r d by Sargon

e e e b t th r i s no th ing inco s i s t n t
e e e e u e e n e

w i th th i s i th r f r nc t th m by th Rabh Sh k h as a ff ord ing

n e e e e e o e e -
a e

ev id nc f th supr m pow r pf A ssyr i a

e e o e e e e .
 1 50 H ez ehia h King of yn a a h ,
’
.

n ot s treng th for del iverance and were in danger of per ish ing , .

But s ince th e words o f th e Assyrian were a challenge t o God

” ”
H e m igh t hear them and answer th e reproach by a
“
,
“

“
r ebuke ; therefore let I sa iah p r ay for th e remnan t s till left .

S tr ange as it may sound th e s trength o f th is plea lay in th e ,

sense of fel t weakness wh ich appeared in tha t th e k ing called ,

upon th e prophe t n ot t o in te r pose b u t to pray and even so , ,

fel t n ot secure of an answer even to th e prophe t s prayer b u t ’

,

res ted his hope on th e na ture O f th e case .

There could n o t have been grea ter con tras t than between
th e boas tful confidence of th e As sy r ian in h is m igh t and th e
absolu t e subm iss ion of Hezek iah t o th e L O R D ; nor yet could
prayer have been th e ou tcome of clearer sp ir itual pe r cep tion .

Such p r ayer mus t have had its a n swer ; and it came in th e

assurance t ha t th is very boas tfulness of v ic tory should g ive
place to fear upon a rumou r and th is confidence be la id low ,
” ”
when th e gr e a t k ing should fall by th e sword and that
“
,

1 ”
“
in his own land .

I t was as had been sa id The Rabh Sh ak eh re turned fr om .

-

h is boo tless e x ped ition t o h is mas ter leav ing as we suppose , , ,

h is army befo r e Jerusal em H e found Sennacher ib n o t at .

Lach ish b u t at L ibnah to wh ich he had r etreated probably on

, ,

hear ing of th e advance of T ir hakah th e k ing of E th iop ia As

2
,
.

1
In 2 Ki ngs xix
ransl a t ( as i th I w ill p t a p irit i
.
7 t e n e u S n

h im i ,
”
by th d i r c t ag ncy f J hovah a sp ir i t f f ar would t a k
. e. , e e e o e , o e e

th p lac f tha t f boas tful confid nc Th tid i ngs ( th is ra th r than

“
e e o o e e . e , e

rumour ) r f r on th hand t th advanc f th Egyp ti an army

”
e e e on e o e e o e ,

wh ich l d t th r trograd mov m n t f S nnach r ib and on th o th r

e o e e e e e o e e , e e

hand t th Div i n v is i ta tion wh i ch d t rm in d h i s r turn t h i s own

o e e e e e e o
“

land I
. 6 w mar k tha t th
n ver x pr ss ion s rvan ts us d f th
. e e e e e ,
e or e

A ssyrian ambassadors i f con t mp t l ik th G rman B h , s on e o e ,

e e e n r sc en

( lads ) or B b , and tha t th i r words

a en t a k n up as a blasph mous
, e ar e e e

chall ng t th L RD
e e o e O .

Ti h k h —
2
r th Egyp tian monum n ts T h
a a on k and T abark a e on th e , a ar e

th e A ssyr i an T k th th i rd and l as t k i ng
, a r- f th t w n ty fi fth
u -u , e o e e -

E th i op ian dynas ty al though appar n tl y t h i ms l f f Eth i op i an b t

”
, e no e o u

o f Egyp t i an d sc n t I accordanc w i th th B i bl h monum n ts

e e . n e e e, t e e

d scrib him as k i ng f Eth iop i a and as mak i ng an i ncurs i on i n to Pal s

e e o ,
e

tin aga i ns t S nnach r i b

e For an abs tract f h i h is tory
e e Eb rs i n
. o s s ee e ,

Ri h m e W t b ii pp 6 7
’
s 67
or er .
.
.
, . 1 1, 1 2 .
 Pr ay er of the King . 1 51
we have seen Sennacher ib ga ined indeed th e victo r y o f
,
1

Altak u Bu t it was a v ir tual de fea t wh ich w it h th e fa ilu r e t o

.
, ,

ga in possess ion O f J erusalem d eterm ined th e final r e trea t o f ,

Sennache r ib from Pales tine H is c ircums tances mus t have .

m ade h im mos t an x ious t o ob ta in th e surrende r o f th e Jud aean

cap ital Accord ingly a s e cond embassy had been despa tched
.
,

to d e mand it p r oba b ly be fo r e th e battle of Altak u al though

-
,

a fter th e approach o f th e E th iop ian army Th is second sum .

mons was addr e ssed to H e z ek iah and was in terms s im ilar t o ,

t hose pr e v iously used al though it na turally con t a ined no longer ,

any reference to Egyp t and wa s also pegh aps more d irectly ,

challeng ing t o th e God of I s r ael ( 2 K ings xix 9 .

I t a rgues in our V iew a pa inful wan t n o t only of sp ir itual

, ,

ins igh t b u t even of deeper sympathy when cer ta in modern

, ,

cr itics deprec ia te th e ac t of H ezek iah in go ing to th e Templ e

”
t o spread b e for e J e hovah th e le tt ers of th e Assyr ian either “
,

as mechan ical or as ev idence o f a low er s tandpo in t It was .

n o t e ven symbol ical b u t as D el itzsch has r ightly des igna ted

, ,

it a prayer w ithou t words —a subl im e e x press ion of fa ith in

, ,

en tire acco r dance with wha t had preced e d a n d such as in ,

certa in ev e nt s of our l iv e s we m ight be d isposed to im itat e at ,

leas t in sp ir it S till mo r e s tr ange does it s e em to fin d th e

.

au then ticity of th e p r ay e r w ith wh ich Hezek iah accompan ied

th is subm iss ion t o th e l iv ing God ques tioned on th e ground ,

1
m n tion f th p l ac s n m ra t d i Ki ngs i
Th e e o e confirms th
e e u e e n 2 x x . 12 , e

v i w x pr ss d i a pr v io s no t that th boas t d conqu s ts w r

e e e e n e u t e, e e e e e no

thos f th pr s n t r i gn b t look d bac k upon t h pas t

e O e e e e Thus G,
u e e . oz a n

was a d i s tr i c t i n M sopo tam i a on th r i v r Ch b wh nc Sargon had

e e e a or , e e

transpor t d colon is t s t Samar ia

e N t f from Go an was th t own f
o . o ar z e o

H aran , th R oman and Gr k C

e h f th arl i s t A ssyr i n ee a rr ae, on e o e e e a

p ss ss i ons m n ti on d v n i th th c n t B ( comp G
o e , e e e e i 3 n e 12 e . . C . . en . x . 1,
R ph was ano th r M sopo tam i an t own fr qu n t ly m n tion d i n A ssyr i an
ez e e e , e e e e

inscr i p t i ons as R pp or R pp T h
as a a l ( i n A Tila, A i i th r asa a . e a sa r ss .
-
ssu r , e e

th A ssyrian h i ll or th h ill f A sur ) s ms t hav b n

“ ” ”
f
“
e , e o ee o e ee on e o

th c i ti s f th S
e e f Ed
o
“
a tr ib i nhab i ting a d i s tr i c t on bo th
e on s o en ,
e

banks f th m iddl Euphrat s I t i probabl tha t i th r Shalman s r or

o e e e . s e e e e e

Sargon had chang d th ori g i na l nam f th c ity t T lassar ( comp th

e e e o e o e . e

Ed f E k xx v ii
en o 3 p rhaps a lso th B th Ed n f A mos i
z e . . 2 e e e -
e o .
1 5 2 H ez ehia h, King of 3 zn la h ’
.

tha t th e of allse tting as ide

gods as powerless be ing th e o ther ,
1

wo r k of m en s ha n ds and th e e x clus ive acknowl edgmen t of

’
,

J ehovah were beyond th e sp ir itual range o f th e time Surely .

t h is is n ot only arb itra r ily t o d isplace th e Scr ip tu r al records ,

b u t on th e ground of it t o cons tr uc t a h is tory of I srael and ,

then t o j udg e even t s by t h is self mad e s tandard -

.

I t was only as we woul d have e x pec ted when I sa iah in the ,

'

name of h is God and as H is represen ta tive made response , ,

al ike to th e le tter of th e Ass yr ian and to th e praye r o f

Hezek iah H is u tterance cons is t s as has been r igh tly o b
.
,

served of three par ts I n th e firs t ( ve r s 2 1

2
,
th e u n c o n . .

quered v ir g in daugh ter of Z ion address e s to Sennacher ib her

D iv ine comme n t on h is boas ting ; th e second par t ( vers 2 9 3 1 ) .
-

b r ings th e D iv ine message to H ezek iah and to Judah ; wh ile

th e th ir d ( vers 3 2 3 4 ) con ta ins t h e p r ophe tic announcemen t of
.
-

th e issue of th is war F r om th e very ou tse t we mark th e .

a ttitude of lofty scorn in th e con tras t be tween th e two a dver

3

sa r ies Sennacher ib and th e H oly One of I srae l on h igh

,

( ver . Then in figura t ive language th e boas t of th e

, ,

Assyrian is presen ted in vers 2 3 2 4 in each verse in its two .

, ,

fol d aspec t : as regarded wha t he cla imed to have already

done and wha t he declared he would ach ieve in th e fu tur e
,
.

There had been ne ither barr ier nor res is tance to him in th e
pas t ; there could be no h indrance nor l im ita tion to him in
th e fu ture All had been surmoun ted ; all would b e at his
.

d isposal But as aga ins t th is boas t of self su ffic ien cy came

.
,
-
,

th e D iv ine ques t oni — I t —

here s r ael s bes answer whe ther th e ’

grea t k ing had never hea r d —tha t is wh ether it had never “

,

come t o h is knowledge; nor yet en tered his m ind —tha t all

1

1
A s Th en ias r m inds us th r i monum n tal v id nc
e , e e s e e e e of th e cu tting
in pi c s
e e of th e i mag f a god a ft r th t ak ing and sack ing
e o e e of a c ity .

2
SeeB ahr l aa
’
oc .

3
Comp th x pr ss ion
hak n h h ad i
. e e w ith Job i 4
e S e er e ,
n v er . 2 1 xv .

P xxi i 7 ; i 5 J x v i ii
sa . . c x. 2 er . .

4
Th x pr ss ion do s
e t con ta in any a llus ion t
e e a k now l dg f e no
“

o e e o

proph tic u tt ranc s on th part f S nnach rib nor i it iron i cal

e e e e o e e , s .
1 54 Hez eh ia h King of 7 n a a h
,
’
.

refug e Thus th e s ign lay in th e prom ised cer ta in ty of the ir

.
“

suppo r t through th e D iv ine bless ing on th e land wh ich Assy r ia

boas ted to have la id was te ( v e r s 2 3
1
Nor is it uncommon .
,

in fr u itful d is tr ic t s of Pales tin e fo r a second ha r ves t t o spr ing

from th e ears o f corn left s tand ing in th e fields Thus th e .

prov is ion for the ir presen t wan t s and tha t for th e agr icul tural ,

year on wh ich they had already en tered com ing to them ,

through th e d irec t bless in g of God on a land over wh ich th e

Assyr ian cla imed absolu te power would in th ose two years b e a ,

cons tan t s ign tha t th e relation be tw e en Jehovah and Sen n a ch e

r ib was wha t had been t ol d and tha t t hey had n o t t o fear any ,

re turn of th e enemy And so would th is p r ophe tic s ign .

“

“
natural by th e special bless ing of God b u t supe r na tural ,

when v iewed b y itself b e al ike for com fo r t and th e s trengthen

—

in g of fa ith b u t also fo r th e cons tan t e x erc ise of it

,
.

From ano ther po in t of v iew also th is prophe tic u tte r ance

connects its elf w ith th e ea r l ier pr e d iction in I sa v ii L ike th e . .

latter it affords ins igh t in to th e gene r al charac ter a n d s tr uctu r e

,

o f prophecy Tak ing its de pa r tu r e from th e presen t cond ition

.

of th ings it p o in t s to th e full mean ing o f th e p r ophecy v iewing

, ,

it in its widen ing bear ing till in th e dim d is tance it desc r ies
its fulfil men t in what is th e final goal of all p r ophecy —th e
,

Mess ian ic k ingdom Though t s of th e growt h o f th e seem ingly

.

scan ty yet su ffic ien t fr u it left on th e fi elds o f J udah b ut wh ich ,

in due t ime when Judah was res to r ed t o qu ie t homes would

, ,

be followed by r ich har ves t s sugges t th e h igher appl ica tion to ,

”
th e remnan t es caped wh ich was yet aga in to take roo t
“
,
“

downward and bear fr u it upward

,
And w ith yet w ide r and .
”

final appl ication ( 2 K ings xix 3 1 ) does it po in t forwa r d t o .

th e r emnan t acco r d ing t o th e elec tion o f grace th e fa ithful

“ ”
,

rem nan t th e true I srael ( comp I sa iv 2 vi 1 3 ; x 2 0 2 3 ) in

,
. . . . .
-

t h e Mess ian ic day when th e zeal O f Jehovah of hos t s should

“
,

G n rall y th s ign i s gh t i th pr d i c tion f wha t wou l d happ n

1
e e
“
e so u n e e o e

i thos y ars
n f wh i ch var ious — mor or l ss unsa tis fac tory — x plana tions
e e , o e e e

g iv n W wou ld lay th mphas i s on th v rb y shal l t as a

a re e . e e e e e e ea ,
”

prom is f su ffic i
e ot u ppor t en s .
 The A n gel in th e A s sy r ia n Ca mp . 1 55
pe r form th is ( Isa ix Las tly th e th ir d par t of I sa iah s . .
,
’

u tte r ance ( ve r s 3 2 3 4 ) is a d ir ec t pred ic tion w ith r e ference to

.
-

th e th r ea t s o f S e nnacher ib and th e issue of th is war .

Nor was th e D iv ine j udgmen t on S e nnach er ib long delayed .

I n that n igh t 1 th e angel of Jehovah wen t fo r th to sm ite

” “ ”

in th e Assyr ian hos t— probably t ha t wh ich s till lay before Jer u

salem — all th e m igh ty men O f valou r and th e leaders and
“
,

cap ta ins ( 2 Chron xxx ii From 2 Sam xx iv 1 5 1 6 we . . . .

, ,

a r e led to infe r tha t wh ile th e j udgmen t was d irectly sen t of ,

God th e means employed was a pes tilence

,
The number .

of v ictims amoun ted t o n ot less than al though th e

t e x t does n o t ind ica t e and there is cer t a inly no reason for ,

b el iev ing tha t t hey all fell in one n igh t 2

Bu t to th e sac r ed .

h is tor ian it seems fr om his prophe tic view po in t b ut as one -

unb r oken sc e n e in th e g r ea t drama o f j udgmen t and he p ic to ,

r ia ll
y descr ib e s it as a field of th e sla in on wh ich t h e y loo k ed ,

as they aros e early in th e mo r n ing

“
And so th e D ivine - .

j udgm en t comple ted what th e t u r n wh ich th e campa ign had

t aken had begun I t was only na tural tha t S ennacher ib should
.

d epa r t and r e tu r n to h is own land 3

Bu t th e accoun t in Holy .

S c r ip tu r e in th is also ev idences its h is tor ical accuracy th at it ,

d e sc r ib e s h im as dwell ing a t N ineveh For S e nnache r ib n ot “ °

.
”

only made th is his permanen t res idence fortified and conve r ted ,

1 s ms t imply tha t it was th n i gh t a ft r I saiah s pr d ic ti on ;

Th e tex t ee o e e
’
e

b t th is i by no m ans cl ar
u s Jos phus ( A t x I 5 ) and th Rabb is
e e . e n . .
, e

suppos th j udgm n t t hav ov r tak th army tha t lay b for J ru

e e e o e e en e e e e

sal m Th i s i also th v i w f Fr i drich D l i t sch i H r og s R l E y

e . s e e o e e z n e z
’
ea nc .

vol xii i p 386 I Chron xxxii

. .
, . and i I xxx v ii 36 th words
. n 2 . . 2 1, n sa .
‘

.
, e ,
“
i n that n i gh t om i tt d Th is s ms f its lf t i nd ica t tha t ll
,
”
a re e . ee o e o e a

th e had t d i d i tha t n i gh t no e n on e .

th pr v ious no t Much larg r numb rs than th s r cord d

2
S ee e e e . e e e e a re e e

t hav p rish d by p s til nc I n

o e e p l ac
e e e e on e e .

Tha t som
3 x traord i nary v n t had d t rm in d th r tr a t f S n h
e e e e e e e e e e o en ac

er ib app ars also from th e Egyp tian l g ndary accoun t pr s rv d by e e e e e e

H rodo
e t us ( I t d scr ib s h
11 w . on h i s advanc i n to E gyp t —p e e o ,
e er

haps m ixi ng up th campa ign f Sargon w i th tha t f S nnach r i b ( Schrad r

e o o e e e

i n Ri h m IV t be
’
p 366 ) —S nnach ri b had b n forc d t fly
s /
or er .
, . 1 a e e ee e o

through a d isabl m n t f h i s army fi ld m ic e hav ing i n

e n igh t gnaw d
o , e -
e on e e

through th qu iv rs bows tr ings and h i ld s traps f h i so l d i rs

e e , , s e - o s e .
1 5 6 H eaehia h King of yu a a h ,
’
.

it in to h is g r and impe r ial for tress b ut adorned it w ith two ,

magn ificen t palaces 1

.

There is one e ven t in th e h is tory Of I srael wh ich th e D iv ine

j udgmen t on Sennacher ib and th e del iverance of Jud a h mus t
recall to every m ind I t is I s r ael s m iraculous d el iverance a t .
’

th e t ime of th e E x odus and o f th e d e s t r uction O f t h e army of

Pha r aoh in th e waves o f th e Red Sea ( comp E x od xiv 2 3 . . .

Then as now was th e danger e xtreme and it seemed as if

, , ,

I srael we r e defenceless and powerless be fore th e m igh t y hos t

of th e enemy Then as now was th e word of th e L O R D clear
.
, ,

and emphatic ; then as now it was th e n igh t season when th e , ,

del iverance was wrough t and then as now was it I srael s b ir th , ,

’

time as a na tion For now after th e final t r ansporta tion of

.
,

I srael did Judah s tand for th as th e people of th e L O R D th e

, ,

inh e r it o r s of th e prom ise th e rep r esen tatives of th e k ingdom of ,

God As t hen so now was Judah saved w ithou t drawing swo r d

.
,

or bow only by th e in t e rpos ition of th e L O R D And so it has

,
.

to all t imes rema ined by th e s ide of th e m ir acl e s of th e E x odus

as th e ou t s tand ing even t in th e typ ical h is tory Of th e people O f
God pe r pe tua ted n ot only in th e later non canon ical l itera ture
,
-

o f I srael b u t poss ibly fo r m ing th e h is t o r ical bas is of Psa x lv i 2

, . .
,

and more p r obably tha t of Psa l xx v and l xx vi 3

. . .

t u —
Y et o the r though t s com e o s how th e worldly pol icy of
even a Hezek iah in form ing all iances aga ins t Assyr ia was
rebuked and he learned in th e school of affl iction and hum il ia
,

tion t o t urn from all such help t o God and t hen O b ta ined ,

mercy and how fr om th e firs t I sa iah s tood fo r th fa ithful in his

warn ings and calm and unshaken in h is confidence th e t r u e
, ,

prophe t and represen ta tive of th e L O RD And yet beyond .

1
For f urth r d tail s
e e , we rfr
e e t o th e articl s e ,
“
Ni i nv e and anh
S e
”
Bib l A lter th
’ ’
in Rieh m qa n a wor ter b
’
r ib ,
s I . a . . .

2 sch r f rs t h is Psalm t th d l iv ranc f Judah in th tim

But Del itz e e o e e e e o e e

of J hoshapha t ( Chron
e 2 .

Comp D l it sch on th s Psa lm s I th LXX P

3
. e z lxx v i ( lxx e e . n e . sa . . .
,

and also origi nally P lxx v also bor th inscrip tion pb 2m A m §p

s a. . e e ,
1r s 7
’
o tor .

I t h
n A pocr th
e r f r nc s .i E cc l us x lv
e iii 8 —
e e e Macc v ii 4 e a re n . . 1 22 1 . . 1

2 Macc v i ii 9 . . 1 .
 H ee eh ia h ,
King f yn a a h
o
’
.

C H A PT E R X I I I .

fi ez ekiah ( E hir tem th) £ 71111]

, of g ub ah .

D ate of Hez ekiah s Sickn ess—An n oun cemen t of his D ea th —

’
Th e Prayer of
Hez ekiah—The D ivin e Ans wer—M ean ing an d Lesson s of it —Th e Em
b assy of M er odach -b a/adan and its Object—Recep tion of the En voys
by Hez ekiah— Th e Pr ophet an d the King—Prophecy of Babylon .

( 2 KI N G S xx I SA . xxxv rrr ; xxx rx .

)

narrative of H ezek iah s s ickness a n d Of th e embassy of

HE
’

M erodach baladan wh ich in an abbrev ia ted form is also

-
,

g iven in th e B ook of I sa iah

1
( xxx v iii 1 8 2 1 2 2 xxx ix ) mus t .
-
, ,
.
,

o n l itera r y grounds and from its pos ition in th is h is tory be r e

2
,

ga r ded as a n append ix s im ilar to tha t added to th e accoun t of

Dav id s re ign in th e clos ing chap ters of th e Seco n d B ook of
’

Samuel 3
W he ther or n ot it was t aken from a special and dis
.

tinc t r ecord or else inse r t ed in th is place in order n o t t o break

,

th e con tinu ity o f a na r ra tive wh ich had a sp ir itu a l mean in g and

obj ec t of its own it is cer ta in tha t th e even ts wh ich it r e co r ds
,

could n ot have been pos t er io r to th e final dep ar tu r e O f S en

n ach erib from th e so il o f Pales t ine
1
After tha t the r e could .
‘

n o t have been occas ion for such an x ie t y in r e ference t o th e

k ing of Assyr ia as to be m et by th e D iv in e prom ise in

2 K ings xx 6 nor could H eze k iah have shown such treasures
.

1
Th e abbr v a on i i th narra tiv f H k iah s s ick n ss d h al
e i ti s n e e o ez e
’
e an e

in g O n th e t e
. o h r hand th hymn f pra i s I xxx v iii 9 i, t e o e, sa . .
-
2 0, s no

ns r d
i e te in 2 Ki ngs wh r ind d such a hymn wou ld s m t f
,
e e, ee , ee ou o

p l ac e .

2
Th is app ars from th whol e cas t f th arra tiv — v n from th
e e o e n e e e e

g n ral and i nd t rm i na t no t f tim i th op n ing words I thos

e e e e e e o e n e e : n e

days .
”

3
Comp V l v f th is B i bl H is tory pp 3 7—4 8
. o . . o e- , . .

4
I t i s tru tha t Jos phus plac s it a ft r tha t v n t ( A t x
e e b t e e e e n . . 2 ,
u

h i t s t i mony i h r man if s tly

s e st f any au thor i ty
e e e no o .
 Ba by lon ia n Em b a s sy . 1 59
t o th e ambassadors o f M e r odach baladan s ince he had pre -

v io u sly s t r ipped h msel f h e m to S ennache r ib ( 2 K ings x v iii

i f o t 1
.

14 no r yet fr om wha t we know o f th e h is tory of M ero dach .

baladan could he the n have sen t such an e mbassy w ith th e

man ife s t purpose of an all ia n ce aga ins t Assy r ia nor finally , , ,

would Hezek iah then have encou r ag e d such ove r tu r es .

I n th e s e c ircums tances it is a que s t ion of h is to r ical in te r es t ,

ra ther than of p r actical impo r tance whe th e r th e s ickness of

2
,

Hezek iah o r r a ther th e embassy o f Me r odach baladan had b ee n -

dur in g th e r eign o f Sa r gon or in tha t o f S e nnache r ib whe ther ,

they had prec e d e d th e campa ign of th e fo r m e r in Pales tine or ,

tha t of th e la tte r 3
The tex t its el f s ee ms to po in t to th e p er iod
.

immed ia tely before th e inva s ion o f Sennach e r ib s ince in th e ,

t ime of Sargon J e rusal e m was n ot in such danger as is ind ica ted

in th e re assu r ing p r om ise g iven conce r n ing it ( ver But th is .

is n ot all On any theo r y th e numeral fi fte e n years in th e

.
,
“

pr om ised add ition t o th e spa r ed l ife of Hezek iah ( ve r mus t .

ha ve crep t in to th e t e xt b y some m is take Adm ittedly it would .

,

n ot synchron ize w ith th e p e r iod O f Sennach e r ib s campa ign ;

’

wh il e on th e o ther ha n d it is c e r ta in tha t Sa r gon came in to

hos tile con tact w ith H ez ek iah in th e second year of h is r eign “

( t ha t a ft e r t h e t ak ing o f Sama r ia ) t ha t is in th e s ix th or s e ven th , , ,

scarcely in th e e igh th y ea r o f H ez ek iah s re ign ( 2 K ings x v iii

,
’
.

Bu t fi fteen y e a r s add e d to th is would g ive at mos t twen ty

two or twen ty th r ee fo r th e r e ign of He z ek iah wh e r eas we know
-
,

tha t it las t ed twen ty n ine years ( 2 K ings x v iii 2 ) I f therefo r e

-
.
, ,

it is imposs ible to da t e th e illness o f Hezek iah and th e embassy

1
h s how v r do s t s m a v ry s trong argum n t i v i w f th
T i , e e , e no ee e e n e o e

r cup ra tiv pow r appar n t on pr v ious occas ions

e e e e e e .

2
V i w d from th proph tic s tand po i n t
e e For th is i t an ord inary
e e -
. s no

h is tory and th conn c ti on wh i ch d t rm i n s th form f th narra tiv

, e e e e e e o e e

i
s no t tha t f succ ss i on i th ord r f ti m
o e b t f p iritual caus and
n e e o e, u o S e

e ff c t—th i nward
e e t th ou tward , f v n ts
no e ,
n ex u s o e e .

3
Engli sh cr itics ( Rawl i nson Sayc Ch yn ) p lac it i th tim f , e, e e e n e e o

Sargon ; th mos t comp t n t G rman au thoriti s ( Schrad r Fri drich

e e e e e e , e

D l i t sch ) i tha t f S nnach r ib

e z n o e e .

4
S th Ar ti c l S g
ee e i Ri hm p 374
e ar on n e 11 . . 1 .
1 60 H ez eh ia h King of 7 n da h
, .

in th e time of Sa r gon we have to ass ign these e ven ts to th e

,

p er iod immed ia t ely p r eced ing th e campa ign of Sennache r ib in

Pales tine It may have b een that th e number

. fi fte en as “
,

that of th e yea r s added t o th e l ife of H ezek iah had or ig inally ,

.

been a marg inal rema r k 1

With whomsoever it or ig ina ted or
.

however it pass e d in to th e te xt th e copy is t anno tato r or ed itor , , , ,

who rega r ded th e four teen th year o f H e z ek iah as tha t o f Sen

n ac h erib s invas ion 2 K ings x v iii would na urally d duc
(
’
t e t .

t h is number from t wen ty n ine th e t o t al of th e years of -

,
’
Hezek iah s re ign and so arr ive a t th e number fi fte e n as tha t
,

of th e yea r s added to th e k ing s l ife Bu t on th e o ther hand ’

.
, ,

th is also impl ies t ha t in th e v iew of th is e arly copy is t anno ,

ta t or or e d itor th e s ickness of H ezek iah and th e embassy of

, ,

M e r odach baladan had immed ia tely preceded th e campa ign of

-

Sennacher ib .

