NAME USMAN HASSAN

REGISTRATION NUMBER 2022-ME-115

DEPARTMENT MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT FM-LAB

ASSIGNED BY

EXPERIMENT 1

REPORT ON HYDRAULIC BENCH

OBJECTIVE:
To provide a controlled environment for conducting
experiments and tests related to fluid mechanics and hydraulic
engineering.
Apparatus:
 Hydraulic bench
 Volumetric tank with a calibrated scale
 Stopwatch or timer

PURPOSE OF HYDRAULIC BENCH:

The purpose of a hydraulic bench is to provide a
versatile and controlled platform for conducting experiments, tests, and
measurements related to fluid mechanics, hydraulics, and fluid
dynamics. Hydraulic benches are commonly used in laboratories,
educational institutions, and research facilities for several purposes,
including:

1. Teaching and Education: Hydraulic benches are essential tools for

teaching fluid mechanics and hydraulics to students in engineering and
science programs. They offer a hands-on approach, allowing students to
apply theoretical knowledge to practical experiments and gain a better
understanding of fundamental principles.

2. Experimental Studies: Hydraulic benches enable researchers and

students to conduct a wide range of experiments to explore and analyze
fluid behavior in controlled settings. These experiments can involve
fluid flow, pressure measurements, velocity measurements, and various
hydraulic phenomena.
3. Performance Testing: Hydraulic benches are used to evaluate the
performance of hydraulic components such as pumps, turbines, valves,
and pipes. Engineers can determine efficiency, flow rates, pressure
losses, and other critical parameters to assess the performance and
quality of these components.

4. Flow Rate Measurement: The hydraulic bench typically includes

various flow rate measurement devices such as orifices, venturis, and
rotameters, allowing users to accurately measure and study fluid flow
rates in different configurations.

5. Pressure Measurement: Pressure gauges and transducers integrated

into hydraulic benches enable users to measure and analyze fluid
pressures at various points within a hydraulic system. This is essential
for understanding pressure changes and losses in pipelines and
components.

Parts of Hydraulic Bench:

A hydraulic bench typically consists of
various components and instruments that allow for the study of fluid
mechanics and hydraulics. The specific configuration may vary
depending on the manufacturer and the intended use, but here are the
common parts and components you can find in a hydraulic bench:
 Water Reservoir: This is a tank or container that holds the water
used in the experiments. It serves as the source of water for the
hydraulic system.
 Centrifugal Pump: The pump is responsible for circulating water
from the reservoir to other parts of the system. It generates the
necessary flow and pressure for experiments.
 Control Valves: Control valves, including throttle valves and gate
valves, are used to regulate the flow rate and control the direction
of water within the system. These valves are essential for
adjusting experimental conditions.
 Flow Measurement Devices: Hydraulic benches often include
flow meters or flow measurement devices like rotameters or
venturi meters. These instruments are used to measure the flow
rate of water through the system.
 Pressure Measurement Instruments: Pressure gauges,
manometers, or pressure transducers are used to measure the
pressure of the fluid at various points within the hydraulic system.

APPARATUS:
Procedure:
 Setup: Ensure that the hydraulic bench is properly set up and all
components are functioning correctly. Fill the sump tank with
water.
 Calibrate the Volumetric Tank: Make sure the volumetric tank is
calibrated. This means you should know the volume of water
corresponding to each unit of measurement on the tank's scale.
 Position the Volumetric Tank: Place the volumetric tank in a
way that it can receive water discharged from the hydraulic bench.
Ensure that the tank is level to obtain accurate measurements.
 Valve Adjustment: Set the hydraulic bench control valve(s) to the
desired flow rate. You may need to consult your experimental
setup or lab manual to determine the required flow rate for your
specific experiment.
 Start the Experiment: Begin the experiment by activating the
hydraulic bench, causing water to flow into the volumetric tank.
 Measure Time: As the water flows into the volumetric tank, start
a stopwatch or timer to measure the time it takes for a certain
volume of water to accumulate. For example, you might measure
how long it takes for the water to reach a specific point on the
calibrated scale.
 Stop Timing: Stop the timer when the desired volume of water has
been collected in the volumetric tank.
 Record Data: Record the calculated volume flow rate. Make sure
to note any relevant experimental conditions and settings.
 Repeat: If your experiment requires multiple data points or trials,
repeat the process with different valve settings or flow rates.
 Cleanup: After completing the experiment, turn off the hydraulic
bench, and properly dispose of the water in the volumetric tank or
return it to the sump tank. Ensure that the equipment is cleaned and
stored correctly.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Observations Volume (L) Time (s) Volume Flow

Rate (m3/s)

1 5 19.60 2.55 x 10-4

2 5 17.42 2.87 x 10-4

3 5 18.37 2.72x 10-4

APPLICATIONS:
Hydraulic benches are versatile pieces of
equipment with numerous applications in the field of fluid mechanics,
hydraulics, and related engineering disciplines. Here are some
common applications of hydraulic benches:

1. Fluid Flow Studies:

Hydraulic benches are used to study the
behavior of fluids, both liquids and gases, as they flow through
various components such as pipes, channels, and nozzles.

