EC5040

Electrical Machines
2nd Class on “AC Machines Fundamentals”

Professor Arulampalam Atputharajah

4th July 2023

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 1.0 AC Machines Fundamentals
1.1. Simple loop in uniform magnetic field
1.2. Rotating magnetic field
1.3. Induced voltage in AC Machines
1.4. Induced torque in AC machines
1.5. AC machines power flow & losses
1.6. Voltage regulators
1.7. Speed regulators

5L + 1T + 3Lab + 2Assignment
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Break for any
Questions OR
Discussions

! 3
 1.1.a Simple loop in uniform magnetic field
(Revision: A/L Physics Syllabus https://nie.lk/dispbook, Page 121
section 6.10)

Current carrying conductor experience force – basics of electric motor operations4

 1.1.b Simple loop in uniform magnetic field
(Revision: A/L Physics Syllabus https://nie.lk/dispbook, Page 121
section 6.10)

Generated current flowing through ring type commutator and brushes – basics of
AC generator operations 5
1.1.c Simple loop in uniform magnetic field
(Revision: A/L Physics Syllabus)

Current carrying conductor, where current is flowing through half-ring type

commutator and brushes – basics of DC motor operations 6
 1.1.d Simple loop in uniform magnetic field
(Revision: A/L Physics Syllabus)

Current carrying conductor experience forces thus the torque – basics of analogue
measurement meters operations 7
1.1.e Simple loop in uniform magnetic field
(Revision: A/L Physics Syllabus)

Calculation of torque on a simple loop circuit – basics of electric force on a loop

circuit and its applications 8
1.1.f Simple loop in uniform magnetic field
(Revision: A/L Physics Syllabus)

A simple loop circuit in a radial magnetic field – basics of electrical machines

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 1.1.f Simple loop in uniform magnetic field
(Revision: TUTORIAL 01)
Deriving the equation to calculate the induced emf of a DC
Machine – students should do this on their own

Let’s take variables as listed below:

•Flux per pole in the DC machine in Wb = φ
•Number of poles = p
•Number of conductors in armature circuit = z
•Number of parallel paths of conductors = a
•Speed of the armature in rpm = n
Accordingly, flux cut by one conductor during one revolution of the armature dφ = p.φ
Time taken to complete one revolution in seconds dt = 60/n
The emf generated in one conductor = dφ/dt = p.φ.n/60
Total emf in DC machine = (emf per conductor) x (number of conductors in series per
parallel path) = Ea = (p.φ.n/60) x (z/a) = (p.φ.n.z)/(60.a) volts 10
Break for any
Questions OR
Discussions

! 11
 1.2.a Rotating magnetic field
(Revision: Semester I and IV Syllabus)

A permanent magnet or DC field winding magnetic field, rotating inside a stator –

basics of synchronous machines 12
 1.2.a Rotating magnetic field
(Revision: Semester I and IV Syllabus)

A permanent magnet or DC field winding magnetic field, rotating inside a stator –

basics of synchronous machines 13
 1.2.b Rotating magnetic field
(Revision: Semester I and IV Syllabus)
Let take the three-phase induced emf in the stator windings produces
balanced current under balanced loading condition
ia  Im cos(st) i  Im cos(st 120) ic  Im cos(st 120)
b

Phase b
MMFa  Kia cos( )
a MMF  Ki cos( 120)
c’ b b
MMFc  Kic cos( 120)
b’ 
b Where,
Phase a K is a constant
c
a’  represents the angle
Phase c
along the periphery of the
stator with respect to
centre of phase a 14
 1.2.b Rotating magnetic field
(Revision: Semester I and IV Syllabus)

MMF wave of Phase a Phase a Phase b Phase c

 MMF  KI cos( )
 
 a a 

-a 
a -c b c -b a -c

0 2

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 1.2.b Rotating magnetic field
(Revision: Semester I and IV Syllabus)

The total MMF is given by

MMF  MMFa  MMF  MMFc
total b
3
 KIm cos( st)
2
This is the equation of a traveling wave.
It has a constant amplitude and a moves with the angular velocity
of s electrical radians per seconds.
At any instant time, the total MMF has a sinusoidal distribution
along the stator.

Expected the students to drive this equation

3
 KIm cos( st) and realize the rotating magnetic file
2
concept in depth.
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 1.2.b Rotating magnetic field
(Revision: Semester I and IV Syllabus)

MMFtotal = 1.5KImcos(ωt)
MMF wave with the time,
at a distance along the

ωt
stator surface

ωT
MMF wave at a time, along the
distance on stator surface Phase a Phase b Phase c
1.5KI m cos( )
 

 MMF

 total 

o

-a 
a -c b c -b a -c

0 2 17
 1.2.c Rotating magnetic field
(Park Transformation: abc to dq transformation)

ib a
b c’
b
eb a b’
ia
a
c ea b
ec
ic a’
c c
Stator

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 1.2.c Rotating magnetic field
(Park Transformation: abc to dq transformation)

• In a-b-c frame representation of the machine electrical parameters

having the difficulty of analysing as they are varying with time and
rotating angle .

• This makes very complexity in solving the machine equations to

analysis power system problems.

• Therefore to simplify the analysis an appropriate transformation of d-q

with constant variable are made.

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 1.2.c Rotating magnetic field
(Park Transformation: abc to dq transformation)

r d-axis
q-axis
2 
3
ib

b ia

ic 2  a
3
c

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 1.2.c Rotating magnetic field
(Park Transformation: abc to dq transformation)

• Taking the flux components along the direction of d-axis

i  k ia cos  i cos  2   ic cos  2 
 
d d  b  3  3

• Taking the flux components along the direction of q-axis

iq  kq ia sin  i sin  2   ic sin  2 
 
 b  3  3

Note:
The constants kd and kq are arbitrary and their values are chosen
according to satisfy some conditions or simplify the calculations

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 1.2.c Rotating magnetic field
(Park Transformation: abc to dq transformation)

• Case1: In the case of power balance is maintained in a-b-c frame and

d-q-0 frame, then the constants can be prove as
2
k  kq 
d 3

• Case2: In the case simplify the calculations, where the peak values of
the id and iq are same as the peak value of the stator current Im, then
the constants can be prove as
k  kq  2
d 3
Note:
If the constants kd and kq are selected according to case 1, then the
case 2 condition will not be satisfied and vice versa

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 1.2.c Rotating magnetic field
(Park Transformation: abc to dq transformation)

If kd  kq  23 is taken then the transformation matrix is as below:

a-b-c to d-q transformation matrix

d-q to a-b-c transformation matrix

Students are expected to drive this matrix transformation from phasor diagram23
 End of
First Class
atpu@eng.jfn.ac.lk
https://www.eng.jfn.ac.lk/staff/
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