The na r rative itself offers no spec ial d if ficul ties As Heze .

2
k iah lay s ick th e prophet I sa iah was d irected to go and b id him
s et h is house in o r d e r ( 2 Sam x v ii 2 s ince h is illness would . .

t erm ina t e fa tally The announcemen t was rece ived by th e

.

k ing w ith th e u tmos t al a r m and g r ief W e have he r e to .

rem ember th e less clear v iews en ter ta ined under th e Old Tes ta
men t b efore th e L O R D by H is com ing and Resurr e c tion had
,
“
b r ough t l ife and immo r tal ity to l igh t through th e Gospel ‘

I ndeed our own e x per ience t eaches th e g r a dual unfold ing of

,

tru th w ith ou r gr ow ing capac ity for it s pe r c ep tion And any .

an tic ipa tion o f fulles t tru th would ne ither have been in acco r d
ance w ith th e character o f th e preparatory d ispensa tion and th e
t ra in ing under it nor have done honour t o th e new Revela t ion
,

wh ich was to follow I ndeed even n o w many of us lea r n slowly

.
,

th e j oy of depa r ting nor yet th is w ithou t cons tan t refe rence

,
”

to tha t wh ich is j o ined t o it th e presence w ith th e Lord of , ,

wh ich they of old knew n o t Thus it was ne ither fa tal ism nor .

res igna tion to th e i nev itable b u t fa ith when they la id them , ,

1
Th e critical qu s tions conn c t d w ith I xxx v ii i
e e e s a. .
5, 6 canno t h r e e be
e n t r ta i n d
e e

probably a carbuncl —c r tain l y

.

2
Th d i s as we e e as e e , n ot p s til nc
e e e.
162 H ez eh ia h King of 7 n da h , .

Thus far all had be e n as m igh t hav e been looked for in th e

cou r se of th is h is to r y But wha t followed sugges t s ques tions .

o f th e deepes t impo r tance I sa iah had n o t only prom ised .

D iv ine h e al ing b ut tha t w ith in th e b r ie fe s t pe r iod Hezek iah

,
l

should once mor e go up t o th e T e mpl e— no doub t to r eturn

thanks Y et he conj o in e d w ith th is m ir aculous help th e ap pli
.

ca tion Of a common r em e dy when h e d irecte d tha t a lump of ,

figs should b e la id on th e bo il And as if s till fur th e r to po in t .

th e con tras t H ez ek ia h as k e d fo r a Sign of th e prom ise and “

, ,

th e prophe t n o t only gave it b u t allowed h im a cho ic e in t ha t ,

wh ich fr om any po in t of v iew impl ied d irec t D iv ine in terpos ition .

”
For ev iden tly H ez ek iah asked for such a s ign as would be a “

pledge to h im of God s d ir ect in terven tion on his b ehalf wh il e on ’

, ,

th e o ther hand th e al ternat ive p r oposed to him tha t th e shadow

, ,
2
on th e s teps Of th e sun clock of Ahaz m igh t e ither move for ,

wards o r backwards forb ids any na tural e xplanation of it such , ,

as tha t of a so lar ecl ips e wh ich I sa iah had e ither na turally or

3
supernaturally foreknown H ezek iah chose wha t to h im .

1
Wh eth er
or t th x pr ss ion on th th ird day b tak n l it rall y
no , e e e e e e e ,

man if s tl y it was i n t nd d t conv y t on ly th bri f s t p riod b t

e e e o e , no e e e e , u on e

w ith in wh i ch such a r sul t cou ld t hav b n r ach d had th h al ing

e no e ee e e e e

b n th ord i nary cours

ee in e e.
2
I t i in t r s ting t
s l arn tha t Aha had —probab l y on hi v is it t
e e o e z s o

Damascus ( Ki ngs x v i 2 ) s n and brough t t J rusal m som f th

— . 10 ee o e e e o e

sc i n ti fic appl i anc s f th gr a t mp i r f th Eas t I t i s i mposs ibl t

e e o e e e e o e . e o

d t rm i n wh th r th i s mod f m asuring th progr ss f tim ( t s tr i c tly

e e e e e e o e e e o e no

hours ) was by a sun d i al th i nv n ti on f wh ich H rodo tus ascr ib s t th

-
, e e o e e o e

Babylon ians (ii Accord ing t I d l r ( H

. ab Ch l p 4 85 ) o e e an .
’
a . r on o . 1 . .

it was a g m or ind x surround d by conc n tric c ircl s by wh ic h th

no on ,
e , e e e , e

tim f th day w
e o mark d by th l g th n ing shadow B t th t rm
e as e e en e . u e e
“
s t ps s ms ra th r t i nd ica t an ob l isk surround d by s t ps th
e
”
ee e o e e e e , e

shado w on wh ich mark d th hours so tha t th sha do w fall ing i th e e ,

e n e

mor ing w s t wards firs t on th low s t s t p gradually asc nd d t th

n e e e e , e e o e

plan on th t p a d a ft r m i dday again d sc nd d th s t ps as twards

e e o ,
n e e e e e e e .

A th t x t s ms t imply tha t t h r w r t w n ty such s t ps th y mus t ”

s e e ee o e e e e e e , e

hav mark d th quar t rs f an hour and i that cas th v n t hav

e e e e o ,
n e e e e e

happ n d abou t hal f pas t tw cloc k p m ( comp K amphaus n i n Ri h m

e e -
o O
’
. . . e e
’

2
Th e sugg s tion e of a solar cl ipse ( mad by Mr Bosanqu t i th
e e . e n e

j ou r n a l f
o th e A s . Soc V l
. wh ich s ms adop t d by Canon
o . ee e
 The S ig n .
”
163

s e emed th e more d ifficu lt or ra th e r th e more inconc e iva bl e

—
,

al e r na ve tha t of th e shadow r eced ing ten s teps And in

t t i .

answer to I sa iah s p r ayer th e s ign des ir ed was ac tually ’

,
”

g iven .

I t is n ot d ifficul t to p e rce iv e th e symbol ical s ign ificance o f

th is s ign As I sa iah had been comm iss ion e d to o ffe r t o Ahaz
.

“
a s ign of th e prom is e d del ive r ance a n d to l e ave h im th e
”
,

cho ice of it e ith e r in th e dep th o r in th e h e igh t above ( Isa

,
“ ”
.

so here a s im ilar al terna t ive was pr e s e n ted to H ezek iah .

As Ahaz in h is trus t in na tu r al m eans an d his d is trus t o f

J e hovah had re fused s o Hez e k iah in his d is tr us t O f na tu r al ,

means and tr us t of Jehovah asked fo r a s ign And las tly .

,

ev e n as H ez ek iah had feared tha t h is l ife — da y would have

end e d in its m id day hour so now when it was to be leng th -
, ,

ene d did th e fall ing shadow cl imb up aga in th e ten s teps to

,

its m id day mark -

.

Bu t the r e a r e also deeper lessons to be learn t from th is

h is tory Th e change in th e announcemen t O f wha t was t o
.

befall H ez ek iah in answer to h is prayer is of e ternal mean ing

, ,
.

It encourages us always to pray — n o t e x clud ing from th e

“

rang e of ou r p etitions wha t are commonly called th in gs

“

t emporal And yet th e very id ea O f prayer al so e x cludes any

.

though t O f th e absolu t e ce r ta in t y o f such answer as had been

p r ima r ily con templa ted in th e pray e r Fo r praye r and its .

answer are n o t mechan ically they a r e morally co n n e c ted j us t , ,

as be tween I sa iah s p r om ised s ign and its b e s towa l th e p r aye r ’

,

of th e p r ophe t in terven e d ( 2 K ings xx As m iracle is n o t .

mag ic so pray e r is n o t necess itarian ism and on look ing back

,

upon our l ives we have to thank God as O ften fo r prayers

unanswe r ed as for p r ayers answered .

Y et ano ther lesson connec te d w ith th e change in th e mes

sage wh ich I sa iah was to b r ing to Hez ek iah has been already

R aw li nson ( Sp h who ascr i b s t I sa iah a sup rna tura l

ea er s
’
e o e

for knowl dg
e - f th v n t i s un t nab l v n on t h ground tha t it
e e
”
o e e e , e e, e e e

would imply a sup rna tural influ nc on H k iah i hi cho ic f th e e e ez e n s e o e

r trogr ss ion f th shadow

e e o e .
1 64 H ez ehia h, K ing of 7 n a a h ’
.

n o ted by Jerome There is w ides t bear ing in th is remark of

his ( on Ezek . that it does n ot necessar ily follow because
a prophe t p r ed ic ts an even t that wha t he had pred ic ted shoul d
“ ”
happen . For as he adds th e prophe t did n ot pred ic t in
, ,
”
order that it m igh t happen b u t les t it should happen ,
And .

th e immu tab il it y of God s counsels is n o t tha t of fa tal ism b u t

’
,

d ep e nds on th e con tinuance of th e c ircums tances wh ich had

de term ined them .

Th is may help us to unders tand ano ther and in some

respects more d ifficul t ques tion Ev iden tly al ike th e announce .

’
men t of H ezek iah s un timely death and its revocation were
de term ined by h is rela tion t owards God Th is would in turn .

have its impor tan t bearing upon th e conduc t Of th e k ing in th e

com ing Assy r ian wa r wh ich conce r ned n o t only H ezek iah per
,

s o n ally b u t th e whole Dav id ic l ine and th e fa t e o f Judah it sel f

,
.

But th e lessons taugh t th e k ing firs t by his danger and then by

his res tora tion we r e prec isely those wh ich H e zek iah needed to
learn if obed ien t t o th e admon itions of I sa iah and bel iev ing
, ,

th e prom ise of th e L O R D he was cons is t en tly t o carry o u t th e

,

will of J ehovah am ids t th e t emp ta tions and d ifficul ties of th e

Assyr ian invas ion Th is n o t only because he had had exp eri
.
,

enc e of th e tru th of p r ophe tic prom ise b u t because he had ,

learned as he could n o t o therwise h ave been t augh t tha t God

, ,

answe r ed praye r tha t H e was merc iful and forgiving and able ,

t o t urn as ide th e mos t threa t en ing danger even at th e e x treme ,

momen t .I n t r uth wha t was afterwards w itnessed in th e

,

d el iverance of Jerusalem was on a large scal e th e same that

H ez ek iah h imself had e xper ienced in h is heal ing Thus th e .

lessons o f his recovery we r e in tended as sp ir itual prepara tion

fo r wha t was so soon to follow .

It s till rema ins to refer mo r e par ticula r ly to th e s ign it self “

on th e sun clock o f Aha z

-
From th e c ircums tanc e that in th e
.

o r ig inal accoun t in th e B ook of K ings there is no men tion o f

al tera tion in th e rela tive pos ition of t h e sun ( as in th e poe tic
quo ta tion in Josh x 1 2 I 3 ) b u t of a poss ible descen t or ascen t
. .
, ,
 166 H ee ehia h , King of 7 aa ah
’
.

success ively with Tiglath pileser,

Sargon and Sennacher ib -
,

and who was by t urns successful van qu ished d r iven away and , ,

r es tor e d and once mo r e a fug itive Th is is n ot th e place to

, .

g ive such ou tl ine of his h is tory as may be ga the r ed from th e

no t ices of Bero ssu s th e Chaldee h is tor ian from th e canon of
“
1
, ,
2
P tolemy th e B ible and Assyrian inscr ip tions
,
Su ffice it h e re
,
.
,

t hat th e da t e of h is embassy to Hezek iah mus t have co inc ided

w ith a b r ief pe r iod when a t th e beg inn ing of Sennache r ib s ’

r e ign he once mo r e occup i ed th e throne of B abylon ia for six

mon ths I t was only na tu r al tha t in prospec t of h is confl ic t
.

w ith Assy r ia he should have sough t all iances in every qua r ter ,

a n d tha t th e fame o f Hez e k iah s m iraculous heal ing o f h is g r ea t

’

—
,

weal th and powe r all no doub t e x aggera ted in Eas tern fash ion
—should have induced h im to send an embassy to Jerusalem .

A d ive r s ion there a poss ible confederacy aga ins t Assy r ia in th e

,

fa r wes t such as was a fte r wa r ds really formed would have been

, ,

of th e g r ea tes t use t o h is ca use Equally natu r al was it al ike .

,

w ith re fer e nce to Assyr ia and to H ezek iah tha t such an in ,

t en tion should n o t have be e n avowed nor perhaps th e poss i ,

b ility o f an all iance fo r mally d iscuss e d till th e ambassadors had ,

been abl e to j udg e for thems elves of th e e x ac t s ta te of matters

in J eru salem And so they wen t os tens ibly to b r ing to H ezek iah
.

cong r a tulatory le tters on h is r ec o very a n d a p r esen t

'
3
Bu t ,
“

all par ties — includ ing Sennach er ib on th e one s ide and th e ,

i h —
p r oph et I sa ah on t e o ther unders tood the real obj ec t of th e
embassy .

All th is fully e xplains th e B ibl ical narra tive I t is n ot .

necessary to suppose tha t th e ques tion of a trea ty aga ins t

Assyr ia was ac tually d iscussed be tween Hezek iah and th e
envoys of M erodach baladan I ndeed as th is is n ot s ta ted in -
.
,

1
I n th e e x trac ts
rom A l x and r Po lyh is tor pr s rv d by Eus b ius
f e e , e e e e .

For th h is tory f M rodach bal adan I mus t r f r t Schrad r

2
e o e - e e o e .

3
I C hron xxxi i 3 th os t ns i b l obj c t i s t a t d t hav b n
n 2 . . 1 t e e e e s e o e ee o

inqu ir abou t th wond r tha t was don i th land Such an inqu iry as
”
e e e e n e .

t th r al pow r f th God f Judah would from th h a th n s tandpo in t

o e e e o e o , e e e ,

not b incons is t n t w i th th r al im
e f th m iss ion
e e e a o e .
 R ecep tion of the E n voy s . 1 67

Sc r ip ture it seems unl ikely tha t a trea ty h ad been mad e or

,

e v e n p r oposed I n any cas e it could n o t have been car r ie d

.
,

o u t s ince long b e fore it could hav e b ee n ac te d upon M e rodach

‘

baladan was d r iven away O n th e o ther hand it se ems .

,

equally clea r that Hez ek iah however r e ticen t he may hav e been , ,

s e cr etly favoured th e d e s ign of th e e mbassy I t was with th is .

V iew— to g ive prac tical ev idence o f his m igh t— that H ezek iah “

hea r k e n e d un to them and shewed them all th e house of his

1
,

prec ious th ings th e s ilv e r and th e gold and th e sp ices and

, , , ,

th e prec ious o il and th e ho use of h is armour and all tha t

, ,

was found in his tr easu r es ; there was no th ing in h is house ,

no r in all h is dom in ion tha t Hezek iah shewed them n ot ,

”

( 2 K ings xx .

I t was a d is ingenuous dev ice when Hezek iah in answer to th e ,

ques t ion ing of I sa iah sough t to d iv e r t h im by a reference to th e

,

far coun tr y whenc e th e ambass a do r s had come as if fl atter

”
,

in g t o Jew ish na tional p r ide a n d imply ing th e acknowl e dged ,

°

supremacy o f Jehovah s power Such had n ot b een th e obj ec t ’

.

o f t h e p r ophe t in ask ing abou t th e coun t r y o f t hese s t r ang e r s .

B y el ic it ing tha t th e y had come fr om Bab ylon h e would ind ica t e ,

t o H ez ek iah t ha t h is inmos t purpose in show ing t hem all h is

t r e asu r es had been r e ad Bu t to know it was t o pronounce th e
.

D iv ine d isapp r oba t ion o f any such all ianc e aga ins t Assy r ia Th is .

e x pla ins th e sev e r ity of th e pun ishmen t a fterwa r ds denounce d

upon H e z ek iah for an o ffe nce wh ich o th erw ise m ight have
seem e d triv ial Bu t th is had cl early appea r ed that Hezek iah
.
,

had n ot learned th e lessons wh ich h is la te danger and God

g r an ted recovery w e r e in tended to teach nor did he lea r n them
o the r w ise than in th e school of e xtr eme angu ish a fter all h is ,

wo r ldly pol icy had ended in de fea t h is land b e en desola ted , ,

and th e v icto r ious hos t o f Assyr ia la id s iege t o Je r usalem And .

t h is seems t o be th e mean ing o f th e re fe r ence in 2 Ch r on .

xxx ii 2 5 2 6 to th e ung r a te fulness and th e pr ide o f th e king

.
, ,

after his m ir aculous r ecovery as well as o f t h is o ther no tice ,

1
I n Isa . xxx ix . 2 we read , H ez ek i ah r jo ic d
e e . Pe rhaps th is is th e
b ette r r ad ing
e .
1 68 H ez ehia h King of f7 n a a h ,
’
.

( ver . tha t in th e ma tt er of th e ambassadors God had left ,

H ezek iah to h imself to try him and know all tha t was in his , ,
“

1 ”
heart .

Bu t w ith Go d th ere was n ot any changeableness As after .

wards I sa iah denounced th e all ianc e w ith Egyp t so now he ,

spoke th e D ivine j udgmen t on th e hoped for trea ty w ith -

B abylon So far from help be ing der ived from such all iance
.
,

I s r ael s fu ture doom and m isery would come from B abylon and
’
,

t h e folly o f Hezek iah would al ike appear and be pun ished in

th e e x ile and serv itud e of h is descendan ts Thus in th e se .

u e n c e of God th is sow ing of d isobed ience should be followed

q
by a harves t of j udgmen t Y et for th e presen t would there be .

peace and con tinuance — till th e measure of in iqu ity was filled ”
.

And H ezek iah acqu iesced in th e sen tence own ing its j us tice ,

and gra te ful fo r its delay Y et here also we perce ive shor t .

com ing H ezek iah did n ot r each up to th e h igh level of h is

.

fa ther Dav id in c ircums tances somewha t s im ila r ( 2 Sam xx iv . .

nor was his even th e humble absolu te subm iss ion of Eli
o f O ld
( 1 Sam iii . .

Bu t as th r oughou t t h is h is t o r y I sa iah appea r ed as th e true

prophe t o f God by th e cons is tency of h is u tterance of th e D iv ine
W ill aga ins t all hea then all iances by his res is tance to all ,

worldly pol icy however spec ious and even by h is bearing on

, ,

th e two fold occas ion wh ich fo r ms th e subj ec t of th e presen t

nar r a tive so did he now r ise to th e full he igh t of h is office
, .

Never befo r e had there been so unm is takable a pred iction of

th e fu tu r e as when I sa iah in th e full he igh t of Assy r ia s power
’

announc e d tha t th e world emp ire o f th e futu r e would n o t belo n g -

t o it b u t t o vanqu ished Babylon ia and tha t Judah s j udgmen t

’
, ,

would n o t come fr om the ir presen t dreaded enem ies b u t from ,

3
those who now had sough t the ir all iance .

1
Jos phus also tak s th sam Vi w f th obj t th Babyl on ian
e e e e e o e ec 01 e

m iss ion ( A t x n . . 2 ,
2
C omp C h yn u s p 3 . e e, . . . 2 1 .

3
W mark tha t I xxx ix i s fo l low d by l l
e Th s ign ifi anc
sa . . e x .
-
x vu . e c e

of th conjunc tion f th s proph c i s r qu i r s

e t t b po i n t d t The
o e e e e e e no o e e ou .

on e i th Di v in
s oun t rpart f th o th r
e e c e o e e .
 7 0 M a n a sseh King of fi n a a h ,
f ’
.

fa the r Accord in g to our Wes tern no tions he would have to be

.
,

regard e d as merely a ch ild Bu t in th e Ea s t he would at t ha t a ge .

have reached th e mos t da n gerou s pe r iod o f wak e n ing manhood ,

before though t could have t em per e d w il fulness o r e x pe r ie n ce ,

s et bounds t o impulse I n such c ir cums tances t o have r e s is ted

.
,

th e cons tan t t emp ta tion and inc it emen t t o gra tify ev e r y w ill
and des ir e would have r e qu ir e d one o f s tro n g mo r al fibre
, .

Bu t Manasseh was selfish and r e ckless weak and c r uel in h is ,

w ickedn e ss and sca r cely r e sp e c ta ble even in h is repen tanc e

,
.

When th e in fan t Jehoash acceded t o th e th r on e he had th e ,

bene fit of th e adv ice of J e ho iada ( 2 K in gs xii and we know .

how h is la ter and independen t re ign d isappo in ted its ea r ly

p r om is e Bu t Manasseh had n o t any such gu idanc e The
. .

moral and r el ig ious corrup tion in his grand fa the r s r eign mus t ’
, ,

as we in fer fr om th e p rophe tic w r itings b e r ega r d e d as n o t only ,

th e ou t com e b u t also pa r tly t h e ex plana tion o f th e m e asu r e s of

,

Ahaz Th is cond ition o f th ings could n ot hav e b e en effe c tually

.

checked du r ing H ez ek iah s r eign o f twen ty n ine yea r s espec ially ’

-
,

am ids t th e troubles and th e d iso r gan isa t ion connec te d w ith th e

Assy r ian invas ion I n fac t we know tha t ev e n amo n g th e in
.
,

t ima t e counsellors of H e z ek iah there w e r e thos e whom th e ,

p r ophe tic wo r d empha tically condemned ( comp I sa xx ii I 5 —1 9 ; . . .

xxix . 1 4 xxx
—1 6
; 9 . 1 ,

In c ir cums tances th e sudden re a ction and th e

t h ese
coun ter —r e fo r ma tion o f Manass eh s r e ign in wh ich he ap” ’
, ,

p a r e n tl
y ca rr i
,
e d th e people w ith h im canno t app e a r al t og e th e r ,

s trang e or surp r is ing B r ie fly it was a k ind o f hea then ideal

.
,

o f r el ig ion in wh ich va r ious fo r ms o f na tional idola t ry we r e

comb in e d The co r rup t mode o f J ehovah wo r sh ip on th e

.
-
“

he igh t s was res tor e d To th is we r e added th e Ph oen ic ian r ites

”
.

of Baal and Ashe r ah wh ich Ahab had in troduc e d in I sra el and

, ,

t h e A s sy o Chald e an wo r sh ip o f th e s ta r s
r -
All th is was ca r r ied .

to itsu tmos t s e quences I n th e T emple on wh ich J ehovah .

,

had pu t H is th r ice Holy Name and wh ich as a firm and , ,

las ting abode in con tr a s t to th e Tabernacle symbol ised th e ,

p ermane n ce o f H is dwell ing in th e m ids t of I srael and the ir ,

 Th e C ou n ter -R e or m a tion f .
”
17 1

p ermanenc e in th e land Manass eh bu il t al ta r s to th e hos t o f ,

h e av en placing them in th e ou te r and inner cou r ts Nay

,
.
,

in th e sac r e d
”
hous e it sel f h e set up th e v il e s t o f idols : th e
“
,
“

g r aven imag e o f th e Ash e r ah wh 0 s e wo r sh ip impl ie d all tha t ,

”

was lasciv ious Conj o in e d w ith th is was th e ins titu tion of a

.

n e w p r ie s thood compos e d o f th e m tha t had fam il iar sp ir its

1
, ,

and w iz a r ds wh il e th e k ing h ims el f p r ac tis e d d ivinat ion and

,

enchan tm e n t And as usual t og eth e r w ith all th is th e serv ice

2
.
3
, ,

o f Moloc h w ith its t e rr ible r ite o f pass ing ch ild r e n th r ough th e

,

fi r e was n o t only e ncou r ag e d by th e ex ampl e of th e k ing

,

2 K ings xx i 6 ; 2 Ch r on xxx iii b u t appa r e n tl came in o

( .
y t . .

gene r al practic e ( 2 K ings xx iii Al ik e th e e x ten t and th e .

sham el e s s immo r al ity o f th e idola try n o w preval e n t may b e ,

in fe r red from th e accoun t of th e la te r re fo r ma tion by Jos ia h

( 2 K ings xx iii 4 Fo r wha

. tever pract ices m ay hav e b ee n ,

in tr oduc e d by prev ious k ings th e loca tion p r obably in th e ou t e r , ,

cou r t o f th e Temple of a class o f pr ie s ts who in the ir unna tural , , ,

n e ss o f v ic e comb ined a spec ie s o f madness w ith deepes t mo r al

,

deg r ad atio n and by the ir s id e and in fellowsh ip w ith them tha t

'
4
, , ,

of p r ie s tesses o f As tar t e mus t have b e en th e wo r k o f M a nass eh , .

Th e ex pre ss i on HID!? h e mad e in 2 Ki ngs xxi 6 ( s ee marg i n o f

1 “
.

R V ) i mpl i e s t h e i r formal appo i n t m e n t

. . .

Soo thsay i ng or d iv i na tion I h av e pr eferr ed r e nd er i ng it thus g e n erally

,
. .

I Rabb i n i c usag e it i s u nd er s tood ch i e fly o f d iv i na tion by obs erv ing th e

‘

clouds ( from DD) ; th e e x press i on f r enchan tm e n t i s ch i efly referred o

“ ”

to th e wh i sp e ring o f f ormulas o f i ncan ta t i on and t o obs erv i ng an om e n ; ,

th e h v i ng a fam i l i ar“
sp i r i t s r e fe rs t o n e cromancy — eith er by conjur i ng

up th e d ead or consul ti ng th em ; th e w i ards [l t thos e who hav e “

z
”
i .
,

knowl dg e] D J v l a e cur i ously ex pla i n ed i n th e Talmud ( S n h 6 5 b ) as

e
‘ ‘
‘
r a .

mag i c ians who plac e i n th ei r mou ths th e bon e o f an an i mal call d Y a a

,
e aa
’ ’
n

wh en th e bon e Sp eaks o f its elf Comp g en erally Lev xix 2 6 . . . . .

3
Comp Deu t x v iii 1 0 1 1
. . .
,
.

4
O n th e nam ele ss abom i na tions o f th is man i a o f v i c e th i s is n o t th e ,

plac e to sp e ak Th e class i cal scholar knows wha t th e Gall i were I t i s

. .

n o t poss i bl e to d e t rm in e wha t t h e s e pr i e s te ss e s wov e wh eth e r ten ts or “

e , ,

hangi ngs — p erhaps carp et s or it may hav e b een ra i m en ts fo r th e r i te s o f ,

A s tar te : b u t c er ta i nly som e th i ng fo r t h e v i l e worsh i p w ith wh i ch th ey

w ere conn ec te d ( 2 Ki n gs xxiii Perhaps th e t ex t is h ere ( purpos e ly .

corrup ted I n regard to such abom ina ti ons comp Deu t xx iii 1 7 1 8
. , . . .
, .

See also 1 Ki ngs xi v 2 4 x v 1 2 xxii 46 ; Job xx xvi 1 4

. . . . .
1 7 2 M a n a ss eh King of 7 n a a b ,
’
.

W e know that som e such abom inations formed part of th e

rel ig ious r ites n o t only of th e inhab itan t s of Canaan b u t of
, ,

1
th e B abylon ians O n th e o ther hand we can scarc ely avo id .
,

th e infe r ence tha t thes e forms of idola try we r e ch iefly e n

c ou ra e d fo r th e sake o f th e v ic e s connec t ed w ith them Thus
g .

it involved n ot only rel ig ious b u t pr imar ily mo r al d eg e n eracy ,

.

Y et as m igh t be e x pec ted there was also sp ir itual p r o tes t and

, ,

a moral reac tion aga ins t all th is Prophe tic vo ices were heard .

announc ing th e near doom of a k ing and people mor e w icked

than th e Canaan it es 2
o f old Bu t it is s ign ifican t tha t th e names .

3
of these D ivine messengers are n ot men tion e d here In .

t ru th it was a t ime o f mar tyrdom ra ther than O f t es timony

, , .

