Pest and Diseases

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Pest and Diseases
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Pest and Diseases
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THE SPEAKER
KEITH HERNANDEZ
A NATURAL FARMING PRACTICTIONER, SPEAKER,
AND TRAINER ON ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTION NC II FOR THE TECHNICAL
EDUCATION SKILL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
(TESDA)
Pest and Diseases
.
Definition
Pest is an insect or small
animal that is harmful or
damages crops:
Pest and Diseases
introduction
follow
about
Disease is (an) illness of
people, animals, plants, etc.,
caused by infection or a
failure of health rather than
by an accident:
“Herein lies our problem. If we level that
much land to grow rice and whatever,
then no other animal could live there
except for some insect pest species.
Which is very unfortunate.”
Pest and Diseases

introduction
-Steve Irwin
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about
Pest and Diseases
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www.facebook.com/projectnaturalfarming
Gmail : keith.f.hernandez@gmail.com
Smart : 09983343277
WARNING!!!
Presentation slide may contain
pictures of disease infected crops
and livestock
Participants discretion is advised.
TABI TABI PO SA MGA KUMA KAIN

HISTORY
• The Ancient Egyptians carved locusts on tombs in the period 2470 to 2220 BC,
and a devastating plague is mentioned in the Book of Exodus in the Bible, as
taking place in Egypt, which if historical, might date to sometime in the Late
Bronze Age (ca. 1500-1200 BC).
• The Iliad mentions locusts taking to the wing to escape fire.
• Plagues of locusts are also mentioned in the Quran.
• In the ninth century BC, the Chinese authorities appointed anti-locust officers.
Aristotle studied locusts and their breeding
habits and Livy recorded a devastating
plague in Capua in 203 BC. He mentioned
human epidemics following locust plagues
which he associated with the stench from
the putrifying corpses; the linking of
human disease outbreaks to locust plagues
was widespread.
• A pest is any organism (plant or animal)
judged by people as undesirable
• Ecologically speaking, no organism is born a

pest; it all depends on human perspective
• Pest problems do not arise as independent

or isolated events
• Crops and pests are part of an

agroecosystem
Agricultural pests include:
 Insects and related arthropods: invertebrates such

as caterpillars, beetles and mites that cause injury by
feeding on plants and animals and by transmitting
pathogens
 Nematodes: microscopic, multicellular,
unsegmented roundworms that parasitize animals
and plants (Most nematodes that attack agricultural
crops feed on roots)
 Pathogens: disease-causing bacteria, fungi, viruses

and related organisms
 Vertebrates: any native or introduced species of
vertebrate animal that is a health hazard, general
nuisance, or destroys food, fiber, or natural resources
 Weeds: undesirable plants that reduce crop yield

and quality by competing for space, water, and
nutrients; weeds also may harbor crop-attacking
insects and pathogens
What is an insect?
Insect – derived from Latin word “Insectum” – cut into sections; they are made
up of chitinous exoskeleton, composed of three body parts – head, thorax and
abdomen, have three pairs of jointed legs, a pair of compound eyes and antennae.
Insects are one of the most diverse group of animals on earth, with over
1,000,000 species described, representing more than half of all known
living organisms
What is an insect?
Insects – Beneficial or Pest?
Insect Life Cycle
Insect Classification
Insect Order - Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera is an
order of insects that
includes butterflies and
moths (both are called
lepidopterans).
Insect Order - Coleoptera
Coleopteran, (order
Coleoptera), any
member of the
insect order
Coleoptera,
consisting of the
beetles and weevils.
It is the largest
order of insects,
representing about
40 percent of the
known insect
species.
Insect Order - Hemiptera
true bugs are an order

of insects comprising
some 50,000 to 80,000
species of groups such
as the cicadas, aphids,
planthoppers,
leafhoppers, and shield
bugs. They range in size
from 1 mm (0.04 in) to
around 15 cm (6 in),
and share a common
arrangement of sucking
mouthparts.
Insect Order - Homoptera
Most members of the

Homoptera fall into one of two
large groups;
Auchenorrhyncha, which
consists of the cicadas,
treehoppers, froghoppers or
spittlebugs, leafhoppers, and
planthoppers or fulgorids;
Sternorrhyncha, which
includes aphids or plant lice,
phylloxerans, coccids, scales,
whiteflies, and mealybugs.
Insect Order - Thysanoptera
Thrips are minute, slender

insects with fringed wings
and unique asymmetrical
mouthparts. Different
thrips species feed mostly
on plants by puncturing
and sucking up the
contents, although a few
are predators.
Entomologists have
described approximately
6,000 specie
Insect Order - Diptera
True Flies /
Mosquitoes / Gnats /
Midges. The
name Diptera,
derived from the
Greek words "di"
meaning two and
"ptera" meaning
wings, refers to the
fact that true flies
have only a single pair
of wings
Insect Order - Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera is a
large order of insects,
comprising the
sawflies, wasps, bees,
and ants.
Insect Pests of Vegetables
Feeding Groups
Feeding Groups - Chewers
Feeding Group – Miners and borers
Feeding Group - Sucking
Insects Causing Direct
Damage to Crops
Fruitfly
Leafminer
Leaf folder
Fruitworm
Cutworm
Pod Borer
Cucurbit/Squash Beetle
Spotted Beetle
Diamond Backmoth (DBM)
Semi-looper
Flea Beetles
Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (EFSB)
Red Spider Mites
Broad Mites
Insect Vectors of Plant Diseases
Whitefly
Aphids
Thrips
Leafhopper
General Control
Strategies for Insect
Pests
Pest Management
Practices
About pesticide
 One of the first growing agricultural production

inputs since the post WW2 and has significant
role in the Green Revolution initiative
 Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides, and Other
pesticides
 Herbicides and insecticides account for most of
the pesticide usage
Herbicides
 Largest pesticide class (62% of total quality of

pesticide active ingredients)
 Weeds compete with crops for water, nutrients,
and sunlight, and cause reduced yields.
 Atrazine,2,4-D, dicamba, and trifluralin are widely
used for more than 30 years
Insecticides
 Account for 10 percent of the total quantity of

pesticides applied
 Damaging insect populations can vary annually
depending on weather, pest cycles, cultural
practices such as rotation and destruction of host
crop residues
 Preventive treatments and intervention treatments
Insecticides, cont.
 Rice, vegetables and fruit crops account for the

largest shares of insecticide use
Fungicides
 Applied to fewer acres than are herbicides and

insecticides and account for the smallest shares of
total pesticide use
 Mostly used on fruits and vegetables to control
diseases
Trends
 Vegetable and Fruits

 found it profitable to use insecticides and fungicides on a
higher percentage of acreage than growers of most field
crops do
Effect of pesticide in the
environment
Pesticide Resistance
 Most likely to develop

when a pesticide with a
single mode of action is
used over and over in the
absence of any other
management measures to
control a specific pest
 Herbicide-resistant
weeds
Biological Pest Management Practices
 Include the use of pheromones, plant regulators,
and microbial organisms
 Biorational pesticides- microbial pesticides and
pheromones
 biologicals are unlikely to replace pesticides in the
foreseeable future, due to the small market
 Beneficial organisms
Cultural Pest Management Practice
 Number of production techniques and practices,
including crop rotation, tillage, trap crops, and
irrigation scheduling, and such and such
 Controls work by preventing pest colonization of
the crop, reducing pest populations, reducing crop
injury, and increasing the number of natural
enemies in the cropping system
Alternative Pest Management Programs and
Initiatives
 Integrated pest management

(IPM) programs research and
promote a combination of
cultural, biological and
pesticide efficiency tools
 Area-wide pest management
systems implements IPM and
biological approaches on an
area-wide basis
PESTICIDE APPLICATION
Limits of liability
 Although the author have used their best efforts to
ensure that the contents of this module are correct at
the time of creation, it is impossible to cover all
situations. The information is distributed on an „as
is‟ basis, without warranty.
 Neither the author nor the admin shall be liable for
any liability, loss of profit, or other damages caused
or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly
by following the guidelines in this module.
What is the first word that comes to mind
when you hear the word
Pesticide?
What pesticides do you use?
 Mildew control in the shower

 Flea powder on pets
 Household sprays
 Wood treatment
 Repellents
 Detergent
What is Pesticide?
 Pesticide – a compound used to control pest; natural

or synthetic. It could be any substance used for
killing, preventing, destroying, repelling, or
mitigating any pest. (Fr. Latin word cida-to cut or
kill)
 Includes, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides,

rodenticides, acaricides, etc.
 Bacillus thuringiensis, growth regulators, and

pheromones are legally considered pesticides
Benefits from Pesticides
 Increased yield/acre  Control of household

