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‫‪2‬‬
 Dr. Ahmed A. Salem
Email: Ahmed.elased@su.edu.eg

sinaiuniversity.ne
t
@Sinaiunieg info@su.edu.eg www.su.edu.eg
 Electrical Special Machines
Course Code: ENE 5179
Lecture 4
Assoc. Prof. Ahmed A. Salem, PhD
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Suez Canal University

Contact:
002-01002484169
ahmed_ salem@eng.suez.edu.eg
ahmed.elased@su.edu.eg 2023
 Special Machines
(Tachogenerators)

By
Dr. Ahmed Salem
Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University
 What are the Tachogenerators?
✓ Tachogenerator, is a an electromechanical generator which
capable of producing electrical power from mechanical
energy which is used for measuring the speed of a
shaft and converting into a voltage.
✓ The word Tachogenerator comes from Greek word
‘TACHO’.
✓ In Greek Tacho means speed.

Tachometer means the mechanical

instrument which measure the speed
Tachogenerator means the electrical
instrument which converting angular
velocity to electrical voltages.
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 Tachogenerator in the control system of
electrical motors.

What are the requirements which should existed in the

tachogenerators?
1. Low moment of inertia
2. Low mechanical load on the rotating part
3. Low electrical time constant
4. Linear relation between the speed and the voltage.
5. Minimum amplitude error of the voltage.
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 Types of the Tachogenerators

 AC Tachogenerator
 DC Tachogenerator

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DC Tachogenerator
❖A DC Tachogenerator is a small DC generator, which has to generate electrical
voltage corresponding to the speed of rotating machine.

Construction

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 Principle operation
❖The principle operation of DC generator is based on the principle of
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.

❖According to the law, when an conductor move in a magnetic field it cuts the
magnetic lines of force, due to which an EMF is induced in the conductor.

❖The magnitude of induced EMF depends upon the rate of change of

magnetic flux linkage with the conductor.

❖The armature of the DC tachogenerator rotate in the permanent magnetic

field.

❖The armature of the tachogenerator is coupled to the machine whose speed is

to be measured.

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 ❖When the shaft of the machine revolves, the armature of the
tachogenerator revolves in the magnetic field producing EMF which is
proportional to the product of the flux and speed to be measured.

❖As the field of the Permanent magnet is fixed, the EMF generated is
proportional to the speed directly.

❖The generated EMF is measured using moving coil voltmeter.

EMF Equation of DC Techogenerator:
∅𝑷𝑵 𝒁
Mathematically EMF is given by- E= ×
𝟔𝟎 𝒂

Where, E= Generated voltage in volts

∅= Flux per pole in webers
P= Number of poles
N= Speed in revolutions per minutes (RPM)
Z= Number of conductors in the armature winding
a= Numbers of parallel paths in the armature winding
11 = 2 for wave winding
= P for lap winding
 E ∝ N, the speed to be measured
E= KN
Where,
∅𝑷 𝒁
K= constant= ×
𝟔𝟎 𝒂
❖ It is the sensitivity of the tachogenerator expressed as volts per rpm.

❖ Types of DC Tachogenerator

Hollow rotor
Disc rotor

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1. DC Tachogenerator with Hollow rotor
• All armature windings are installed on the surface of the AL hollow cylindrical
with a cylindrical iron inside it to complete the magnetic path.
• Small diameter of the rotor as compared to the length to decrease the moment of
inertia

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 2. DC Tachogenerator with disc rotor

• In this type the armature windings are sticked on the fiber disc.

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 Issues associated with the dc Tachogenerator
(Disadvantages of DC Tachogenerator)

1. Ripples in the output voltage

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2. Error in the output voltage
- Due to different loading conditions of the control circuit , the current varies,
so the voltage drop appears

3. The Commutator and Brushes require periodic maintenance

4. Arcing at brush commutator contact due to brush wear make it unsuitable for
explosive condition.
Using DC Tachogenerator as accelerometer?

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  Induction tachogenerator
construction

• The induction tachogenerator gives proportional voltage with the rotational

speed but this voltage is AC.
• It consists of stator part and rotor part, the stator part contains two perpendicular
windings one for field winding and the other for output windings.
• The rotor consists of hollow cylindrical from aluminum inside it cylindrical iron
to complete the magnetic path,

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 Operation
• The field windings fed from 50 or 60 Hz ac supply, which produce magnetic
flux.
• An induce e.m.f and current produced by induction phenomenon in the
cylindrical rotor.
• The output windings perpendicular to the filed windings, so at rest(no speed)
there is no emf produced in the output windings.
• Once the rotor rotate, an induced emf produced on the output windings which
proportional linear with the rotational speed

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 Changing the output voltage of the induction tachogenerator with speed under
different loading condition

• At high speed the output windings effect on the voltage of the field windings as a result
decreasing on the output voltage occurring.
• The amplitude error in the voltage increased due to the voltage drop in the resistance and
impedance of the generator circuit.
• If the generator circuit equivalent to capacitive load the error is minimum as compared to
resistive and inductive load

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 THANK
YOU
For any questions feel free
to contact me by mail

Dr. Ahmed A. Salem

Email: Ahmed.elsaed@su.edu.eg