There may be e x aggera tion in th e accoun t o f Jos ephus tha t ,

Manasseh k illed all th e r igh teou s among th e Hebrews and ,

Spared n o t even th e prophe t s b u t every day sl ew some among ,

them ( A n t x 3 1 ) and only a bas is of h is t o r ical t ru th may

. .
,

4
underl ie th e J ew ish t rad ition wh ich was adop ted by th e ,

1
He rod . i . 1 99 . C omp . Ba r . v1. 43 .

2
morit s
Th e nam d as th r pr s n ta tiv s f th Canaan it s
“
A e a re e e e e e e o e e

g n rally b i ng th mos t pow rfu l f th l v n Canaan i tish trib s ( G

e e ,
e e e o e e e e e en .

x 5 . Comp G
1 x v 6 ; x lv iii ; Josh ii 7 ; xi ii 4 ; xx iv
. en . . I . 22 . v . . .

1 5 ; E k i 3 ; A mos
z e ii 9 and
. o th
xv r passag . s .
, e e .

M icah v i and ii
3 suppos d t da t from th is p riod
. v . ar e e o e e .

J w ish trad i tion h it ( I b m 49b ) that Manass h charg d Isaiah

4
e as
’

e a , e e

w ith having taugh t wha t was i oppos i tion t th l w f Mos s ( thus I n o e a o e sa .

v i comp E xxx iii ; I lv 6 comp D u t i 7 ; Ki ngs xx 6

. 1, . x. . 20 sa . .
, . e . v . 2 .
,

comp E xx ii i . T th is I sa i ah r pl i d tha t h had ind d a good

x . . o e e , e ee

answ r t th s charg s b t would t giv it i n ord r t t aggravat

e o e e e , u no e , e no o e

th gu il t f Manass h
e Th n th proph t spok th In ff abl N am
o e on . e e e e e e e e,

wh ich a c dar tr op n d t r c i v h i m Th c dar was now sawn

e ee e e o e e e . e e

through W h n it r ach d th mou th f I sa i ah h gav up th soul

. e e e e o , e e e .

Th i s b caus I sa i ah had charg d hi p opl w i th b i ng f uncl an “

, e e e s e e e o e

lips Th l g nd has w ith var i a t i ons pass d in to th ps ud p i grap h i c

”
. e e e , , e e e e
“
Martyrdom f I sa i ah ( i n it ori g i nal form probably a J w i sh i n it
o
”
s , e , s

pr s n t for m a Chri s ti a book ) wh i ch forms th firs t par t ( ch i — ) f

e e n , e . . v . o

Ps ud p igraph A sc ns ion f I sa i ah ( d Dillm

”
th
“
th e e e , L ip e e o e . an n , e s .

O th r v rs i ons f th l g nd from a Targum i n A

e e m i C t l o e e e , , sse an , a a .

Bib l V t I p 4 5 and i a marg i na l no t on I

. a . . . lx v i i n th G d
2 ,
n e sa . . 1 e o .

Reu chl .
1 74 M a n a s s eh , King of 7 n a ah
’
.

t oge ther such even ts as bear on th e Divin e issu es of th is h is to r y ,

in r e la tion to th e c all ing o f I s r a el Th is e x pla ins n o t o nly th e .

b r ief summa r y o f th e long e s t r e ign in Judah o r I s r a el — tha t of

Manasseh wh ich las ted fifty fiv e y e a r s — b u t sp e cifically th e
,
-

om iss ion o f wha t he had done fo r th e d efenc e o f J e r usal e m and

J udah ( 2 Chron xxx iii . as well as o f h is cap tiv ity h is r e
.
,

p e n ta n ce r e t u
,
r n t o hi s cap ital and r e fo r ma t ion Fo r th e se, .

d e fences o f J udah we r e usel e ss th e cap tiv ity o f Manass eh was

t emporary ; and h is r efo r ma tion was as we shall see only , ,

sup erfic ial Bu t ra r ely has th e sc ep tic ism o f a c e r ta in school

.

of c r itics rec eived mor e sev e r e rebuke than in r ega r d to th e

doub ts wh ich on in te r nal g r ounds have b ee n cas t—and tha t
1—
n o t long ago o n t h e cred ib il it y of th e na r ra tive in 2 Chron .

xxx iii 1 1 —2 0 It was called in qu e s tion fo r th is r e ason tha t in

. .
, ,

v iew o f th e s il e nc e o f th e B ook of K ings th er e was n o t g r ound ,

fo r b el iev ing t ha t th e Assy r ians e x e rc is e d sup r emacy in J udah

— far l e s s tha t t he r e had b e en a hos til e e xp e d ition aga ins t
Manasseh ; and becaus e s inc e th e r e s id e nc e o f th e Assyr ian ,

k ings was in N in ev e h th e r epo r te d transpor ta tion o f Manass e h

,

t o Babylon ( v er 1 1
) mus t .be unh is t o r ical To t h e s e were .

add e d as s econda r y O bj e c tions tha t th e unl ik ely accoun t o f a

, ,

k ing transpor ted in iron bonds and fette r s was p r oved to be

un tr us two r thy by th e s till mo r e inc r ed ibl e no tic e t ha t such a
cap tiv e had b e en aga in r es to r e d to his k ingdom Em in en tly .

spec ious as thes e obj e c tions may s e em th ey have b e en e n tir ely ,

set as id e by th e e v idence fr o m th e A ssy r ian insc r ip tions th e p re ,

se r va tion o f whos e t es timony is h er e spec ially p r ov id en tial U n .

fo r tuna t ely th e l e ssons wh ich m igh t have b e en lea r n e d in r ega r d

,

to scep tic ism on in te r nal g r oun ds

“
hav e had l ittl e influ e nce .

O f th e Sup r e macy O f Assy r ia ov e r Judah in t h e t ime o f

Manass eh th e r e canno t be a n y doub t no tw iths tand in g the
, ,

s ilence of th e B ook o f K in gs I n a l is t o f twen ty two subj ec t .

-

1
Bu t it is
only fa i r t add tha t th doub s abou t Manass h s d por ta ti on
o ,
e t e
’
e

hav t b n shar d by th mor cau ti ous cr i ti cs f tha t school al though

e no ee e e e o ,

t h y d ny th
e s cond pa t f th narra tiv — l though w ith no b tt r
e e e r o e e a e e

r ason
e .
 M a n a s s eh s
’
Cap tiv ity . 175

k in gs o f th e la n d Cha tti in th e re ign of Esa r haddon whom

“
, ,

tha t monarch summon e d app e a r s e x pr e ssly th e nam e o f ,

M in asi sa r m at ( ir ) 7 a zccli M a nass eh k ing o f Judah 1

But th e , , .

cap ture o f Manasseh by th e Assyr ian cap ta ins and h is d epor t ,

a tion to Babylo n r e corded in 2 Chron xx x iii 1 1 s ee ms to ,

. .
,

have tak e n place n o t in th e r eign of Esa r haddon b u t in that o f ,

h is succ e sso r As ur b an ipal ( th e Sa r danapalus o f class ical wr ite r s )

, ,

when his b r o th er Samas sum uk in th e V ice r oy o f Babylon in - -

, ,

volv e d among o th er coun tr ies also Phoen icia and Pal es tine in
h is r e b ell ion And al though th e o r d ina r y res id e nc e o f Asu r
.

b an ipal was in N ineveh w e hav e n o t only r e ason t o b el ieve ,

tha t a fte r h is assump tion o f th e d ign it y o f k ing of B abylon he ,

t empora r ily r e s id e d in tha t c ity b u t monumen tal ev idence of it ,

in h is r e c ep tion th ere of ambassadors w ith tr ibu ta r y p r es e n ts .

Las tly we find th e e x act coun terpa r t al ike o f th is tha t Man a sseh
, ,

was ca rr ie d to Babylon w ith hooks 2

and bound in fette r s “
,
” “
,

and then afte r wa r ds r e s tor e d t o his k ingdom in th e Assyr ian ,

r e co r d o f p r ec is ely th e s am e mode of d epo r tation and of th e

sa me res t ora tion by A su rb an ipal o f N e cho o f Egyp t 3
.

i e t t i t t i —
H oly Sc r p tu r r ac ng h s r es o r a on n ot as in th e As
i ,

sy r ian insc r ip tion t o its seconda r y caus e : t h e mercy o f th e

,
“

k ing — b u t to its r eal sourc e co n nect s it w ith th e r ep en tanc e ,

and p r ay er o f Manasseh in h is d is tr e ss ( 2 Ch r on xxx iii 1 2 I . .

,

Tha t in such c ircums tances th e son o f H ez ek iah w ith th e ,

remembranc e of th e D iv ine d el iv e r anc e o f his fa th er in h is

m ind should have r e cogn ised th e folly and gu il t Of h is conduc t
, ,

humbled h ims el f and p r ayed un to th e L O RD ,

4—
seems so
na tural as sca r c ely to r equ ire confi r ma tion Y et ther e is such .
,

at leas t o f his re turn t o Je r usalem in t h e h is to r ical no tic e o f ,

1
We also r cal l h r tha t Esarha ddon transport d a fr sh co l ony t
e e e e e o

Samar i a ( E ra i z v . 2 ,
2
Th i s i s th corr c t r nd ring
e e e e .

3
Comp Schrad r . pp 36 6—3 7 e , u s . .
, . 2 .

4
Th Pray r f M e h i n th A pocr i c rta inly f l a t da t and
e o an a sse e .
,
s e o e e,

no t v n r c iv d as canon ical by th Rom i sh Church

e e e e e Th curious r ad r e . e e e

i s r f rr d t Frit sch H db Z
e e e o Ap h z pp 5 7 64 t the, an . n . a
’
. o r .
,
. 1 - 1 ,
o e

li t ra tur th r m n ti on d and t Fabr i c i us C d P

e e e e e dn e ,
o ,
o . s eu e r
,
1 1 00 -
1 1 02 .
176 M an a s seh, King o f 7 n a ah
’
.

h is add itions t o th e fortifica tions of J erusalem ( 2 Chron xxx iii . .

And if h is abol ition of th e fo r mer idola tr y and r es tora tion ,

o f th e s erv ic e of J ehovah s ee m n o t cons is te n t w ith th e m easur e s ,

t ha t had a ft erwa r ds t o b e adop t ed by h is grandson Jos iah we ,

h ave to r emember that be tw e en them [in terv e ned th e w icked

r e ign of Amon tha t Manasseh seems ra ther to ha ve pu t as ide
than des troyed idola try and tha t th e sac r ed te xt it self ind ica tes
th e s u per fic iality and incomple teness of h is reforma tion ( 2 Chron .

xxx iii .

The even ts j us t recorded mus t h ave tak en place near th e .

clos e of th is re ig n wh ich e xtended over th e e x cep tional pe r iod

,

o f fifty five y e ars

-
As H oly S cr ip ture r e fers to his s ins as e x
.

t reme and pe r manen t ins tance o f gu il t ( 2 K ings xx iii 2 6 xx iv . .

3 ; Jer x v . so on t h e. o t her ha nd Jew

, i sh t r ad it ion dwells ,

upon th e repen tance o f Manasseh and th e accep tance of h is

prayer as th e fulles t man ifes ta tion of God s m e r cy and th e
,
’
,

g r ea t es t e n courag e men t t o r epen t an t s in n

1
ers And in tru th th e .
, ,

t h r ea t e ned j udgmen t upon J erusalem was d e fe r red for more

than hal f a cen tury S o it was in p eace that Manasseh la id him
.

s elf to sleep H e was burie d in a ga r den a ttached to h is palace

2
.
,

wh ich popula r ly bore th e nam e o f th e ga r d e n o f Uzza 3 “

.
”

Tha t th e refo r mation made by Manasseh could only have b e en

superfic ial appears also from th e record of th e brief re ign of his
,

son and successor Amon I ndeed some wr iters have seen a .

,

1
almud ( S h 3 ) says tha t t d ny tha t Manass h had har
The T an . 10 a o e e S e

i th w
n eorld t com would b t w ak n t h hands f p it t A jus ti c
o e, e o e e e o en en s . s e

d mand d tha t h av n should b clos d aga ins t h i m th Alm igh ty p n d

e e e e e e , e O e e

f
or h im a hol i th fi m m t e I th M idrash ( D b
n e r R ) a l g ndary
a en . n e e ar . . 2 e e

accoun t i r al i s ti cally g i v n firs t f th idol h t p th n how wh n h

s e e ,
o e e se u e , e e

was b i ng burn d by th A ssyrians and found all h i gods fa i l d h im h

e e e ,
s e , e

cri d t th L R D las tl y how th m i n is t ring ang ls had shu t up all th

e o e O , e e e e

w i ndows f h av n aga i ns t h i pray r b t God had bor d f it a hol

o e e s e ,
u e or e

und r th thron f H i glory f th ncourag m n t f p n i t n ts t all ti m

e e e o s or e e e e o e e o e .

Th r f r nc i Chron xxxiii h i s tory f H i m y

2 ”
th
“
e e e e 9 t
e n 2 . . 1 o e o oz a ,
a

t a proph ti c book w los t or ls a cl rical rror f B TTITT th ' “

b
‘
e o e ,
no , e e e e or , e

s rs Th la tt r s ms t hav b n th v i w f th XX
ee .
”
e e ee o e ee e e o e L .

3
Th local i ty i unknown
e I t has la t ly b n id n ti fi d w ith th bury ing
s . e ee e e e

plac f Al x and r th Maccab on th as t rn s id f th H aram

e o e e e ee , e e e e o e .
 zz a a h
’
178 yos ia h King of f
,
.

from th e no tices we have of som e whom we a fterwards find

su r round ing th e k ing ; and las tly fr om th e b ear ing o f th e
, ,

p r ie s thood und e r th e ir ch ie f H ilk iah No r ind ee d could th e

’

.
, ,

l e ssons o f th e r e ign of H e zek iah and even o f that o f Manasseh

, ,

hav e been wholly e ffaced du r ing th e b r ie f rule o f Amon .

Such men as they under whose ausp ices afte r wards th e r e fo r ma

,

t ion o f J o siah wa s ca rr ied ou t could have had no d ifficul t y in

°

show ing th e you th ful k ing how th e b r igh tes t memor ies of th e
royal house o f Judah were assoc ia ted w ith th e names o f Dav id ,

J eho shapha t and J oash Uzz iah and H e z ek iah and that th e
, , , ,

t imes o f g r e a t es t na tional p r ospe r it y had been t hose of fa ith ful

and e a r nes t alleg ianc e to J ehovah and H is se r vice .

Thes e are ind e ed ma inly in fe r ences b u t they are g r ounded

on th e fa c ts o f th is h is tory and e x pla in them Nor can we
,
.

h elp th ink ing tha t e v e n th e e a r ly b ir th o f an he ir t o th e

c r own imply ing as it do e s a royal marr iag e a t th e e arly age of
,

t h ir t e e n 1
,
may he r e b e of s ign ificance ( comp 2 K ings xx ii I . .

w ith xx iii . But th e whol e h is tory o f Jos iah s r eign is of

’

such impo r tanc e and it ra is e s so many qu e s tions tha t for

, , ,

clea r ness sake it s eems be tter to discu ss separately its rel ig ious
’ ‘

and its pol itic a l aspect so far as th is is poss ib le

,
.

F ir s t and fo r e mos t in th is re ign s tand th e m e asures of

r el ig ious r e fo r mation inaugura ted by J os iah Th e s e compr ise .

th e p r el im inary abol it ion o f idola t r y th e r epa ir o f th e T e mple

th e d iscovery in it o f th e B ook o f th e Law ; th e cons e quen t
na tional r e fo r ma tion by th e k ing ; and las tly th e s olemn , ,

na tional O bse r vance o f th e Passove r We have s ta ted th e .

ev e n ts in th e o r d e r o f the ir time and as g iven in th e B ook of

,

K ings fr om wh ich th e ar r angemen t in th e B ook o f Ch r o n icles

,

d iffe r s o n ly in app earance Each o f these two accoun ts rela tes

.
,

w ith d iffe r en t c ir cums tan tial ity one o r o ther of th e ev e n ts

,

ti e —
men on d in each case in accordance w ith th e d iffe r en t
v iew po in t o f th e w r iters to wh ich r efe r ence has fr equ e n tly
-
,

b e en made Thus th e ma in t op ic in th e B ook Of K ings is th e

.

1
A mon b ecam e th e fa th er o f Jos iah a t th e a ge o f 1 6 ( comp 2 Ki ngs .

xxi.
 I n itia l M ea s u r es . 1 79

r el igiou s r eforma tion al ik e in its pos itive aspec t as r ega r ded

,

t h e Temple th e Law an d na tional R el ig ion ( 2 K ings xx ii

, , 3 .

xx iii. and in its n ega tiv e asp e ct in th e abol ition o f idolat r y

( 2 K ings xx iii 4 .On th e o ther hand th e chron icle r ,

r e cords a t g r ea tes t l e ngth and w ith fulles t de ta il th e P a schal

, ,

O bse r vance ( 2 Ch r on xxx v 1 wh ile he pas ses v e r y b r ie fly

. .

over wha t m igh t app e ar as o f g r aver impo r tanc e ( 2 Chron .

xxx iv .
4
Th is w ill e x pla in wha t o the r w ise m igh t have s e emed a diffi
cul ty in th e ar r angemen t o f th e na rr a tiv e The accoun t bo th .

in th e B ook o f K ings and in Ch r on icles places th e T e mple

r es toration in th e e ight e e n th y e ar o f k ing Jos iah Bu t in .
”

th e f o r m e r th e reco r d o f t h e r e l ig iou s r e fo r ma t ion beg ins w ith

t h is even t wh ile th e chron icl e r p r e faces it by a very b r ie f
,

summa r y o f wha t had p r ev iously b e e n done fo r th e abol ition o f

idola tr y ( 2 Ch r on xxx iv 3 . That some th ing o f th is k ind
.

mus t hav e pr e ced e d th e r e s to r a tion of th e T e mpl e s ee ms

ev id e n t It canno t b e suppos e d tha t a mona r ch l ike J os iah
.

should fo r sev e n te e n y ears hav e t ol e r a te d all th at Amon had

in tr oduced and th e n in h is e igh te en th y e ar sudd e nly p r o
, , ,

c ee de d to th e swe ep ing m e asu r e s wh ich al ik e th e wr it ers o f

K ings and of Ch r on icles na rr a te It is th er efo r e only r eason .

, ,

abl e to acc ep t th e s ta temen t o f th e la tte r tha t in th e eigh th ,

“

yea r o f h is r eign wh il e he was yet young [

,
in his s ix tee n th
”

y e a r wh en p r e sumably he comm e nc e d pe r sonally to adm in is ter

—

t h e gov e r nm e n t] k ing Jos iah ,

b egan t o s ee k a fte r th e God o f
1 “

D a v id his fa th e r and tha t in th e twel ft h yea r h e b egan to

,
“

pu r g e Judah and J e r us a lem fr om th eir idol atr y ( 2 Ch r on .

xxx iv . And th e n th e chron icl e r who as we hav e s ta te d , , ,

mak e s only briefe s t r efe r e nce to th e r efo r ma tion d e sc r ib e d w ith

such d eta il in 2 K ings xx iii 4 2 0 a t onc e adds to th e m en .
-
,

tion o f th e in it ial m e asu r e s t owa r ds th e abol ition o f idola try a

summa r y o f what was finally don e in that d ir e c tion a fte r th e ,

r e s to r a t ion o f th e Templ e and in cons e qu enc e o f th e dis

1
T ha t i s, in his publ ic and o ff c ial capacity
i .
 80 f os ia h, K ing f
o 7 treta h .

c o v ery of th e B ook of th e Law ( ve r s 4 Tha t such is r eally .

th e pu rpo r t of th e na r ra tiv e a ppea r s also from th e r e fe r ence a t

th e close of th e accoun t o f th e Te m pl e r e s t o r a tion in 2 Ch r on
'

xxx iv 3 3 wh ich synch r on ises w ith 2 K ings xx iii 4

.
,
. .

I t was o n ly na t u r al tha t such p r el im ina r y measures as th e

chron icler rela tes should have been followed by as indeed th ey ,

mus t have s tood in connec tion w ith th e res to r a t ion o f th e ,

Temple and its s e rv ices Th is was done in th e e igh teen th .

yea r o f J os iah s r e ign N e a r ly two and a hal f cen tu r ies had

’
.

passed s ince th e fo r mer res to r a tion by J oash ( 2 K ings xii 4 .

and th e sacred bu ild ing mu s t have g r ea tly suffe r ed und er th e

idola trous k ings espec ially du r ing th e la t e re igns of M a n asseh
,

and Amon As th e r e s tora tion was na turally on th e same

.

l ines w ith th e p r ev iou s one und e r J oash th e two accoun t s a r e ,

necessar ily s im ila r The coll e c tions fo r th e T empl e r epa irs

.
,

to wh ich r e ferenc e is made mus t have begun some yea r s p re ,

v io u sly ( 2 K ings xx i i 4)
— p e r haps .so e a r ly as t h e e igh th year
o f th e k ing s r e ign Bu t w h a t sp e c ially in t e r e s t s us is tha t
’
.

con tr ibu tions came n o t me r ely fr om J udah b u t fr om th e ,

I s r a el itish inhab it an t s o f wha t had be e n th e k ingdom o f I s r a e l

( 2 C h r on . xxx iv .Th is ind ica t e s n o t on ly a r e l ig ious move
1
men t among th em such as pr e v iously in th e time o f H ezek iah
, ,

b ut tha t pol itically also th e r e mnan t o f I s r ael in th e land was

d r awn in to a h ope ful all ia n c e w ith J udah .

Y e t fu r th e r ins igh t in to th e cha r ac te r o f th e re forma t ion now

begun comes fr om th e h is tory of some of those whom th e k ing
employed e ithe r now o r la te r in connec tion w ith it For e mos t
, ,
.

a m ong them is H ilk iah th e h igh p r ie s t th e fa th e r o r g r and , ,

fa th e r o f S e ra iah 2
( 1 Ch r on vi 1 3 1 4 ; N eh em xi 1 1 ) who
. .
,
. .

was h igh p r ie s t at th e time o f th e cap tiv ity ( 2 K ings xx v

-
and .

an anc e s to r o f Ez r a ( Ez r v ii Aga in ch ief among those

. .
,

whom J os iah sen t t o H ilk iah was Shaphan th e Sc r ib e ( 2 K ings ,

Comp 2 C hron xxx 1 1 8

1
. . .
, .

2
Bu t h e could n o t ha e b ee n i d e n ti cal w ith th e fa th er o f J er e m iah ( J er
v .

i
. s i nce th p i e ts t Ana tho th w er from th e li n e o f Ithamar ( 1 Ki ngs
e r s a e

ii . wh i l e th e h i gh pr i es t H i lk i ah b elong d to tha t of El ea ar
-
e z
 5 os ia h King of 7 n a a h
‘ ’
1 82 , .

Itwas dur ing t h e e x tens iv e r epa irs in th e T e mple tha t a

d iscove r y wa s made of th e great es t influence o n th e movem e n t
abou t t o beg in and wh ich has e spec ially of la te be e n con, , ,

n ec t e d w ith some impor tan t c r itical ques t ions regard ing th e

Pen tateuch As we r ead in H oly S cr ip tur e th e h igh pr ie s t
.
,

H ilk iah in form e d Shap h an th e Scr ibe tha t he had found “

,
“

th e book o f th e law ( in 2 Ch r o n xxx iv 1 4 : th e book o f th e

“
. .

law of th e L O R D by th e hand o f M oses in th e house o f th e ,

L O R D ( 2 K ings xx ii
”
Th is book H ilk iah gave to Shaphan . .

I ts perusal le dS haphan n o t only to in form th e k ing of it b u t ,

t o r e ad th e book t o h im On th is J os iah r en t h is clo thes .

“
,
”

in t oken of mou r n ing for th e gu il t wh ic h I s r ael had incurred

in the ir long absolu te breach o f its commandm e n ts .

I n to th e compl ica t ed ques tions Wha t was th e e x ac t compass ,

of th is sp e c ial book ( wh ethe r it compr ised th e whole P e n ta

t euch o r wha t par t s o f it) and aga in What was t h e da te o f
, , ,

t h is copy and how it cam e to be found in th e Temple — th e

,

pres en t is n ot th e plac e to e n ter O n some po in ts however .

, ,

all sober m inded and rever e n t inqu irers w ill b e at one

-
.

Assuredly th e find ing of th e book was n o t a fraud on th e .

pa r t of H ilk iah nor yet th e book it self a forgery e ith e r by

,
1
,

H ilk iah or any p r ies t o r prophe t of tha t or th e immed ia tely

p r ec e d ing p e r iod As sum ing as there is eve r y reason to do .
, ,

t h a t ce r ta inly it con ta in e d th e B ook o f Deu te r onomy and pro ,

bably also o the r por tions if n o t th e whol e o f th e Law we 2

, , ,

canno t imag ine any reasonabl e mo tive on th e pa r t o f th e p r ies t

hood and s till less of th e prophe ts fo r th e inven tion o f such
, ,

a book And pla inly it mus t have b e en accep ted and its
‘
3
.

1 omp h r v n
C mpha i c languag
. e e e Ewald ( G h
e V I th e e t e of esc . a
’
. . sr .

p . S also K au t sch i n H r og s R l E y hl
ee p 9 z e z
’
ea nc . V 11 .
, . 1 1 .

W r f r th mor r ad ily t th s cr i tics tha t th i r v i ws i n r gard t th i s

e e e e e e o e e e e e o

book f th L w w i d ly d i ff r from thos x pr ss d i n th i s H i t y

o e a e e e e e e s or .

2Mos t G rman wr i rs r gard it as compris i ng D u t ronomy or th

e te e e e , e

par ts f th P n ta t uch wh i ch th y d s i gna t as th work f th D u t r

o e e e e e e e o e e e

on omi t B t th is i s
s .
t th plac f cri ti cal d i scuss i ons d w hav
u no e e or
, an e e

only g n rally ind i ca t d i n th t x t th d i ff r i ng v i ws propound d

e e e e e e e e e .

2
S K au t sch
ee z ,
u s . .
 The Boo/e the La w
”
Fin ding o f f
o . 1 83

g e nu in en ess a tte s ted by Jerem iah who at that tim e had already ,

b ee n five y e ars in th e p r ophetic O ffic e Th e fur th er qu e s tion o f .

th e prec ise con t e n t s o f t h e book is bo th d ifficul t o f d iscuss ion

and n o t o f g r e a t practical impo r tance I r r esp e ctive o f th e .

1
tim e wh ich th e read ing o f th e whole Pen t a teuch would have
occup ied ( comp her e 2 K ings xx iii th e wo r d ing o f H oly
. .

Scr ip tur e scarcely conveys in th e firs t ins tance tha t th e B ook

comp r ised th e s tr ic tly h is tor ical portions o f th e Pen ta teuch
( such as Genes is ) b u t as we e x pr e ssly r ead t h e B ook,
o f th e ,
“

Th e la tte r e x p r es
2 ”
Covenan t and th e B ook o f th e Law
,
“
.

Slon leads us in th e presen t cas e t o t h ink fi r s t of all o f tha t , ,

aspect o f th e law wh ich specially a ffe c te d th e p eople and th e ,

b r each o f wh ich en ta il e d th e na tional j udgmen t tha t Huldah

had announc e d and t h e appreh e ns ion o f wh ich had caused ,

such cons te rna tion t o th e k ing I f so we should pe r h aps n o t .