 Cheaper food pests
 Greater variety of food  Less “naturally”
 Control of human &
contaminated foods
animal disease (fungus)
 More aesthetically  Ease of harvest
pleasing food  Forest preservation
Classification of Pesticides
According to type of pests controlled:
 Insecticide - Insects
 Fungicide - Fungi
 Bactericide - Bacteria
 Nematicide - Nematodes
 Acaricide/Miticide - Mites, Ticks, and Spiders
 Rodenticide - Rodents such as rats and mice
 Termiticide - Termites and Ants
 Algicide - Algae
 Avicide - Birds
 Molluscicide - Molluscs such as slugs and
snails
 Arboricide/Sivicide - Trees, Brush, and Shrubs
 Herbicide/Weedicide - Weeds
Classification of Pesticides (Cont.)
According to effect on pests:

 Anti-feedant – inhibits feeding; insects starve to
death
 Attractant – lures pest to treated location
 Chemosterilant – destroy‟s pest ability to
reproduce
 Defoliant – removes unwanted plant growth
 Dessicant – dries up plant parts and insects
 Disinfectant – destroys or inactivates harmful
organisms
 Feeding stimulant – causes insects to feed more
vigorously
According to effect on pests:

 Growth regulator – stops, speeds up or retards
growth processes of insects (i.e. insect cannot molt
into adult)
 Repellent – drives pests away from treated object
without killing them
 Semiochemicals – pheromones, allomones and
kairomones; substances emitted by plants or
animals which stimulate or inhibit certain
behavioral activities of insects (i.e. disrupt mating)
 Synergist – enhances the effectiveness of an active
agent
 Anti-transpirant – reduces respiration
According to chemical nature

 Inorganic – naturally occurring elements and do
not
contain carbon; contain arsenic, cyanide, mercury
and thallium e.g.
 Boric acid
 Copper hydroxide
 Coppersulfate
 Copper oxychloride
 Mercuric oxide
 Silica aerogel
 Sodium fluoride
According to chemical nature

 Organic – man-made or extracted consisting of C,
H, and one or more elements such as Cl, O, S, P
and N.
 Botanicals (neem, pyrethrum)
 Organochlorine compounds (DDT, aldrin)
 Organophosphorus compounds (malathion)
 Organosulfur compounds (tetradifon)
 Carbamates (carbaryl) Pyrethroids (allethrin)
 Formamidines (amitraz) Fumigants (methyl bromide)
 Dinitrophenols (dinocap) Petroleum oils (actipan)
 Organotins (cyhexatin) Antibiotics (abamectin)
Classification by mode of action

 Contact toxicants – generally penetrate a pest‟s
body as a result of contact with the legs or other
external portions and treated surfaces such as
sprayed leaves.
 Systemic toxicants – move through the plant‟s

vascular system to other untreated parts from
where insects acquire the translocated insecticide
during feeding.
Classification by mode of action

 Stomach toxicants –generally enter a pest‟s body
through the mouth during feeding (ingestion)
and are absorbed through the digestive tract.
 Fumigants –are volatile and enter a pest‟ body

through the respiratory system and kill at lethal
concentration
 Suffocating materials – usually oils; clog the

respiratory mechanism of pests.
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS AND THEIR CODES
Group I: Concentrates for dilution with water

 DC -Dispersible concentrate
 EC -Emulsifiable concentrate
 SC -Suspension concentrate (flowable concentrate)
 CG -Encapsulated granule
 CS -Capsule suspension
 SL -Soluble concentrate
 SP -Water soluble powder
 SG -Water soluble granules
 WP -Wettable powder
 WG -Water dispersable granules
Group 2: Concentrates for dilution with organic

solvents
 OL -Oil miscible liquid
 OF -Oil miscible flowable concentrate (oil miscible
suspension)
 OP -Oil dispensable powder
Group 3: Formulations to be applied undiluted

 GR –Granules
 DP -Dustable powder (dusts)
 UL -Ultra low volume (ULV) liquid
 ED -Electrochargeable liquid
 Group 4: Miscellaneous formulations for special

purposes
 RB -Bait (ready for use)
 GE -Gas generating product
 FU -Smoke generator
 HN -Hot fogging concentrate
 KN -Cold fogging concentrate
 AE -Aerosol dispenser
PESTICIDE APPLICATION
 Liquid and wettable powder formulations are

applied with the help of knapsack sprayer by using
flat-fan nozzle or impact nozzles otherwise known
as deflected nozzles or flooded nozzles
 The application is usually made at low pressures
ranging 15-25 psi to avoid drift. To be more
careful, a protective shield may be fixed over the
nozzle.
 Granular formulations are usually broadcasted by
mixing with sand for obtaining even distribution.
 Sometimes when the sprayer is not readily
available, the liquid formulations at the rate of 1L
is mixed with 20-25 kg of sand and broadcasted
uniformly by maintaining 2 cm layer of water

Push-Pull, Hand Pump

Trigger-pump sprayer sprayer
Knapsack sprayer
Aerosol sprayer Bucket sprayer

 Determine the volume of water applied to the area by
refilling the spray tank to its original water level and
carefully note the number of fluid ounces required.
 Calculate the area sprayed by multiplying the width of
the area sprayed by the distance travelled measured in
feet.
 Divide the number of square feet per area (43,560 ft2) by
the number of square feet in the area sprayed to obtain
the number of such plots per area.
 Multiply the number of plots per area by the number of
fluid ounces applied per area.
 Divide the total number of fluid ounces of water applied
per area by the number of fluid ounces in 1 gal (128 fl oz)
to obtain the sprayer output expressed in gal/A.
PESTICIDE TOXICITY and SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Significance of Symbols on Pesticide Label
Toxicity Actual-oral Color of Signal Warning

Category toxicity, Triangle word symbol on the
LD50 required on label
mg/kg label
Extremely 0 - 50 Red Poison Skull and
toxic Cross bones
Highly toxic 51- 500 Yellow Poison
-
Moderately 501 - 5000 Blue Danger
toxic
-
Slightly 5000 Green Caution
toxic
-
HAZARD SYMBOL
 Blue – Health Hazard Yellow - Reactivity
4 –Deadly 4 –May deteriorate
3 – Extreme danger 3 – Shock & Heat may deteriorate
2 – Hazardous 2 – Violent Chemical Change
1 – Slightly Hazardous 1 – Unstable if heated
0 – Normal material 0 - Unstable
 Red – Fire Hazard White

Flash Points Oxidizer OX
4 – Below 73ºF Acid ACID
3 – Below 100ºF Alkali ALK
2 – Below 200ºF Corrosive COR
1 – Above 200ºF Use No Water W
0 – Will not burn Radiation Hazard
Wear gloves Wear eye Wash after use
protection
Wear boots Wear protection Wear respirator

over nose & mouth
STORAGE:
Keep locked away and
out of reach of children
Dangerous/harmful to fish –
Do not contaminate lakes
rivers, ponds or streams
Dangerous/harmful to
animals
Handling Handling Application
liquid dry
concentrate concentrate
ACTIVITY PICTOGRAMS
General Pesticide Safety
To help reduce the hazards associated with

pesticides consider the following guidelines:
 Only qualified personnel may transport, mix,
or use agricultural chemicals
 Thoroughly review and understand pesticide
MSDS(s)* before use
 Read and carefully follow pesticide label
instructions
________
* describes hazards, safe handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous chemical
General Pesticide Safety (Cont.)
• Keep a supply of water nearby to flush

contaminated skin and/or eyes.
• Check all pesticide equipment before use to
ensure working condition
• Wear personal protective equipment to prevent
pesticide exposure
 Do not eat, drink, or smoke when handling
pesticides
 Launder clothing and bathe after using pesticides

to eliminate residue
 Wash pesticide contaminated clothing separately
from household laundry
 Use only pesticides for purposes approved on the
label
 Observe specified re-entry intervals
 Wear appropriate protective clothing in treated
areas before re-entry
 Use pesticides downhill of wells, sinkholes,

ditches, or standing water
 Do not apply pesticides when rain or winds could
affect the treated area
 Triple-rinse spray equipment and empty
containers after use
 Properly dispose of rinse water or use during
later pesticide application
 Properly dispose of empty pesticide containers.
Pest and Diseases
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Smart : 09983343277
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Pest and Diseases
introduction
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Pest and Diseases
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THE SPEAKER
KEITH HERNANDEZ
(TESDA)
Pest and Diseases
.
Definition
Pest is an insect or small
animal that is harmful or
damages crops:
Pest and Diseases
introduction
follow
about
Disease is (an) illness of
people, animals, plants, etc.,
caused by infection or a
failure of health rather than
by an accident:
“Herein lies our problem. If we level that
much land to grow rice and whatever,
then no other animal could live there
except for some insect pest species.
Which is very unfortunate.”
Pest and Diseases

introduction
-Steve Irwin
follow
about
Pest and Diseases
introduction
follow
about
Smart : 09983343277
Basic Concepts
Plant disease control is basically aimed at suppressing the

pathogen by altering one or more sides of the disease triangle.
Understanding the disease development process is crucial when

considering control options.
The overall principle in effective disease control is to keep the

inoculum density of the pathogen at very low levels.
Familiarity with crops and the diseases that affect them is useful
in planning control programs.
The Disease Triangle
SUSCEPTIBLE
HOST
Disease
 Plant disease results when the host, pathogen, and an

environment favoring interaction occur together
Disease Cycles
Infection and Infection and

colonization Survival Survival
colonization
Secondary
inoculum
Primary
Infection court inoculum
Primary
Infection court inoculum
Dispersal of 2°
Dispersal of inoculum
inoculum
Dispersal of
Monocyclic inoculum
Soil-borne diseases: Polycyclic

