BIRDS
TREMATODA
ORDO – Echinostomatida – INDIRECT
 Echinostoma revolutum, recurvatum,
paralum
 Hypodereum conoideum
ORDO – Plagiorchida
 Plagiorchis arcuatus, megalorchis
 Prosthogonimus ovatus, cuneatus,
pellucidus, macrorchis, oviformis,
anatinus
ORDO – Schistomatida
 Bilharziella polonica
 Trichobilharzia ocellata
 Austrobilharzia sp, Giganttobilharzia sp
 Elongated flukes, 5-33mm, strong ventral  Large, elliptical, asymmetrical, 2 thin
sucker, small oral sucker, with a head shells with operculum on 1 pole,
collar with a row of spines unembryonated, greyish
 IH1 – snails – Lymnea, Planorbis
 IH2 – other snails, tadpoles and frogs
 FH – rectum and caeca of aquatic birds,
fowl and pigeons
 Small flukes, tapered anteriorly, rounded  Small, oval, symmetrical, 2 thin shells with
osteriorly, 3-9mm operculum and small spine at the pole
 IH1 – water snails opposite operculum, embryonated with
 IH2 – nymphal stages of various species of miracidium, dark brown
dragonflies
 FH – bursa of Fabricius and oviduct of
fowl, duck and various wild birds
 Elongated, unisexual, dimorphic flukes, 2-  Extra large, oval, with long, narrow,
4mm, females are slender and longer anterior elongation, swollen posteriorly
than male and possess a rudimentary with a terminal spine, embryonated with
gynaecophoric canal miracidium, grey
 IH – snails – Planorbis, Lymneas
 FH – mesenteric and pelvic veins of wild
and domestic ducks
 BIRDS

CESTODA
Pseudophyllidea
 Diphyllobothrium dendrtiticus  Tapeworm, with 2 bothria in scolex,  Medium, oval, 2 thin shells with
uterus was opening on ventral side of operculum, unembryonated, light brown
proglottid
 IH1 – crustacean – Copepoda – procercoid
 IH2 – freshwater fish, in muscles –
plerocercoid
 FH – small intestine of gulls

 Ligula intestinalis
 Adult tapeworm is upto 28cm  Medium, oval, 2 thin shells with
 IH1 – crustacean – procercoid operculum, unembryonated, light brown
 IH2 – cyprinid fishes, plerocercoid, which
is unsegmented, upto 50cm in body cavity
 Economic losses to fish industry

Cyclophyllidea
Family – Davaineididae
 Davainea proglotina – most pathogenic
- Larvacyst – cysticercoids
 Small tapeworm, 2-4mm, 6-9 segments,
rostellum and suckers bear hooks
 IH – slugs and land snails
 FH – duodenum and upper part of
intestine
 Small, large, oval 3 thick shells,
embryonated with oncosphere,
transparent to light grey
 BIRDS

 Raillientina echinobothrida  Most important species, upto 25cm,  Small, large oval 3 thick shells,
 Raillientina cesticillus, tetragona, ransomi, hooks on rostellum and suckers embryonated with oncospere,
georgiensis  IH – ants or beetles, depends on species transparent to light grey
 FH – small intestine of fowl and turkeys

Family – Hymenolepididae – All have same type of  Affects domestic poultry and wild birds
eggs
 Hymenoplepis caroca, cantaniana –  Upto 30cm in  Small, large oval 3 thick shells,
poultry  IH – dung beetles embryonated with oncosphere,
 FH – small intestine of fowl transparent to light grey

 Hymenolepis lanceolata, nyrocae –  Most harmful tapeworms, upto 15cm
aquatic birds  IH – aquatic crustaceans – Gammarus,
Cyclops
 FH – small intestine of ducks and geese

 Fimbriaria fasciolaris  Anterorly has a folded expansion –

pseudoscoles, upto 40cm
 IH – crustaceans – Cyclops, Diaptomus
 FH – small intestine of chicken and
anseriform birds
Family – Dilepididae
 Amoebotaenia sphenoides  Small tapeworm, upto 4mm, has 20
proglottids which are triangular in shape
 Non-pathogenic
 IH – earthworms
 FH – small intestine of domestic fowl