,

hav e to th ink in th e firs t place o f those r itual o r dinanc e s found

in th e cen tral por tions o f th e Pen ta te uch wh ich are now com ,

Pr ies t Code
”
m o n ly call e d th e These would ch iefly a ffec t “
.

th e p r ie s thood nor pe r haps could th e p e ople have followed w ith

,

compl et e unders tand ing th e me r e r ead ing of th eir compl ica te d

r itual de ta ils B es id e s th e previous h is t ory has fu r n ish e d us
.
,

w ith su ffic ie n t ins tances to show tha t unl ike th e Law th e p r o , ,

v is ions and ord inances o f th e Pr ies t Code mus t have been “

w ell known 3
On th e o th e r hand th e ma in con te n ts o f th e
.
,

B ook o f th e Law read in hea r ing o f th e people mus t have

concern e d th e whole fundamen tal rela tion be tw een I s r ael and
1
K au t sch z p 1 1 8 ) calcula tes it as occupying a t l eas t ten . hours .

B t i n 2 Ki ngs xxiii 2 5 w e r e ad o f all th e law o f Mos e s ”

2
u .
. A n d in
r gard t th Book f th Cov an t w hav t r call th x pr ss ion
e o e o e en ,
e e o e e e e

i D u t xxix
n e . w i th wh i ch w hav furth r conn c u xxxi 4 6
. tI t D t — e e e o e e . . 2 2 .

B ahr ( i n Lang s B b lw h pp 4 5 5 4 5 6 4 64 4 6 5 ) ably con t nds

e z
’

e er ,
VII . .
, , ,
e

t ha t th book compr i s d th whol P n ta t uch K l in r t holds tha t

“ ”
e e e e e e . e e

it mbrac d
e c r ta i n par ts f th books f Mos s b t includ in g r i tual
e e o e o e , u

laws Th v ry i n t r s ti ng A t G s t buch by Ri hm ( W t b
. e e e e r .
,
e e z ,
”
e or er .

pp 5 —5 7 ) r pr s n ts ano th r asp c t
. 01 0 e e e e e .

2
S also p 8 9 no t 3b Many corrobora tiv ins tanc s w ill h r r cur
ee . 1 , e . e e e e e

to th m ind such as th various sacr i fic s th Paschal bs rvanc s and

e , e e ,
e O e e ,

e v n th pun ishm n t f U i h Chron xx v i 8 9

e e e o z z a ,
2 . . 1 ,
1 .
 1 84 7 os ia h King of 7 n da h
, .

J ehovah Hence we conclude tha t it mus t have con ta ined

.
,

bes ides th e B ook of Deu teronomy a t any ra te those po r tions of ,

th e P e n ta t euch wh ich rela t ed to t h e same all impor tan t subj e c t -

.

B eyond th e se sugges tions wh ich a r e necessar ily in th e n ature ,

of conj ectures we canno t here d iscuss th is ques tion Bu t on

,
.

th e ma in po in t s we canno t hav e any hes it a tion I n Deu t . .

xxx i 2 5 2 6 we find d irections for depos iting th e B ook of th e

.
, ,

Law in th e inne r mos t Sanct uary as indeed m igh t have been ,

e xpec ted Tha t in th e var ious troubles when during many

.
.
.
,

re igns th e M osaic law and order of worsh ip were s o o ften s et

as ide th e book should have been removed and h idd e n by
,
“ ”

p ious hands and so for a t ime have become los t can as l ittl e
, ,

surprise us as its find ing dur ing th e thorough r epa irs of th e

1
Temple And wha tev e r th e compass of th is spec ial book th e
.
,

whole con te xt shows on th e one hand that it impl ies th e , ,

embod imen t of th e Mosa ic law in th e Pen ta teuch and on , ,

th e o ther t ha t th e e x is t ence of t hat law was generally known

,

and un iversally ad m itted as pr im itive der ived fr om th e grea t ,

Lawg iver h imsel f val id and D iv ine , ,

.

We can now unders tand how on hear ing th e words of th e ,

“

B ook of th e Law th e k ing had r en t h is clo thes and sen t

,
” “ ”

t o inqu ire of t h e L O R D bo th conce r n ing h imsel f and h is

people For such br e ach of th e covenan t and th e law as he
.
,

now knew I srael t o have been gu il ty o f mus t involve s ignal ,

j udgmen t I n th e e x ecution of th e k ing s behes t they whom

.
’

he sen t includ ing th e h igh pr ies t addre ssed themselves to

,
-
,
”
Huldah th e prophe tess th e w ife o f Shallum
,
“
th e keeper
, ,
“

o f th e wa r drobe
2 ”
who dwel t in J e rusalem in th e second
,
“
,

1
H o w f r th e imag ina ti on o f e v e n th e ab le s t criti cs can m i sl ead th em
a ,

app ears from th e accoun t wh i ch Ewald g i v e s pp 7 34 7 35 7 5 3 7 5 4 ) .

, , ,

o f th e or i g in o f De u teronomy To all app earanc e it was wr i tte n i n “

.

Egyp t by a fug i tiv e from Judah in th e ti m e o f Manass eh Slo w ly and

”
.
,

as it w ere acc i d en tally th e book Spread in to Pal es tin e wh ere a copy

, , ,

o f it
“
acc id en tally go t i n to th e Templ e through som e pr i es t In th i s “
.
”

fash i on any k i nd o f h i s t ory m i gh t b e cons truc ted to su it th e v ie ws of any

school o f cr i ti cs “
.

2
I t i s imposs i bl e t o say wh e th er it wa s t h e royal war drob e or tha t o f ,

th e Te mp le —o r i nd ee d any o th e r , , .
 7 os ia h King of y n a a h
’
1 86 , .

n o u n c ed t h ecom ing j udgmen t ( 2 K ings xx ii 1 4 2 0 ) g ive a n e w . -

and de eper mean ing to th e assembly of p r ies ts p r ophe ts a n d , ,

p e ople from J e r usalem and from all par t s o f t h e land whom

J os iah ga thered to hear th e wor ds o f th e book of th e covenan t “

wh ich was found in th e hou se of th e L O R D ( 2 K ings xx iii

’

”
.

Eviden tly in all tha t he did th e k ing was ac tua ted by h igher ,

mo tives than merely th e w ish to avert pun ishmen t I n th e .

Temple a solemn n ational covenan t was m ade — no doub t “ ”

,

by th e people e x p r ess ing the ir assen t to th e law as b ind ing

upon th e m I n consequ e nc e of th is immed ia t e measures were
.
,

t aken und e r th e sup e rv is ion o f th e h igh pr ies t and his s ub o rdi -

nate s ( 2 K ings xx iii 4 ) fo r th e r emoval o f all th e emblems of

1
.

idola try wh ich had de file d th e Temple The va r ious v e ssels .

mad e fo r B aal and for th e Ashe r ah and fo r all th e hos t of ,

heaven we r e bu r n t ( comp D eu t vii 2 5 ; xii

”
in t h e . . . .
“

fields of K id r on nor th e as t of th e c ity ( comp J erem xxx i

2
,
-
. . .

Ne x t th e Ke a i
m r m 3
,
—
or non Lev itical pr ies thood tha t , ,

o ffi c ia te d whe th e r at th e h igh places or a t th e va r ious sh r ines ,

o f idol a try were p u t down

,
Thus th e v ile idol o
“
f Ashe r ah .

was b r ough t o u t fr om th e sanctuary wh ich it had desecra ted ,

burn t by th e brook K idron its ashes s tamped to powde r , ,

an d fur th er t o mark its pro fana tion sca ttered over t h e common

bu r y ing place 4
Las tly th e houses e r ected in close p r o x im ity
-
.
,

t o th e Temple it self for th e lowes t fo r m o f frenz ied hea the n ,

deg r ada tion were broken down ,

.

Bu t these measures were n o t l im it ed to th e removal of

idolatry from th e Temple and of th e non Lev itical p r ies th ood ,
-

1
r s ts f th s cond ord r ( K ings xx ii i
P ie o e e W r gard th s as e 2 . e e e e

young r and subord ina t pri s ts — t as th ff g

e f th h i gh pr i s t
e e no e su ra ers o e -
e .

2
Probably i th plac wh r th manur f n e t h s fi lds was d pos it d
e e e e e or e e e e e .

Th r f r nc t B th l t th c l os
e e e e e o f 4 may poss i bly d p nd on
e -
e a e e o v er . e e

som corrup tion i th t x t It do s t occur i Chron xxx iv 3 4

e n e e . e no n 2 . .
, .

3
V ar i ous d r i va t i ons and x p l ana ti ons f th word hav b n propos d
e e o e e ee e

non f th m how v r qu it sa tis fac tory Th sam d s i gna ti o occurs i

e o e , e e , e . e e e n n

H os x 5 and Z ph i 4 Th y
. . d is tingu ish d from th L v i ti ca l
e . . . e a re e e e

pri s ts or K ohan i m
e ,
.

4
T h plac wh r h commo
e e p opl and s trang rs w r buri d All
e e t e n e e e e e e .

thos f t h b tt r c lass s had s pu l hr s f th ir own

e o e e e e e c e o e .
 A b olition o f I dola try . 1 87

fr om o ffice B es ide th e Kem a r im there we r e those of Lev itical

.

— —
descen t Koh a n im or pr es ts who had c e l eb r a ted an unlaw
i ,

fu l wo r sh ip a t th e high places th r oughou t Judah 1

These .

unwor thy m e mbe r s o f th e p r ie s thood were brough t to Jerusal em

and d ecl a r e d unfi t for s tr ic tly p r ies tly s er vice in th e Temple ,

al though n ot d ep r ived o f wha t to many mus t have been th e

2
only means o f su b s is te nce At th e sam e tim e any r e sump tion .

o f th e fo r mer unlawful s erv ices was rend e r e d imposs ibl e by

t h e des truc t ion of all t h e h igh pl ac e s Ch ie f among these as .

,

t h e common r e sor t o f t hose who passed in or came o u t of th e

c ity were th e h igh plac e s o f th e ga tes : tha t a t th e en tr ance

,
“

of th e ga te of J os h ua th e governor o f th e c ity [ as well as ] tha t ,

3 ”
a t th e l eft of a man in t h e c it y ga te S im ilarly Tophe th was
,
-
.

p e r man en tly defile d The sac r ed hors e ded ica te d by p r ev ious .

k ings to th e sun and p e r haps used in process ional worsh ip

, ,

w er e pu t away and th e sun ch a r io t s bu r n ed Th e al tars

“
,
”
-
.
,

al ike those on th e roof o f th e A lija h o f Ahaz and those set up ,

by Manass eh in th e two cou r ts o f th e T empl e we r e broken ,

down the ir debr is made to run down from thence

,
4
and th e ,
”

dus t o f them cas t in t o th e K idron .

Nor was th is all Ou ts ide J erusalem on th e sou th ern po in t

.
,

o f th e Moun t o f Ol ives t he r e app e ar s till to have been r ema ins ,

of even mo r e anc ien t idola try wh ich da ted from th e time o f ,

1
From G ba t B r h ba ( K ings xx iii e o Th form r i B
ee -
S e 2 . e e n en

jam in was a pr i s t c ity and mark d wha t aft rwards was th nor th rnmos t
e -
,
e e e e

t own i n th k i ngdom f Judah e B r h ba was th mos t sou th rn s a t f

o . ee -
S e e e e o

th i s worsh i p ( A mos v 5 v i ii 4 ) . . I .

2
A pr i s ts th y had n ith r tr ibal poss ss ions nor y t o th r avoca tions
s e e e e e , e e .

Th y w r t r a t d l i k pri s t s i a s ta t
e e e e f L v itical impur i ty ( L
e e i e n e o e ev . xx .

2 1 b t do t s m t hav shar d i th common m al s f th r gular

u no ee o e e n e e o e e

pri s ts Probably th y w r a llow d t d ischarg in f rior func tions ( comp

e . e e e e o e e .

E k x l iv
z e . . 10
3
S accord i ng to ll th b s t cr itics Th r nd r ing al i k i th A V
o a e e . e e e e n e . .

and th R V g iv s t any in t ll i g i bl m an ing

e . . e no e e e .

Tha t i s from wh r th y w r s tand ing and brok n down W propos

4
, e e e e e e . e e

thus t transla t o Ki ngs xx iii ( A and R V

e 2 b a t th m down from . 12 . . . e e

t h nce Th word shou ld b po i n t d as Ki mch i and a ft r h im Th i

e e e e , e en u s

propos s Vat) h e mad run — thr w down th earth n d b i e e e e e e r s .

 88 s om e King of fi n da h
,
f
.

Solomon These were n o w r emoved and th e places desecra te d

.
, .

And beyond Judah prop e r th e movemen t e x tended th r oughou t

t h e anc ien t k ingdom o f I srael even to th e r emo t es t nor thern ,

t r ibal possess ion of Naph ta l i ( 2 Chron xxx iv Th is aga in . .

a ffords ind ica tion of an appro x ima tion be tween th e I srael itish
inhab itan ts l e ft in wha t had been th e nor thern k ingdom and
Judah And in th e increas ing weakness of th e Assyr ian emp ire
.

a like J os iah and th e I srael itish remnan t m ay have con tem

plated a r eun ion and res t ora tion und e r a k ing of th e house of
Dav id At any r a te th e rulers o f Assy r ia we r e n ot in a cond i
.

t ion t o in t e r fe r e in th e a ffa irs o f Pales tine nor t o check th e ,

:

influenc e wh ich Jos iah e x e r c ised over th e no r thern tr ibes On .

th e o ther hand we can unders tand t ha t th e m easur e s aga ins t

,

fo r me r idola tr y should have been all th e mo r e r igorously c a rr ie d

o u t in th e anc ie n t I s r ael it ish k ingdom wh ich had so t er r ibly ,

su ffe r ed fr om th e consequences o f fo r me r apos tacy ( comp 2

Kings xxiii I n B e th el it self th e o r ig inal sea t o f J eroboam s

.
-
,
’

spu r ious worsh ip n ot only was th e al tar d e s troyed b u t th e h igh

, ,

—
p lace tha t is th e sanctua r y there — was burned as al so th e
, ,

As h erah wh ich seems to have t aken th e place of th e golden

,

cal f Bu t as they proceeded fur ther publ icly to d efile th e al tar

.

in th e usual mann er by burn ing upon it dead men s bones

’
,

J os h esp ied among th e sepulchres close b y p er haps vis ibl e

ia —
fr o m wh e re he s tood 1 — 2
th e monumen t of th e prophe t o f old
sen t to announce in th e h igh day o f th e consecra tion of tha t
,
-

al ta r th e desola tion wh ich should lay it was te ( comp I K ings

,
.

x iii 1 . Bu t wh ile they r ifled th e graves of an idola trous

,

people they reveren tly left un touched th e sepulchre wh ich

,

h el d th e bones of th e man of God fr om J udah and by the ir ,

s id e those of h is hos t th e prophe t of B e th el And so l ite r ally

,
.

did th e j udgmen t announced of old come to pass that th e ,

b od ies of th e idol pr ies ts were sla in upon th e al tars a t wh ich

-

t hey had m in is tered And n ot only in B e th cl b ut in th e

.
-
,

1
h i s s ms th m an ing f Kings xx iii
T ee e e o 2 . 16 An d as Jos iah turn d e

h ims l f e .
”

2
Monum n ts G xxx v ; J xxx i
“
e : en . . 20 er . . 2 1 ; Ez e k xxxix
. . 1
5 .
 jos ia h King of y n da h
‘f
1 90 , .

kep t such a Passover from th e days o f th e Judges tha t j u dg e d

I sr a el nor in all th e days of th e k ings o f I s r ael nor o f th e
, ,

k ings of Judah ( 2 K ings xx iii ”

.

C H A PT E R XV I .

g oaiah g ehoahaz (5 2 b en tt eu t h ) g ,
ehoia kim

( s ighteen th), fi in gs of g n hah .

Retrosp ect Political History— Possib le Re-un ion of J udah an d Israel—The

F all of th e Assyr ian Empir e— In cursion of the Scythians Revo/t an d -

In dep en den ce of Babylon ia—Th e Expedition of Phara oh Necho—Re

sisten ce of J osiah to h is P r ogr es s— Battle of M egiddo—D eath an d

Burial of J osiah—Appoin tmen t D eposition, an d Captivity of J ehoahaz ,

-
Accession of J ehoiakim—Trihute to Egypt .

( 2 KI NG S xx 1 1 1 . 2 —
9 36 ; 2 CH O R N xxv
. x . 20 ; x xxv r .

observan t s tuden t of th is h is tory mus t have been im

HE

pressed w ith th e seem ingly s tr ange fact tha t at th e final ,

-

cr is is in th e h is to r y of Judah when tha t k ingdom was has ten ing ,

t o its fall mona r chs of such oppos it e rel ig iou s t endenc ie s as

,

Ahaz and H ez ek iah Amon and Jos iah should have succeeded , ,

one ano ther And it r eflec ts mos t un favourably on th e m o r al

.

and rel ig ious cond ition o f th e p e ople tha t each refo r ma tion
should w ith in s o shor t a per iod have b een follow e d by a
, ,

coun ter re fo r ma t ion O n th e o ther hand it mus t b e fel t how

-
.
,

grac ious had been th e d iv ine deal ing wh e n in success ion to ,

mona r chs who as we canno t b u t th ink to o truly represen te d

, ,

th e real s ta te o f th e na t ion p ious k ings we r e ra ised up as if t o , ,

1
assov r was t only mor un i v rsally a tt nd d than v r b for
Th e P e no e e e e e e e e,

b t obs rv d i n s tr i c t s t accordanc w i th all th r qu i r m n ts f th Mosa i c

u e e e e e e e e o e

L w [ t m r ly accord i ng t form r pr c d n ts ]
a no e e Ev n i n th Passov r
o e e e e . e e e

o f H k i ah th r had n c ssari ly b n a br ach f th s tri c t l tt r f th

ez e e e e e ee e o e e e o e

l aw ( Chron xxx
2 3 7 . . 2 , , 1
 Polit ica l H is tory . 1
9 1

g ive space for tardy r ep e n tance and r ecov e r y Even th e h is to r y .

o f Manasseh would in t ha t sense almos t seem t o have bo r ne a

, ,

symbol ic mean ing Bu t esp e c ially does th e m ind dw ell on th e

.

adm in is tr a tion o f J os iah w ith its v ery s ign ifican t r e d iscove r y

,
-

and r e publ ica tion o f th e Law of M oses As ne ith er before

-
.

n o r a fter h im was t here any k ing whose h e ar t was so t e nde r

“ ”
,

and who so humbl ed h imself be fo r e J ehovah ( 2 K ings xx ii .

no r yet any who so t u r ned to J ehovah w ith all h is hea r t

“
,

and w ith all his soul and w ith all h is m ight accord ing to all
, ,

K xx — so we mus t su r ely
( 5)
”
th e law of M oses 2 ings iii 2 .

regard h is upra is ing a t tha t cr is is h is b e a r ing and h is rule as

, ,

of d irec t D iv ine g r a ce and in te r pos ition .

I t is when tak ing in t o w ider cons idera tion these two fac ts
regard ing th e peopl e and th e k ing— tha t we fully u nd e r s tand
th e D iv ine sen tence o f j udgmen t upon Jerusal e m and Jud a h

( 2 K ings xx iii 2 6 . and

,
th e personal m e r cy e x t end e d t o

Jos iah ( 2 K ings xx ii W e have been h ith e rto occup ie d

.

with th e m os t impo r tan t measures of his r e ign — tha t publ ic

rel ig ious re fo r ma tion wh ich had as its n e cessa r y sequence th e
abol ition of pr iva t e idola trous p r ac tices ( 2 K ings xx iii .

Bu t th e pol itical h is tory o f th e t ime is also of de epes t

in teres t .

Refe rence has already been made to th e appro x ima tion

be tween Judah and th e r emn a n t o f I sr ae l l eft in th e no r the r n
k ingdom All ind ica tions po in t to th e in ferenc e th a t hop e s
.

we r e en terta ine d if n o t plans actually fo r m e d of a poss ibl e

, ,

re un ion of th e two k ingdoms unde r t h e sway o f J os iah

-
Thus .
,

j us t as th e ind epend e n t ex is tenc e of J udah was abou t to

cease th e national p r ospec ts m igh t seem to human view mo r e
,

p r om is ing than for cen turies pas t Th e d isappo in tm e n t o f .

t h e se hop e s mus t hav e shown tha t ev e n as I s r ael had a t th e

‘

fi r s t h eld th e la n d n ot by th e power o f man b u t by th e

, ,

D iv ine appo in tm e n t s o would no comb ina tion how ev e r hope

, ,

ful succe e d in r e s to r ing wha t only th e God of I srael cou ld

,
'

b e st ow And th is has its lessons for th e fu tur e as well as in

.
,

th e pas t .
1 92 yos ia h King of yzt cla h
,
.

Ithas already been s ta ted tha t Assy r ia was no long e r abl e

t o suppres s any a ttemp t s a t ind ependen t ac tion in Pal e s t ine .

Under th e br ill ian t b u t cruel r e ign of A su rb an ipal ( th e son of

Ezar haddon ) Assyr ia had r each e d th e h ighes t po in t of its
-

m igh t ; b u t w ith it al so commenc e d th e decay of th e cumbrous

emp ire Its beg inn ing may be da ted from th e rebell ion of
.

Sa m m ugh e s ( Sa o s duchin i e Samul sum is k u n ) th e bro th e r of

,
. .
,
- -
,

Asu rb an ipal and V iceroy of B abylon Tha t rebe ll ion was .

inde e d crushed and its au thor pe r ished in th e flames th e

, ,

v ic tor h imsel f a ssum ing th e crown of Babylon Bu t already .

o ther forces w e r e in th e fi eld Elam Pe r s ia th e la te s t con .

-
,

ques t o f Assyr ia rose in rebell ion These a r m ies wer e indeed

,
.

vanqu ished in two or ra ther three wa r s ; b u t fr om th e eas t

th e Me des inva ded Assyr ia The a ttack was unsuccessful.
,

and cos t th e M e d ian k ing Ph ra o rtes his l ife Bu t over

, ,
.

Wes tern As ia and far down to Egyp t th e p ower o f Assy r ia

wa s los t And fr om th e nor th o f th e B lack Sea fr om th e
.
,

s teppes of Russ ia th e Scy th ians swep t down and overran th e

,

coun tr y to th e shores of th e Med iterranean and down to th e ,

borders of Egyp t The r e Psa m m etich u s succeeded in buy ing

.

th e m o ff and th e maj or ity of th e barbar ians re tu r n e d nor th

,

wa r ds Som e wr iters have supposed tha t they came in t o

.

i —
confl c t w ith J os iah and tha t J er iv 5 vi 3 0 as well as . . .
, ,

some of th e u tte r ance s of Zephan iah refer to th is and tha t , ,

t h e presenc e of th e invaders wa s p e rpe t u a t e d in th e la ter name

of Scy thopol is for Be th Shean 1
Bu t th is is to say th e leas t
-
.
, ,

doub tful 2
When after many yea r s th e M ed e s succ e ed e d in
.
,
3
,

finally repell ing th e Scy thians Assyr ia was u t terly e x haus ted , ,

a n d th e fall of N ineveh a t hand .

Bu t before tha t an even t had taken p lace of spec ia l im

por tanc e in th e h is tory of Judah The decl ine o f Assyr ia had .

na turally rek indled th e hopes of Egyp t its r ival for th e emp ire ,

1
C omp Jud h
i t iii 1 1 2 M a ce xi i 2 9, etc
. . . . .

2
Ixa n tz sch in Rieh m s H a n d- Wor tcr b I I
’ ’
p 1 4 45 b . . . .

3
Th e t ac ual numb r s a d
e t te w n y gh y ars
is t e t -e i t e ,
b ut t h i s s msee ex

a ggera ted Th e t e t -ei

. w n y gh y ars would b w
t e b e e t ee n 6 33 and 6 5 B
0 . C .
 7 os ia h King of 7 u aa h
‘
1 94 , .
.

e x ped ition of Necho was s till l ite r ally aga ins t th e k ing o f “

Assy r ia .
”

Avo id ing a march through th e land of Judah th e E gyp tian ,

a r my advanced along th e o r d inary rou te followed t owa r ds th e

Eas t A t th e slope of th e h ills wh ich separa te th e low coas t
.

t r ac t sou t h of Carmel fr om th e grea t pla in of Esd r aelon its ,

p r ogr ess was bar r ed by a Jud aean a r my under J os iah hold ing ,

th e s tr ong pos ition o f M eg iddo th e modern el— Lejjfi n wh i ch , ,

commanded th e valley of th e K ishon ( called in 1 ( 3) Esd i 2 7 . .

t ha t o f M a ge ddo ) and also access t o th e moun t a ins o f Sama r ia

,
.

I t is n o t easy to form a defin it e op in ion as t o th e mo tiv e s

wh ich induced Jos iah to a ttemp t arres ting th e ma r ch o f Necho .

Bu t probably he may have been influ e nced by those plans

for th e r e un ion of I srael and J udah t o wh ich re ferenc e has
-

already been made H e may have though t tha t th e dang e r

.

to t h e indep e ndence o f th e new k ingdom wo uld be much

grea ter if Necho succe e d e d in th e obj ec t o f h is e x p ed ition
t han if ma tte r s con tinued as t hey were O f th e two p owers .

wh ich threa tened Pales tine — Egypt and Assyr ia — th e former

was at tha t t ime cer ta inly mor e to b e dread e d B es ides had
, ,
.
,

J o s iah succ e eded he would have secu r ed n ot only th e

,

gra titud e of Assyr ia b ut th e v ir tual if n ot th e nom inal , ,

ind ep e ndence o f h is k ingdom .

I t was in v a in that Necho r e mons tra ted w ith J os iah In .

th e r e ma r kabl e message 1
wh ich h is ambassadors w e r e in
s tr uc te d to del iver ( 2 Ch r on xxx v h e probably did n o t . .

r e fer to any spec ial prophec ies aga ins t Assy r ia b u t ra the r t o ,

wha t he r egarded as th e general lesson wh ich J os iah should

de r ive fr om th e h is to r y of H ezek iah v iewed in connec tion w ith ,

1
sam tim such r f r nc s t God — sp c i ally i th pr s n t
A t th e e e, e e e e o e e n e e e

c ircums tanc s —n d t surpris us Canon Cook ( as quo t d i n th

e ee no e . e e

d l ) g iv s an almos t x ac tly parall l x pr ss i on

’
Sp h ea C mm t y
er s o en a r ,
a oc
. e e e e e

from a Pharaoh f th y ar 7 5 B o T h Eas t rn — i con trad i s ti nc ti on

e e 0 . C . e e n

to th W s t rn — m i nd almos t i ns t i nc tiv ly r f rs t
e e e ,
th d i r c t ag ncy f e e e o e e e o

th eDi v i n B i ng c r ta i n human ac tions or r markabl

e e e v n ts and s ch e e e e ,
u

e x pr ss i ons mus t t b t clos ly pr ss d accord i ng t our mod rn

e no e oo e e e o e

no ti ons nor y t lit ral ly und rs tood

, e e e .
 Ba ttle of M eg iddo . 195

subs e quen t even ts as ind ica ting th e w ill o f th e God o f I s r a e l

,

in r ega r d t o th e des tr uc tion o f Assy r ia Bu t Jos iah gave n o t .

h ee d to th e wa r n ing A d e c is iv e ba ttl e was fough t on th e .

“

pla in o f Meg iddo ( 2 Ch r on xx x v ”

I f th e read ing is . .

co r rec t that Jo siah d is gu ised h imself 1

we would almos t be “
,
”

rem inded o f th e s im il a r dev ice o f Ahab ( 2 Chron x v iii . .