 Bacterial wilt Air-borne diseases:
 Fusarium wilt  Downy mildew
 Late blight
 Rust
The Need for Plant Disease Management
Each plant on the average
suffers from 80-100 diseases:  Plant Disease
Management:
Causal agent Number
Viroids 20
Viruses 500
Bacteria 200  Reduce quantitative and
Fungi 8000 qualitative losses due to
Nematodes 500 plant diseases
Effects
 Reduce income
 Protect the environment
 May limit quality and yield
 Require cost to control
 Effects are worldwide
 Diseases of minor importance  Lower costs of crop
are likely to change with time production
Approaches to Plant Disease Management
Focused on the plant and environment:

 Protection- use of cultural practices, chemical and biological
treatments, and genetic resistance
Approaches to Plant Disease Management
Focused on the pathogen:

 Avoidance- involves choosing planting location where the pathogen is
not present or choosing a planting time when the pathogen is not active.
 Exclusion- involves legal restrictions, such as quarantines, or the
production of pathogen-free seed or propagative parts, so plants can be
grown in the absence of the pathogen
 Eradication- removal of pathogens from infested soil and tools and from
infected seeds and propagative parts
Management Strategies for Fungal
Diseases
Avoidance
 Choose planting site/timing of planting to avoid
environmental conditions favorable for disease
Exclusion
 Use pathogen-free seed/planting material
 Impose strict quarantines (local and international)
Management Strategies for Fungal
Diseases
Eradication
 Rotate to non-host crop
 Remove weed hosts
 Destroy infested plant debris
 Apply fungicides
Protection
 Apply fungicides
 Minimize leaf wetness
 Use resistant varieties

Management Strategies for Bacterial
Diseases
Exclusion
 Impose quarantine (local and international)
 Grow plants in dry environment
 Plant pathogen-free seed or stock
Eradication
 Rotate to non-hosts
 Rogue weed hosts
 Heat treatment of seeds or propagative
material
 Apply antibiotics
 Apply insecticides (to kill infective vectors)
Plant Pathology Department- Research and Development
Management Strategies for Bacterial
Diseases
Protection
 Apply copper-based fungicides
 Apply antibiotics
 Apply bacterial antagonists
 Minimize leaf wetness
Resistant Susceptible

Management Strategies for Virus
Diseases
Avoidance
 Choose planting site where the virus or vector is not present
 Choose planting time so that plants are at a less susceptible
growth stage when the virus or vector is not present
Exclusion
 Impose quarantines (local and international)
 Use virus-free seed or stock
Management Strategies for Virus
Diseases
Eradication
 Use herbicides to kill weed hosts
 Rogue infected plants
 Use insecticides to kill vectors
 Use heat treatment and/or meristem
culture to produce virus-free plants
Protection
 Mandate crop-free periods
 Plant barrier crops
 Use reflective mulches
 Apply insecticide
 Use resistant or tolerant varieties
Management Strategies for Nematode
Diseases
Avoidance
 Provide adequate water and fertilizer
Exclusion
 Impose quarantine
 Use pathogen-free propagative parts (e.g. bulbs)
Management Strategies for Nematode
Diseases
Eradication
 Rotate to non-hosts
 Remove weed hosts
 Use solarization
 Steam soil
 Fumigate soil
 Apply nematicides
Protection
Controlling Plant Diseases During the Resting Stage
Organisms overwintering on soil surface:

Mulch – forms a barrier which prevents organisms from moving from
soil to plants
Cultivation – prevents organisms from reproducing and infecting new
crop
Deep plowing – when soil is turned 4-6 inches deep, organisms on the
soil surface are buried so deeply that they cannot come in contact with
plants
Sanitation – removing old leaves/stems eliminates most of the disease
organisms on the soil surface

Organisms living in the soil:

Most pathogens can live in the soil from 1-4 years in the absence of a
susceptible host. However, a few pathogens can live in the soil for 30
years without feeding.
Crop rotation – non-host crops are used until the pathogenic organisms
die out and susceptible crops can once again be grown
Resistant varieties– the only solution to soil organisms that can live in
the soil for 20-30 years without a susceptible host
Chemicals – can be used to treat soil in cases where crop rotation is
ineffective or when resistant varieties are not available
Organisms disseminated by wind:

Many diseases are brought into the field from great distances by wind
Chemicals – protecting the foliage with chemicals is the only means of
control
Organisms in seeds:
Seed treatment – using dry heat or chemicals that can eliminate/reduce
organisms present in the seed
Certified seeds – pathogen-free seed
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and

environmentally sensitive approach to pest
management that relies on a combination of common-
sense practices. IPM programs use current, comprehensive
information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction
with the environment.
IPM consists of 4 main steps:
1. Identification: The section on Key Signs is designed to help identify the
pest or disease.
2. Prevention: This includes cultural approaches, such as use of disease

resistant varieties, disease-free seed and
adoption of good practices in the field, such as removal of infected material
that could carry the problem over to
the next crop. It also includes use of pesticides where this method is
appropriate.
3. Monitoring: The earlier a pest or disease is noticed, the earlier appropriate
action can be taken to reduce losses
and prevent its spread.
4. Control: This includes both cultural approaches, such as removal of infected

plants, as well as use of appropriate
pesticides.
IPM often involves the combination of several different options. Pesticides tend
to be used when other approaches are
inadequate for the problem at hand; they must always be used in accordance with
the usage and safety information
given on the pack.
Integrated Pest Management
• A strategy to prevent and suppress

pests with minimum impact on human
health, the environment and non-target
organisms.
• Decision-making process that uses

regular monitoring to decide if and
when treatments are needed to control
a pest, then uses a variety of tactics to
keep pest numbers low.
IPM Mission
• Encourage sustainable gardening

• Identify and monitor before acting.
• Consider management options
– Cultural (healthy plants; sanitation)
–Physical (hand picking)
– Biological (Bt)
–Chemical controls
• (organic or synthetic).
Consider least toxic first!
Some Considerations
 Value of plant ($ and personal)

 Time constraints
 Cost of treatment
 Toxicity of available controls
 Personal gardening philosophy
Management Principles of IPM
 Prevention
 Monitor the plants
 Identify the pest organism
– learn life cycle
 Establish an acceptable injury level
 Manage the situation
– Cultural
– Physical
– Biological
– Chemical
 Record and Evaluate
Cultural Control Methods
 Prevention
 Take care of soil
 Drainage
 Right plant, right place
 Choose adapted crops and varieties
 Resistant varieties
Cultural Control Methods
 Avoid over watering or under watering

veggies.
–Plan a watering schedule
–Irrigate in the morning
–Irrigate soil, not plants
–Provide air flow.
Plant to Attract Beneficial
• Mint family
• Marigolds
• Alyssum
• Broccoli family
• Carrot family
• Sunflower family
• Buckwheat
• Phacelia
Physical Control Methods
Are you willing to

squash aphids?
Handpicking
Squash „em or put in soapy water

Row cover (Cornell
University)
Water Jet
Aphids
Spider mites
Biological and Chemical Control
Methods
For treatments that you buy:
• Look for targeted treatments instead of

wide spectrum treatments
• Make sure crop and pest is listed on label

Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt
Biological Control Methods
B.t. kurstaki
and
caterpillars
B.t.
israelensis
and
fungus
gnats
B.t. san
diego and
elm leaf
beetle
B.t.
israelensis
and
mosquitos
Beauvaria
bassiana
Spinos
ad
•Neem (azadirachtin)
•Rotenone
•Pyrethrins
• Derived from botanical sources

• Biodegrade rapidly
• Widely varying levels of toxicity
• From seeds of the neem tree
• Broad spectrum against many pests
• Must be ingested to be toxic
• Low mammalian toxicity
• May require repeat applications
With all purchased control products,
please, please:
•Buy only what you need

•Read the product label
•Understand the instructions
•Follow safety precautions
•Use common sense
•Properly dispose of container
Weed Management
• Consistent weed control over five years

or so can dramatically reduce the weed
seed bank and the time needed to
control weeds.
No Weed
Solution
Weed Control
• Many weeds are edible

– Dandelion, pigweed, purslane, chickweed,
cress, mustard, lambs-quarters
– Sun choke
Weed Control
• Habitat for beneficials and pollinators

– Parsley, aster, broccoli families
– Let several plants flower and not seed
Fodder for
Compost
Don‟t let invasives go to seed!
– Many weeds produce 1000 -

25,000 seeds/plant
– Some produce 100,000 or
more (pigweed)
– Half-life of many common
weeds is 2-8 years
http://njaes.rutgers.edu/images/photos/weeds/large/commonpigweed-full.jpg
Don‟t bring in new weeds
Avoid bringing new weeds to the garden in

horse manure, compost, or straw
Horse Manure must be hot composted.

