Introduc)on to Lab Equipment and verifica)on of basic logic gates

Equipment’s :
• Trainer/proto board
• Wire cu1er/stripper
• Voltmeter
• Patch cords
• Integrated Circuits (ICs) represen=ng different logic gates: AND gate (IC 7408), OR gate (IC
7432), NOT gate (IC 7404), NAND gate (IC 7400), NOR gate (IC 7402), XOR gate (IC 7486).
Theory:
Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of digital circuits, responsible for performing logical
opera6ons on binary inputs to produce a binary output. They are based on Boolean algebra, which deals
with variables that can take on two values: true (1) or false (0).

Explana'on of Different Types of Logic Gates:

1. AND Gate: The AND gate performs logical mul=plica=on, where the output is high (1) only
if all input signals are high (1).
• Performs logical mul=plica=on (AND func=on).
• Output is high only when all inputs are high.
• Output is low if any input is low.
• Its truth table is as follows:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

2. OR Gate: The OR gate performs logical addi=on, where the output is high (1) if any input
signal is high (1).

• Performs logical addi=on (OR func=on).

• Output is high if any input is high.

• Output is low only when all inputs are low.

• Its truth table is as follows:

 Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

3. NOT Gate (Inverter): The NOT gate, also known as an inverter, produces the
complement of its input signal.

• Also known as an inverter.

• Output is the opposite of the input.

• High input results in low output, and vice versa.

• Its truth table is as follows:

Input A Output
0 1
1 0

4. NAND Gate: The NAND gate is a combina=on of an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It
produces the complement of the AND opera=on.

• Combina=on of AND and NOT gates.

• Output is low only when all inputs are high.

• Output is high for any other combina=on of inputs.

• Its truth table is as follows:

Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

5. NOR Gate: The NOR gate is a combina=on of an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. It
produces the complement of the OR opera=on.
• Combina=on of OR and NOT gates.
• Output is high only when all inputs are low.
• Output is low if any input is high.
 • Its truth table is as follows:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

6. XOR Gate: The XOR gate, or exclusive OR gate, produces a high output (1) only if the
number of high inputs is odd.

• Exclusive OR gate.

• Output is high if inputs are different.

• Output is low if inputs are the same.

• Its truth table is as follows:

Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
These logic gates form the basis of digital circuit design and are essen=al components in the field
of electrical engineering.

Logic gates are fundamental components in digital electronics, each with specific logical
func=ons. They have one or more inputs and a single output.

Procedure:
1. Prepara:on: We Placed the required ICs on the breadboard, ensuring they are seated
firmly.

2. Power Connec:on: Then we Connected Vcc (5V) to pin 14 and Ground to pin 7 of each
IC.

3. Circuit Setup: Connected inputs and outputs of the gates to switches and LEDs
according to the given pin layout of the ICs.

4. Switch On: Ac=vated the circuit and complete the truth tables by observing input and
output voltages using a voltmeter.

5. Data Collec:on: then Record input and output voltages for different switch posi=ons
to complete the truth tables.
 6. Repeat: and Repeat the steps for each type of logic gate (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR,
XOR).
7.

Results:
• Comple=on of truth tables for each logic gate, showing the rela=onship between input
and output voltages.
• Observa=on of logic gate behavior in response to different input combina=ons.

Conclusion:
• Successful verifica=on of truth tables for various logic gates using integrated circuits.
• Consolida=on of understanding regarding the behavior and opera=on of basic logic gates.
• Prac=cal applica=on of theore=cal knowledge in construc=ng and tes=ng logic circuits.
This structured approach allowed for hands-on learning and reinforced theore=cal concepts
related to logic gates and their opera=ons.

THE END