2. Pressure Loss Analysis:

They are used to measure pressure drops
and losses in pipelines, valves, fittings, and other hydraulic
components.
3. Flow Rate Measurement:
 Hydraulic benches often include flow
measurement devices like orifices, venturis, and rotameters.
4. Pump Performance Testing:
Hydraulic benches can assess the
performance of pumps by measuring parameters like flow rate,
pressure, and power consumption.
5. Turbine Testing:
They are used to evaluate the performance of
hydraulic turbines. By varying flow rates and head levels, engineers
can assess turbine efficiency and generate performance curves.
 EXPERIMENT 2

EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF
BERNOULLI’s EQUATIONS

OBJECTIVE:
To validate this fundamental principle of fluid
dynamics by conducting experiments that demonstrate the relationship
between fluid pressure, velocity, and elevation along a streamline.

Apparatus:
The following equipment is required to complete the
demonstration of the Bernoulli equation experiment:
• hydraulics bench.
• Bernoulli’s apparatus test equipment, and
• A stopwatch for timing the flow measurement.

PROCEDURE:
The Bernoulli's equation is a fundamental principle in
fluid dynamics that describes the behavior of an ideal fluid as it flows
along a streamline. It relates the pressure, velocity, and height of a fluid
at any two points in a steady, incompressible flow. The equation is
named after Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli.
 Here's a step-by-step procedure to use Bernoulli's equation:
 First of all, synchronize the hydraulic bench with the Bernoulli’s
equation.
 Turn on the switch and open the bench valve gradually.
 Before performing the experiment, measure the areas at various
point of the duct having non-uniform cross section.
 Using the hydraulic bench, measure the volumetric flow rate of
water by noting the time for specific amount of water (say 5 liters).
 From the values of area and volumetric flow rate at various points
along the duct, the velocity v of the fluid at various points can be
determined. The dynamic head will be .
 Before measuring the static head, remove the bubbles from the
tubes used to measure the head by opening the valve and allowing
the water to flow through it.
 When the bubbles are removed, turn off the valve and stops the
flow at any value of head.
 From the apparatus, measure the values of static head h at point 1,
2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 directly from the scale installed on the Bernoulli’s
apparatus.
Observations:
Observation Distances Area(10-6) Static Velocity Dynamic Total
s of duct (m2) Head (ms-1) Head (m) Head
(m) (m) (10-3) (m)
h1 0 490.9 0.240 0.148 1.11 0.2411

h2 0.0603 151.7 0.230 0.478 11.64 0.24164

h3 0.0687 109.4 0.215 0.664 22.47 0.2374

h4 0.0732 89.9 0.205 0.81 33.28 0.238

h5 0.0811 78.5 0.185 0.92 43.61 0.22681

No. of Distances Area(10- Static Velocity Dynamic Head (m) Total
6 -1
observation of duct ) Head (ms ) (10-3) Head
s (m) (m2) (m) (m)
h1 0 490.9 0.250 0.1711 1.49 0.2514

h2 0.0603 151.7 0.235 0.553 15.60 0.2506

h3 0.0687 109.4 0.225 0.767 30.01 0.2550

h4 0.0732 89.9 0.210 0.934 44.50 0.2545

h5 0.0811 78.5 0.185 1.07 58.41 0.2434

Head
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
Flowrate Head
0.24
0.23
0.000041 0.237
0.22 0.000073 0.2475
0.21 0.000076 0.255
0.00003 0.00004 0.00005 0.00006 0.00007 0.00008 0.00009 0.0001 0.00011 0.00012
0.000082 0.26
0.000114 0.283

APPLICATIONS:
 The Bernoulli's equation is a fundamental
principle in fluid dynamics and has a wide range of practical
applications in various fields. Here are some common applications of
Bernoulli's equation:

1. Aerodynamics:
Bernoulli's equation is extensively used in the study of
airfoil and wing designs for aircraft and the lift generation principle. It
helps explain how the difference in air pressure above and below the
wing creates lift, allowing airplanes to fly.

2. Pitot Tubes:
Pitot tubes use Bernoulli's equation to measure the velocity
of a fluid, such as air or water. They are commonly used in aircraft to
measure airspeed and in fluid mechanics experiments to measure fluid
velocity in pipes.

3. Venturi Meters:
Venturi meters utilize the principle of Bernoulli's
equation to measure the flow rate of fluids in pipes. They are widely
used in industries like water supply, oil, and gas to determine fluid flow
rates accurately.

4. Carburetors and Fuel Injection:

Bernoulli's equation plays a role in
the design of carburetors and fuel injection systems in internal
combustion engines. It helps control the mixture of air and fuel for
efficient combustion.
5. Spray Nozzles:
In applications such as agriculture and industrial
processes, spray nozzles use Bernoulli's equation to control the pressure
and velocity of a fluid to achieve a desired spray pattern.

6. Blood Flow:
Bernoulli's equation is used in the field of medicine to
understand blood flow in arteries and veins. It helps explain how blood
pressure and velocity change as blood flows through vessels of varying
diameters.

7. Weather and Meteorology:

Bernoulli's equation is used to explain and
predict weather phenomena, such as the formation of clouds and wind
patterns, by considering the movement of air masses with varying
velocities and pressures.