Request records.
Mechanical Weeding
• Use comfortable tools

• Be diligent
• Kill weeds when young (2-3 true leaves)
• More effective when warm, dry, and windy
• Control weeds early in crop growth –

– when they can compete most with crops
Mulching and Close
spacing
Transplants Get a
Head Start
Stale Seedbed Method
1. Plough or spade
2. Prepare seedbed
3. Irrigation or rain then wait 1-2 weeks
4. Light cultivation (or otherwise kill
weeds)
5. Repeat if possible
6. Plant or sow seed
7. Good for July seed planting
Mulch Considerations
• Plastic mulch
– Purchase
– disposal
– irrigation
• Straw mulch
– weed seeds
– irrigation
– nitrogen
Coping with Perennial Weeds
• Morning glory, quack grass, creeping

buttercup, bent grass with rhizomes
Most Plant Problems
• Caused by non-living factors

– Poor growing conditions
– Temperature extremes
– Poor water management
– Soil compaction
– Mechanical injury
• Abiotic factors also make plants
susceptible to pests / diseases.
Non-Living (Abiotic) Causes
• Weather: heat, cold,

wind, water
• Mechanical damage
• Nutrient deficiencies
or toxicities
• Toxins: pesticides, From http://www.pioneer.co.nz/
soil or air pollutants

Hail on my
Kale
Extreme Deformities (B)
Back to Basics: http://www.back-to-basics.net/nds/index.htm#

Living (Biotic) Causes
• Vertebrate pests
• Insects & mites
• Nematodes
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Viruses
Your Thinking Process
1. Understand problem (research!)

2. Form tentative diagnosis (confirm)
3. Identify management options
4. Implement management practice
5. Monitor effects
6. Record observations
PATTERNS OF
DAMAGE Uniform
=>
Nonliving
In the field and on the
leaf
Damage that spreads Nonuniform

is from a living cause, => Living
however, nutrient
deficiency symptoms
can worsen over time
Diagnosing Plant Problems
Symptom
Change in the plant, ie. yellowing, holes
in leaves, wilting, dead tissue, etc.
Sign
The organism that’s causing the damage,
ie. insect, mold, frass, etc.
Tomato- Abiotic
Blossom-end rot Sunscald

• Ca deficiency in fruit
• Ensure adequate moisture
especially on small fruit
• Check soil Ca level amend with
lime in fall
Damping Off Disease
•Soil temperatures too cold

•Use sterile potting supplies
•Buy disease resistant seeds
•Wait!
Slugs „N Snails
Gray field slug
Spotted garden slug

Reticulated Slug
Brown Garden Snail
Slugs n‟ Snails
• What do they need to live?

• Encourage predators
– Birds, snakes,
– ground beetles
• Eliminate habitat
• Beer and board traps
• Chemical (baits)
– Iron phosphate
– metaldahyde
Song
Birds
Vertebrates
Violet-green
swallow
Common Garter Snake
Toad
© David Rosen
Pacific Chorus
Frog © David Rosen
Domestic
Ducks
Trapping Slugs and
Snails
Slugs- Chemical Control
• (O) Iron phosphate (slower acting)

• Metaldehyde (danger)
– Toxic to pets
Copper
Strips?
Diatomaceous Earth
• For Slugs ‘n snails

• Repeat applications
• Effective?
Aphids
• Cabbage aphids
– Monitor plants
– Identify pest and life cycle
• Multiple generations/ year,
• Parthenogenic
• Honeydew and sooty mold
Acceptable Injury Level
For gardeners,
tolerence will differ between individuals.
Aphids
• Beans, cabbage, artichoke
• Cultural
– Avoid excess N
• Physical
– Washing w/ water
• Biological
– Attract beneficials (plan!)
– Release beneficials?
• Chemical
– Neem, insecticidal soap (O)
– Endosulfan, malathion
Flea
Beetle
Broccoli, cabbage, etc.
• Crop Damage:
• Severe in hot, dry weather
• Young plants susceptible
 – after 6-8 leaves plants compensate for
damage
• Larvae may damage root brassicas
WSU
Flea Beetle Control
• Cultural Physical
– Waxy leaved varieties more tolerant
– Delayed seeding
– Use transplants and rowcovers
– Trap crops
• Biological
– nematodes (larvae only)
– soil must be warmer than 53°F
• Chemical- all broad spectrum
– pyrethrins (O)
– malathion
– carbaryl
– esfenvalerate
Leaf
Miners
Beet Leaf Miner
• Cultural
– Control weeds- Lamb’s quarters
– Destroy infected material
– Crop rotation- Pupa over winter in soil
– Row covers during April and May
• Biological- attract natural enemies
• Chemical-
– (O) rotenone (mix with pyrethrins)
– (O) spinosid
– Neither if grown for greens
Row cover
(Cornell
University)
Principles of IPM
• Prevention Monitor the plants

• Identify the pest organism
– learn life cycle
• Establish an acceptable injury level
• Manage the situation
– Cultural
– Physical
– Biological
– Chemical (organic and synthesized)
• Evaluation
CALIBRATING
HAND-OPERATED
SPAYERS
For sprayer having a relatively small spray tank capacity, such as the 2 to 5 gal size
commonly carried by hand on the shoulder, or a backpack. To properly calibrate such
sprayer,
they must be equipped with a pressure regulation valve located between the spray tank and
the nozzle outlet so that a constant sprayer output is maintained.
Procedure:
 Pour a known volume of water into the spray tank.
 Close spray tank and pump up pressure.
 At constant pressure and uniform speed, spray a
known area.
 Determine the sprayer output for the area by
subtracting the amount of water remaining in the
spray tank from the amount originally poured in
the tank.
CALCULATIONS FOR PESTICIDE
APLICATION
CALCULATIONS for PESTICIDE APPLICATION (Cont.)
In general, the first steps in the procedure for

calculating pesticide dosage are to be known.
 Which pesticide to use for best results under
your particular set of conditions
 What the recommended dosage for the
pesticide
 How much pesticide active ingredient (a.i.)
present in a given quantity of the commercial
product to be used.
Procedure (cont.)
 Sprayer output for a given area may be adjusted by

changing the pace or the nozzle orifice size or both.
Generally the spray pressure remains set at about
25 psi.
 If necessary, the sprayer output can be expressed
as gal/A by dividing the area A (43,560 ft2) by the
area sprayed (ft2). Multiply this value by the
volume of water applied per area. Conversion of
gallons:
 1 gal = 128 fl oz = 3,785 ml
 1 fl oz = 29.57 ml
For sprayer equipped with any type of spray nozzle designed to
cover uniformly a given area with spray mixture, at constant speed
and spray pressure.
Procedure:
 Fill the spray tank completely with water.
 Select a safe speed (use between 2 and 5 mph)
for the terrain to be sprayed and use this speed
during calibrations.
 Make off any convenient distance. Generally,
the greater the distance the greater is the
accuracy in determining sprayer output.
 Make one or more passes with the spray over
the measured distance at the selected speed
operation. Spray only over measured distance.
CALCULATIONS for PESTICIDE APPLICATION (Cont.)
Before calculations can be made, the following four

factors must be known:
1. The recommended rate (kg or liters) of active
ingredient(s) per hectare or percent spray
concentration to be applied.
2. Amount of spray liquid per hectare when
applying sprays
3. The percent active ingredient of the pesticide
in the commercial formulation.
4. Area in hectares to be treated.
Example applies for an EC formulation –
 Given: Recommended concentration is 0.04 percent