 Large tapeworm, upto 20cm, segments


 Choanotaenia infundibulum
- Non-pathogenic
NEMATODA
ORDO – Strongylida
Family – Trihostrongylidae
 Trichostrongylus tenuis
 Amidostomum anseris
Family – Syngamidae
 Syngamus trachea
 Cyathostoma bronchialis
BIRDS
wider posteriorly, saw-edge appearance
 IH – house fly – Musca domestica, beetles
 FH – small intestine of fowl
 Small, slender worm, 5-9mm
 FH – small intestine and caeca of fowl,
turkey, pigeon, duck and geese
 Slender, red worms, upto 20mm
 DH – gizzard, proventriculus of geese and
ducks
 Reddish worms, female – upto 2cm,
smaller male – 0.5cm, permanently
copulating – Y shape
 Paratenic host – earthworms, slugs, snails,
beetles
 DH – trachea of fowl, pheasant and turkey
 Female – 30mm, male – 6mm, not
 Small – medium, oval, symmetrical, 2 thin
shells, unembryonated with high number
of blastomeres, light greyish
 Large, elliptical, 2 tin shells,
unembryonated with nigh number if
blastomeres, grey
 Medium, barrel-shaped, 2 thin shells with
plugs at both ends, unembryonated with
small number of dark greyish blastomers,
light grey
 Medium, barrel-

ORDO – Ascarida
 Ascaridia galli, columbae, numidae,
dissimilis
ORDO – Trichurida
 Heterakis gallinarum, isolonchae
Family – Capillariidae
 Capillaria obsignata
 Capillaria caudinflata
 Caillaria anatis
BIRDS
permanently copulating
 DH – trachea of geese and ducks
 Stout, densely white worms, females are
upto 12cm, - largest nematode of poultry
 FH – small intestine
 Whitish worms, upto 1.5cm, with
elongated, pointed tail
 FH – caeca of domestic and wild birds
 Filamentous worms, 10-50mm, narrow
stichosome oesophagus occupies half of
body
 FH – small intestine of chicken, turkey and
pigeon – DIRECT or INDIRECT
 IH – earthworm
 FH – small intestine of chicken and turkey
 FH – caeca of gallinaceous and anatine
shaped, 2 tin shells with plugs at both
ends, unembryonated, with small number
of dark greyish blastomeres, light grey
(smaller than S. trachea)
 Medium, distinctly oval, 3 thick shells,
unembryonated, fine granular cytoplasm,
dark grey
 Medium, distinctly oval, 3 thick shells,
unembryonated, fine, granular cytoplasm,
dark grey (smaller than A. galli)
 Small, barrel-shaped, 2 thin shells
possessing bipolar plugs, unembryonated,
totplasm is fine and granular, light grey to
light green in colour
 BIRDS

 birds – DIRECT
 Capillaria contorta/annulata
ORDO – Spirurida
Family – Acuarida
 Acuaria hamulosa/Cheilospirura hamulosa
 IH – earthworm
 FH – crop and oesophagus of fowl, duck
and wild birds
 Slender, coiled body, upto 2cm, cuticle
ornamented with cordons, all species
provoke mild nodular reaction in the
mucosa  Small, oval, thick shells, embryonated L1,
 IH – grasshoppers and beetles grey colour
 FH – gizzard of fowl and turkey

 Dispharynx spiralis  IH – terrestrial crustaceans

 FH – wall of proventriculus of fowl and
other non-aquatic birds

 Echinuria uncinata  IH – water crustaceans

 FH - proventriculus and gizzard of ducks
and geese
 Small, oval, 2 thick shells with bipolar
Family – Tetrameridae  Males – slender, pale, 6mm, females are plugs, embryonated – L1, light grey
 Tetrameres fissipina spherical and blood-suckers - > anaemia
 IH – water crustaceans, cockroaches,
grasshoppers, beetles
 FH – proventricular glands of fowl and
turkey
ACANTHOCEPHALA
 Polymorphus minutus/P. boschadis  Thorny-headed worm, 3-10mm and when  Large, spindle-shaped, outer shell is thin,
 Polymorphus magnus fresh are orange in colour middle shell is thick and irregularly
 IH – fresh water shrimp – Gammarus constricted at the poles, embryonated –
 FH – small intestine of duck, goose and
fowl
 BIRDS

acanthor has a yellow-red colour

 Filicollis anatis  Male – 7mm, female – 10-25mm

 IH – water louse – Asellus
 FH – small intestine of domestic and
aquatic birds  Medium, oval, embryonated with
acanthor

PROTOZOA
 Eimeria necatrix, taenella, maxima,
brunette, acervulina
 Cryptosporidium baylei, meleaGRIDIS
 Histomonas meleagridis
 Trichomonas gallinae
ECTOPARASITES
 Argas
 Dermanyssus