Bu t th e precau tion if adop t ed was useless M o r t ally wound e d , ,

.

by th e arche r s Jos iah was l ifted fr om h is cha r io t and p r obably

, ,

e x p ired on th e way t o J e r usal e m ( 2 K ings xx iii wh ither .

they car r ie d h im H e was bu r ie d in his own sepulch r e “ ”

.

apparen tly in th e new place of sepulch r e p r epa r e d by Manass eh

( Chron xxx v 2 4 comp 2 K ings xxi I 8
2 . . Gene r al and . .
,

deep was th e mou r n ing in J e r usalem and Judah for good K ing
J os iah The proph e t J er e m iah composed a lam e n t fo r h im
.
”
,

wh ich al though now los t seem s to have b e en inse r ted in a

, ,
”
special book of Lamen t s m e n tioned by th e Chron icl er “

( x xx v 2 Nay
. his memory and t h e lamen t for
,
h im con “

t in n ed in I srael — and th e m emo r ial if n ot some of th e wo r ds , ,

of it are preserved in Jer xx ii 1 0 1 8 and so la te as in Z e ch . .

, ,
.

xii . 1 1 .

d efe a t of th e Jud aean army and th e dea th o f

I n t ru th , th e
J os iah n ot only pu t an end to h is g r ea t r e forma to r y movemen t
, ,

and t o th e hopes o f th e poss ibl e r e un ion and r e cov e r y of -

I s r ael and Judah b u t it sound e d th e kn ell o f J e w ish in ,

dependence H ence fo r th Jud ah was al ter na tely vassal to

.

Egyp t or B abylon ia Acco r d ing to 1 C hr on iii I 5 Jos iah . . .

,

had four sons o f whom th e e ldes t J ohanan s eems to have

2
, , ,

d ie d e ither b e fo r e h is fa ther or pe r h aps in th e ba ttle o f

,

M eg iddo Th e o th e r thre e a rr ang ing th e m in th e o r d e r o f

.
,

age were El iak im afterwards call e d J eho iak im Shallum a fter

, , ,

wards called J ehoahaz and Z e dek iah On th e d ea th o f .

1
Th e Lxx . r ads
s tr ng th n d h ims l f i ns t ad f our
e
pin h i l
‘ ’ “
he e e e e ,
e o

Massor tic lJJ DlTh i I h d i sgu is d h ims l f

e
' '' “
e e e .
”

2
Th ord r i n Ch on iii
e 5
e s ms t qu i1t x ac t s i nc Shal l um
r . . 1 ee no e e , e

or J hoaha ( comp J xxi i ) s ms t hav b n old r than

e z . er . . 1 1 ee o e ee e

Z d k iah ( comp Ki ngs xx iii 3 xxi v

e e . 2 . 1 .
 1 96 f7 ehoa ha z ,
King f
o 7 u da h .

J os iah th e people o f th e land mad e and ano in ted as h is

“
,
1

successor n o t th e eldes t royal pr ince b u t h is younger bro ther

, ,

S h allum who on h is access ion assumed th e name J ehoah a z

, , , ,

J ehovah holds up ( comp 2 K ings xx iii 3 0 w ith J er xxu ”

. .
, . .

1 1 and 1 Chron iii

,
From th e fa te wh ich so speed ily . .

ove r too k him we may infer tha t th e popular cho ice of ,

Jehoahaz was la r gely influenced by his oppos it ion to Egyp t .

O f his brief re ign of three mon ths and accord ing to Josephus 2
, ,

t en days we only know tha t ,

he did th e ev il in th e s igh t of “

I f J osephus also charac te r ises h im as

”
J ehovah impur e in “
.

”
h is cours e of l ife th is m ay refer t o t h e res tora tion of th e ,

lasc iv ious r ites of his g r andfa t her s re ign ’

.

M ean time N e cho b a d after th e ba ttle o f Meg iddo con

, , ,

t in n ed h is march t owards Syr ia Th ither a t R iblah ( th e .

,

modern Rib leh on th e O r on tes ) in th e land of Hama th , ,

”

th e v ict or summon e d t h e new Jew ish k ing

3
O n h is a rr ival .
,

J ehoahaz who had been crowned w ithou t th e leave of N e cho

, ,

was pu t in bonds Necho does n o t seem on th is occas ion t o .

, ,

have pursued h is e x ped ition aga ins t Assyr ia The grea t ba ttle .

a t Ca r chem ish t o wh ich t h e chron icler re fers by a n tic ipa tion

,

2 Chron xxx v was fough on a second e x ped on hr

( . t . iti t e e ,

years later when th e Egyp tian army under Necho was de

,

fe a ted w ith gieat slaugh ter by Nebuchadnezza r th e son o f ,

N a b opala ssar Th is was after th e fall o f N ineve h and wh e n

.
,

th e B abylon ian or Ch a ldean emp ire had taken th e place o f t h e

A ssy r ian Bu t on t h e pr e sen t occas ion Necho seems to h av e
.

r e tu r ned before encoun ter ing t h e Assy r ians in t o Egyp t

, , ,

4 ”
wh ither he brough t “
w ith h im J ehoahaz who d ied in ,

cap t iv ity .

1
h s probab l y b caus
T i e e his appo in tm n t was e out of th e r gul ar
e

SU CCESSIO H .

2
An t .x .
5 ,
2 .

3
Th i s i s
accord ing t Jos phus th x p lana tion f J h h ’
, o e , e e o e oa az s

app aranc i Ri blah Man i f s tly it i s th mos t na tural x p l ana ti on f

e e n . e e e o

h i s pr s nc th r
e e e e e .

4
Ins t ad f h cam t Egyp t 133) —
P Ki ngs xxii i 34 w
“
e o e e o 2 .
, e

r ad w ith th XX N 3 ) h brough t him wh ich agr s w i th Chron

e e L .
“ "
e ,
”
ee 2 .

x x xv n 4 .
 jehoia him King of 5
‘
h
<
‘ ’
198 ,
ua a .

C H A PT E R XV I I .

gehoiakim ( i glt terutlt ), fl ehoiarhiu ( fl irt etz t uth) ,

Seb r kiah ( fi meutieth) fl in g , of i n herit .

J ehoiakim Reign —Sketch the His tory M —

’
Character of s o f o f edia Sketch
of the His tory f Ba by lon ia — F o
a ll of Nin e veh—The ne w Babylon ian
Empire— Secon d Expedition of Necho Battle of Car chemish —Advan ce -

of N eb uch a dn ez z ar — State of Th ings in J er us alem Par tial Sp oil of -

—
“

the Temple Return of Neb ucha dn ezz ar to Babylon — J ehoia kim first
Pr ison er, then Tr ib utary— Reb ellion o J ehoiakim—D eath of J ehoia kim f
an d Accession o f J ehoiachin Siege of J er usa lem — Surren der of
J ehoiachin —His F ate— F irst D epor ta tion to Babylon — Accession an d
Reign of Z edekiah — The Reb el/Ion of Z edekia h—Advan ce of Neb uchad
ne z z ar — Siege of J erusa lem— S tate of m a tter s in th e Cit —
y Brief
Relief o wing to the Advan ce of an Egyp tian Army— Res ump tion of the
Siege— Cap ture of par t of the City— F ligh t an d Cap tur e of Z edekiah
—The Senten ces at Rib lah— Burn ing of the Temple D estr uction of ,

th e City an d D epor ta tion of Cap tives

, Th e Prophet J eremiah
App oin tmen t of Geda liah The Cour t at M iz p ah — M urder of
Gedaliah — Pursuit an d F ligh t of th e M ur der ers —Retr eat in to Egyp t
Las t Pr ophecies of J erem iah— En d of the Earth/y D a vidic Rule—The
Desola te Lan d keeps her Sab b aths .

(2 KI NG S xx rv .
, x xv ; 2 CH R N O . x xxv r . w i th corr spon di ng
—
5 EN D ; e

passag s from the e books of Je r m i ah d f E k i l )

e an o z e e .

HEr e ign of J e ho iak im wh ich las te d eleven years was in , ,

e v e r y r e spec t mos t d isas t r ous I n t r u th it was t h e .

,

beg in n ing of th e end The r e fo r ma to r y wo r k o f J os iah gave

.

place to a res to r a tion o f th e fo r mer idola tr y ( comp 2 Ch r on . .

xxxv i . As in prev ious re igns it was connec ted w ith com ,

p le t e demoral isa t ion of t h e peopl e ( comp Jer v ii 9 5 ;

I . . .
_

xv ii 2 ; xix 4 9 ; E z ek v iii
. .
-
And th is n o t only among
. .

th e la it y h igh and lo w b u t equally among th e p r ies t s and pro

, ,

xx ii e louder r ose th e vo ices

ph e t s ( comp J er . i 9 All
. t h .

of th e prophe t s J e rem iah U n jah and Habakkuk Bu t the ir , , .

 Fa ll o
f Nin eveh . 1 99

wa r n ings we r e e ithe r unheed e d and scorned o r b r ough t on ,

them persecu tion and ma r tyrdom ( 2 K ings xx iv 4 ; Je r xx v i . . .

10 ,
1 1 ; and esp e c ially vers e s 2 0 O th er wis e also it , ,

was a wr etch ed governm e n t cha r ac ter is e d by publ ic w r ong , ,

v iolence Opp r e ss ion and cove tousness W h ile th e l a nd was

, , .

impover ish e d th e k ing indulged in lu x ury and bu il t magn ificen t

, ,

palaces or adorned t owns by m eans of forc e d labour wh ich

, , ,

rema ined unpa id and a t th e cos t of th e l ives of a m iserable

,

enslaved people ( J er xx ii 1 3 1 8 Hab ii 9 — . . . .

In these c ircums tances th e c fis is could n o t b e long delayed .

As prev iously s ta te d thre e yea r s a fter his fi r s t e x ped ition , ,

Necho once more advanced aga ins t th e r ival emp ire in th e

eas t Ther e grea t changes had taken place N in eveh had
. .

fa ll e n und e r th e comb in e d assaul t of N a b opa la ssar k ing o f ,

B abylon ia and Kya xares k ing o f th e Med e s No tic e s how

, ,
.
,

ever b r ief o f these e ven t s seem necessa r y for th e mo r e com

,

p le t e unde r s t and ing o f t h is h is t o r y 1

.

Med ia by wh ich n ame we u nde r s tand th e d is tr ic t in As ia

,

r each in g from south of th e Casp ian Sea b u t eas t of th e ,

Z agr o s moun ta in down t o Elam ( Sus iana ) seems to h ave

, ,

be en inhab it ed by a twofold p Op ula tio n : th e earl ie r se ttlers

be ing o f non — A r ian th e la ter o f A r ian descen t The ir h is to r y
,
.

fi r s t emerges in to clear l igh t du r in g th e r e ign of T iglath

p il e s e r I I who i nco.r pora
,
t ed in t o t h e Assy r ian emp i r e d is t r ic t s
o f M ed ia t hes e conques t s be ing con tinu e d by Sa r gon and
,

S ennache r ib M ed ia r ega ined its ind epend e nc e du r ing th e

.

—
r e ign of A su rb a n ipal ( 6 6 8 6 2 6 B C ) wh e n as previously no ted .
,
.
, ,

Ph rao rtes of M e d ia made an unsuccess ful in r oad upon Assy r ia .

H is successor Kyaxar e s ( 6 33 5 9 3 ,
in conj unc tion w ith -

N ab opalasar of Babylon ia pu t an end t o th e Assy r ian e mp ir e ,

2
a n d des troyed N ineveh Bu t th e indep endence o f Med ia did
.

n o t long con tinue Astyages th e successor of Kyaxares was

.
, ,

1
Weh r ch i fly follow ing th r s arch s f Schrad r
are e e e e e e e o e .

A ccord ing t H rodo tus ( i

2
3 K y o had
e t w i c la id si g . 10 , a x are s e e e

t N in v h
o O th s cond occas i on t h c i ty was tak n
e e . n e T h firs t s i g
e e e . e e e

was in t rrup t d by th i ncurs ion f th Scy th ians

e e e o e .
2 00 f ehoia h im King of 5 u da h ,
‘
.

de throned by Cy r us ( in 5 5 8 and h is k ingdom in ,

c o rp ora t e d wit h Pe r s ia .

The o ther and in th is h is to r y more impor tan t fac tor in th e

,

des tr uc tion o f th e Assyr ian e m p ir e was B aby lon ia wh ich t ook , ,

its place .B abylon ia also known to u s as th e land o f th e

,
“

Chaldees was bounded in th e nor th by Armen ia and M ed ia

,

as far as Moun t Z agro s ; in th e wes t by th e Arab ian desert ;

1

in th e sou th by th e Pers ian Gul f ; and in th e eas t by Elam

( Sus iana ) I t
. s popula t ion was o f t wo fold race The earl ies t .

inhab itan t s were non S em itic— th e Accad ians -

To them th e .

cul ture of th e people is r e ally due and they were th e inven tors ,

o f th e s o call e d cune iform wr it ing

-
To these inhab itan ts there .

j o ined themselves at any ra te so early as in th e th ird m illen

n ium befo r e ou r e r a Sem itic imm ig r an t s com ing fr om Arab ia
, , .

They occup ied in th e fi r s t place Sou the r n Babylon ia in and

, , ,

a r ound Ur whence they g r adually sp r ead northwards slowly

, ,

ga in ing th e mas tery over th e ea r l ier na tional ity b u t rece iving ,

th e impres s of its cul ture Thes e se ttlers were wha t we .

know by th e name of th e Chaldees To th e earl ier h is tory .

of Babylon ia and its rela tions w ith Assyr ia we have, so ,

far as necessary for our presen t purpose already adver te d in ,

connec tion with Me r odach bal adan W ithou t here en tering - -

.

in t o th e trou b l e d p e r iod of th e con t es t s be tween Assyr ia

—
( und e r Ti gla t h p ile s e r Sargon and Sennacher
,
ib ) and Baby ,

lon ia for its independence we recall th e rebell ion of Saos ,

duch in th e bro the r of A su rb a n ipal whom he had appo inted

, ,

V ic e roy o f Babyl o n After th e supp r ess ion of that r is ing and

.
,

th e dea t h o f Sa o sduch in Asu rb an ipa l h ims e l f assumed th e ,

crown o f Ba b ylon Bu t as we have s e en h is successors could

.
, ,

n o t ma in ta in th e sup r emacy o f Assyr ia Afte r th e final defea t .

o f th e Scy th ians th e Med e s unde r Kyaxar e s were advanc in g

, , ,

a s e cond t im e aga ins t Assy r ia Th e las t k ing o f that emp ire .

was pu r pos ing h imsel f to make a s tand ag a ins t them Bu t .

N a b opala s sa r ins tead o f h old ing Babylon ia fo r Assyr ia had

, ,

t urned aga ins t it and made common cause w ith th e enemy

, ,

1
Bu t in th e Bi l i b c l acc p ta tion only t abou t 34 la ti tud north
a e o
°
e, .
2 02 ff ehoia him King of f uda h , .

a r my was thorou ghly defeated and followed by th e v ic tor ious

Ne buchadrezzar who now recovered th e Assyr ian possess ions
,

in W es t ern As ia wh ich had been los t in th e prev ious re ign

, .

The dat e of th is battle deserves spec ial a tten tion For th e .

v ictory of Carchem ish ( 6 0 6 or 6 0 5 D C ) was ga ined by th e . .

B abylon ian army in th e four th year of Jeho iak im ( Jer x lvi . .

and it was in th e same four th year of h is re ign tha t J erem iah

made Baruch wr ite in a book his prOph etic denunc ia tions of
j u dgmen t ( J er xxx vi I ) The conj unc tion of these two even ts
. . .

is deeply s ign ifican t .

Wha t followed can be eas ily unders tood As N eb uchad .

rezzar advanced towards Pales tine ( 2 K ings xx iv I ) in th e .

-

fifth year of th e r e ign of J eho iak im — th e J ew ish k ing in ,

abj ect fear procla imed a national fas t ( Jer xxx vi

,
Whe ther . .

t h is was done from supers tition or for th e sake of popular ,

effect or else in hope of conc il ia ting th e prophe t and h is

,

adherent s cer ta in it is tha t th e professed repentance was

,

hypocr itical The book of J erem iah s prophec ies wh ich B aruch
.
’
,

had publ icly read on tha t occas ion was c u t in p ieces by th e ,

k ing h imself and thrown on th e fire ( J er xxxv i 2 2

,
. .
,

J erem iah and Baruch only escaped imprisonmen t if n ot death , ,

by timely concealmen t Neve r theless N eb uc h adrez z ar ap .

,

p e a r ed in Jerusalem J eho iak im who would be rega r

. ded as ,

a vassal of Egyp t was bound in fe tters w ith th e in ten tion of

, ,

be ing carr ied to B abylon Th is however was n o t done .

, ,

pe r haps because o f th e summons wh ich r ap idly r ecalled

Nebuchadrezzar t o Babylon B u t t h e vessels of t h e t emple 1 .

we r e sen t to B abylo n and placed firs t in th e v icto r s palace , ,

’
,

and then in th e t emple of his god —probably B el Me r odach -

or Belus ( comp 2 K ings xx iv 1 3 ; 2 Chron xxx v i 6 7 ;

. . . .
,

Jer xxx v 1 1 ; xxx v i 2 9 —3 1 Dan i 2 ; and for t h e da te

. . . . .

also Jer xx v . Du r ing th e Sy r ian campa ign o f N eb ucha d

.

1
2 hron xxx v i 6 wh r transla t
C . .
, e e e and pu t t hm e in h i s pa lac e at

Babylon .
”

2
Comp g n rally Jos A t x
. e e . n . . 1 1, 1 . who g iv es ex trac ts rom
f th e
h i s tor i cal works f B rosus and M g th o e e as en es , and Ag . Ap i 1 9
. . .
 Dea th of the King . 2 03

e zar h is fath er N a b opa la ssar had s icken e d T id ings of his

r z , ,
.

dea th now induced th e he ir to th e crown speed ily to re turn

t o B abylon comm itting his J ew is h Phoen ic ian
,
Syr ian and , ,

Egyp tian cap tives t og ethe rw ith th e spo il to h is subord ina t es

, ,

( Jos A
. nt x 1 1 I
) . .
,
.

Jeho iak im was allowed to rema in for th r ee years as a tr ibu tary

to Babylon ia ( 2 K in gs xx iv I ) A t th e end o f tha t time h e . .

rebelled N e buchadr ezzar who was probably d e ta ined by

.
,

domes tic affairs le ft his pun ishmen t in th e fi r s t place in th e

, , ,

hands of h is Chaldean ga r r isons and o f th e old hered itary ,

enem ies who surrounded Juda h I n th e la tte r resp e c t it is .

specially s ign ifican t tha t the accoun t in th e B ook o f K ings

a ttr ibu tes th is t o the d ir e c t agency of th e Lord in fulfilmen t ,

of H is pu r pose of j udgmen t ( 2 K ings xx iv Th e k ing of .

Egyp t who p r obably was n o t w ithou t share in th e reb ell ion of

,

Jeho iak im did n o t venture to come to th e a id o f th e l a nd

,

wh ich was ove rr un by th e e nemy ( 2 K ings xx iv I n the .

m ids t o f th e se troubles J e ho iak im d ied— p e r haps by th e hand

of his assailan t s The k ing who had wrough t so much ev il
:

( 2 K ings xx iv and who had brough. t such m is fo r tun e s on

h is land descended in t o th e g r ave unmourned and unhonou r ed

,

( J er xx
. ii 1 8 I
9; xxx v
. i ,
.

Jeho iak im was succ ee ded by h is son Jeho iach in ( Jehovah ,

“

confi r ms a you th o f e igh teen years who r e igned for only

1
,

th r ee mon ths and t en days ( 2 Chron x xx v i H e occup ie d . .

th e th r one when Nebuchadrezzar h ims el f appea r ed a second

t ime on th e so il o f Pal e s t ine ( 2 K ings xx iv I t is im .

poss ible to de term ine whe ther wha t now happ e ned was in
pun ishmen t of th e p r evious rebell ion or because th e you n g k ing ,

was gu il ty of s im ilar in tr igues w ith Egyp t F r om th e ind ica .

t ions in Holy Sc r ip t ure we a r e led t o suppose t ha t th e queen

mo the r Nehush ta ( th e
,
th e daugh t e r o f Elna than
“
,

an influen tial pr inc e of Je r usal em ( 2 K ings xxiv 8 J er xxxv i . . .

By a cl r i cal rror i n Chron xxx v i 9 h i s g i s g i v n as igh t

1
e e 2 . .
,
a e e e

y ars By a r v rs i on f it compon n t par t sh i s nam i s also wr i t t n

e . e e o s e , e e

J i
o ach i ( E k ni ) and C on i ah
z e ( J xxii.4 8.; xxx
2 v ii er . . 2 , 2 .
 7 ho ia ch in King of ju a a h
¢
‘
f ’
2 04 _ e ,
.

1 2 ,
had cons iderable share in th e e ven ts of th is br ie f
re ign We in fer th is on th e one hand from th e connection
.
, ,

of her fa ther w ith Egyp t ( Jer xx v i and on th e o ther . .

from th e po in ted re fe r ences t o her and her fa te ( 2 K ings xx iv .

1 2 ; J e r x iii 1 8 xxii 2 6 ; xx ix
. . . .

At fi r s t th e s iege o f Jerusalem was en trus te d to subord ina te

o fficers Bu t when th e fall o f th e c ity s e em e d near N eb uch a d
.

n ez z a r h imsel f appeared Jeho iach in toge th e r w ith th e queen .

,

mo ther th e court th e princes and th e l eaders seem to have

, , ,

surr e nder e d to th e v ic tor The pun ishmen t infl icted on th e .

c ity wa s of s ignal sever ity All th e tr easu r es o f th e t emple .

and th e palace we r e car r ie d away th e heav ie r furn ish ings of ,

t h e sanc tuary 2 b eing c u t in p ieces Thus was th e word o f th e .

Lo r d long and o ften spoken fulfilled ( 2 K ings xx iv 1 2

, ,
.
,

Th e k ing h imsel f h is mo ther h is w ives and all th e offic ials

, , , ,

wh ether of th e cour t th e s ta te or th e army were carr ie d to , , ,

Babylon Nay to mak e su r e o f th e pe r manenc e o f th e con

.
,

ques t all J e r usalem —

,
“
in th e sense o f wha t made it th e
i —
cap tal and all who in any sense wer e s tr ong an d apt for war ”

who could e ith e r l e a d or figh t or prepar e th e means for it

-
, ,

we r e ca r r ie d in t o cap tivity The ir number is r oughly s ta ted .

as comp J er lii comp r is ing . . .

rank e d as p r inces and lead ing c itiz ens

“
sold ie r s ,

2 K ings xx iv and .cra ftsmen espec ially sm iths ,

2 K xx
( ings iv 1 3 Cons id e r.ing t ha t t h e t o tal popula t ion
o f Jerusalem a t tha t time — includ ing women and ch ildr e n

only calcula ted at be tw e en and souls only a ,

sparse remnan t can have been left beh ind —and tha t wholly .

1
A som ewha t d i ffere n t accoun t is g iv e n in Jos A n t x 7 I —and o f th e . . .
,

clos e o f th e prev i ous rei gn i n x 6 3 .

, .

2
Th es e may hav e includ e d al tars e tc w h il e th e gold p l a ti ng may hav e , .
,
-

b ee n s tri pp ed o ff from o th ers .

3
h rs hav how v r mad th to ta l numb r
Ot e e,
— r ckon ing
e e ,
e e e e

th princ s t
e and th craftsm n t
e
”
a Th compu ta tion e e a e

do s t s m t i nclud th wom n and ch i ldr n —unl ss ind d w

e no ee o e e e e e , ee ,
e

w r t und rs tand th numb rs i n J lii 8 t r f r x clus i v ly t

e e o e e e er . . 2 o e e e e o

th mal popula ti on B t th i s i s cr i ti cally t an asy passag on th

e e . u , ,
no e e, e

di scuss i on f wh i ch w canno t n t r i n th i s plac

o e e e e .
2 06 Z ede/ ia h King e
, f f u da h
o .

The r ebell ion of Zedek iah was th e more culpable and

“

aggrava ted tha t he had taken a solemn oath of fidel ity to

N ebuchadrezzar ( 2 Chron xxx vi 1 3 Ezek x vii I The . . . .

p r ec ise c ir cums tances wh ich led up to h is atttem pt a t inde

p e n den c e canno t be fully ascer ta ined S till t here a r e suffic ien t .

ind ica tions t o show th e progress o f what ul tima tely ended in

1
open revol t The firs t care of th e new k ing mus t have been
.

to ga ther a r ound h im counsellors and pe ople As all th e mos t .

p r om inent and able men o f Judah were in cap tiv ity th e t ask ,

would in a n y c ircums tances have been one of e x treme d ifficul ty .

I n th e p r e sen t ins tance th e measures t aken seem t o have been

d isas trous Th e cap ital and th e Templ e we r e th e scene of
.

every idola try ( Ez ek v iii ) wh ile th e adm in is tra tion of j us tice .

,

would appear t o have been of th e wors t k ind ( Jer xxi 1 1 . .

,

I t was n o t long be fore pol itical in tr igues began Soon am .

b a ssa do r s fr om Edom M oab Ammon Ty r e a n d S idon , , , , ,

appea r ed at th e cour t of Zedek iah — mo doub t to del ibe r ate

abou t a comb ined movemen t aga ins t Babylon ia ( Jer .

Perhaps th e con templa ted r is in g was con n ected w ith tr oubl e s

wh ich Nebuchad r ezza r had at tha t time to encoun ter in Elam
( comp Je r x l ix 3
.
4 B u t all such .hopes were doomed
. t o

speedy d isappo in tmen t Zedek iah now deemed it p r uden t t o .

send ambassado r s t o Babylon to assu r e h is suze r a in of his

fidel ity The messenge r s also carr ied w ith them le tters from
.

1 See g n rally Kl i t Summary ( i n Ri hm H W B pp 7 9

e e e n er
’
s e
’
s . . 11 . . 1 1,

t wh ich w oind b t d e ar e e e .

2
A throughou t th chap t r th r f r nc i t Z d k i ah th m n tion
s e e e e e e e s o e e , e e

of J ho iak im i n
e mus t b a c l r ical rror A d som Codd as w ll
v er . 1 . e e e . n e . e

as th Syri an v rs i on r ad th r also Z d k iah

e e , e e e e e .
”

3
A v ry i n t r s ti ng po in t h r
e i s tha t i th xx th
e e m n tion f e e n e L . e e o
“
th b ook e writt n by J r m iah (J xx v 3) i imm d i a t ly fo l low de e e er . . 1 s e e e

by th proph c i s aga i ns t th various na ti ons —con trary t th ord r Of

e e e e o e e

th chap t rs i our H br w B i bl A d firs t f th s s tands th proph cy

n e n o e e e e

—
e e e e .

aga ins t Elam i th H br w J x l ix 34 39 b t i n th M

— n J e e e ,
er . .
,
u e i ll . er.

xx v 4— 8 Th is i imm d i a t ly follow d i n th X X by th i s s n t nc i
. 1 1 . s e e e e L . e e e n

xx v i . I th b g inn i ng f th r i gn f Z d k i ah cam th i s word abou t

1
“
n e e o e e o e e e

Elam op n i ng words corr spond i ng t H br w J xx v ii a ft r

”
th , e e e o e e er . . 1, e

wh i ch com th var i ous proph c i s aga i ns t th na tions

e e e e e .
 The R evolt . 2 07

Jerem iah to th e e x iles who seem t o h ave been in a s ta te of

,

res tless e x pectation probably due to th e pla n s of Zedek iah

,

( Jer xx
. ix 1 and . Th is was in th e four th yea r o f Z e

dek iah ( J er xx v iii . How such hopes wer e fos te r ed by false

.

prophe ts app e ars fr om Jer xx v iii wh ich records th e pred ictions

. .
,

of one Hanan iah and th e D ivine pun ishmen t wh ich ove r took
,

h im . The embassy to B abylon seems n ot to have appeased

th e susp ic ions o f N eb uch adrez z ar an d Zedek iah had t o appear ,

personally in B abylon ( Jer li Th is closes th e firs t scene

. .

in th e drama .