320 liters per ha of spray liquid is desired
EC formulation contains 45 percent a.i.
Area to be treated is 0.5 ha (5,000 m2)
 Problem: How many liters of the commercial

formulation are required to treat the 0.5 ha?
 Solution:
First compute the total spray volume in liters needed
to treat the area:
320 liters/ha x 0.5 ha = 160 liters
Then use this formula:
Liters of commercial formulation = Amount of spray

required x percent spray concentration
Percent active ingredient = 160 x 0.04 = 0.142 L

45
 The amount of formulation needed per sprayer load, if one is
going to use an 8-liter sprayer:
Amount of formulation per sprayer load = Liters of commercial
formulation x capacity of sprayer (L)
Amount of spray required (L)
= 0.142 x 8 = 0.007 L (or 7 ml)
160
For foliar spraying . .
 Example involving WP formulation –

 Given:
 The recommended rate is 0.75 kg a.i./ha
 Volume of spray solution is 320 L/ha (10,000
m2)
 The WP formulation contains 70% a.i.
 Area to be treated is 0.5 ha (5,000 m2)
 Problem: How many kg of the commercial

formulation are required to treat the 0.5 ha area?
Answer:
 Kg of commercial formulation required = Recommended

rate (kg a.i./ ha) x Area to be treated (ha) x 100
Percent of active ingredient(s) in the
commercial formulation
= 0.75 x 0.5 x 100 = 0.536 kg
70
 Amount of formulation sprayer load = kg of commercial
formulation x capacity of sprayer (L)
Amount of spray required (L)
= 0.536 x 8 (as above) = 0.027 kg (or 27 g)
160
For field application . .
 Example for Granular formulation –
 Given: Recommended rate is 0.6 kg a.i./ha

Area to be treated is 2 ha
Percent of active ingredient is 3%
 Problem: How many kg of commercial formulation are needed

to treat 2 ha area?
 Answer:
 Commercial formulation (kg) = Recommended rate
(kg a.i./ha) x Area to be treated (ha) x 100
Percent a.i.
= 0.6 x 2 x 100 = 40 kg
3
For seedbed application . .
 Given: Recommended rate is 1.0 kg a.i./ha
Area to be treated is 10 x 5 meters
Percent active ingredient is 3% (Furadan)
Two applications are required at 10-day intervals
 Problem: How many kg should you buy if you want to treat the
nursery bed twice?
 Answer:
 The number of kg required for one application must be
determined. Using the same formula as in the previous problem:
 Kg of commercial formulation required = 1 x (10 x5) x 100
10,000_ ___
3
= 0.167 kg
 *Since two applications are required, 0.167 kg must be multiplied

by 2. Thus, 0.334 kg or 334 g of the commercial formulation are
required to treat the nursery twice.
Preparing to Apply Pesticides
Follow these steps to prepare for safe

pesticide application:
 Plan the job from beginning to finish.

 Read and thoroughly understand chemical
labels before starting.
 Prepare for an emergency by:
1. Establishing a personal decontamination site
2. Pre-positioning a chemical spill kit
3. Knowing applicable first aid procedures
Preparing to Apply Pesticides (Cont.)
 Handle pesticides in accordance with label/
MSDS instructions
 Do not transport pesticides in an enclosed area,
such as vehicle.
 Secure pesticides during transportation to
prevent shifting or bouncing
 Never leave your vehicle unattended when
transporting chemicals
 Wear a long-sleeve shirt and pants when working
with pesticides
Preparing to Apply Pesticides (Cont.)
 Wear additional protective equipment, as
required by the label
 Use prescribed equipment to apply pesticides
 Inspect equipment to assure good working order
before use
 Inform all people in or around the application
area before application of pesticide
Mixing Pesticides
Read and carefully follow label directions when

mixing pesticides. Even if you are familiar with a
particular chemical, reread the label to ensure
that you have the latest safety information. In
addition, follow these guidelines for mixing
pesticides:
 Wear prescribed personal protective equipment

 Pesticide mixing and loading areas should be
well ventilated
Mixing Pesticides (Cont.)
 Areas should be well lighted, and downhill from

any water source
 Concrete slabs allow for easy cleanup and are
good for mixing chemicals
 Measure chemicals carefully in accordance with
label directions
 Do not use more chemical than prescribed by the
pesticide label
Mixing Pesticides (Cont.)
 Overuse of pesticides is illegal, and may result

in the following:
1. Higher pest control costs
2. Pesticide residue in food
3. Groundwater pollution
4. Pesticide resistance
 Wear a face shield and avoid chemical splashes
when pouring pesticides
 Never use your mouth to siphon pesticides
Applying Pesticides
 Protect yourself, other people, and the

environment during pesticide application.
Follow these guidelines when applying
pesticides:
 MINIMIZE EXPOSURE
 Even mildly toxic chemicals can be harmful if exposures
occur frequently. Minimize exposures to any chemical.
 Avoid working in pesticide spray, mist, or runoff
 Avoid spraying pesticides near beehives,
sensitive areas that humans normally occupy
(e.g. schools, playground, hospitals, etc.)
Applying Pesticides (Cont.)
 Pesticide application in sensitive areas should be

performed when the weather is calm and when
people are not present.
 Prevent pesticide drift, runoff, and spills
 Pesticides falling outside the application area can
be very hazardous.
 Choose weather conditions, equipment, and
chemicals that do not lend themselves to these
hazards (Low wind, high relative humidity, no
inversion layer).
 PESTICIDE
STORAGE &
DISPOSAL
Pesticide Storage and Disposal
 Do not mix more pesticide than needed

 Use any residual pesticide on other target locations as
allowed by the label
 After emptying containers, clean and store the equipment
properly
 The following summary of storage criteria should be
followed for pesticides labelled with the signal words
DANGER, POISON, WARNING, or the skull &
crossbones symbol.
 These procedures and criteria are not necessary for the
storage of pesticides classified as less toxic (CAUTION
word on the label) or for those registered for use in home
or garden
Pesticide Storage and Disposal (Cont.)
Site Storage:
 Locate where flooding is unlikely
 Locate where runoff will not contaminate any
water system.
Storage Facility:
 Dry, ventilated, fire protected separate room,
building, or covered area
 Secured by fence and/or locked doors
 Provide hazard-warning signs (e.g. DANGER,

POISON, and PESTICIDE STORAGE)
Storage Facility:
 Movable pesticide equipment is labelled as
contaminated and not removed from the site until
decontaminated
 Provision for personnel and equipment
decontamination
 Contaminated water disposed of as excess pesticide
 Contaminated runoff collected and treated as
excess pesticide.
Operational Procedures:
 Store pesticide containers in rows with labels
plainly visible
 Place damaged container contents in intact-
labelled containers
 Segregate pesticides by formulation if required
 Store rigid containers in an upright position with
secure lids/bungs
Operational Procedures:
 Store rigid containers off the ground to permit
access and inspection
 Maintain a complete inventory of the number
and identity of containers
 Check containers regularly for corrosion and
leaks
 Keep suitable absorbent (e.g. vermiculite) on
hand in case of spills
Safety Precautions:
 Inspect pesticide containers for leaks before
handling them
 Do not allow unauthorized personnel in the
storage area
 Do not store pesticides by items intended for
animal or human consumption
 Do not eat, drink, smoke, or chew tobacco where
pesticides are present
Safety Precautions:
 Do not store beverages, food, eating utensils, or
tobacco in storage areas
 Wear chemical resistant gloves while handling
containers of pesticides
 Wash hands immediately after handling
pesticides
 Remove contaminated protective clothing
immediately.
Fire Control:
 Inform the fire department of large quantities of

flammables
 Furnish the fire chief with telephone numbers of

responsible persons
Disposal:
 Unused or outdated pesticides must be disposed
as hazardous waste
IMPORTANT:
 Never leave pesticide containers at a field site. Be sure to
account for every container used, and safely dispose of
empty containers
NOTE:
 Store herbicides separately from other pesticides and
stored seed. Some herbicides may volatilize and
contaminate the pesticides or seed.
Pesticide Cleanup
 Thoroughly clean pesticide equipment immediately after

use. Pesticide residue in mixing, loading, or application
equipment can result in accidental injury or death to
livestock or people and contamination of plants or soil.
 Clean the inside or outside of pesticide equipment,
including nozzles, Dispose of contaminated rinse water as
directed on the chemical label.
IMPORTANT:
 Do not allow pesticide rinse water to contaminate
water supplies
Antidotes
 Time is critical when pesticide overexposure

occurs. However, using an antidote kit may not be
the best course of action
 Unless a physician has stated that an antidote is
needed, it should not be administered
 Some antidotes such as atropine can be poisonous
if misused. A prescription may even be necessary
to acquire the antidote. You may be able to get a
local physician to write the prescription
Antidotes (Cont.)
 Prepare a written protocol regarding the use of

the antidote, and train pertinent employees
about how and when to administer the antidote
 If pesticide overexposure occurs, take a copy of
the pesticide label with you
 Without the information on the label, the
physician may be unable to administer the
appropriate treatment.
Important Legislation
 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act

