sin θ, cos θ, tan θ, cosec θ, sec θ and cot θ are called circular functions.

→ cosec θ, sec θ and cot θ are reciprocals to sin θ, cos θ and tan θ respectively.

→ sin2θ + cos2θ = 1; 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ; 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ

→ sec θ + tan θ and sec θ – tan θ are mutual reciprocals.

Similarly cosec θ + cot θ and cosec θ – cot θ are also mutual reciprocals.

→ |sin θ| ≤ 1, |cosec θ| ≥ 1, |cos θ| ≤ 1 and |sec θ| ≥ 1

sin 0° = o = cos 90°

sin 15° = 3√−122√ = cos 75°
sin 18° = 5√−14 = cos 72°
sin 30° = 12 = cos 60°
sin 36° = 10−25√√4 = cos 54°
sin 45° = 12√ = cos 45°
sin 54° = 5√+14 = cos 36°
sin 60° = 3√2 = cos 30°
sin 72° = 10+25√√4 = cos 18°
sin 75° = 3√+122√ = cos 15°
sin 90° = 1 = cos 0°
Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas

Also, tan 15° = 2 – √3, tan 75° = 1 + √3

Sign to the determined by “ALL SILVER CUPS” rules

sin (90° – θ) = cos θ; sin (90° + θ) = cos θ

cos (90° – θ) – sin θ; cos (90° + θ) = -sin θ
sin (180° – θ) = sin θ; sin (1800 + θ)= -sin θ
cos (180° – θ) = -cos θ; cos (180° + θ) = -cos θ
sin (270° – θ) = -cos θ; sin (270° + θ) = -cos θ
cos (270° – θ) = -sin θ; cos (270° + θ) = sin θ
sin (360° – θ) = -sin θ; sin (360° + θ) = sin θ
cos (360° – θ) = cos θ; cos (360° + θ) = cos θ When ‘n’ is a +ve integer,
sin (n. 360° – θ) = -sin θ; sin (n. 360° + θ) = +sin θ
cos (n. 360° – θ) = cos θ; cos (n. 360° + θ) = cos θ
sin (-θ) = – sin θ, cos (-θ) = cos 0; tan (-θ) = -tan θ.
→ For 0°, 180°, 360° ……………….. (multplies of π), there is no change in the ratios.

→ For 90°, 270°, 450°…………. (odd multiplies of π2 we get change in the ratio.

For sin we get cos

For tan we get cot
For sec we get cosec
For cos we get sin
For cot we get tan
For cot we get sin
→ Any non-constant function f : R → R is said to be “Periodic”, if there exists a
real number p(≠ 0) such that f(x + p) = f(x) for each x ∈ R. The least positive
value of ‘p’ with this property is called the “Period” of ‘f’.

→ If ‘f’ is a periodic function with period ‘P’ then

– f is also a periodic function with period ‘P.

f(x – p) = f(x), f(x + pn) = f(x) ∀ n ∈ Z, x ∈ R.
→ If f(x) is a periodic function with period ‘P, then f(ax + b) is also a periodic
function with period P|a|
→ If y = f(x), y = g(x) are periodic functions with l, m as the periods
respectively, then a, b ∈ R the function h(x) = af(x) + bg(x) is a period function
and L.C.M. of {l, m}
(if exist) is a period of h.

→ 2πk is the period of sin x, cosec x, cos x and sec x.

→ πk is the period of tan x and cot x.

Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas

→ Range of a sin x + b cos x is [−a2+b2−−−−−−√,a2+b2−−−−−−√]

→ Range of a sin x + b cos x + c is [c – a2+b2−−−−−−√, c + a2+b2−−−−−−√]

→ sin x and cos x are continuous on ‘R’

→ tan x is. discontinuous at x = (2n + 1).π2,n ∈ Z.

→ cot x is discontinuous at x = nπ, n ∈ Z.

→ sec x is discontinuous at x = (2n + 1).π2, n ∈ Z.

→ cosecx is discontinuous at x = nπ, n ∈ Z.

→ sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

→ cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

→ tan (A ± B) = tanA±tanB1∓tanAtanB
→ cot (A ± B) = cotAcotB∓1cotB±cotA
→ sin (A + B). sin (A-B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A

→ cos (A + B). cos (A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A

→ sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C – sin
A sin B sin C

→ cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C – cos A sin B sin C – sin A cos B sin C – sin
A sin B cos C

→ tan (A + B + C) = ∑tanA−πtanA1−∑tanAtanB
→ sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A, sin A = 2 sin A2 cos A2
→ cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 1 – 2 sin2 A = 2 cos2A – 1

Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas

→ cos A = cos2A2 sin2A2 = 1 – 2 sin2A2 = 2 cos2 A2 – 1

→ tan 2A = 2tanA1−tan2A, tan A = 2tanA21−tan2A2(A2, A are not odd multiples of π2)

→ cot 2A = cot2A−12cotA, cot A = cot2A2−12cotA2; (A is not an integral multiple of

π)
→ sin 2A = 2tanA1+tan2A, sin A = 2tanA21+tan2A2; (A2, is not an odd multiple of π2)

→ cos 2A = 1−tan2A1+tan2A, cos A = 1−tan2A21+tan2A2

→ sin 3A = 3sin A – 4 sin3A

→ cos 3A = 4cos3A – 3 cos A

→ tan 3A = 3tanA−tan3A1−3tan2A
→ cot 3A = 3cotA−cot3A1−3cot2A
→ sin(A + B) + sin (A – B) = 2sin A cos B

→ sin(A + B) – sin(A – B) = 2cos A sin B

→ cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) = 2cos A cos B

→ cos(A + B) – cos(A – B) = -2sin A sin B

→ sin C + sin D = 2sin C+D2 cos C−D2

→ sin C – sin D = 2cos C+D2 sin C−D2
Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas

→ cos C + cos D = 2 cos C+D2 cos C−D2

→ cos C – cos D = -2 sin C+D2 sin C−D2
→ For any A ∈ R
(a) sin A = ±1−cos2A2−−−−−−√
(b) cos A = ±1+cos2A2−−−−−−√
(c) IfA ¡s not an odd multiple of π2, then tan A = ±1−cos2A1+cos2A−−−−−−√
→ sin A2=±1−cosA2−−−−−−√
→ cos A2=±1+cosA2−−−−−−√
→ If A is not an odd multiple of n, then tan A2=±1−cosA1+cosA−−−−−−√
→ If a ray OP−→− makes an angle θ with the positive direction of X-axis then
Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas 1

Sin θ = yr
cos θ = xr
tan θ = yx (x ≠ 0)
cot θ = xy (y ≠ 0)
sec θ = rx(x ≠ 0)
cosec θ = ry(y ≠ 0)
Relations :

sin θ cosec θ = 1
cos θ sec θ = 1
tan θ cot θ = 1
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
1 + tan2θ = sec2 θ → (sec θ + tan θ)(sec θ – tan θ) = 1
→ sec θ + tan θ = 1secθ−tanθ = 1
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ → (cosec θ + cot θ) (cosec θ – cot θ) = 1
sec2θ + cosec2θ = sec2θ. cosec2θ
tan2θ – sin2θ = tan2θ . sin2θ;
cot2θ – cos2θ = cot2θ. cos2θ
sin2θ + cos4θ = 1 – sin2θ cos2θ
= sin4θ + cos2θ
sin4θ + cos4θ = 1 – 2sin2θ cos2θ
sin6θ + cos6 θ = 1 – 3sin2θ cos2θ
sin2x + cosec2x ≥ 2
cos2x + sec2 x ≥ 2
tan2 x + cot2 x ≥ 2.
Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas

Values of trigonometric ratios of certain angles

Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas 2

Signs of Trigonometric ratios :

If lies in I, II, III, IV quadrants then the signs of trigonometric ratios are as
follows.
Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas 3

Note :

0°, 90°, 180°, 270°. 360°, 450°, etc. are called quadrant angles.
With “ALL SILVER TEA CUPS” symbol we can remember the signs of trigonometric
ratios.
Coterminal angles :
If two angles differ by an integral multiples of 360o then two angles are called
coterminal angles.
Thus 30°, 390°, 750°, 330° etc., are coterminal angles.
Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas 4

Complementary Angles :
Two Angles A, B are said to complementary ⇒ A + B = 90°

Supplementary angles :
Two angles A, B are said to be supplementary ⇒ A + B = 180°.

→ sin C + sin D = 2sinC+D2. cos C−D2

→ sin C – sin D = 2cos.sin[latex]C−D2
→ cos C + cos D = 2cos C+D2. cos C−D2
→ cos C – cos D = 2sinC+D2. sin D−C2
→ 2sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)

→ 2cos A sin B = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)

→ 2cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)

Inter 1st Year Maths 1A Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Formulas

→ 2sin A sin B = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)

(or)
cos(A – B) – cos(A + B) = 2 sin A sin B.

→ sinA+sinBsinA−sinB = tan(A+B2).

→ If sin A + sin B = x, and cos A + cos B = y. Then

tan(A+B2)=xy
sin(A + B) = 2xyy2+x2
cos (A + B) = y2−x2y2+x2
tan(A + B) = 2xyy2−x2