—
The ne xt scene opens w th fresh in tr igues th is time ch iefly
i
with Egyp t ( Ezek x v ii I 5 1 8 ) —probably through th e numerous
. .

Jud aean imm igran ts to tha t coun try ( Jer xx iv Ne ighbour . .

in g tr ibes were ho weve r also impl ica ted

, , Whe ther Z e d ek iah
, .

now deemed h imsel f su ffic ien tly s trong w ith th e help of Egyp t ,

or els e it was imposs ible any longer to conceal th e plans of th e

all ies certa in it is that he now openly rebelled ( 2 K ings xx iv
,
.

H is pun ishmen t came qu ickly Nebuchad r ezzar a d .

v a n c ed w ith his army a n d p it ched his camp a t R iblah — sign ifi

,

c an tly th e same place where Jehoahaz had been cas t in t o

,

bonds by Necho ( 2 K ings xx iii R iblah r ema ined th e .

headqua r ters o f th e Babylon ia n a r my as b eing a conven ien t ,

po in t whence to opera te aga ins t Pales tine and Tyre on th e o n e

s ide and on th e o ther aga ins t Ammon and Moab ( Ezek xxi
,
. .

1 9 2 0
, ,
xxvi 1 Presen tly all J ud aea was over r un
. .

I nde e d it was en tirely defenceless w ith th e e x cep tion o f t h e

, ,

for tified t owns of Lach is h Azekah and Jerusalem ( J e r xxx iv , ,

. .

Aga ins t Jerusalem its elf N eb u c h a drez z ar and h is hos t now la id

s iege This was on th e ten th day o f th e ten th mon th of th e
.

n in th year of Zedek iah ( 2 K in gs xx v 1 Jer xxx ix . . .

I n th e c ity th e gr e a tness o f th e danger gave r ise to wha t

,

m igh t have seemed fe el ings o f r epen tance al terna ting howeve r , , ,

with oppos it e tendenc ies as am ids t th e g ene r al s tup efaction

,

and h elpl e ssn e ss one or th e o the r pa r ty had th e uppe r hand .

I n th e m ids t of it all th e k ing seem e d as o n e u tterly los t At .

fir s t all was e ne r gy Th e useles s houses wh ich th e k in s a n d

,
g
 Z edeh ia h King
’
2 08 ,
o f y u a a h .

th e nobles had r eared wer e thro wn down and the ir place and
, ,

mate r ial s used fo r th e de fe nces o f th e c ity ( Jer xxx iii It . .

was a va in m easure — and these de fences only became th e g r aves

o f those wh o h eld t hem Popular m e asu r es also were adop ted
. .

The k ing mad e a covenan t w ith th e people and a sol emn ,

proclama tion res tored freedom t o all of H ebrew national ity

men and women — whom p r ev ious e x actions v iolence and u n , ,

r igh teousness had reduced to or k ep t in slave r y ( J er xxx iv , ,

. .

8,
The p r inc e s sulk ily subm itted But du r ing th e b r ie f
“
.

t ime t ha t th e B abylon ians w ithd r e w t o mee t th e Egyp tian

army they n o t only ignored wha t had been done b u t once
, ,

more reduced to bondage those who had so la tely been set

free ( J er xxx iv 1 0
. .
,

A s for Zed e k iah h ims elf h is conduc t was charac te r ised by ,

tha t helpless pe r ple x ity and vac illa tion wh ich were th e ou t come ,

of weakness and wan t o f rel igious conv ic tion D epu ta tions were .

sen t to Jeremiah fo r inqu iry o f th e L O R D and appeal to H im ,

in name o f pas t del iv e rances ( J er xx i I 2 ; xxx v ii And . .

, .

y et,
a t th e sam e t ime t h e k ing imp r ison
,
e d and mal trea t ed th e

prophe ts All t h is accord ing as h is nobles e ithe r opposed or

.

p r o tec te d J erem iah Y e t wh e n th e p r ophe t cl ea r ly set be fo r e

.

t h e k ing th e c er ta in a lte r na tive o f r e s is tance and cap tiv ity or ,

else surrender and sa fe ty ( Jer xxx iv 2 6 xxxv iii 1 7

.
— . .
,
.
,

Zedek iah could fo r m no dec is ion M os t cha r ac te r is tic of th e .

s itua tion is Jer xxx v iii As we r e ad it th e k ing firs t y ielded

. .
,

t o his pr inces who even ven tu r e d t o ch arge th e prophe t w ith

,

t reacherous des igns ( Je r xxx v ii and J e r em iah was cas t in to

. .

a loathsome dungeon N e x t Zedek iah l is te n e d t o in tercess ions

.
,

on th e o the r s id e and J e rem iah was a t l e as t removed fr om th e

,

sub terr anean p r ison where h is fe e t had su n k in m ir e and mor e

, ,

humanely tr e a ted Then th e k ing ac tually sen t fo r h im and

.

consul ted h im Nay he n o t only mos t sol em n ly swo r e to pro

.
,

t ec t h im b u t se emed w ill ing t o follow h is adv ic e a n d sur r ender

,

t o t h e Chaldeans Bu t onc e mo r e fea r p r ev e n t ed h is tak ing

.

t ha t s t ep n o tw iths tand ing th e assu r anc e s o f J er e m ia h

,
I n th e .

end Z e d ek iah was ev e n in fear tha t his nobl e s should hea r o f h is

2 10 Cap tu r e of yer u s a lem .

s et free b u t h is sons were sla in before him It was th e las t

,
.

s ight th e k ing saw H is eyes were pu t o ut ; he was bound 1

.

hands and fee t w ith double fe tters of brass and s o carr ied to ,

Babylon 2
There he d ied in ward ( Jer lii 1
.
3
. .

The rema inde r of th is mournful tale is soon t old After .

th e fl igh t and cap ture of th e k ing th e c it y coul d n o t long hold ,

4
ou t A mon th later and on th e seven th day of th e fi fth mon th
.
,

Ab ) b z a r adan N eb o gave pos ter it y pene ra ed in o

( N e u -
t t t
th e c ity The Tem ple was set on fire as well as th e k ing s
.
,
’

palace The whole c ity was reduced to ru ins and ashes and
.
,

t h e walls wh ich had de fended it were broken down ( 2 K ings

xxv 9 . A fte r three days th e work of des truction was com
,

e r o th 9 th of Ab mou r ned
p le t e d and ever af t erwards was t h ( )
as th e fa tal day of Jerusalem s fall 5 ( Jer lii 1 2 ; Zech vii ’
. . . .

iii i h ”
3 5 ;
,
v The res t
. of th e people le f
“
t n t e c ity and ,

those who had prev iously passed t o th e enemy t oge ther w ith “
,

th e remnan t o f th e mul titude were ca rr ied away ( 2 K ings ,

xx v . We can scarcely be m is taken in regard ing thes e

cap tives as th e ch ief par t of th e non comba tan t popula tion of -

J erusalem and Judah .

Th e cap ture of Jerusalem found Jerem iah in pr ison for h is

fa ith fulness in announc ing th e com ing r u in and for warn ing h is ,

people of the ir impend ing fate Bu t th e same fa ith and fa ith .

fulness led h im there to yet loftier d isplay of th e prophe tic

character than even when bear ing s tead fas t t e s timony am ids t
ga insay ing persecu tion and suffer ing I n tha t p r ison and in
, ,
.
,

full v iew o f th e impend ing desolation he announced w ith th e , ,

h s was a t uncommon Chal d an and anc i n t P rs ian mod f

1
T i no e e e e o

pun ishm n wh n th obj c t was t r nd r a pri nc unfi t f fu tur

e t e e e o e e e or e

gov rnm n t e e .

C omp
2 Ki ngs xx v 4 7 ; J . xxx ix
2 4 7 ; x l iii 6
— E k 3 .
-
er . . . z e . x1 l . 12 , 1 .

A hous
3 “
f ward ra th r than an ac tual pr i son t wh ich la tt r
e o , e , o e

J ho iach in had b n confin d Bl i nd Z d k iah was k p t i a hous

e ee e . e e e n e

of ward .

P rhaps a mon th s r sp i t was al l ow d t asc r ta in th roya l com

4 ’
e e e e , o e e

mands i n r gard t th c i ty e o e .

A ccord ing t Jos phus ( W

5
i 4 th is was a l so th d
o e
y f th e ar, v . . e a o

d s t uc ti o
e r f th T mp l f H erod by th Romans
n o e e e o e ,
 The Ex iles . 2 1 1

same firm fa ith as formerly th e j udgmen ts upon I srael n o t ,

only th e terr ib le doom that would overtake Babylon ( Jer li . .

b u t also th e cer ta in res tora tion of I srael And in subl ime .

confidence of th is even t he bought wh il e in prison i n th is ,

-

also obed ien t to th e D ivine d irection — fields in Ana tho th as ,

it were in an tic ipation of th e re turn of h is people to the ir own

land ( Jer xxx ii . And beyond th is did h is rap t v is ion
.

descry a better and sp ir itual res tora tion of I srael ( Jer xxx ii . .

3 7 Assuredly v iew ing t h e P r ophe,

t in t h e surround ings
o f h is time and c ircums tances it is n o t easy t o unde r s tand ,

how any one can fail to perce ive e ither th e subl ime d ign ity of
th e prophe tic office or th e D ivine c h a r ac ter of proph e cy
, .

Bu t th e end has n ot yet been fully t old All of any value in .

th e Temple that cou ld be removed e ither whole or when ,

broken up was taken to B abylon As already s ta ted th e

,
.
,

general population o f Jerusal em and o f Judah were ca r r ied

in t o cap tiv ity Only th e poores t in th e land w e r e left to be
.

husbandmen and vine dresse r s so as n ot to leave th e so il -

,

uncul tivated— p r obably in e x pe cta tion of a fu ture colon isa tion

fr om B abylon ia Las tly s ignal pun ishmen t was deal t ou t to
.
,

those who w ere regarded as r ingl e ade r s or as rep r e sen ta tive

pe r sons dur ing th e la te r ebell ion S era iah th e ch ief pr ie s t
1
.
,
”

( h igh p r ies t ) Zephan iah ,

2
t h e second
“
p r ie s t ( probably ,
t h e

subs titu te of th e h igh p r ies t) and th e three keepers of th e “

door —tha t is th e ch iefs of th e Levites who k ep t wa tch at

,

th e three Temple ga tes ( Jer xxx v iii were brough t be fore . .

th e cour t wh ich sat at R iblah and e x ecu ted The same ,

.

pun ishmen t as tha t o f th e Te m pl e official s was m e ted out to

th e r oyal o fficers in th e c ity—th e Chamberla in who had cha r ge
3
o f th e troops five o f th e k ing s counc illors and th e secre tary ’
, ,

1
An anc s tor e of Ez ra . C omp . 2 K ings xx v . 18 ; 1 C hron v i
. . 14

Ez r . v ii 1
. .

2
Th e son of Maas iah e . Comp abou t him .
, J e r . x x i. 1 xx ix . 2 —
5 29;
xx x v n .
3 .

3 hav g i v n th is paraphras ti c d scrip tion f th firs t and th las t

We e e e o e e

m n ti on d f th s o ffic rs who no doub t w r conn c t d w ith th c iv il

e e o e e e , , , e e e e e

d partm n t f th army
e e o e .
2 12 Geda lia h .

of th e general o f th e army With these were e x ecu ted s ix ty

.

of th e people of th e land e ither as prom inen t in th e la te

,

rebell ion or as r epresen ting th e people g e ne r ally

,
.

The c iv il adm in is tra tion o f th e coun t r y was en trus ted by

N eb u ch adrez z ar to Gedal iah th e son of Ah ikam The la tter ,
.

had held a h igh pos ition in th e re ign of Jos iah ( 2 K ings xx ii .

and was even mo r e d is tingu ished for th e p ie ty and courage

wh ich saved th e life of J erem iah in th e time of J eho iak im
( Jer . xx v i The. same adherence t o t h e p r oph et ic Wo r d

had induced Gedal iah to suppo r t th e unpopular adv ice of sub

m iss ion to N eb u ch a drez z ar I nformation of all tha t passed in
.

th e c ity would no doub t reach th e camp of th e Chaldeans and ,

it would be in consequence o f what h e had heard tha t Nebu

c h a dr ez z ar appo in t ed Gedal iah t o his pos t I t was also th is as .
,

well as respect for th e prophe t and h is o ffice wh ich mus t have ,

induced th e k ing to g ive such charge abou t J erem iah t o

N eb u z ar adan his ch ie f cap ta in ( Jer x xx ix 1 1 1 4 ; X ] 1
-
, . .
-
.

The p r ophe t was apparen tly s et a t l ibe r ty b u t a fterwa r ds by , ,

some m is take ca r r ied w ith th e o ther cap tives in ch a ins t o

,

Ramah H e r e th e error was d iscov e r e d and N eb u z ar—adan

.
,

gave th e p r ophe t th e cho ic e o f e ith er go ing t o Babylon wh e r e ,

all honou r able prov is ion should b e made for h im o r of se ttl ing ,

in any par t of th e coun try W ith tru e pa tr io tic fe el ing as w ell

.
,

as in acco r dance w ith h is prophe tic wo r k Jerem iah chos e to ,

rema in w ith th e new Jewish gove r nor in orde r to suppo r t his ,

au tho r ity and to gu ide by his counsel th e remnan t o f th e

,

people Bu t e ven th is p r oved a thankless and a hop eless task

. .

Gedal iah had taken up h is r es id e nc e in th e anc ien t h is tor ic

M izpah Th ith er all tha t was le ft o f Judah s r ep r esen ta tive men
.
’

gathe r ed as also th e w ives daugh te r s and ch ildren o f th e sla in

, , ,

and th e c ap t ives Th ither also came th e fug itives who had

.

sough t sa fe ty in n eighbour ing lands as w ell as th e r emnan t s o f ,

th e d isp er sed J ew ish a r my A cou r t was b eing fo r med and th e

.
,

gove r nor was surrounded by a Chaldean and J ew ish gu a r d ( J er .

.
—
xl 6 end ; xli 3 ; x l iii . I t even seems as if a k ind o f
.

sanctua r y had been s et up ( Jer xli For a b r ie f time it

. .
2 14 The Rem n a n t of f u da h .

to i nqu ire of L th e OR —
D and they gave solemn prom ise
im pli
c itly t o obey th e vo ice o f Jehovah Y e t all th e time they had .

r esolved to re tire in to Egyp t And so J erem iah told them .

when he brough t them th e twofold message from h is God that ,

t hey m igh t d ism iss all fear of th e Chaldeans if t hey rema ined
in th e land b u t that if they sough t safe ty in Egyp t th e sword ,

of th e conqueror who would sm it e down the ir pro tector should

, ,

surely ove r take them .

Th e warn ing was in va in The message of Jerem iah was .

represen ted as only th e ou tcome of his own and of Baruch s ’

personal resen tm en t ; and th e leaders of Judah carried th e

—
feeble remnan t to T ah pa n h es in Egyp t the r e yet aga in to
hear th e vo ice of th e aged prophe t announc ing th e com ing ,

j udgmen t on th e coun tr y whe r e in the ir unbel ief and hard , ,

hear tedness they had sough t shel ter ( comp J er x l ii and

,
. . .

S o th e las t r e mnan t of Judah had gone from th e land The .

D avid ic rule had pas se d away so fa r as merely ear thly power ,

was concerned The Dav id ic k ingdom to come would be w ider

.
,

h igher deeper It would embrace th e b r o therhood o f man it

,
.

would reach up to heaven it would roo t in r ighteousness and ,

peace and j oy in th e H oly Ghos t

,
.

But over all th e land would be desola teness and s tillness .

”
Y et was it a s tillness un to God Th e land was keep ing
“
.

long— neglected s ilen t Sabba th un to God : ten times to fulfil ,

th r e e score and ten years

1 ”
2
-
I t was j us t abou t seven ty years
.

a fte r th e battle of Carchem ish wh ich really dec id e d th e fa te of ,

Pales tine and its subj ec tion to B abylon tha t l ike th e pr ies ts , ,
’

s ilver trumpe t s at m om in th e Temple th e vo ice of Cy r us a n ,

n o u n ced th e dawn o f mo r n ing after th e long n igh t of e x ile and ,

1
Th e r f r nc
hron xxx v i
e e e e in i t J
2 Cxx v and L . . 2 1 s o er . . 1 1, 12 , ev .

xx v i 34 35. i s t n c ssary t suppos tha t th i s s v n ty y ars

,
. Bu t it no e e o e e e e

Sabba th r f rs t x ac t pr v i ous p r i od f 4 9 y ars dur i ng wh ch th

e e o an e e e o 0 e , i e

Obs rvanc f Sabba ti c y ars had b n n gl c t d

e e o e ee e e e .

2
Th t i m from th d porta tion
e e f th las t r mnan t t th d cr
e e f o e e o e e ee o

Cyrus was abou t fi ft y y ars e .

 Th e La n d b eeps Sa b b a th . 2 1 5
summoned th e wander e rs from all lands to th e t hr e shold of

the ir sanc tuary ( 2 Chron xxx v i 2 1 2

. .

Aga in is th e land keep ing Sabba th And aga in is it s till

.
“

ness un to God till H is V o ice shall waken land and people

,
”
,

Whose are land and people dom in ion and peace t ill H e shall
,

come Who is al ike th e goal and th e fulfilm e n t of all pas t

h is tory and prophecy a l igh t to l ighten th e Gen tiles and th e ,

glo r y of The people I srael .

”

TH E EN D.
 I N DEX OF SUBJ ECTS .

[This I n de x co v er s t he Se v en Vo l u m es ; th e Ro m a n N u m er a l r e fe r s to th e V o l u m e,

t h e or din ar y N u m er al t o t h e p age . Th e I n de x do es n o t e x te n d t o th e N o tes ] .

Aaron B i rth f ii 35 jo i s Mos s o , n e b nadab A k giv n in to th car

A i , r e e e

i d i v i n m i s i on 5 8 6 4—8 ; f iv
.
,

n e s 2 o 5 7 2 ,
1 2 .

s tays Mos s hands ; mak s Ab i ram

.
, , ,

S K
’
e 1 02 e h ee or a .

Ab ishag i brough t t Dav i d v 5

, .

gold n cal f 5 3 v 37 ; —e ,
12 1 0, . 1 s o , . 2 ,

cons cration f 4 murmurs e o 1 0 i

v 6 ; A don ijah appl i s f
12 e o r,

64 ; h i rod buds
.
, ,

1 8 83 ;
s 1 2 1 58 59
A b i sha i Dav i d s ph w i 34
, , ,

i
S n f 85 87 o d a th and 1 -
1 e
’
ne e v 1
v
, , .
,

burial f 9 9 c or s
,

i t i f 8 6 — 8 8
o 1 0, 1 1 135 ; v e o 1 1 , .

6 34 3 5 Dav i d r buk s 3
.
, ,

Abdon judg i th nor th iii 5 3 e n e 1 2 e e 0 .

h s
, ,
.
, , ,

63 v Abn r D sc n t
,

1 4 1 1 e f i
e 3e7 ; i o v

Ab l Li f and d a th f i 3—8
. .

oppos i ti o t and final un ion

.
, , ,

e e e o 2 2 n o,

w i th Dav i d 5 3 5 8 murd r
. .
, ,

Ab l B h m
e - et h Si g f v 36 aa ca , e e o . 1 -
1 e

Ab l M i ra i m i 8 8
.
, ,

e - z , 1 . of 59 6 1 1 0 .

Ab l Sh i ttim iii 4 6 Abraham A bram Cal l ing and

.
, ,

e -
or

l i f f i 7 — 4 ; marriag
,

Ab i thar pr i s t i v ; fli s t
. .
, ,

a , e , 111 e o e o 0 10 e

D v id ; h i gh pr i s t w i th K turah and d a th f
. .
,

a 7 120 -
e 1 1, e e o ,

88 ; r b ll i on f v 5 —
,

6 fa ith f
, ,
— 4
1 e55 ; e o , . 2 10 o 1 12 11 .

ban ishm n t f 5 9 A braham W lls f ii

,

e o , .
7 e o 1 0

A b i l Fam i ly f i 36 3 7
.

Absalom v ng anc on A mmon

.
, ,

e o v . e e e ,

Abi r Fam i ly f iii 3 36

.
, , ,

fl i gh t and consp iracy f v

,

ez e o , . 1 1, 1 . o . 11
A b i ga i l w i f f N abal i
, ,

3
—
33
e o , v . 1 0 1 19; r b ll ion and e d a
e t h f e o

w i f f Dav i d 3 3 v 5 v ii
, ,

e o , 1 , . 0, 11 22 —9 2
A b i gail s i s t r f Dav i d i v
. .

64e o 1 . A chan Si f 66 6 9
n o 11 1 -

A b i ha i l v
. .
, , ,

A chbor
.
,

3 I 2 ii 8 v 1 1
A b i hu ii
. .
,

A ch ish Dav i d s sojour w ith i v

.
, .

’
4 4 1 0, 1 1 n
—
.
,

A b ijah k ing f Judah r ign and

.
, .

6 and r turn t
,

, o e 11 4 11 36 e o, 1
d a th f v 5 7 6 6 5
, ,

o 1 1 1, 1 1 38 43 1
-
e , . .

Ab jah son f J roboam d a t h f h h daugh t r f Cal b

.
,

i o e e o c sa 93 e o e 1 11.
—
, ,

A dah w i f f Lam ch i 3
.
, , ,

v
5
.
56 1 2 1 e o 3 e 0, 1
Ab j m k i ng f Judah v
. .
,

A dam C r a t i on f i
, .

l a , 3 o , 12 e g l o 20 en e a o
A b i m l ch A braham s cov nan t
.

r cord
. .
, ,
’
e e , e g i l ca f 34 e o
w i th i 9 6 9 7
.

A don ijah son f Dav i d r b ll ion

,

o e e
—
. .
, ,

5 5 5 ; fur th r i n tr i gu
,

Ab i m l ch son f G id on con
,

e e , o e o f i v 1 e e

y rul
,

and d a th f 5 8 5 9 6 5
.
,

pi
S r ac d d f iii e, an en o e o
—1 5 2
.
,

Adon i B k ii
.
, , , ,

1 47 ) 1 5 6: 1 57 °
-
ez e ,
i . 1 10 .
2 18 f S u bj e c ts I n dex o .

Baal Worsh ip f S A / t t/ Br as tpl at Symbo lism f o .

5 ee s z aro z. e e, o 11 1 1
Baal p ra i m Battl f i v 6 8 69
, , . .

-
e z e o 1 1
Baasha k i ng f I sra l v 6 7—73
. .
,

Ca in i 3— 8 c ity and d sc ndan ts

, ,

o e 1 1 2 2 e e
— —
. .
, , ,

Bab l Bu i ld i ng f i 6 6 3
.

e f i 9 3 th i r i n t rmarr iag
o ,
0 . o 2 1 e e e
Babyl on ian Emp i r found d i 5 9
. .
, ,

w ith S th i t s 39 e, e , . e e ,

h is tory f ii — Judah Cainan G n alog i cal r cord f i

.

o , v . z oo 2 0 2 , e e e o
carri d cap tiv t
,
—
.

e 3 4 3 6 e o, 2 02 2 12
Balaam Story f iii —3
.

C anaan H am s son i 5 9
,
’
o 11 2 .

—
.
, , , .

Balak iii 4 al b sp s and

, .

— C i t l ii 6 62 69
, 3 1 , 2 1 . e , e ou , 1 1
Barak iii — 5
. .

12 0 conqu rs A nak i m iii 8 6 ; i

12 e n
Bar i lla i H is tory f v 6 3 h r itanc f 9 —9 3
.
, .
, .

z , o , . 2 ,
2 , e e o ,
1
arch m sh Ba l
.

33 5 7 C i t t f 4 e , e o , v ii 2 1
Bathsh ba H s tory f i 9 — 9 6 ; Carm l Moun t f v i 3—
, . .

e ,
i o , v . 1 1 1 e , o , . 1 2 1
as Solomon s mo th r v 5 5 3 Ch dorlaom r carri s L t cap tiv
.

’
e , . 1, . e e , e o e,
B rsh ba A braham t i 9 7
ee e i 8 4 i s d f a t d by A braham a e e e

85
.
,

Jacob l av s
, ,

e e 12 1 .

B lsha ar k ing f Babylo

.
,

e z z ,
ii Ch r th it s Proba b l s ign i ficatio
o n, v . e e e , e n

2 01 f v ii 4 o . 1 .

B na i ah Dav id s cap tain i 88 Ch i l ion iii 7 9 8

.
,
’
e , v . 1 . 1 1 0 .

Ch i mham v 3
, , , ,

v 54 2
B nhadad k i ng f Syria Judah s Chron icl s Book f i
. . . .
,
’
e 6 63
o , e , o , v. x 1 2 1
all i anc w ith v 6 9— 7 3 Chronology f I sra l and Judah
.
,

e ,
1 1 . o e
B nhadad I I k i ng f Syr i a A pp t vol
.
,

e , i o ,
ac o . v .

c ss i on f v 8 ; campaigns Circumcis i on I ns titu tion f i 9 ;

. .

e o ,
1 1 o 2
agains t I sra l i 34 4 5 cam
.

i Egyp t ii 9 ; t G ilgal iii

.
, ,
- 2
e v n a
aga ns sra l and Judah
. .
, , , .

p g i a i t I ns
56 5 7 , e

v i 6 7 ; all ianc w i th and C t s f pr s ts S L it

, ,

0- 2 e i ie o ie ee ev es

agains t I sra l 44 — 4 7 t Citi s f r fug

.
, ,
. .

4 4
e 95 1 1 a e o e e, 1 11 0, 1,

Do than and S amar i a 6 — 7 9

,

Coh n M an i ng f v 6 7 no t
. .
,

,
1 2 1 e , e o e 1
murd r f 8 8 3 Cr a t i on i
. .

probabl da t
, ,

e o , 7 — 1 2 , 1 . e 1 20 e e
B nhadad I I I invad s I l 37 ;
.
,

e f 68 69
. e s r ae , vu . o ,

d f a ts f 4 7 Cyrus
.
,

e e o ii 4 . v 2 01, 2 1
B njam in B i rth f i 4 4
. .
, ,

e o , . 1 0, 1 1
Jos ph s b hav i our t 6 3— 7
,

e Dagon Worsh ip f
’
e 76 ; i o, 1 1 1 o 1 11 1 v.

bl ss i ng f 86
.
, ,

e 48 o 1 . 1
B th l City f i 7 8 8 8 3 ; J acob D B i rth f i 7 ; b l ss ing f
, .

e e o .
,
2 , an , o 12 e o
fall
, , ,
.
,

t a 4 , 39 4 ;12 f , 4 1 , 1 0 o , 1
Da than S K
.

iii 6 4 / ee ora z

B th boron iii 8
.

Dav id A no i n ti ng f i v 8 —83 l if
. . .

e -
1 o 1 e
Ephra th Ci ty f i
. .
,

B thl h m
,

f t th cour t 8 4—
.

con t s t
.

e e e 07
'
87 o . o a e e
u
, , , ,

7 9 4 fr i nd
,

1
4 ; iii 6
0 3; R t h t 77 f w i t h Gol1i a th 8 — a 1 o e

9 ; J ss t iv 8 ;
,
.

sh ip i w i th Jona than and

, ,

79 8
1 1 2 1 1 e e a 1 o
Dav i d t
.
, , ,

fl i gh t 9 4— ; wand ri ngs f
, ,

6 a 11 . 1 10 e o

B th h m sh i v 3
, , ,

e -
S e e — 5 ; r i gn f 5 3— 5 8 . 2 . 1 1 1 1 2 e o 1 v

B thu l i 8
, .

D b i r iii 8
.
,

e e 10 S Egl e 0 ee oz z
B al l ii d i r c ts bu ild i ng f D borah R b k h nurs i 4
. . .
, , . .

’
ez ee 1 02 e o e e e a s e, 1 0
T ab rnacl
.
,

D borah th proph t ss iii

.
,

35 e e, 1 . e e e e 12 1
B i dkar J hu s cap ta i n v i 99 5 ; v ii ; song f iii
.
, ,
’
e 5 . 1 2 01 12 1 1 o 12
B i lhah i 7 4 3 ; iii 7 3
.
, , , .
, .

12 1 12
9
Boa S tory
. .
, ,

8 —9
.

D l ilah
.

z ,
f iii d o 65 , 7 73 75
— . 1 2 1 1 e e ,
11 1 . 1 , 1 0, 1 1 .

s d t
cen f i 8 an s o Dido J w ish paral l ls f ii , v . 1 .
, e e o , v . 11 .
 I n dex o f S u éjeets . 2 19

Di nah B ir th f i 8 i f 39 o 12 s n o 1 E l i aphan th L v i t
z
3 49 e e e, 11 0, 1
Elnathan
,

o g iv 3 4 9
. .
, .
, , .

D e 1 1 11 1 1 ii 8 v 1
Eloh i m M an i ng f i 5 4 ; appl i ca
.
, .

ophkah ii 9 5
, .
, ,

D e o

o than i 46 ; i 63 t i on
. .
, .
, ,

D 1 v 1 f 56 57 7 8 ii
o , , , 12 12
84 v i 6 sp i ri t f i v 4 3—4 6
. .
, .
, , .

, 1 o

man f v 4 4
.

Ebal Moun t iii 7 3 7 4

, .

o 1 0, 1 2
El on judg iii
. .
, ,

Eb n r Ba ttl f iii 5 3 5 4
.
, , .

e ez e e o 1 1 ; 5 3 63 e, 1 1
Endor W oman f i v
. .
, , , , , .

i v.7 1 39 4 o 1 -
1 2
Eng d i Ci ty f i 6 ; vi
.
, .

Eb r i 5 9
.
,

e . e , 5 o , v 12 , 12
Ed n Local i ty f i
. .
, .

e o 20 78 8 , 1
Edom Sig ifi ti ; I saac s
. .
,

Enoch G n alog i cal r cord

.
,

f i
’
n ca on o 11 1 , e f i e e o

pro ph cy conc rn i ng 9 34 l i f work and r moval f

, ,
. .
,

e e 11 . e, e o

Eglon iii 8
, , ,

93 0, .
3 5 37
Egyp t M i ra i m i 5 9 ; duri ng Enos i 3 g n alogical r cord f
.
, ,

or z 2 e e e o
ii 9—
.
, ,

I sra l itish sojourn

.
, ,

e 2 2 34 3
—
,

Ephra i m B ir th f i 6 por tion

,

I sra l i
.

4 34 e n, 2 ,
o , 1 1
Ehud i 8 6 ; d l i v rs I sra l iii 7 8 ; murmurs
. .

1 e e e f o 1 t l t iii a o

6 — 8 ; d a th f 9 3 9 4 ; d f a t d by G i l a d
.
, , .
, , .

1 1 11 e o 12 0 e e e e 1 02
Ephra th iii
,

Ekron v i 8 8 9
.
, , .

0 79 . 1
Esarhaddon k i ng f A ssyr ia
. .
, , ,

Elah k ing f I sra l ; r i gn f v

.

o e e o .
, o vu

; acc ss ion
.
, , ,

73
1 74 ,
1 5 10 , f 12057 ; e o 1
El a ar Cons cra t i on f as supr macy f ov r Judah 7 5
,

e z 9 e o 11 . 1 1 e o , e , 1
pr i s t iii 35 39 ; d i v i d s th Esau R j c ti on f i 7 b i rth
, , .

e .
, e e ,
e e o . 0
land 8 9 charac t r and marriag f
, , ,

e e o
El a ar guard ian f th A k i 4 ; los s bl ss i ng
.
, , ,
—
e z 5 o e r v. 2 9 10 1 1 7 e e 11
El lo b Isra l i
, ,

9 ; marr i s Mahala th
.
,
-e e- 1 11
39 e , .
; e 12 0
Eli h igh pri s t iii r conc i l d w i th Jacob 3 7
.
,

5 3 5 4 64 1
- 1
, e , . 1 ,
e e 1

7 7 ; rul l if and d a th
,

3 8 ; d sc ndan t s
, , ,

66
1 1 e, e, e 1 f ii e e o 101
f i v 3— 9
.
, , ,

o 1 67 i 7
1 , v 2
El i as Dav i d s bro th r i 8 Esdra lon i
. . . .
,
’
9 e v. 1, 1 e 46 1
El i asaph th L v it ii 3
.
,

Eshcol figh t s aga i ns t Ch dorlaom r

. .
, ,

e e e, 0 , e e
El i ak i m k i ng f Judah S
.
, .
,

o ee i 85
Eshcol Local i ty f
. .
, .

'

j fi é im
e oz a 66 o 1 1. 1
El i r A braham s s rvan t i 8 9 ; Etam Samson t iii
. .
, ,
’
ez e , e 7 a 1 1
s ks w i f f I saac 7— 9 Etham Local i ty f
. .
, , ,
.

ee e or 10 10 8 3 84 o 11

El i r Mos s son ii 4 3 ; c ircum Eth iop i a Cush i 5 9

, .
, , .
, .

’
ez e e , or

Cr a t i on f i
. .
, .
, ,

ii
c s on o f 5 7 58 , E ve , e o 20
f v 84— i 33 G b r J hoshapha t t i
. .
, , .

El j h L f
l a m ts
i e o 1 v ee E i
z on -
e e e a v

A hab
.
, ,

final ac ts
. .
, ,

— 74, 7 5 , 8 7
5 3 5 7 85 ,

f and calls El i sha 9 —

, .

o ; 0 101
Fal l Th i — 3
,

l tt r f 8 7 8 8 9 5 ; s tand
,

e e o 1 1 1 e, 20 2
po i n t f v ii 6 7 Fam i n i n days f Abraham i 7 9
.
, , , , .

o e, o

El k anah i v 5
. .
,

i n days f I saac 3 ; i
, .

8 1 o 11 n

El i m ii 9 3 days f Jos ph i n days f

. .
, ,

6 o e 1 1 o
El i m l ch iii 7 8 8
.
, ,

Dav i d v 38 4 ; i n days f
.

e e 1 - 1 0 — 1 o

El i sha Call i ng f v i — A hab v i ; i n days

.
, ,

9 3 ; l if
. .

o 2 2 e f 1 0, 11 o

f 9 — 8 ; v i s i t f k i ngs t
,

Joram 8
. .
, ,

o , 4 10 o o, 1 0 .

7 ; w i th th Shunamm it F as ts D ta i ls f 36 37
.

5
1 1 11 e e, e e o 111

Flood pr para ti on f i 4 44
, ,

subs qu n t do ings f
. .
,

12 1—4 1 1 e e o e or, 1-

9 5 ; i n t rv i w w i th h i s tory f 44—4 8 ; Chald an

, , .

4 9 84
-
1 1 1 e e o e

narrati v f and l g ds con

, ,

Joash and d a th f v ii 4 4 7 e o ,
. 2- . e o , e en
2 20 I n dex o f S n éjeez s ‘
.

c rn i ng
e anan iah th fa l s p ph t
, 4 8 50 ;
-
7 probab l dat e e H e e ro e ,v
11 20
annah i v 5 —9
, . .

f o ,
H .

aran A braham s bro th r i 7 3 ;

, .

H ’
e
Gaal Di m fit
,

d a th f 7 5
, .

f iii 5 sco u re o , . 1 1 . e o

Gad B i r th f i 7 ; poss ss i ons H aran Ci ty f i 7 5 7 ; Jacob

, , .

o 12 e o 10

33 ; bl ss i n g
.
, , , , .
,

f o f 851 4 e o , 1 a t, 12 2 12
flock s f 7 iii 3 8 por ti on
.
, ,

H a a l k i ng f Syr ia v i
o ,
11 . 2 9 8 , . z e o 2 1 2
f iii 8 9 ; d par tur
, ,

84 wars f w i th A ssyr i a
.
,

o ,
f 97 e
94 e o , . 1 o 1
Gad th s r i 8
.

; i nvad s Judah v ii 4
, , ,

e ee v 1 2 12 e 2
—
. .

Ga th H i s tory f ii 3
, ,

and sra
, .
,

3 33 Io l ,
—
3 5 38 v . 2 . 1 e

Ga a iii 7 6
, , ,

t amar
.

H
'

S E g
’
z 1 a z a z on - ee n ea z .
G dal iah gov rnor f Judah und r H a ro th ii 64
. . .
,

e o e z e 1
—4
e

N buchadn ar and murd r H a or iii 8 5

.
, , .

e ez z , e z , , 12 0 12
f v ii H b r
. .

o 3 2 12 S j l 2 1 e e ee ae

G ha i i 8 9 ; m iss ion f H bron

. . . .
, ,

e z v 12 A rbah Th pa triarchs 12 o e or e
— l prosy
, .
, , ,

th k ing f iii 8 ;
.

3 13 5 3 7 14 ; 1 f t i , 4 1 ,
1 0 e o , a , . 1 1 e o . 0
av d
,

5 6 1 D i t i 53 a , v 1
G mar i ah v ii 8
.

k iah k i ng f Judah v 3
.

e H 1 0 . ez e o 12
G rar A braham t i 9 6 I saa t
.
, ,

x amp l f 7 acc ss ion and

.
,

e a c a e e o 1 2 e
r ign f i —6 9 ; r forms
, , .
, ,

e o , v . 12 1 1 e
G ri i m Moun t iii 7 3 74
e z ,
f 3 34 ; wars f 34 5 7 ;
— , .
, . o , 12 1 o ,
1 -
1
G rshom ii 4 3 d L it
e s ickn ss and r cov ry f 5 8 an see ev es . e e e o 1
G i b ah Saul s hom i 38 5
.
, , ,

6 5 tr a ty f w i th M rodach
’
e e, v. 2 1 e o e

baladan and d a th f 6 5 —69

.
, ,

G i b on Battl f iii 8 84
,

e e o 0- . e o 1 1
G i b on i t s D ipt
, , .

H ilk i ah h igh pr i s t ii 8
, ,

e f iii 7 6
e ,
e scr 8 1 on o , .
, e , v . 1 0, 1 2 ,

79 8 3 1
G id on Call ing l if and d a th f H iram Dav i d s al l ianc with i v
.

iii 3 —4 8
e , e, e o , , e .

Solomon s all ianc w i th

, ,
’
1 0 68 1 . 1 e
v 7 7
,

G ilboa Ba ttl f i 4 7 48 4 ; work m n

.

e o v 1 1 . 1, 2 1 02 - 1 0 e
G i lgal I sra l t iii 5 6 5 7 ; man i
.
, ,
.
, ,

ef 74 7 5 a , .
, o . ,

H obab bro th r l aw f Mos s

,

f t ti t
es a 3 on a 1 12 ,
11 . e -ln -
o e
Gold n Calf Worsh ip f
, , ,

e 5 iii o ,
11 . 12 111 .

oham
.
,

3 1v 3 7 4 3 9 1, i 5 9 8 9 H iii 8
1 d H b-
. v . , , . 0, a n see e r on .

H ophn i Do ings f i v 5
.

98 1 4 , o , .
, 1 0- 1
Gomorrha i 94 d a th f 8 9
.

. e o ,
1 , 1 .

Gor n h A t d k ing f Egyp t campai g

,

e - 87 a- H ph e , 1 . 1 . o ra , o , n
Gosh n I sra l i i 7 5 7 6
e f iie 9 n, . 1 , 1 ,
11 . o , v 20 .

Moun t ii 89 9
.
,

6 2 H or , , 1 1 0 .

H ormah I sra l
.
.
,

t ii 7 7 e a 1 0, 1 1

H abak k u k th proph t ii 98
.
,

v ng anc on iii
,

e e , v . 1 . e e e 111
adad E r k i ng f Zobah H os a th proph t
, , . .

H — i
z e ii 5 4 64 ; o ,
v. e e e , v .
,

h i s tory f 6 8
, ,

84 — 8 7
1 1 o

H osh a k i ng f I sra l acc ss i on f

. .
,

H adad — E r k i ng f Damascus v z e o e o e e o
— 3;
, .

v ii 6 ; r ign f
, , , ,

— 4 1 12 1 1 . 10 e o ,
1 10 1 1

H agar St ory f i 9 ; x pu l s ion r vol t f aga i ns t and imprison

.

o . 1 e e o

m n t by A ssyr i a
, , ,

f 99 o 1 00 4 e , 11 .

H uldah th proph t ss
.

s i n f 5 5 5 6 ; di p
, ,

H m i 4
a 1 o 77 , ,
s er e e e ,
v1 1 . 1
s ion and d sc ndan ts f 5 8—6 proph c i s f 84 8 6
, . ,

e e o ,
0 . e e o 1 1
suppor ts Mos s ii 3
.
,

H anan k i ng f th A mmon it s i v H o e e , . ur , e 10
H usha i Dav i d s fr i nd v
. .
, ,
’
85 1 , e , . 2 0, 22

H anan i th proph t v
.

, 7 7 e5 67 e , . 1 0, 1 1 . 2 , .
2 2 2 I n dex o f S n éjeets .

J hosh ba
e e
J hoshab ,a th w ifor e e , e Joab av i d s g n ral i v 5 4— 6
D ’
e e , 1 1 0,
f J ho i ada v ii ; r scu s 8 5 —88 9 3 ; b hav i our
.
,

o e 12 e e 9 1 1 2 1 e

J oash 3
.
,

f r gard i ng A bsalom v
, ,

,
1 . o e 4 , . 1
J hovah Sig ifi ti
,

e , f ii 6 6 n ca on o .
, 6 6— 9
1 compar i son f 33
2 2
°
o
°

subs qu n t ac t s f 35 36 ;
, , ,

7 4 , ~ e e o

J hu k ing f I sra l ano i n ting and r b ll i on f 5 —5 5 5 7 ; d a th

, ,

e , o e , e e o , 2 e
consp i racy f v 83 i 9
,

o 1 v 2 f 59 -

r gn — J h G i d on s fa th r iii 3
. .
, , , 1
— i ’
95
1 3; 20 f 3 ii 9 e o 20 v o as 35 e e , 1 1, 1

4 d a th f 9 charac t r
. . .
, ,
— Joash J hoash k i ng f Judah
,

2 2 2 e o 2 e , or e , o ,

r scu f ii 3 ; corona ti on
,

i ti s f 4 4
cs o 0, 1 e e o v 1
J hu th proph t i 7 4 7 5
, ,

9 ; r i gn f v 3 vi
. .

e , e e v f o 1 e o , 12
v
.

J ph hah t judg iii 5 3 6 3 —3 3 ; murd r

.
, , .
,
.

—
,

e t h , e e, . 1 1 , 12 2 3 ii , 2 1 ,
. 2 1 e
177 . f i o 3 ii 3 3 34
v 2 1 v

J roboam I k ing f Isra l r b ll i on

.
, ,

Job H i s tory f i 6 5—6 7

. .
,

e .
, o e , e e , o .

f aga i ns t Solomon v
.
,

o 6 1 1 Joch b d ii 3 5 37 38
e e , , ,

r gn
, , .

Jo l th proph t ii 6 7 68
. .

i —
1 19; f 6 3 e36 o 12 1 1, 1 e e e , v .

5 6 ; war f w ith Judah and

.
, ,

Johanan son f Jos i ah ii 9 5

,

1 o o , v 1
d a th f 5 7— 6 v i 5 9 89
. .
,

Jonah th proph t v ii 4 6 3
, ,

e o 1 1 1 e e 1
J roboam I I k i ng f I sra l r i gn s tandpo in t f 6 7 ; h is tory f
. . .
, , , , ,

e .
, o e , e o o ,

conqu s ts f
,

f
o ii 6 —
, 65 7 v . 1 , 1 e o 69 7 0
64 d a th f 8 Jona than Saul s son v ic tory f
.
, ,

6 —
’
2 e o 0 o ,

J r m i ah th proph t
.
, , ,

e e , 77 e e , v11 . 1 i 6 — 8
5 5 ;v t G ba 6 —
5 7 ; a e ,
0
lam n t f 9 5 proph c i s f fr i ndsh i p f w ith Dav id 9 4
.

e o ,
1 e e o , e o ,

p rs cu ons 9 ; d a th
,

1
9 8 t i f 8 —e e o 2 0 2 11 1 1 0, f 47 88 ;
1 1 e o , 1 1
las t days f — 4
, ,

o ,
2 12 2 1 . buri al f v 4 o , . 1
J r i cho D scr i p ti on f iii 4 9 ; Jona than th pri s t i v 88 v 4
.

e , e o , e e ,
1 , . 2 .

s i g and fall f 6 —6 3 ; Joram J horam k ing f I sra l

.
, .

e e o , 0 re , or e ,
o e ,

bu i ld ing f v 84 ; wa t r f o . 1 e o , r i gn f v i 9 3 4
e 63 o 10 ,
12 2 ,
1 ,

vi 4 5 8 7 ; campa i g s f
.
, , ,

10 10 86 1 1 8 n o 10
6 9— 7 9 ; N aaman
, ,

J rubbaal S Gid
. .
,

e ee eon 67
1 2 0, 1 1 1
J rusal m iii 8 conqu s t f
.
,

b for 4 8 49 ; consp iracy

.

e e 0, 1 1 1 e o e e, 1 1
by Dav i d i 66—6 8 ; und r
,

agains t and murd r f 94

.
, ,

, v . 1 1 e e o ,
1
Solomon v 9 9 9 ; s i g
,

f , 1- e e o 2 01
by N buchadn ar ii 7 Jos ph B irth f i 8 ; lif f
. .
,

e ez z v 20 e o 12 e o ,

bl ssings f 85
. .
, , , ,

20 9 -2 12 4 1 75 2 1 e o 1
°

, ,

J ss i 8 8 6 ; subs qu n t l i f and d a th
.

e e, v, 0 . 1 e e e e
J hro
et R u l Mos s fa th r i
or e e e
’
e - n n 8
o 8 —
9 1 1 0
law Josiah k i ng f Judah v 66 ;
,

4 3 5 6 5 8 ; jo i ns
.
,

4 , 11 2 , , o ,
. 1 ac

c ss i on f v ii 7 7 ; r forma
,

Mos s 3 5 ; tr i b f v i
.
,

e 10 -
10 e o e o 1 e

9 ; ba tt l w i th
. .

t i ons
, , ,

f 7 8 — o 1 1 0 e

J b l w i f f Ahab v 7 8 8 N cho and d a th f 9 4— 9 6

,

ez e e e o 1 -
1 0, e e o 1 1 .

slaugh t rs th pro Joshua H osh a figh ts th

, , .
,

18 9 2 1 0 e e , or e e

A mal k it s ii ; sp i s
,

s ks El ijah s
,
’
ph t i e s, v 1 0, 1 1 ee et e 1 02 e ou

land 66 6 9 84 ; i s chos
.
.
,

l i f 4 ; s tory f N abo th and

e, 2 o 1 -
1 ,
1 en

as Mos s succ ssor iii 3 5 4 7

,

judgm n t pronounc d on 4 8 e e e
’
e .
, ,

4 8 ; d spa t ch s sp i s 4 8 ; i s
,

f r i gn
,

57 ; d f
en 85 ; o e o e e e
v i s i t d by Cap tain f th hos
,

murd r f 3 4 ; i nflu nc
,
”
e o 2 0 20 e e e o e t
f v ii pray r d v d s
, ,
— 8 i i
o 11 5 9 ; 4 ; e e

land 8 9 9 5 9 6 ; far w ll
.

J r l Ba ttl f i v 38
.
,

ez ee e o 1 th e , e e

J r l Palac t v i addr ss s and d a th f 99

. .
, , , ,

ez ee 48 e a . 1 1 , 2 1, » e e e o ,

4 9 ; Joram t
, ,

94 99 a ,
1 ,
1 -
2 01 . 1 04 .
 I n dex o f S n éjecls . 2 2 3
Jo tham k ing f J udah v 3 ; o , 12 d iv i s ion f 4 7—49 prov is i on o 1 1
acc— ss i on f v ii 7 9 ; r i gn f
.

f iii 39 4 ; c i ti s
, ,

e o , e o , o f 95 ; 0 e o
k w i th i v
. .
, ,

84 8 7 ar 73 1
Jo tham parab l f iii 4 8—5
. .

L v i ti cus Book f
.
,

e o 1 1 0 e —
37 4 o 11 1 1 0,
Jubal i 3
. .
, , , , .

. 1 5 — 1 55 2 1 .

Jub il Y ar Ins titu ti on f iii 37 Lod bar i v

.
,

ee e o e 89 1
c ssa ti on f v ii
. .
, , ,

7 5 ; w i th Abraham 7 7 ;
.

e o 1 10 L t i
o , .

Judah B ir th f i s para t s from A braham 8

. .
, ,

, 6 47 ; o . 12 , 1 e e 2
pl ad i ng f 69 7 bl ss i ng i s tak n by Ch dorlaom r
, , ,

e
— o , 1 1 1 e 83 e e e

of 8 8 3 ; l ads I sra l ii
, 1
s para ti on f from Isra l
2 1 e e , 1 and r scu d 84 8 5 ; subs qu n t e e e e
.
, , ,

1 10 e o e , do i ngs f 9 4 9 6 o -

; par ti al cap t i v ity Jacob t i

.
, ,

i v 122 f o L uz , 4 a 12 2 12 .

v ii 4 ; final cap tiv ity f

. .
, , ,

. 20 o ,
Lyb i a , orPhu t i 5 9 ,
. .

2 1 4 .

Judg s Book f iii 5 — 9 5 4

e , o 10 10 1 Maacah wif f Dav i d v e o . 11 .

Maacah grand daugh t r f Absal om

.
, , , , ,

155 .
,
-
e o
and mo th r f A b ijah k i ng f
,

e o , o
K ad esh barn a S Wild
-
f e . ee er n ess o Judah v 3 5 8 6 6 6 1 2 1 1 1, 1 .

Mach i r support r f M ph i bosh th

.
, , ,

e o e e

K turah A braham s w if i
, ,

e , 6
’
e, 10 i v 88 v 6 . 1 , 2
d sc ndan ts f ii 4 Machp lah bury i ng plac f Abra
. . .

e e o 2 -
e e o
I sra l ham i 4 ; I saac ; and
.
, .
,

Kib th h tt
ro h - at a a va e a 11 10 12 1
6 —6 3
.
, ,

Jacob 7 7
.
, ,

1 0 1 . 1
Mahala th Esau s wif i
.
,

K irjath j ar i m Th A k t i 5
-
e , e r a , v. 2
’
e, . 120
v Mahala th R hoboam s w i f v 3
.
,
’
. 11 e e, . 1 2 .

K irja th ph city f boo k s M h l l G n alogical r cord f

,

th
-
se er , e o a a ee e e e o ,

ii 9 fal l f iii 9 3
, ,

. 2 o , .
34 36
1

Ki sh i v 37 Mahana i m i 33
. . .
,

, . . 1
Ki tti m Mahlon iii 7 9 8
.
,
.

59
,
1 . 1 1 0

K oha th S L i Mak k dah Ci ty f iii 8 3

. . .
, ,
’

ee evz es . e o
—
.

Mamr A braham t i 84 8 5 9 6
.

K orah R b ll i on f
.
, ,

, 75 8e e o ,
11 . 1 1 1 e, a .
, ,

Jacob t
.
,

Laban i 9 ; Jacob fl i s t Manass h B irth f i 6 ; porti on

,

8 10 10 e o, e o 1 1
and poss ssions f 7 8 i 7
.
,

; d c iv s Jacob 5 ; is
.
, , ,

12 0 e e e 12 e o , 1 i . 2 ,

iii 39 8 9 ; murmurs iii 9 3

,

d c i v d by Jacob 9— 3
,

e e e 12 1 1 ,
.
,

Lach i sh iii 8 h is tory f v ii 5 9 9 4 d par tur

.
, ,

0 o f 97
°
e e o
Manass h k i ng f Judah human
,

k i ah s tribu t t 4 4 3
. .
, .
,

H
’
ez e e o, 1 2 1 e o

sacri fic s f iii 5 9 acc ss i on

,

Laha i R i I saac t i
, .
,
-
9 10 1 e
°
o a e o .

6 9 ; i dola try r p n t
,

Lam ch i 8 w i v s and ch i ldr n

. .
, ,

e 2 e e f o ii v 1 e e

anc and d a th f 6 9—7 6

, ,

g n alog i cal r cord

. .
,

o f 3 3 0, 1 e e e e, e o , 1 1 .

f 34 36 ; d a th f 38 Mansa G i ft f ii 9 6—9 8
,

o e o o .

L w G v i ng f ii Manoah and h i s w i f iii 66— 68

. .
, , , ,

a ,
i — 5 ; o ,
1 11 12 re e, . 1 1 ,

y f book f i n J os iah s
.

’
c ove r o o 7 1 2
r i gn 7 8 7 9 8 — 84 Marah
.
,

e 1 1 1 2 1 .
93 11

Massah S M ib /
. .

L ah i s g i v n t Jacob i 5 sons
, , , ,

e e o 12 ee er a z .

Ma ttan ah S Z d k i h
.
,

o f 6 8 4312 12 1 i ee e e a .

L h i iii M d i a H i s tory f v ii 99
.
, , , .

e 7 7 1 1, 1 2 e o 1 .

M h j l G n alogi cal r cord f

.
,
. .
,

L v i B i r th f i 6 ; r v ng
,

e f o . 12 e e e o e a ae , e e e o ,

bl ss i ng f 8
, , ,

1 39 45 1 e o 1 1, 34
1

M lch i d k m ts Abraham i 8 5
. .
, ,

1 8 2 e z e e , ee , .

L v it s cons cration and d iscuss ion f 8 5—88

.

e e 8
,
11 . 12 e o , .
2 24

M nah m k ing f Isra l

e e , 81 o e , v1 1. N adab k ing f Isra l v 6 7 i
, o e , . 1 , v .

83 43 ,
1 89 .

M ph i bosh th Jonathan s son i v

e e ,
’
,
N a b ash k i ng f th A mmon it s i v
, o e e , .

8 8 — 9 ; subs qu n t l if
.

16 0, 1 1 0 e e e
of v , 3 3 . 2 0, 0, 1 N ahor C ty f i 7 3 7 5 d sc nd
i o .
, e e
M rab w if f Dav d i 9 7 9 8 ; an ts f 7
, ,

e , e o i , v o 10 .

sons f v 4
,

N aom i iii
.
,

o 0 79 9— 1 1 0
M ra i S L f
.
,

N ph t li B i r th f i 7 bl ss ing
. . .
,
'

e ee ev z es a a o . 12 e
M r i bah and Massah
.
,
.
,

e 11 1 00 , 101 .
h 85o 1
M rodach b ladan Em bassy f t N a than th proph t i
. .
,

e -
a o o 79 8 e e , v. 1 1 0
k i ah
, ,

parabl f 94 9 5 ; influ nc
, ,

H ez e ii 43 5 8— 6 v 1 ,
1 1 0, e o , 1 1 e e

f v
.
, ,

165— 68 1 . o 12 1 .