(FIFRA)
 Food & Drug Cosmetic Act (FDCA)
 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)
 FAO- International Code of Conduct on the

Distribution and Use of Pesticide (1989)
follow
organic
Pest and Diseases
introduction
about
Speaker: Keith Hernandez

Pest and Diseases
introduction
follow
about
THE SPEAKER
KEITH HERNANDEZ
(TESDA)
.
Pest and Diseases
Definition
an insect or small animal
that is harmful or damages
crops:
Pest and Diseases
introduction
follow
about
(an) illness of people,
animals, plants, etc., caused
by infection or a failure of
health rather than by an
accident:
follow
Pest and Diseases

introduction
about
Pest and Diseases
introduction
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about
Smart : 09983343277
Management of Pig
Health
Approaches to Ensure Pig Health
 Biosecurity – keep diseases out
 In-coming breeding stock
 Wildlife (rodents, birds)
 Feeds and biologicals
 Disease Prevention
 All-in-all-out & pig flow (breaks cycle)
 Sanitation -- kill pathogens
 Vaccination
 Sub-therapeutic antimicrobials
 Therapy
Biosecurity
 Rule #1 put as much distance as possible between

your pigs and other pigs
 Rule #2 isolate, test and acclimate in-coming
breeding stock – do not allow entry if infected
 Rule #3 Control flow of people, pigs, feed and
equipment
Sanitation
 The pathogen cycle

 Clean, new facility
 Pigs shed bacteria
 Room cleaned 99%
 Pathogens build-up over time
 Effective sanitation (see book Table 20-1)

 Remove all organic matter
 Sanitize at a minimum (killing 99% of bacteria)

Heard Health Program
 Veterinary-approved
 Disease surveillance
 Necropsy ill pigs
 Blood collection
 Fecal, urine, skin scrapings collections
 Slaughter check
 Liver
 Lungs
 Snout
 Intestine
 Skin
 Kidney
Heard Health Program
 Euthanaisa
 Blunt trauma for piglets
 CO2 for piglets, too
 Penetrating captive bolt for larger pigs
 Vaccinations
 Antimicrobials
Giving injections
Injections
Pig Disease Categories
 Diseases we do not want to get

(that we know about)
 Diseases that are regulated by the US government

with an eye towards eradication
 Other diseases to manage
2
Pig diseases we do not want (by exotic
disease entry or by bioterrorism)
 Hog Cholera
 Hoof and Mouth
 African Swine Fever
3
Hog Cholera
 Classic Swine Fever

 Viral; single stand of RNA
 Family: Togaviridae, Genus: Pestivirus
 Same family as BVD
 USA eradication was from 1962-1976
 Has not been eradicated from Europe (note The
Netherlands).
4
Hog Cholera
 Infected pigs shed virus for 10-20 days

 Can be transmitted in utero
 Feeding garbage exacerbates the spread; leading to
the outlaw of this practice in many states.
 6-day incubation period; Respiratory; enteric;
anorexia; hunched; ataxia; leukopenia
5
Foot (Hoof) and Mouth
6
Foot (Hoof) and Mouth
 A picornavirus
 Family: Picornaviridae; Genus: Apthovirus
(Aptha, in Greek means
vessicles in the mouth)
 RNA virus; 7 serotypes
 Can infect pigs, cattle, sheep & goats
 Aerosol is highly contagious
6
Foot and Mouth
 Can be transmitted in semen; not the fetus

 North and Central America is free; South America,
Africa & Asia are infected
 3-5 day incubation period
 Vessicles in mouth and between toes;
 Sharp fever, abortion; skin lesions leading to
sluffing of tissue
7
African Swine Fever
8
African Swine Fever
 DNA-containing virus; Family: Iridovirdae

 Only pigs (including wart hogs and the like) are
susceptible; ticks may be carriers
 High fever & mortality; respiratory distress;
Hemorragic disease
 May resemble Hog Cholera
 Little antibody formation -- no vaccine
8
Vaccines?
Foot and Mouth -- yes
Hog Cholera -- yes
African Swine Fever -- no
What else is out there???
9
Diseases that are regulated by the US
government
Pseudorabies
Brucellosis
 You can be validated as free from these
by state agencies
 Feral pigs are major carriers of these
and other diseases
10
Pseudorabies
Aujeszky‟s Disease
11
Pseudorabies
Aujeszky‟s Disease
 Viral; Herpesviridae of the subfamily alphavuirus;

DNA
 While pigs are the only “natural” host, it infects all
farm animals and vermin
 All pigs can be infected; suckling pigs are least
affected
 Transmitted by aerosol, fluids, incl. semen
11
PRV
 2-4 day incubation period

 Nervous symptoms among younger pigs (ataxia)
and respiratory and reproductive symptoms
among older pigs (G-F & sows)
 Mortality can be 100% among piglets
 Farrowing rate is reduced due to abortions and
many stillbirths are observed
PRV
 Few gross lesions; respiratory & GI tracts are

affected
 Genetically-engineered vaccine allows vaccination
titers to be distinguished from natural infections
 States & USA quarantine the herd as a part of the
eradication program
Brucellosis
 Bacteria -- Brucella suis
 Infects pigs and humans (a different organism
infects cattle -- Brucella abortus -- with only a little
cross over)
 Nearly eradicated in the USA (TX still infected)
 Venereal disease of swine; Reproductive failures,
especially abortions
12
Major Classes of Production Diseases
(ones some chose to live with)
 Respiratory
 Enteric
 Reproductive
 Parasitic
 Metabolic
Respiratory
 PRRS
 Atrophic Rhinitis
 Mycoplasmal pneumonia
 Swine influenza
 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
PRRS
PRRS
 Lelystad virus
 In 1997, 68.5% of USA farms were seropositive
 Farrowing rate declines by 50%
 Stillbirths & preweaning mortality & growing pig
mortality increases by 300%
(1-3 pigs/litter born dead; 2 to 6 % mortality in
each of nursery & G-F)
PRRS
 Modified live vaccine offers poor protection

 No effective treatment
 Widespread problem; not solved by SEW or any
measure other than “all-in-all-out and wait” or
depopulate
Atrophic Rhinitis
Atrophic Rhinitis
 Caused by 2 organisms:
 Bordetella bronchiseptica causes a non-progressive
form of AR
 Progressive (severe) AR is caused by toxigenic
Pasteurella Multocida
 When both organisms are present, the AR is
especially symptomatic
Atrophic Rhinitis
Atrophic Rhinitis
 Severe turbinate atrophy, bloody & crooked noses,

followed by increased incidence of respiratory tract
lesions and infections
 Genetic predisposition is possible
 Caustic air environments exacerbate the symptoms
 SEW may help eliminate the bugs
Atrophic Rhinitis
 Production set-backs are the most costly

 Vaccines are available for BB & PM
 Sulfamethazine is effective, but banned in some
countries; a host of partially effective antibiotics are
available
 Suggest: Depopulation
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
 Also called enzootic pneumonia

 Bacteria: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
 Nose-to-nose contact spreads the organism
 Highly prevalent in the the USA, Europe, Australia
and most modern pig countries
 Lungs have lesions; secondary infections;
performance set-backs
 Several antibiotics are available; all are only partially

effective
 SEW may help prevent its spread
 Suggest: Depopulate
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
 Also called Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae

 Bacteria of the name: Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae
 Widespread distribution
 Economic cost is associated with rapid, high
mortality, rather than only production set-backs
 Brought on by stress; can be acute or chronic

 Rapid fever, foamy, bloody respiratory tract
discharge; death within 36 hours; tract is inflamed
and bloody;
 Rapid, high levels of certain antibiotics can be
effective
 Suggest: Clean up or depopulate
Swine influenza
 Also called swine flu, caused by a virus; Influenza A

virus (Orthomyxoviridae family); Different
serotypes;
 Birds and other mammals may carry or become
infected by the virus -- including humans
 Mild stress brings out symptoms
Swine influenza
Swine influenza
 Significant respiratory symptoms, including dog-

barking type of coughing
 Fever is mild; 1-3 day incubation period
 No specific treatment is available; make sure water is
available
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
 From Pasteurella multocida (gram negative

coccobacillus)
 See Atrophic Rhinitis for more details
 Often isolated and labeled the cause of death
following acute respiratory distress
 Many antibiotics are available
Enteric Diseases
 TGE
 E. coli
 Swine dysentery
 Ileitis (proliferative enteropathies)
 Clostridium
 Coccidia
 Rotavirus
TGE
TGE
 Transmissible Gastro Enteritis

