SOLUTIONS TO

VTU QUESTIONS

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

PREPARED BY

PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

SUSHMITA DESAI
 Problem 1 - Solution
1. A square prism 35mm sides of base and 60mm axis length rests on HP on
one of its edges of the base. Draw the(p‘)projections
s‘ of the prism
p' when S' the
(p‘) s‘ (o1‘) (q‘) r‘
axis is inclined to HP at 45° and an edge of(o1the
‘) base inclined to(oVP
1
‘) at 30°.
(q‘) r‘
(q‘) r'

60 a' d‘
(a‘)d‘
450 o2‘
(o2‘ )
VP
X y
(a‘) d‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘) c‘ (b‘) c‘ b' c'
HP q

p (a) q (b) p q o1 r
a (b) p
300

35 (b) s
o1(o2) (o2) o1

a
s (d) r (c) d (c) s r (o2) (c)

Rests on edge – HP
“Edge condition” Axis - 45° HP Base edged - 30° VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 2 - Solution
2. A square prism 35mm sides of basep'and 60mm axis length rests p' on HP on

one of its corners of the base such that the two base edges containing the
p‘ corner
(o1‘)on
s‘ (q‘) s' (q‘)
which r‘it rests make equal inclinations with HP. (o1‘) the s'
(q‘) Draw
projections of the prism when the axis is inclined a' to HP at 40° and
a'
appears to be inclined to VP at 45°.
r'
60 d' (b‘) r'
o2‘
b' d'
VP
400
X Y
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘ c' c'
q
HP q (b) b 450
q

r (c) o1
o1 (o2) (o2) p o1 r b
p (a) (c)
a (c) p
s

(o2)
35
Corners (d)
– HP d s a
“Corner condition” Axis - 40° HP Axis - 45° VP -dapparent

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 3 - Solution
p'
3. A square prism 35mm sides of basep' and 60mm axis length rests on HP on
one of its corners of the base such that the two base edges containing
p‘ (o1‘) s‘ (q‘)on which
the corner r‘ it rests make equals'inclinations
(q‘) with (q‘) (o1‘) the s'
HP. Draw
projections of the prism when the axis is inclined a' to HP at 40° and
a'
inclined to VP at 30°.
r'
60 r'
d' (b‘)
b' o2‘ d'
VP
400
X Y
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘ c' c' q
β 300
HP q (b) b q
r

o1
r (c) b
o1 (o2) (o2) p o1 r (c)
p (a) p
a (c) s
locu
(o2) s

35 a
Corners (d)
– HP d s Axis
“Corner condition” Axis - 40° HP –d locus method
Axis - 30° VPTL

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 4 - Solution
4. A square prism 35mm sides of base and 60mm axis length rests on HP on
one of its edges of the base. Draw the(p‘)projections
s‘ of the prism
p' when
s' the
(p‘) s‘ (o1‘) (q‘) r‘
axis is inclined to HP at 45° and to VP at 30°.
(o1‘)
(o1‘)
(q‘) r‘
(q‘) r'
60 a' d‘
(a‘)d‘
o2‘
0
(o2‘ ) 45
VP
X Y
(a‘) d‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘) c‘ (b‘) c‘ b' c' q
HP
β 300

p
p (a) q (b) a (b) p q o1
(b)
r
35 a
o1(o2) (o2) o1
(o2) s
locus
s (d) r (c) d (c) s r (c)

d
Axis
“Edge – HP” Axis - 45° HP Axis - 30°TL
VP – locus

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 5 - Solution
5. A pentagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on
p‘ p'
HP on one of its edges of the base which is inclined to VP at 30°. Draw
(q‘) t‘
the p‘projections of the prism when the axis
(q‘) t‘ (o1‘) (r‘)s‘ is inclined to HP
q' at 40°. t'
(o1‘) (o1')

(r‘)s‘
a' (r‘) s'
60 a‘

(b‘)e‘ b‘ e'
(o2‘) o2'
VP 0
X 40 Y
HP a‘ (b‘)e‘ (o2‘ ) (c‘)d‘ (c‘)d‘ c' d'

q r
q (b) b q s
r (c)
300 o1
(c)
r

p (a) a p (c) p t
o1 (o2) (o2) o1
b (d)
s (d) (d) s (o2)
25 e t
t (e)
a e

Edge on HP Axis 40° to HP Base edge 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 6 - Solution
6. A pentagonal prism 25 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on
HP on one of its edges of the base.p‘Draw the projections p'of the prism
(q‘) t‘
when
p‘ the
(q‘) t‘ axis
(o1‘) is inclined to HP at 40° and
(r‘)s‘ VP at 30°. (o ')
t'
(o1‘) (q‘) 1