M thus lah G n alog ical r cord f N buchadr ar k i ng f Babylon

.
,

e e , e e e o , e ez z ,
o .

1 34 36 S B byl iee E mpi a on a n re

Trad i tion f
.

M i ca i ah th proph t v i 5 9 ; pro
. .
,

,
e e , , N b e dd
u z ara 3 an , o , v ii . 1 .

p h y f 6 —
3 7
ec o 0 N b e adan N buchadr ar s
u z ar - e ez z
’

M ica i ah grandson f G m i h cap ta i n

.
, ,

, o e ar a v 11 . v11 2 10, 2 1 2 .

N cho II k ing f Egyp t wars f

.
, ,

18 1 . e ,
o , o ,

M ichal lov s and sav s Dav id i v v ii 9 3— 9 7 99

.

e e . 1 1 1 .

N h m iah th proph t v
, , ,

; i t ak n from Dav i d
.

9 8 — 101 s e ,
e e 66 e e , . 1 .

33 r turns t h im N ph i l im i 39 ii 6 7
,

1 57 58 ; e o , 1 , 1 e , .
, . 1 .

d sp i s s h i m 7 3 74 ; pun i sh
e e 1 , 1 N er ,i v 37 .

N il
.
,

m nt f 7 7 e o 1 i 55
e, 59 6 1 ,
1 , 1 0 .

M i d ian i t s O ri g i n f ii 4 N i mrod fou ds Babylon ian Emp ir

.
, .

e , o 2 n e,

M i gdol Edar i 4
. .
,

1 1 i 59 6 64 -
1,
M i llo D s truc tion f iii 48 5 1 N oah G n alog cal r cord
. .
, .

e o 1 1 f i
e e i e o

b or flood
.
, ,

Joash murd r d t ii 33
.
, , ,

e e a , v . .
3 4 ; f th 3 5 3 6 e e e , , ,

M iriam B irth f ii 35 8 5 ; mur o 1 4 pr par s and n t rs th

1 e e e e e

bu i lds th firs t
.
, , ,

murs 64 ii 1 v 1 1 A k 4 — r 45 1 e

al tar 5 ; subs qu n t ac ts f
. .
, , ,

M i pah i 3 und r G daliah

z 1 1 e e 1 e e o
— d a h
, .
, , ,

vii 3 2 12 2 1 53 55 ; t f 5 8 e o

Moab it Ston v i 9— 7
.
.
, ,

h h i commandm n ts i 5 4
.

e e, 10 11 . N oa c e ,

N d Ca in bu i l t c i t y i n i
. . .

Mor h D scrip ti on f i 7 7 7 8
e e o . o ,

N o ph M m ph i s i
,

Moriah A braham s sacr i fic t i

. .
, , ,
’
, e a , . or e ,
i . 20
N umb rs Boo k f ii 4 3— 4 5
.

1 00 — 1 02 e o 1 1 .

Mos s B i rth and arly h i s tory f

.
.
, ,

e e o ,

ii 3 5—5 5 ; as I sra l s l ad r Obad i ah th proph t

,
’
e e e i, 0 ; e e v 1 12

5 5 8 ; w i h ch i ldr f I sra l wif f

.
, , .

— 2 t en o e 3e o 12 2 12
i w i ld rn ss 8 — 8 88—
, ,

O b d Edom i v
.

n iii e e 2 1 1, 1 e -
73 1
d a h O d d th proph t
.
, , . .

35 ; i f ii 8 5
— 88 ;s n o t ,
1 1 e e , e e v1 1 . 1 02
and bur i al f iii 4 —46 ; com Od d
. .
,

o . 2 e S I dd ee o.

par i son f w ith El ijah v 8 5 O g k i ng f Bashan

.
,

o , . 1 , , 99 o 11. 1
O mr i k i ng f Isra l consp iracy
, , .

1 8 6, vi. 2 6 o e

and r i gn f v 74—7 6 v i
.
, ,

e o , . 1 1 , .

N aamah i 3 3 , . 0, 1 . 89 S ee a ls o M oa oite S ton e a n d

.

N aaman Story f i 44 , o , v . 1 , 1 46 A ssy r ia n M on u m en ts .

581 On . S ee Kor a n
N abal Story f i ph r Loca ti on f v
.

—
9 3 o v. 12 1 2 . O i , o 1 0 3, 1 04 ;
N abo th Story of v i 4 8—
.

x p d i tions t i 7 4
, ,

57 .
,
2 01 . e e o, v 87
N adab Si and judgm n t O phrah Townsh i p f iii
. .
, , ,

n e o f, 11. o 1 3 1 , 1 45
O r b iii
.
, , , .

1 40, 141 . e 4, 43 . 1 2 , 1 .
 S
'

22 6 f u b
j e c t s l n dex o .

Sanc t uary C ons cra tion d s rv ic s Shob i v e 6 an e e , . 2

f iv
.
,

o ,
—
94 9 7 . 1 Shun m and woman f v i
1
5 e , o 12
Sara i w i f f A braham i 7 5 7 9
.
, .

e o 37 8 8 , . 1 , 1 0, 1 1 .

unb l i f f 9 9 3 d ath Shur

, ,

8 1 e e Wild o f , 2 , e , s ee er n ess o

Si ch m Sh ch m i 7 7 7 8
,

f o 4 , 10 . e , or e e , . 111 .

Sardanapalus k ing f A ssyria S

, ,

, 44 47 o . ee I ,
I
Si hon fa t
,

A b su rpl an i a i .
98 99 ; f , l . 1 1 e o

Sar p t a k ingdom f
,

e Z , p/ tb see are za 89 o 1 11 .

Sim on B i r th f i r v ng
,

Sargon k i ng f A ssyr a conqu s ts

.

, o 6 i , e e , o , . 12 e e e
and d a t h f ii 5 — e 35 f o 39 4 5 ; impr i sonm n t f
v 11 1 2 0, 1 o 1 1 e o
—
, ,

unc r a n y chronology
.
, ,

4 6 7 ; bl ss ing f
,

3 6 1 t i t f e 6 8 o 8 1 1 e o , 1 1, 1 2
Sinai Mos s t ii 4 5 ; I sra l t
.

f o 59 , 1 , e a , e a
r gn
.
,

au all ng
,

S l C i f i —
35 4 ; 6 i o 7
— , v. e 10 111 .

and w rs w ith Ph i l i s ti n s f Sinaiti c P n insula ii 9 94

,

a e o , e 0,
d cl n and wars
, .
,

i f 5
— 7 10 10
4 7 79 ; - e e o

8 3— 8 —
,

s ra
.

—
33 4 ; 12 d a th f S i 1 iii 4 1 2 e o ,
e , . 12 0 12
bur al v odom s ruc on
.
,

— i f S D t t i f i — 6 1
47 1 5 3 ; 1 4 9 3 o 9 , . .
, e o ,

Solomon God s prom is t i

.

Schools Proph ts i v 44
.

’
f th o e 8 e e o, v 1 1,
—
, .
, ,

v or J d d ah
.

3 10 5 4 9 i10 9 6 ,
8 .
; 1 i i 9
, 6 v ; . . 1 2 e 1 an

S ir Moun t i 3 7 f succ ss ion of

,

e 38 1 m t , 1 . n ou n ce en o e

S nnach r i b k i ng f A ssyr a
,

v 4 6 ; acc ss ion f 5 ; ano in t

.
, ,

e e o i , ao . e o 0
c ss ion f v ii 36 Jud an
, ,

e o i g f 54 5 5 ; r i gn 1f ae n o e o
—
.
, , ,

and o th r x p d i tions f 37
, ,

e 5 8 e e o 1 120
ucco h
.
,

5 6 1; d a t h f 5 7 e S t i o 3 8 , 8 3 1 .
, . 1 ,
11 .

S p tuag i n t i 6 8 6 9 Syria f wars and d clin f

.

e , . .
, or e e o , see

S ra i ah Dav i d s s cr tary i
,

88 R i
’
e e e ,
v. 1 . ez n .

S ra i ah h i gh pr i s t
,

e ii 8 ; e v . 1 0 ex
Tab rah
, ,

ti
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 INDEX TO SCRIPTURE TEXTS .

[Th is I n dex v
co e r s t h e Se v en Vo l um es ]

Vol p a ge . Vol p a ge
.

G E N E SI S x1 5 I 52 X VI II 1 11 1 3 1
x v iii 3 1 7
. . . . .

Vol p a ge
.
xi 6 . 1 . 61 1
. 1 , .
93
i 1 19. xi 1 .
52 xix 2 V1 1 65
xi —2 6
. . . .

i 2 4 11 49 1
10 15 xix VI 1 1 1 66
— xi 2 7 —xiii 4
. . . . . .

i ii 3 I 15 1 72 xix 2 7 VI 1 65
i— xi 2 7 —xx v 1 1
. . . . . . . .

iii 1 17 I 1 5 xx 11 1 1 70
—
4 iv
. . . . . . . .

ii 1 15 xi 3 VII 1 1 5 1 xx 2 IV 1 14
iv xii —xi v
. . . . . . .

1 2 3, 2 9 1 73 xx 7 IV 2 1 03
iv
.

xii —3
. . . . . .
,

10 1 11 41 I 1
76 xx 3 1 I 79
iv x L— xx v 1 8
. . . . . .

1 1 1 26 xii 3 111 19 x I 97
iv
. . . . . .

1 7 I 2 9, 1 38 xii 6 xxi 4 9 v11 1 1 65

v
. . . . .
,

1 33 xii 6 7 11 1 101 xxi 2 II 1 1 56

— vi 8
. .
.
, . . .

v 1 1 5 xii 7 1 11 xxi 2 2 I 97
vi xxi 2 2 —34
. . . . . . .

1 37 , 46 xii 8 111 64 1 88
vi 4 xiii xi v xxii —xx v 1 1
. . . . . .

11 1 67 I 82 I 73
vi 5 6
. .
. .
, . . . .

11 1 34 xiii 1 11 64 xxii 3 v1 1 65
vi 9
. . .
, . . .

1 35 xiii 1 6 1 11 1 7 v 65 xxii 3 IV 1 12 3
v i 9 —ix xi v 5
. . . . .
.
, .

I 15 xxii 7 V 1 68
vi 3 7 xi v 6
. . . . . .

1 1 1 46 xxii 8 1 1 1 18
vi xi v 7
. . .
, . .

22 1 45 11 xxii 2 1 0 1 07
v ii — xxi v
. . . . . .

1 46 xv 12 6 1 1 06
v ii v iii 5 xi v 1 4 xxi v 7
. . . . .

1 1 44 11 82 I 1 02
v ii 4 x v xv i xxi v 1
. . . . . . .

1 46 1 73 1 0 75
v ii 5 x v —xx xxi v 2 2
. . . . . .
.
,

1 1 1 45 I 88 V 1 1 1 92
v ii — 3 xv 2 xx v 2 —4
. . . . .
, . .
,

2 1 2 1 46 11 42
v iii xv 7 xx v 6 9
. . . . .

1 46 11 49 1 99
v iii 3 4 xv 2 xx v 1 2 — 8
. . . . . .
,

1 45 1 1 1 89 I 1 1 5
v iii — xv 2 —7 xx v 9—xx v i
. . .
, . . .

1 42 1 1 1 1 1 06
v iii 5 ix xv 1 3 xx v 9—xxx v
. . . . . .

1 2 8 1 51 1 1 72 1 1 1 5
v iii x v 3— 6 xx v 2 6
. . . . . . . .

2 1 11 1 34 1 1 11 4,
2 III 1 09 1 141
xv 6 xx v i
. . . . . . .

ix 1 8, 22 1 56 1 11 79, V 38 , 1 96 1 1 1 1

xx v i 3
. . . . . . .
,

x 1 34 VI 56, VII 1 72
xx v i 8 1 9 6 IV
. . . . .

x -
xi 9 1 15 1 92 1 14
xx v i 2 1 1 2 5 VI
. . . . . . .
,

x -
xi 10 1 57 VI 2 08 1 1 39
xx v i 1 3
. . . . . . .
,

x 0 1 84 1 1 73 V II 2 7
xx v i 7
. . ° . .

x 1 1 1 5 9 60 11 157 II 1 170
xx v i 2 6
. . . . .

x 4 1 111 88 I 73 1 97
xx v ii —
. . . .

x 6 1 38 V 11 67 xx m 9 1 v 115
xx v ii 2 7
. . . . . .

x 7 1 18 V 11 1 06 1 92 1 1 12

xx v ii 2 8
. . .
, . .

x 2 1 1 59 111 31 IV 3 . 33 11 1 1 37
xx v ii 2 9
. . . . . .
,

x 25 1 59 I 98 1 1 12 1 1 8
xx v ii 3 6
. .
. . .
,

xi 2 1 61 1 1 10

xx v ii 43
. . . .

xi 3 . 1 . 62 1 . .
75
2 30 I n dex to S cr ip tu r e Tex ts .

v ii 9 II 64 x ii 46 11 81 X VII 8 IV 72
v ii x v ii
.

—7
. . . . .

1 0, 1 2 11 60 xiii 1 11 82 9 III 1 03 , VI 1 33
v ii x v ii
. . . . . . .

13, 14 II 59, 60 mm 5 1 1 02 13 11 82 , III 1 03

v ii x v ii
. . . . . .

19 11 71 xiii 7 14 11 101

v ii x v ii
. . . . .

22 115 9 , 60 xiii 1 Iv
0 5 15 II 1 03

v ii x v ii
. . . . . .

2 5 11 70 xiii 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 6 II 101 1 03

v iii x v iii
. . . . . .
,

3, 9, I4 11 72 xiii 5 1 II 5 9 II 42 88
v iii 1 1 5 9— x v iii
. . . . . .
,

15 61 xiii 7 1 11 84 1 1 11 13
v iii — xiii 7 —xi v x v iii —
. . . . . .

19 II 59 61 , 73 1 11 23 1 7 11 58
v iii x v iii
. . . . . . .

20 11 74 xiii 8 1 II 84 4 II 43
v iii x v iii
. . . . . .

22 23 11 69 , 7 3 xiii 9 1 11 83 1 1 1 8 II 1 04
v iii x v iii
. . . . . .
, ,

2 5, 2 8 11 29 xiii 2 1 1 1 84 9 1 1 20 VI 77
v iii — xi v 2 —4 x v iii
. . . .
, . .

32 II
59 61 11 84 2 1 II 1 04 , 1 45
v iii xi v 4
. . . . . .

62 11 II 59 76
—
53 v1
xi v 5 xv
. . . . .

ix 7 II59 6 1 11 84 11 1 22 VI 76
xi v 7 x v iii
. . . . . .

ix 1 0, 1 1 11 74 V 34 1 23 II 43
xi v 8 x v iii
. . . . . .

ix 12 1 1 5 9 , 60 II 5 9 25 II 1 45
xi v 3
. . . . . .

ix 14 II 63, 70 , 74 1 I I I 63 xix 111 1 2 5

— xi v 5 III 6 7 VI 3 5
. . . . . .

ix 1 5 18 11 75 1 1 x ix xx 1 7 -
II 1 05
xi v 6 x ix —xxi v 1
. . . .
. , . .

ix 20 II61 , 75 1 VI 9 7 II 2 3 1
xi v 7
. . . . . .

ix 2 1 11 61 1 II 59 xix 1
xi v 9 2 0
. . . . .

ix 27 11 6 1 , 7 5 1 11 84 xix 5 11 5 7 08 1
xi v 2 3—3
. . . .
.
, .
,

ix 28 11 61 VII 5 6 1 1 xix 6 1 1 1 0 8 1v 3
xi v 2 4
. . . . . . .
,

ix 30 11 75 VI 84 V 89
xi v 2 5
. . . . .

ix xix 9 V 9
’

3 1 , 32 II 70 11 1 1 2 3 1
xi v 2 7
. . . . . .

ix 11 59 61
-
II 8 7 xix 2 I I 07
—
34 1 1
xv
. . . . . .

ix 35 II 59 61 1 1 2 3 IV 1 7 6 xix 6 II 0 7 III 6 01 1
x v 1 —2 1
. . . .
.
, . .
, .

x 1 II 59 11 23 xix 8 111 7 10
x v 2 —5
. . . . . .

x 2 II 63 11 88 xix 9 III1 60
x v 6—0
. . . . . .

x IO, 1 1 I6, 1 7, 11 1 88 xix 2 4 11 1 1 1

xv 1 —8
. . .
.
, .

11 76 1 11 1 88 xx 1
xv 1
. . . .

x 20 27 11 59 1 V 93 xx 2 II 1 1 11 2 1 1 10
xv 4
. . . . .
.
, , .

x 28 29 II 77 1 11 75 xx 3 VI 23
x v 4—1 6 1 1 1 1 3 6 5
. . . . . .
,

xi 1 11 69 1 1 1 xx 4 5 V 155 -

xi 1 — xv 2 0
. .
. .
, , . .

4
. 11 .
77 . IV 2 43 1 00 .
, , xx 8. II 30 .

xi 0 1 11 59 VII 8 5 1 xx 8 11 0 8 1 1 1 60
1 1
xv 2 xx 8—xxi v 2 1 1 4
. . . . . .
,

xii II 25 1 11 85 1 1 1 1 1
xv 2 2
. . .

xii —xiii 1 6
. . . .

11 23 II 8 9 90 5 7 1 xx 1 9 II 8 10
xii x v 2 1 x v 2 2 —xv 7
. . . .
. .
, , .

II 78 11 23 u xx 2 0 II 4 1 1
xv 2 5
. . . . . .

xii — 4
.
, .

1 1 11 81 1 1 9 3 VI 5 10 xx 2 V 9 1 1
xv i
. . . . .
.
, .

xii 3 xx 2 2 II 5
.

54 111 1 7 3 11 89 1 1
xv i
. . .
.
, . . .

xii 5 11 79 1I I 94 xx 2 4 VI 5 4 1
xv i 4
. . . . . .

xii 6 II 7 9 , V II 1 2 7 II 9 5 9 8 xx 2 6 11 6 1 1
x v i 6—8 xxi —x x m 2
. . . . . .
, .

xii 8 V II 1 2 7 V1 7 10 II 6 1 1 1
xv i 9
. . . . . .

xii 1 1 1 11 1 9 0 I I 95 xx i 1 II 1 1 5
—
. . . . . .

xii 2 1 II
68, 8 1 x vi IO 11 84 , 9 5 xxi 2 6 11 1 1 6
xvi 8 —
. . . . . .

xii 3 1 11 37 1 II
97 xxi 7 11
xv i 2 0
. . . . .

xii 5 1 II 1 18 11 98 xxi 12 V 59
xii 5 —2 0 xv i 2 2 —1 4
. . . . . .

1 11 81 II
29 xxi 12 11 1 1 6
xv i 2 3 —
. . . . . .

xii 2 11 1 2 8, III 120 II

97 xxi 1 5 17 11 1 16
xii 2 —2 7 xv i 3 8—
. . . . . . .

1 11 81 1 II
96 xxi 1 27 11 1 17
x v ii
. . . . . .

xii 2 3 II 79 11 98 xxi 2 4 11 1 15
xv ii 8 xv 2 8—
. . . . . .

xii 2 7 2 8 11 81 -
1 11 11 23 xxi 32 11 1 17
x v ii
. . . . . .
, .

xii 3 2 11 82 V I 1 33 xxi 32 I 1 47
x v ii 6
. . . . . .

xii 3 5 3 6 VI 161 11 1 86 , 1 8 7 xxi 33 36

-
11 1 17
1—
. . . .
, . .

xii 3 7 . 11 . 82 III . 172 xxii .

4 11 . 1 1
7
 I n dex to Scr ib tu re Tex ts . 2 3 1

xx u 4 11 1 18 xxx 1 2 11 3 5 VII 2 7 xxx v 3 II

xxx 2 —1 7
. . .
, .
1 35
xxx v 2 1
. . .

xxii 5 1 1 8 1 11 25 1 VII 27
xxx v 2 9
. . . .
.

xxii 11 6 xxx 3 VI I 2 7
xxii —
1 1 7 1 11 1 35
xxx v i 5 —7
. . . . .
.

11 6 9 1 1 8 xxx 4 1 5 1 II 7 5 1 11
xxii 7 —5
1 35
xxx 1 7 —2
. .
,

xxx v iii 8
. . . .

11 1 1 17 11 75 1 1 IV
xxii 1 —2
1 1
xxx v iii 2 6
. . . . . .

11 0 1 1 1 8 xxx 8
. 1 II 75 . 1 11 1 35 , 1 45
xxii 3— 9
. . . .

. 11
1 1 . 1 18 xxx 2 3
. IV 4 . 1 xxxix 4 3 . 11 . 1 35
xxii 6 7 11
1 1 1 17 xxx 2 7 VII 7 8 XI 11 2 3
xl
. . . .
, .
.

xxii 8 1 1 7 V I xxx 2 8 VI 5 3
xxii 8—
1 1 1 201 2
xxx 34—38
. . . .
.
, .

30 11 1 1 7
1 1 1 8 11 25 1 XI 2 0 II 1 1 1
xl
.
. . , . .
.

xxii 2 9 II 12 4 xxx 11 11 3 1 2 8 II 1 36
xxxii —xxxi v
.

xxiii —3
. . . . .

11 1 1 18 II 2 3 x1 34 11 84 , 1 37 , V
xxiii 1 3—9
90
xxxii —6
. . . . . . . .

. 11 1 . 1 16 . 11 25 1 . 1 x1 35 . 11 . 1 37 , V .
90
xxiii 1 5 . IV .
5 xxxii 4 1 1 .
37 . 1
xxiii 7 . VI I 1 .
45 xxxii 5 . II 12 6 .
L E VI TI C US
xxiii 9 VII xxxii 6 .

xxiii 2 0—
1 1 31
xxxii 7 —8
. . .

23 . 11 . 1 19 . 11 1 2 7 . i .
3 III . 1 61
xxiii 2 6 VII 172 xxxii 1 0 II 12 7 1 4, 5 , 6 VII 6
xxxii 1 —1 4 1 1 1 2 7 2 8
. . . . . . 12
xxiii 2 7 . 111 .
51 . 1 . 1 i .
5 11. 1 4 1
xxiii 2 8 11 1 1 02 xxxii 5 6 11 1 2 1 1 1 i 9 IV 2
xxiii 2 8—30
9
—
v—ii
. . .
.
, . .

111 86 xxxii 9 II 2 8 1 1 i 11
xxxii 2 —2 4
1 39
xv1
. . . . . .

xxiii 2 9 . 111 . 1 06 . 11 27 1 . 1 i . . II . 1 38
xxiii 3 2 111 77 xxxii 2 5 II 1 2 9 ii 1 2 V 102
xxi v
. . . .
.
, .

II 115 xxxii 2 7 11 1 2 8 ii 2 IV 175

xxi v 3
. . . . . .

11 1 19 xxxii 3 I I 30 8 0 1 1 1 ii 13 V 1 60
xxi v 3—8
. . .
.
, . .

V 1 65 III 7 2 1 iii 3 5
-
IV 1 1
xxi v 7 iv
. . . . .

11 1 19 xxx 32 35
11 II 13 0 4, 7 VII 126
xxi v 9— iv
. .
. .
, . .

[1 1 1 1 120 xxxiii II 3 1 0 VI
xxxiii —
13
52
xxi v 1 2 — xxxi v 9 V I 2 6 iv
. . . . . .

x x xi II 2 3 1 4, 1 5 , 1 8, 2 4 , 30
xxi v 2 —xxxiii 1 1
. . . . . . .

1 12 1 xxxiii &c I 02 1 1 V II 126

xxi v 4 v
. . . .
. .
, .

II 1 1 02 xxxiii 1 1 1 30 9 v 11 126
xxi v 7 II 1 2 5 v 1
:
. . . . .

1 1 66 xxxiii 7 II 13 1 v
i 5 IV 22
xx v 1 8 xxxiii 4—1 5 1 1 1 9 3
. . .
. .
, . .

11 -
122 1 1 1 1 v
i 12 13 VII 91
xx v 8
. . .
. .
, , .

V 78 xxxiii 6 II 3 1 1 1 VI 22 IV 29
xx v 9 vi 5 9
. . .
. . .

11 xxxiii 7 II 68 2 -
28
xx v —
122 1 1 2 v 11
v ii
. . . . .
.

22 10 11 12 3 xxxiii 8 1 11 1 3 2 33 1 1 6 1 1 1 VII 126

xx v 5 v ii 3 3 4
. . .
. . , , .

1 V 82 xxxiii 9 II 1 3 2 6 8 1 1 0, IV 1 1
xx v 1 6 v iii
. .
. . .
, .

11 1 1 1 xxxiii 2 0 VI 2 8 2 II
91
xx v 2 3—
. . .
. . , .

VII 1 7 2 mm
v iii —
40 11 12 3 10 Iv 41
xx v i
. . . .
.

11 12 4 v1 2 8 ix Io I 11 1 5 3
xx v i v iii 6
. . . . . .

II 1 49 IV 1 I 79 II 1
33 2 11 91
xx v i 6 7 1 4
. . . .
.
, .

II 1 49 II 1 33 v1 1
1— 31 II99
xx v ii —9
. .
.
, , .

11 1 1 124 111 1 33 , V 1 11 X 1 1 1 39
xx v ii 2 9
. . . . .
,

IV 77 IV 1 5 3, VI 2 8 ix II
1 40
xx v iii xxxi v
. . . . . .

II 12 4 9 11 1 34 ix 4 II 91
xx v iii xxxi v —1 6
. . . . . .

II 10 15 1
‘

1 1 II 1 34 ix 24 V 95 , 1 41 , V I 1 9
xx v iii 5 —2
. . . . . . .

11 1 1 15 1 V 1 09 x 1 1 1 1 40
xx v iii 3 xxxi v 1 2 —
. . . . .

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.
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. . . . . .

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. . . . . .

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, . . .

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. . . . . .

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xx v ii 2
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, . . .

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xx v iii 5 —2 5
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xiii —5
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. . . .
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,

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. . .
. .
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iv xx v iii 6 4—
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v 9
. . . . . .

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v 3—5
.

xxx —5
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1 V
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v 4
. . . . .
.

xxxi 2 4 V II 1 83 1 I II 59 mi 111 89
v 5
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vi
. . . . .

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vi
. . .

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. . .

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vi 8
. . . . . .

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vi 9
. . . . . .

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vi 7
. . . . . .

xxxii 1 1 II 1 08 1 111 61 xii 16 1 11 64

vi 8
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vi 4
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vi 7
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, . . .

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. .
, .

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iv x v 49
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0
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xvi 111 90 xx 111 12 1 11 86 i ii 31 I II 1 1 4, 1 1 9

xvi iv
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xvi xxi v iv
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. . . . . .

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xxi v vi — 5
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vi
. . .

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.

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vi
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. .
. .
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xix VI 88
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. . . .

xix 44 IV 171 V 1 67 i 10 1 111 1 15 1 36

v ii
. . . .
, . .
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xix 49 III 92 i 1 1 IV 1 38
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v iii
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5 1
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5 xi v 4 6
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ix 2 1 V 1 15 xiii 1 6 90 IV
v
. . .

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IV 5 8 x v iii 5 6
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x 2 I 1 4 1 IV 38 xiii 2 2 95 IV
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, . .
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x 3 xiii 2 3 III 10 1 69 , Iv 4 5 ,
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. . . .

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x 7 IV 59 3 IV 1 1 1 1 40 V
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x 8 I II 76 IV 46 , 5 9 , 5 2 1 98 IV
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. .

—7
. . . .
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60 1 8 IV 68 xix 2 1 09 IV
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LO N DO N K N IG H T , P IR NT R E , M I DDLE S TR T EE , A LDER SG AT E . B C.
.