 Viral: Coronavirus; RNA
 Severe enteric symptoms; there is a Porcine
Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) that cross reacts
with TGE
TGE
 18 h to 3 day incubation period; then severe scours;

50-100% of piglets will die; fewer older pigs; sows
vomit; watery to yellow scours with a foul odor
 Destruction of intestinal epithelium; pigs unthrifty
for life
 Feed-back of dead pigs is best
 Strikes more in winter
E. coli
 E. coli is a common intestinal bacteria; pathogenic

E. coli is the enteric organism;
 Enteric Colibacillosis; many serotypes
 Gram negative, flagellated rods; bacteria produces
endotoxin
 Symptoms like TGE; lower death loss and it should
respond to antibiotics if treated early
Swine dysentery
Swine dysentery
 Bloody scours; mucohemorrhagic diarrhea

 Bacteria: Treponema hyodysenteriae; 7 serotypes
known
 Bloody scours, especially in G-F pigs
 Fever; deaths if untreated
 Several antibiotics are available
 Suggest: depopulation
Ileitis (proliferative enteropathies)
Hemorrhagic
Necrotic
Ileitis (proliferative enteropathies)
 Several diseases in this category; some bacterial,

others of unknown cause
 Campylobacter genus is involved
 Sudden deaths; some times bloody scours; slow
growth
 Some antibiotics are somewhat effective
Clostridium
Clostridium
 Fatal necrotic enteritis

 Several bacteria, especially Clostridium
perfringens type C (also tetanus & botulism)
 Young piglets will die within 36 hours; in the
chronic form they may live 1 week
 Dehydration; red feces
 Antibiotics can be effective
Coccidia
 Obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite

 Isospora suis
 Symptoms start 7-14 days of age; yellow to grayish
diarrhea; rancid odor
 Several anticoccidials to piglets (giving to sows not
effective)
 Suggest: stringent sanitation; all-in-all-out
Rotavirus
 Virus of the Reoviridae family of the genus

Rotavirus
 Very common in nature; many serotypes
 12-24 h incubation period; nursing pigs most
affected; can be high mortality or a mild scours;
weanlings may show signs
 Expose sows to give piglets immunity
Others
 Reproductive
 Parasites
 Porcine Stress Syndrome
 Prolapse, Ulcer & Hernia
 Mycotoxins
 Skin/joint problems, esp. Erysipelas
 MMA
 Behavioral problems
Reproductive
 Brucellosis (see above)

 Leptospirosis
 Parvo Virus
 PRRS (see above)
Leptospirosis
 Bacteria of the Leptospira; gram negative rods;

7 serotypes (or more)
 Infection of mucous membranes
 Mild symptoms of anorexia, listlessness
 Major reproductive problems: abortions, lower
farrowing rates
 Vaccines are available
Parvo Virus
 Virus of family Parvoviridae; DNA

 Embryonic and fetal deaths
 Main symptom is stillborn pigs or lower numbers
born alive
 Vaccines are available
Parasites
 No excuse to have them

 Trichinosis
 Ascarid
 Kidney
 Mange
 Lice
Ascarid life
cycle
Trichina
Porcine Stress Syndrome
Porcine Stress Syndrome
 Genetic condition caused by a mutation of a gene

 Malignant hyperthermia
 Halothane gene Hal 1873; genetic test
 Single gene: carrier, mono-mutants
 Two genes; di-mutant
 Test and eliminate
Prolapse, Ulcer & Hernia
 Genetic predisposition to each

 Prolapses can be rectal or vaginal
 Hernias can be inguinal or scrotal
 Multi-factorial causes
 Diet contributes to all, but not the main cause
Prolapse, Ulcer & Hernia
Mycotoxins
 Metabolites of mold/fungal growth from the genus

Fusarium
 Aflotoxins, Ochratoxin and citrinin, Trichothecenes,
Zeralenone, Ergot and Fumonisins
 Reduce feed intake and several cause reproductive
problems due to steroid activity
MMA
 Mastitis, Metritis, Agalagtia (usually hypogalactia)

 Multi-factorial cause; genetic predisposition;
bacterial infections; constipation; lack of exercise
 Piglets waste away and die due to malnutrition
Skin/joint problems, esp. Erysipelas
 Erysipelas, diamond skin disease, caused by a

bacteria Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; fever, followed
by skin lesions, and then joint inflammation
 Vaccines available for Erysipelas
 Other bacteria can cause skin and/or joint
inflammation: Streptococci, Staphylococci
Behavioral Problems
 Tail biting & ear chewing

 Savaging piglets
 Naval/Urine sucking
 Not a problem:
-- bar biting
-- phantom nest building
-- aggression in pigs less than 100 lb
Behavioral Problems
PMWS and PDNS pictures
PMWS PDNS
Common Poultry Diseases and Their
Prevention
Outline
 How diseases occur: basic principles
 Observing your birds for signs of disease
 What to do when disease is suspected
 When to start treatment or intervention
 Common poultry diseases
 Final thoughts
What is disease?
• Any condition that results in deviation from

normal function
How do diseases occur?
Diseases occur due to the interaction between 3 main factors:
Agent
Host Environment
NOTE: Not all poultry health and production problems are caused by infectious agents.
LOOK AT MANAGEMENT FACTORS FIRST BEFORE CONSIDERING INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Agent Factors
• Infectious Agents • Non-infectious

– Bacteria agents
– Viruses – Chemical
– Parasites – Physical
– Fungi – Lack or excess of
certain vitamins and
minerals
– Toxins
http://health.utah.gov
Host Factors
• Breed
• Age
• Sex
• Immune status
Management and Environmental Factors
• Feed quality • Weather

• Lighting program • Season
• Air quality and ventilation • Geographic location
• Water quality
• Space (floor or cage,
feeder, drinker)
• Sanitation
• Vaccination and
medication programs
General Signs of Disease
• Poor appetite
• Huddling
• Depression
• Runting/stunting; poor
uniformity
• Ruffled feathers
• Coughing, sneezing,
oculo-nasal discharge,
difficult breathing
• Bloody or wet litter
• Increased mortality
Specific Signs of Disease
• Respiratory • Possible
(gasping, coughing, Diseases/Conditions:
snicking, swollen eyes, – Avian Influenza
nasal discharge) – Newcastle Disease
– Infectious
Laryngotracheitis
– Infectious Bronchitis
– Mycoplasmosis
– Colibacillosis
– Fowl Cholera
– Ammonia
•Nervous • Possible
(trembling, paralysis, Diseases/Conditions:
recumbency, circling) – Marek’s Disease
– Newcastle Disease
– Fowl Cholera
– Encephalomyelitis
– Encephalomalacia (Vit.
E/selenium deficiency)
– Aspergillosis
– Botulism
– Bacterial encephalitis
• Locomotor • Possible
(crooked toes, swollen hocks, Diseases/Conditions:
hyper‐extended or – Rickets (Ca/P/Vit. D3
deficiency or imbalance)
rubbery legs)
– Riboflavin deficiency
– Biotin deficiency
– Synovitis
– Injury
• External Signs • Possible

Disease/Conditions:
(skin/eye/leg/foot lesions)
– Lice
– Mites
– Biotin deficiency
– Pantothenic acid deficiency
– Riboflavin deficiency
– Gangrenous dermatitis
(Clostridium sp;
Staph. aureus)
• Digestive • Possible
(bloody or watery feces) Disease/Conditions:
– Coccidiosis
– Necrotic enteritis
– Coronaviral enteritis
– Infectious Bursal Disease
– Ulcerative enteritis
– Paratyphoid (Salmonella
spp.)
– Worms
– Salt poisoning
Other Signs of Disease or Health Problems
• Stress
(overcrowding, vaccination reaction, extreme temperatures,
lack of feed or water)
What to do if your birds look sick:
• Isolate sick bird(s) immediately