(r‘)s‘
s'
a' (r‘)
60 a‘

(b‘)e‘ b‘ e'
(o2‘) o2'
VP 0
X 40 Y
a‘ (b‘)e‘ (o2‘ ) (c‘)d‘ (c‘)d‘ c' d'
HP
r β 30
0
q
q (b) b q
r (c) (c)
r s
(c) o1
p b
p (a) a p
o1 (o2) (o2) o1
t
(d) s (o2) (d) locu
s (d)
25 s
t (e) e t a

e Axis
TL
Edge on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 7 - Solution
7. A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on
(p‘)t‘ p' t'
HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two base edges
containing
(p‘)t‘ (o1‘) the
(q‘)s‘ corner
r‘ on which it rests make
(o1‘) equal inclinations(owith ’) HP.
1
Draw the projections of the prism when the (q‘)s‘ axis is inclined to HP ats' 40°
(q‘)
and appears to be inclined to VP at 45°. r‘
r'
(a‘) e‘
50 a' e'

(o2‘ ) o2’
(b‘)d‘ d'
VP b'
X 400 Y
HP (a‘) e‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘)d‘ c‘ c‘ c' 450
q
q (b) b r
q
p (a) a p p
b o
r (c) (c) r s
2 1
o1 (o2) (o2) o
5 (c) t
1
t (e) e t a (o2)
s (d) d s
d
e

Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis appears - 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 8 - Solution
8. A pentagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on
p' t'
(p‘)t‘
HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two base edges
containing
(p‘)t‘ (o1‘) the
(q‘)s‘ corner
r‘ on which it rests make
(o1‘) equal inclinations(owith ’) HP.
1
Draw the projections of the prism when the (q‘)s‘ axis is inclined to HP at s'40 °
(q‘)
and VP at 30°. r‘
r'
(a‘) e‘
50 a' e'
(o2‘ )
o2’
(b‘)d‘ b' d'
VP
X 400 Y
HP (a‘) e‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘)d‘ c‘ c‘ c'
q 300
q (b) b r
q
p (a) a p p
b o
r (c) (c) r s
1
2 o1 (o2) (o2) o
5 (c) t
1 locu
t (e) e t a (o2) s
s (d) d s
d
e Axis
TL
Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 9 - Solution
9. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base u‘(p‘) and 50mm axis length p' rests
u' on
(o1‘)
HP on one
u‘(p‘) t‘(q‘) of its
s‘(r‘)edges. Draw the projections
(o1‘) of the prism when the axis
t‘(q‘)
is inclined to HP at 45 ° and appears to be inclined to VP at 40°.(q‘) (o1‘) t'
s‘(r‘) a' (r‘)
f' s'
f‘(a‘)
50
(o2‘ )
e‘ (b‘) o2‘
VP b' e'
(o2‘ ) 450
X Y
f‘(a‘) e‘ (b‘) d‘(c‘) d‘(c‘) c' d'
q 400
HP r

q (b) b p
q
p (a) r (c) a (c) p b o1 s
r (c)
o1 (o2) (o2)
25 o1 u t
a
s (d) (o2) (d)
(d) u s
u (f) f

t (e) e t f e

Edge on HP Axis 45° to HP Axis appears 40° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 10 - Solution
u‘(p‘)
u' p'
10. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on
HP ont‘(q‘)
u‘(p‘) one (o1‘)of its (o1‘) the projections of the prism
s‘(r‘) edges of the base. Draw
t‘(q‘) (q‘) (o1‘) t'
when the axis is inclined to HP at 45° and to VP at 30°.
s‘(r‘) a' f' (r‘) s'
f‘(a‘)
50
(o2‘ )
e‘ (b‘) o2‘
VP b' e'
450
X Y
f‘(a‘) e‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) d‘(c‘) d‘(c‘) c' d'
q 300
HP r β
q (b) b p
q
p (a) r (c) a (c) p b (c) o1 s
r
o1 (o2) (o2) o1
25 u t locu
a
s (d) (o2) (d) s
f (d) u s
u (f)
t (e) e t f e Axis
TL
Edge on HP Axis 45° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 11 - Solution
p‘ p‘
11. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests on
u‘(q‘) q‘ u‘
HPu‘(q‘)
p‘ on (oone
1
‘) of
t‘(r‘) its
s‘ corners of the base such that the two base edges
(o1‘ )
containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP.
t‘(r‘) (o1‘)
Draw the projections of the prism when the axis ofa‘ the prism
(r‘) is inclined t’
a‘ (s’)
s‘ f‘
to HP at 40⁰ and appears to be inclined to VP at 45⁰.
50 f‘(b‘) b‘
(o2‘) o2‘
VP 400 e‘(c‘) c‘ e‘
X
a‘ f‘(b‘) (o2‘ ) e‘(c‘) d‘ d‘ d‘ y
HP r 450
q
s
q (b) r (c) b (c) q r
(c) o1
p
t
b
p (a) s (d) a (d) p (d)
s u
o1 (o2) (o2) o1
(o2)
2 (e)
5 (e) a
u (f) t (e) f u t
f
Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 12 - Solution p‘
p‘
12. A hexagonal prism 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis (q‘)
u‘(q‘)
length rests on
u‘
HPu‘(q‘)
p‘ on (oone
1
‘) of
t‘(r‘) its
s‘ corners of the base such that the two base edges
(o1‘ )
containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with (o1‘) HP.
t‘(r‘)
Draw the projections of the prism when the axis of a‘ the prism is inclined
(r‘)
t’
a‘ s‘ f‘
50
to HP at 40° and to VP at 30°. (s’)
f‘(b‘) b‘
o2‘
(o2‘)

VP 400 e‘(c‘) c‘ e‘
X
a‘ f‘(b‘) (o2‘ ) e‘(c‘) d‘ d‘ d‘ y
HP r 300
β
q
s
q (b) r (c) b (c) q r
(c) o1
p
t
p (a) b
s (d) a (d) p (d) locu
s u
o1 (o2) (o2) o1 s
(o2)
a
2 (e)
5 u (f) t (e) f (e) u t Axis
f
TL
Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 13 - Solution a' a'

13. A square prism 35 mm sides d' (b‘)

of base and 60 mm axis length is suspended
b' o2‘ d'
freely
p‘ from
(o1‘) s‘ (q‘) a corner
r‘
of its
(o2
‘ base.
) Draw the projections of the prism when
the axis appears to c'be inclined to VP at 45⁰.
c'
G
p'
p'
60 G
(q‘)
(o1‘)
(o1‘) s'
s' (q‘)
VP
X r' r' Y
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘ 450
q
HP q (b) b q p

b (o1)
o1 (o2) r (c) (r) a
p (a) (r)
c o2 (o1) p s
a

o2

35 c
scondition
(d) d s d
Corner Freely suspended Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 14 - Solution
14. A pentagonal prism 25mm sidesc‘ of base and 50mm axis c' length is
suspended freely from a corner of its(b‘)d‘ base. Draw the projections ofd' the
(o2’)
prism
(p‘)t‘ when the axis
(o1‘) (q‘)s‘ r‘ appears to be inclined
(o2‘) to VP at 45°.
(b‘)
(a‘) e‘
(a‘) e'
G r'
50 G r‘

(q‘)s‘ q‘ s'
(o1‘ ) o1 '
VP
X (p‘)t‘ p' t' Y
HP (a‘) e‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘)d‘ c‘
450
a
q (b) q b b
p (a) (p) a
e
r (c) r c (p) o2
2 o1 (o2) (o1) o2 q
5 c
e d
t (e) (t)
(t)
s (d) s d (o1)
r
s
Corner condition Freely suspended Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 15 - Solution a‘ a‘
15. A hexagonal prism 25mm f‘(b‘) sides of base and 50mm b‘ axis length
f‘ is
suspended freely from a corner (o2‘ ) o2‘
of its base. Draw the projections of the
u‘ t‘ e‘(c‘)
p‘ prism
(q‘) when
(o1‘) (r‘)the s‘
axis appears to be inclined to VP atc‘ 45°. e‘
d‘
d‘
(p’)
G
p‘ (q’) u‘
50 u‘ (q‘)
G (o1‘)
(o1‘)
r‘ t‘
t‘(r‘)
VP s‘ s‘
X
a‘ f‘ (o2‘ ) e‘ d‘ y
HP 0
(b‘) (c‘) q 45

(r) p
q (b) r (c) c b (r) q
b
(s) (o1)
p (a) s (d) d a (s) c a u
p
o1 (o2) o2 (o1)
o2 (t)
2
d f
5 e f (t) u
u (f) t (e)
e

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 16 - Solution
16. A square pyramid 35mm sides of base and 65mm axis length rests on HP
on one of (oits
1 edges of the base which is1 inclined to VP at 30°.1 Draw the
‘) (o ‘) o‘

projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 45°.

(a‘) d' a'
d'
65

(o2‘) o2‘
X VP 45 0
Y
(a‘) (b‘)
d‘ (o2‘ ) c‘ (b‘) c' b' c'
HP

a b a b

300
b o1
35 o1 (o2) (o2) o1

c
d c d c a (o2)

Edge on HP Axis 45° to HP Base edge 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 17 - Solution
17. A squareo1‘pyramid 35mm sides of base ando160mm ‘ axis length rests on
o1‘ HP
on one of its corners of the base such that the two base edges
a'
containing the corner
a' on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP.

60
Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis of the pyramid is
inclined to HP at 40⁰ and
d' (b‘)appears to be inclined to VP at 45⁰.
b' o2‘ d'
(o2‘ )
VP
400
X Y
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘ c' c'
HP b b 450

o1
o1 (o2) c b
a
a (o2) (c) (c)
o1

(o2)
35
d d a
d

Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 18 - Solution
o1 ‘ o1‘ on
18. A square pyramid
o1 ‘ of 35 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests
HP on one of its corners
a'
of the base such that two base
a' edges containing
the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the
60 projections of the pyramid when the axis of the pyramid is inclined to HP
b' d'
d' (b‘)
at 40⁰ and to VP at 30⁰. o2‘
(o2‘ )
VP
400
X Y
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘ c' c'
300
HP b b β

o1
b
o1 (o2) c
a (c)
a (o2) (c) o1
locu
(o2) s

35 a
d d
d Axis
TL

Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 19 - Solution
19. A square
(o1‘)pyramid 35 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on
HP on one of its edges of the base. Draw(othe
1
‘) projections of the pyramid
o1 ‘
when the axis is inclined to HP at 45⁰ and VP at 30⁰.

60 a' d‘
(a‘)d‘
o2‘
(o2‘ )
VP 450
X y
(a‘) d‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘) c‘ (b‘) c‘ b' c'
HP 300
β

a b a b o1
b

35 a
(o2) locu
o1(o2) o1 (o2) s
c
d c d c
d
Axis
TL

Edge on HP Axis 45° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 20 - Solution
20. A pentagonalo1’pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests
on HP on one of its edges of base which is inclined
o1’ to VP at 30⁰. Drawothe
‘
1
projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 40⁰.
a'
60 a’
b' e’
(b’) e’

(o2’) o2‘

VP 400
X y
HP a’ (b’) e’ (o2’) (c’) d’ (c’) d’ c' d‘

b o1
b
c
(c) 300

a
o1(o2) a (c)
(o2)
o1 b
(d)
d (d)
(o2)
25
e e
a
e

Edge on HP Axis 40° to HP Base edge 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 21 - Solution
21. A pentagonalo1’ pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
’ o1 ‘
on HP on one of its edges of the base. oDraw1 the projections of the
pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 40⁰ and VPa'at 30⁰.
a’
50
b'
(b’) e’ e’
o2‘
(o2’)
VP 400
X y
HP a’ (b’) e’ (o2’) (c’) d’ (c’) d’ c' d‘
β 300
b b
c (c) o1
(c)
b
a
o1(o2) a (o2) o1
locu
(o2) (d) s
d (d)
25 a
e e
e
Axis
TL

Edge on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 22 - Solution
22. A pentagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
on HP on o1‘ one of its corner of the obase
1
‘ such that two base o1’
edges
containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP.
Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis of the pyramid is
50
inclined to HP at 40⁰(a‘)and
e‘ appears to be inclined
a' to VP
e' at 45⁰.

(o2‘ ) o2’
(b‘)d‘ b' d'
VP
400
X Y
HP (a‘) e‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘)d‘ c‘ c‘ c' 450

b b
a a
o
b
c (c) 1
2
(o2) o (c)
5 o1 (o2)
e 1
e a (o2)
d d
d
e

Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 23 - Solution
23. A pentagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
o1 ‘
on HP on one of its corners of the base o1‘ such that the two base
o1’ edges

containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP.
Draw the projections (a‘) e‘of the pyramid when thea' axis
e' of the pyramid is
50 inclined to HP at 40⁰ and to VP at 30⁰.
(o2‘ )
o2’
(b‘)d‘ b' d'
VP
X 400 Y
(a‘) e‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘)d‘ c‘ c‘ c'
HP
β 300
b b
a a
o
b
c (c) 1
2 (o2) o1
o1 (o2) (c)
5
locu
e e a (o2) s
d d
d
e
Axis
TL

Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 24 - Solution
24. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on
HP on one of its edges of the base which is inclined to VP at 30°. Draw
o1‘ of the pyramid when the axiso1is
the projections ‘ inclined to HP at 45°.
o1 ‘

a' f'
50 f'(a')
(o2‘ )

e'(b') b' o2‘ e'

45°
VP (o2‘ )
X f'(a') e'(b') d'(c') c' d' Y
HP b b d'(c') 30° o1

a c a (c)
(c)
b (d)
25 (o2) o1
o1 (o2)
(o2)
f d f (d) a
e
e e
f

Edge on HP Axis 45° to HP Base edge 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 25 - Solution
25. A hexagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
o1 ‘ o1 ‘
on HP on one of its edges of the base. Draw the projections oof
1
‘ the

pyramid when the axis is inclined to HP at 45⁰ and VP at 30⁰.

a' f'
50 f'(a')
(o2‘ )
o2‘
e'(b') b' e'
45°
VP (o2‘ )
X f'(a') e'(b') d'(c') d' Y
HP b b d'(c') c'
0
β 30
a c a (c)
b (c) o1
25 (o2) o1
o1 (o2)

f d f (d) locu
a
(o2) (d) s
e e

f e Axis
TL

Edge on HP Axis 45° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 26 - Solution
26. A hexagonal
O1 ‘ pyramid 25 mm sides of base and50 mm axis length rests on
HP on one of its corners of the base Osuch 1
‘
that the two baseO1edges‘
containing the corner on which it rests make equal a‘ inclinations with HP.
a‘
Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis ofb‘the pyramid is
50
inclined to HP at 40⁰ b‘(f
and ‘)
appears to be inclined f‘to VP at 45⁰.
(o2‘) o2‘
VP c‘
400 c‘(e‘) e‘
y
X
a‘ b‘(f ‘) (o2‘) c‘(e‘) d‘ d‘ d‘
HP 450
f e f e

e o1
a d f
o1 (o2) a o1
(o2) (d) (d)

b (o2)
c a
b c
c
25 b

Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 27 - Solution
27. O1 ‘
A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of baseO and 50mm axis length rests
1
‘ O1 ‘ on
HP on one of its corners of the base such that the two base edges
containing the cornera‘ on which it rests make equala‘ inclinations with HP.
b‘
50 Draw the projections of
b‘(f ‘) the pyramid when the
f‘ axis of the pyramid is
o2‘
inclined to HP at 40° and (o VP
‘) at 30°.
2

VP 400 c‘(e‘) e‘ c‘
X y
a‘ b‘(f ‘) (o2‘) c‘(e‘) d‘ d‘ d‘
HP 300
β
f e f e

e o1
a d a (d)
o1 (o2) o1 f
(o2) (d)
locus
b (o2)
c a
b c
c
25 b
is TL
Ax

Corner on HP Axis 40° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 28 - Solution
28. A square pyramid 35 mm sides c'of base and 60 mm axis c'length is
suspended
o1 ‘ freely from a corner of its base. Draw the projections of the
pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined
d‘ (b‘) to VP at 45⁰. (o ‘ ) 2 d'
(o2‘ ) (b‘)
G
60
a' a'

G o1 ‘ o1 ‘
VP
15
X Y
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘
HP b b 450
b

o1 (o2) c c o2
a a c
o1 o2
d

35 o1
d d
Corner condition Freely suspended Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 29 - Solution
d‘ d‘
29. A pentagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length is
suspended
o1 ‘ freely from a corner of its base.
(e‘) c‘Draw the projections
(e‘)
of the
c‘
(o2‘)
pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined (o ‘)
to VP at 45°.
2

G
b‘
50 (a‘) b‘ (a‘)
o1 ‘
o1 ‘
G
VP 12.5
X y
(a‘) b‘ (o2‘) (e‘) c‘ d‘
HP
450
e e
a
a e
a

o1 (o2) d o2 b
30 o1 d o2
d
b b c
c c

o1
Corner condition Freely suspended Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 30 - Solution
30. A hexagonal pyramid 25 mm sidesd‘ of base and 50 mm axis d‘ length is

suspended
o1 ‘ freely from a corner of itse‘(c‘)
base. Draw the projections
e‘ ofc‘ the
pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45⁰.
(o2‘ ) (o2‘)
G (f‘)
f‘(b‘) b‘
50
o1 ‘ a‘ o1 ‘ a‘

G
VP 12.5
X
a‘ f‘(b‘) (o2‘ ) e‘(c‘) d‘ y
HP
0
f 45
e
b c c a
b
o2
d b
a d
a
o1 d o2
o1 (o2) c

2
5 o1
f e e f

Corner condition Freely suspended Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 31 - Solution
31. A squareo1‘ pyramid 35 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on

HP on one of its slant edges. Draw

a' the projections of the pyramid
a' when
the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45⁰.
60 d‘ (b‘) b‘ o2‘ d'
(o2‘ )

VP
o1 ‘ o1 ‘
X Y
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘ c' c'
HP b b 450

o1

b
o1 (o2) c
a o1
c o2 a
a

o2
c
35
d d
d

Corner condition Slant edge Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 32 - Solution
o‘
32. A square1 pyramid 35mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests on HP
on one of its slant edges. Drawa' the projections of the pyramid
a' when the
axis is inclined to VP at 45⁰.
60 d‘ (b‘) b‘ o2‘
(o2‘ ) d'
VP
o1 ‘ o1 ‘ Y
X c'
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘ c'
450
HP b b β
o1

o1 (o2) c
a o1 b
c o2 a
a

o2 locus
35 c TL
d d is
Ax
d

Corner condition Slant edge Axis 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 33 - Solution
33. A square pyramid 35 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests o HP
on one (o
of1‘)its slant triangular faces. Draw the projections of the pyramid
when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45⁰.
a' d‘
(a‘)d‘
60
(o2‘ ) o2‘

VP (b‘)c‘ o1 ‘
X y
(a‘) d‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘) c‘ o1 ‘ b' c'
HP
450

a b b a
o1

35 a
o2 o1
o1(o2)
b
d c c d
o2
d
c
Edge condition Slant face Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 34 - Solution
34. A square pyramid 35 mm sides of base and 60 mm axis length rests o HP
on one (o
of1‘)its slant triangular faces. Draw the projections of the pyramid
when the axis is inclined to VP at 45⁰.
a' d‘
(a‘)d‘
60
(o2‘ )
o2‘
VP (b‘)c‘ o1 ‘
X y
(a‘) d‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘) c‘ o1 ‘ b' c'
HP
450
β
a b b a
o1

35 a
o2 o1
o1(o2)
b
d c c d
o2 locus T L
d Axis
c
Edge condition Slant face Axis 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 35 - Solution
35. A pentagonal
o1 ‘ pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests
on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections of the pyramid
when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45°. a‘ b‘
(a‘) b‘

50
(o2‘) o2‘
(e‘) c‘ e‘ c‘

VP d‘ o1 ‘ o1 ‘
X y
(a‘) b‘ (o2‘) (e‘) c‘ d‘ d‘
HP
450
e e
a
o1
a

o1 (o2) d d
30 o2 o1 e
b a
b
o2
c c b
d

c
Corner condition Slant edge Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 36 - Solution
36. A pentagonal
o1 ‘ pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections of the pyramid
when the axis is inclined to VP at 45⁰. a‘ b‘
(a‘) b‘

50
(o2‘) o2‘
(e‘) c‘ c‘
e‘
VP d‘ o1 ‘ o1 ‘
X y
(a‘) b‘ (o2‘) (e‘) c‘ d‘ d‘ 450
HP β
o1
e e
a
a

o1 (o2) d d
30 o2 o1 a
e
b
b locus
o2 b

TL
d

is
c c

Ax
c

Corner condition Slant edge Axis 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 37 - Solution
37. A pentagonalo pyramid
’
25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
1
on HP on one of its slant triangular faces. Draw the projections of the
pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45⁰.
a'
a’

50 b'
(b’) e’ e’
(o2’)
o2‘

VP (c’) d’ o1’ o1 ‘
X y
HP a’ (b’) e’ (o2’) (c’) d’ c' d‘
450
b b
c c o1

a a b
o1(o2) o2 o1

d d c a
25 o2
e e

d e
Edge condition Slant face Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 38 - Solution
38. A pentagonalo1’pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests
on HP on one of its slant triangular faces. Draw the projections of the
a'
pyramid when the axis is inclined
a’ to VP at 45°.
50 b' e’
(b’) e’
(o2’)
o2‘

VP (c’) d’ o1’ o1 ‘
X y
HP a’ (b’) e’ (o2’) (c’) d’ c' d‘
450
b β
b
c c o1

a a
o1(o2) o2 o1 b

d d a
25 c locus
e e o2 TL
Axis
d e

Edge condition Slant face Axis 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 39 - Solution
39. A hexagonal
o1 ‘ pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw the projections when the axis
a‘
appears to be inclined to VPa‘ at 45⁰.
f‘(b‘) b‘ f‘
50
(o2‘ )
o2‘
e‘(c‘) c‘ e‘
VP d‘ o1 ‘ o1 ‘
X
a‘ f‘(b‘) (o2‘ ) e‘(c‘) d‘ d‘ y
HP
450

b c c b o1

a d d a c a
o1 (o2) o2 o1
o2
2 d
5 f e e f f
e

Corner condition Slant edge Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 40 - Solution
40. o1 ‘
A hexagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
on HP on one of its slant a‘edges. Draw the projections ofa‘ the pyramid
when the axis is inclined to VP at 45⁰. b‘
f‘(b‘) f‘
50
(o2‘ )
o2‘
e‘(c‘) c‘ e‘
VP d‘ o1 ‘ o1 ‘
X
a‘ f‘(b‘) (o2‘ ) e‘(c‘) d‘ d‘ 450 y
HP
β

b c c b o1

a d d a b
o1 (o2) o2 o1 a
c
2 locus
e o2
5 f

TL
f e
d f

is
Ax
e

Corner condition Slant edge Axis 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 41 - Solution
41. A hexagonal pyramid 25 mm sides of base and 50 mm axis length rests
on HP on oneo1‘of its slant triangular faces. Draw the projections of the
pyramid when the axis appears to be inclined to VP at 45⁰.
f'(a') a‘ f‘

50
e'(b') (o2‘ ) b‘ o2‘ e‘

VP (o2‘ ) d'(c') o1 ‘ o1 ‘
X f'(a') e'(b') d'(c') c‘
Y
HP b b
d‘
450

a c c a o1

b a
25 o2 o1
o1 (o2)
f c
f d d o2
f
e e
d e

Edge condition Slant face Axis appears 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 42 - Solution
42. A hexagonal pyramid 25mm sides of base and 50mm axis length rests on
HP on one ofo1‘ its slant triangular faces. Draw the projections of the
pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45°.
f'(a') a‘ f‘

50
e'(b') (o2‘) b‘ o2‘ e‘

VP (o2‘) d'(c') o1 ‘ o1 ‘
X f'(a') e'(b') d'(c') c‘ d‘ Y
HP b b 450
β
a c c a o1

25 o1 b a
o2
o1 (o2)

f d d f c locus
o2 f
e e TL
is
d Ax
e

Edge condition Slant face Axis 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 43 - Solution
43. A cube of 40mm sides rests on HP on an edge which is inclined to VP at
(a‘)b‘
30°. Draw the projections when the lateral square face a' containingb' the
edge on which it rests makes an angle of (o1‘)50° to HP. (o1‘)
(a‘) (o1‘) (d‘)
b‘ c‘
(d‘) c‘ (d‘)
c'
(p‘) q‘ p' q'
40

(o2‘ ) o2‘
VP 500
(p‘) (s‘)
X q‘ (o2‘ ) r‘ (s‘) r‘ s' r' y
0 d
30
HP
a (p) d (s) p a (s) d

(s)
a c
40 o1 (o2) o1
(o2) o1
(r)
q b (r) c p (o2) b
b (q) c (r)

q
Edge on HP Face 50° to HP Base edge 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 44 - Solution
44. A tetrahedron of 55mm sides rests on one of its corners such that an
a' b'
edge containing
O1 ‘ that corner
(a‘) b‘ is inclined to HP at 50° and VP at 30°. Draw
O1 ‘ o1 ‘
its projections.
55
(o2‘ ) o2‘

500
VP (a‘)
X b‘ (o2‘ ) c‘ c‘ c‘ y
HP β 300
a a
o1

o1 (o2) (o2)
55 o1 a
c (c) locus
(c)
(o2)

b b
b
55

Corner on HP Slant edge 50° to HP Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 45 - Solution
45. A cone of 50mm
o1 ‘ base diameter and 60mm axis length rests on HP on
one of its generators. Draw its projections when the axis is inclined to VP
at 30°. a‘ a‘
h‘ b‘
b‘(h‘)

60 c‘(g‘) g‘ o2‘
c‘
(o2‘)
d‘(f‘)
VP f‘ d‘ o1 ‘ y
X
a‘ b‘ (o2‘ ) c‘ d‘ e‘ e‘ o1 ‘ e‘
300
HP (h‘) (g‘) (f‘) β

o1
g g
h f g
f h h
f
e a a
50 a e o1
o1 (o2) o2 o2 locus
e b
b
b d d d c is TL
c Ax
c

Resting on end generator Axis 30° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 46 - Solution
46. A tetrahedron of sides 40mm is resting on one of its sides on HP. This
side is parallel
o1 ‘
to VP and 40mm away fromo1 ‘ it. It is tilted about
o1 ‘ resting
side such that the base containing this edge is inclined at 30° to HP. Draw
40
the projections of the solid.
a‘ a‘

VP 300 o2‘
(o2‘)
X a‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘) c‘ (b‘) c‘ b‘ c‘ y
HP
b
b
40

o1
a o1
40 o1 (o2) a (o2)
b c

(o2)
c c

Edge on HP Base 30° to HP Base edge parallel to VP*

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 47 - Solution
47. A hexahedron of 30 mm sides is resting
r' on one of its corners r'on HP such
that one of its solid diagonals is perpendicular to VP. Draw the
projections of the solid. (q‘) s' q‘ s'
p‘ s‘ (q‘) r‘
p'
c' p' (c‘)
30 b' d'
d' (b‘)
VP
X Y
a' d‘ (b‘) c‘ a' a' c
HP
q (b) q b

b r d

r (c)
p (a) r c
p (a)
q (a) s

30
s (d) s d p

Corner on HP Diagonal parallel to HP Diagonal perpendicular to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 48 - Solution
48. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 50 mm is resting on
(p‘)t‘ p'
HP on one of its base corners such that the top most edge ist' at a
distance
(p‘)t‘ (oof
1 60 mmr‘ above HP. Draw its projections,
‘) (q‘)s‘ (o1‘) when its top view(o1’) of
the axis is inclined at 45° to VP. Also, determine (q‘)s‘ the inclination of thes'
(q‘)
longer edge of the prism 60
to HP
(a‘) e‘ which contains the resting
r‘ corner. r'
50 a' e'

(o2‘ ) o2’
(b‘)d‘ b' d'
VP θ
X Y
HP (a‘) e‘ (o2‘ ) (b‘)d‘ c‘ c‘ c'
q 450
q (b) b r
q
p (a) a p p
b o
r (c) (c) r s
2 1
o1 (o2) (o2) o
5 (c) t
1
t (e) e t a (o2)
s (d) d s
d
e

Corner on HP Top edge 60 mm above HP Axis appears - 45° to VP

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 49 - Solution c'
c'
49. A square pyramid of base sides 30mm and height 60mm is suspended by
a threado1‘tied to one of the corners of its base. It is then tilted such that
the axis makes an angle of 45° with respectd‘ (b‘) to the VP. Considering
b‘ (o2‘ ) the d'
(o2‘ )
apex of the solid to be nearer to the observer, draw the projections of
G
the solid.
45
a' a'

o1 ‘ o1 ‘
G
VP
11.25
X Y
a' d‘ (b‘) (o2‘ ) c‘
β 450
HP b b
b
a

o2
o1 (o2) c o1 c
a a c
o2
d

o1 s TL locus
30 x i
d d A

Corner condition Freely suspended 45° to VP (apex)

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

 Problem 50 - Solution
50. A cone of base
o1 ‘ diameter 40mm and axis length 50mm is resting on HP on
a point on the circumference of its base such that its apex is 40mm
o1 ‘
above HP and its top view of the axis is inclined at 60° toa‘ VP. Drawo1the
‘

top and front views ofa‘the solid. Also, determine the h‘ inclinations
b‘ of the
b‘(h‘)
axis when the base is nearer(o2‘to
) the observer c‘
50 40 c‘(g‘) g‘ o2‘

VP d‘(f‘) f‘ d‘ y
X
a‘ b‘ (o2‘ ) c‘ d‘ e‘ e‘ e‘
HP (h‘) (g‘) (f‘)
600 o1
g g
h f h (f)

(o2) (e)
40 a e a o1 g (f)
o1 (o2) (e)
h
(d) (o2) (d)
b d b
c a c
c b

On HP Apex 40mm above HP Axis appears 60° to VP*

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS PRUTHVI LOY SERRAO

Thank You