• Dispose of dead birds promptly
and properly
• Observe the rest of the flock for
signs of disease
• Call veterinarian, animal health
technician, or Extension agent
for advice and assistance
• Do not move birds or eggs off
your farm
• Do not add new birds to flock
• Do not visit other farms
Not all poultry health problems are caused by infectious agents
Always consider non‐infectious

conditions (management
factors or FLAWSS) first:
• Feed quality
• Lighting
• Air quality and ventilation
• Water quality
• Space (feeders and drinkers)
• Sanitation
Use medications judiciously and only when
necessary
• Management problems can
only be fixed by proper
management changes and/or
corrections
• Viral infections cannot be
treated with antibiotics
• Bacterial infections can only
be treated with the proper
antibiotic
• Always consult a veterinarian
before initiating any treatment
• If antibiotics or other drugs
are prescribed, follow
recommended dose, route,
duration of therapy, and
withdrawal time
COMMON POULTRY DISEASES
Infectious Laryngotracheitis
Species Affected
• Chickens, pheasants, peafowl
nathistoc.bio.uci.edu
fishandgame.idaho.gov
scienceblogs.com
Cause
• Herpes virus
• Spread through infected birds and improperly
administered live vaccines
– Airborne transmission or through contaminated
equipment, shoes, and clothing
Signs and Lesions
• Respiratory distress,
coughing, sneezing,
expectoration of
bloody mucus
• Conjunctivitis and
facial swelling
Prevention and
Control
• Vaccination
– Do not vaccinate if the disease is not present or has
not been observed in your area
– If vaccination is deemed necessary, MDA allows only
Tissue Culture Origin (TCO) ILT vaccine in non‐commercial
poultry
• Biosecurity
– Do not allow visitors to your farm nor visit other farms
– Do not share equipment and vehicles
– Clean and disinfect poultry house, coops, and
equipment regularly and between flocks
Mycoplasmosis
(Chronic Respiratory Disease)
Species Affected
• Chickens and turkeys
nrm.wikipedia.or
g en.wikipedia.or
g
Cause
• Mycoplasma gallisepticum
– Secondary E. coli infection is common
• Transmitted through the egg, airborne
droplets, or from bird to bird
Signs and Lesions
• Coughing, sneezing,
facial swelling, nasal
discharge, cloudy air
sacs
• Deformed eggs, drop in
egg production
• Pericarditis and
perihepatitis (with
secondary E. coli
infection)
Prevention and Control
• Purchase chicks only from MG‐negative

sources (National Poultry Improvement Plan
or NPIP participant)
• Provide medicated feed (containing Tylan® or
Gallimycin®)
• Don’t mix birds of different species and age
Internal Parasites
www.backyardchickens.com
Species Affected
• All birds
Cause
• Roundworms (Ascarids)
• Hairworms (Capillaria)
• Cecal worms (Heterakis)
• Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Signs and Lesions
• Unthriftiness, stunted
growth, emaciation
• Enteritis
• Anemia
• Decreased egg
production
• Rotate birds in yards or pens

• Deworm flocks regularly, particularly those raised on the
ground or in floor pens
• Provide medicated feed (containing broad‐spectrum
dewormer)
• Treat infected birds with the proper dewormer
– Piperazine (Wazine™) is effective only against roundworms
and cecal worms
– Fenbendazole (SafeGuard™ or Panacur™) is effective
against roundworms, cecal worms, and hairworms
Coccidiosis
Species Affected
• Chickens and turkeys
tinyfarmblog.com
Cause
• Eimeria sp.
• 9 species in chickens
• 7 species in turkeys
• Transmitted through infected droppings
(containing oocysts)
Clinical Signs and Lesions
• Cecal coccidiosis
(caused mainly by E.
tenella in chickens)
– High mortality
– Bloody feces
– Pale combs
– Ruffled feathers
– Lack of appetite
– Coagulated blood in
ceca
Clinical Signs and Lesions
• Intestinal coccidiosis
(caused by E. acervulina,
E. brunetti, E. maxima,
and E. necatrix)
– Loss of weight
– Shriveled combs
– Drop in egg production
– Pale shanks
• Good management
• Provide medicated feed (with coccidiostats
such as amprolium or Amprol™)
• Treat infected flocks promptly
External Parasites
www.tillysnest.com
Mite
s
keep-hens-raise-chickens.com
Species Affected
• All birds
Cause
• Scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutans)

• Chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)
• Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus
sylviarum)
www.ca.uky.edu
www.chickenvet.co.uk
Signs and Lesions
• Scaly leg mite:

– scales and crusts in
legs, combs, and
wattles
• Northern fowl
mite:
– blackened feathers,
scabby skin around
vent
• Scaly leg mite

– Cull or isolate affected birds
– Apply an oil‐based product such as petroleum jelly, a 50:50
kerosene and cooking oil mix, or Blue Ribbon™ (a commercial
mixture of plant oils, canola, and camphor) to affected areas
• Northern fowl mite
– Monitor all birds and facilities for infestation; check egg flats and
cases for mites
– Treat birds with approved insecticide (such as carbaryl or Sevin™)
– Usedry powder to dust birds
– Use liquid spray or wettable powder for walls and floors to penetrate cracks
and crevices
– Wash plastic flats and racks with hot water and detergent
-Always follow the manufacturer’s directions.

-Observe all warnings and withdrawal
periods.
Bumblefoot
(Pododermatitis)
www.backyardchickens.com
Species Affected
• Chickens (mostly males and heavy birds)
www.flickr.com
Caus
e
• Injury to the lower
surface of the foot and
subsequent infection with
Staphylococcus bacteria
• Common causes of injury:
• Rough perches
• Splinters
• Wire floors
• Poor litter or bedding www.avianweb.co
quality m
Signs and Lesions
• Lameness
• Swelling of the foot
pad
• Hard, pus‐filled
abscess on foot pad
keep-hens-raise-chickens.com
• Provide good quality litter or bedding. Keep

bedding clean, dry, and deep.
• Keep perches less than 18 inches from the
floor to prevent foot damage due to impact
from jumping.
• Remove potential sources of injury such as
sharp objects and/or surfaces.
Treatment
• Soak foot in warm water and Epsom salts.

• Clean affected area with soap and warm water, then
disinfect with alcohol.
• If skin is open, drain pus from abscess (If there is no break
in the skin to allow drainage of abscess, use a sterile scalpel
or sharp end of a disinfected blade to cut a small opening).
• Flush the abscess cavity with hydrogen peroxide to clean
out pus and debris.
• Pack the cavity with antibiotic ointment and wrap the foot
with gauze and elastic bandage. Repeat daily until foot
heals.
FINAL THOUGHTS
• Be vigilant – continuous flock health monitoring is a

MUST
• Use all available senses (sight, touch, smell,
hearing) as well as COMMON SENSE
• Look for all possible causes and/or predisposing
factors, i.e. do not “leave any stoned unturned”
• Initiate corrective or preventive measures promptly
• When in doubt, seek expert advice
• While practicing strict biosecurity, provide adequate
feed, water, ventilation, heat, etc. (a.k.a. bird comfort
or TLC)
Questions
?

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Pest and Diseases

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Pest and Diseases

TABI TABI PO SA MGA KUMA KAIN

• Ecologically speaking, no organism is born a

• Pest problems do not arise as independent

• Crops and pests are part of an

 Insects and related arthropods: invertebrates such

 Pathogens: disease-causing bacteria, fungi, viruses

 Weeds: undesirable plants that reduce crop yield

true bugs are an order

Most members of the

Thrips are minute, slender

 One of the first growing agricultural production

 Largest pesticide class (62% of total quality of

 Account for 10 percent of the total quantity of

 Rice, vegetables and fruit crops account for the

 Applied to fewer acres than are herbicides and

 Vegetable and Fruits

 Most likely to develop

 Integrated pest management

 Mildew control in the shower

 Pesticide – a compound used to control pest; natural

 Includes, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides,

 Bacillus thuringiensis, growth regulators, and

 Increased yield/acre  Control of household

According to effect on pests:

According to effect on pests:

According to chemical nature

According to chemical nature

Classification by mode of action

 Systemic toxicants – move through the plant‟s

Classification by mode of action

 Fumigants –are volatile and enter a pest‟ body

 Suffocating materials – usually oils; clog the

Group I: Concentrates for dilution with water

Group 2: Concentrates for dilution with organic

Group 3: Formulations to be applied undiluted

 Group 4: Miscellaneous formulations for special

 Liquid and wettable powder formulations are

Push-Pull, Hand Pump

Aerosol sprayer Bucket sprayer

Toxicity Actual-oral Color of Signal Warning

 Red – Fire Hazard White

Wear boots Wear protection Wear respirator

To help reduce the hazards associated with

• Keep a supply of water nearby to flush

 Launder clothing and bathe after using pesticides

 Use pesticides downhill of wells, sinkholes,

Pest and Diseases

Plant disease control is basically aimed at suppressing the

Understanding the disease development process is crucial when

The overall principle in effective disease control is to keep the

 Plant disease results when the host, pathogen, and an

Infection and Infection and

Soil-borne diseases: Polycyclic

Focused on the plant and environment:

Focused on the pathogen:

 Destroy infested plant debris

 Use resistant varieties

 Plant pathogen-free seed or stock

Plant Pathology Department- Research and Development

Organisms overwintering on soil surface:

Plant Pathology Department- Research and Development

Organisms living in the soil: