MISS JOAN DOYO
Educated and Professional Families
Lesson 9:
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
For MOST, having a child is the symbol of a
successful union.
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ABOUT
HAVING A CHILD
Viewed from Above
➢ Having or not having children is mainly
driven by economics. Behind the
laughter or tears lies the question: Will
the child be an asset or a burden to the
family?
Rural Communities
➢ Welcome an extra hand to help in crop
cultivation, particularly during the
planting and harvesting seasons.
Poorest District of Urban Centers
➢ Tend to have families with more
children because the success of their
small family business depends on how
many of their members can be hawking
their wares on the streets .
➢ Hence, the more children, the better it
will be for the farm or the small
by-the-street corner enterprises
Since then, the global agricultural population
➢ Urbanized families with two incomes,
desire just one or two progenies. With
each partner tied down or committed to
his/her respective profession, neither
has the time to devote to having a kid,
much more to parenting.
Rural Families
➢ View children & large kinship networks
as critical investments. Children can
take over the agricultural work.
Urban Families
➢ May not have the same kinship network
anymore because couples live on their
own, or because they move out of the
farmlands. Thus, it is usually the basic
family unit that is left to deal with life’s
challenges on its own
Countries in the Less Developed Regions
➢ Relying on agriculture, tends to maintain
high levels of population growth.
1980 UN REPORT
➢ About urban and rural population growth
states that these areas contained 85%
of the world rural population in 1975
and are projected to contain 90% by the
end of the 20th century
has declined.
➢ In 2011, it accounted for over 37% of
the total world population, compared to
the statistics in 1980 in which rural and
urban population percentages were
more or less the same.
“NOURISHING THE PLANET”
➢ A blog site which noted that even as the
agricultural population shrunk as a
share of total population between 1980
and 2011. It grew numerically from
2.2B to 2.6B people during this period.
Note!
➢ Urban families have grown, but not
necessarily because families are having
more children.
➢ It is rather the combination of the
natural outcome of significant migration
to the cities by people seeking work in
the more modern sectors of society.
➢ This movement of people is especially
manifest in the developing countries
where industries and businesses in the
cities are attracting people from the
rural areas
➢ This trend has been noticeable since
the 1950s
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By the start of the 21st century
➢ The world has become 44% urban, while
the corresponding figures for developed
countries are 52% to 75%.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
➢ Today, 191M people live in countries
other than their own.
The United Nations
➢ Projects that over 2.2M will move from
the developing world to the First World
countries.
Immigrants
➢ Countries welcome them because they
offset the debilitating effects of an
aging population, but
➢ Perceived as threats to the job market
because they compete against citizens
for jobs and often have the edge
because they are open to receiving
lower wages.
THE “PERILS” OF OVERPOPULATION
DEVELOPMENT PLANNERS
➢ see urbanization and industrialization
as indicators of a developing society
but disagree on the role of population
growth or decline in modernization
These lengthy discussions bring back ideas of:
THOMAS MALTHUS
➢ A British Scholar who was warned in his
1798 “An Essay on the Principle of
Population” that population growth will
inevitably exhaust world food supply by
the middle of the 19th century.
PAUL R. EHRLICH & ANNE
➢ Malthus' prediction was off base, but it
was revived in the late 1960s when an
American biologist and his wife wrote
“The Population Bomb”, which argued
that overpopulation in the late 1970s
and the 1980s will bring about global
environmental disasters that would, in
turn, lead to food shortage and mass
starvation.
Proposed:
➢ Countries like the United States take the
lead in promotion of global population
control in order to reduce the growth
rate to 0.
Recommendation:
➢ Bizarre
○ Chemical castration
➢ Policy-oriented
○ Taxing an additional child and
luxury taxes on child-related
products
➢ Monetary Incentives
○ Paying off men who would
agree to be sterilized after two
children
➢ Institution Building
○ a powerful Department of
Population and Environment
GLOBAL POPULATION
➢ The rate of global population increase
was at its highest between 1955 and
1975 when nations were finally able to
return to normalcy after the
devastations wrought by World War 2.
➢ The growth rate rose from 1.8% per year
from 1955 to 1975 peaking at 2.06%
annual growth rate between 1965 and
1970.
RESOURCES
➢ By limiting the population, vital
resources could be used for economic
progress and not be “diverted” and
“wasted” to feeding more mouths.
➢ In the mid-20th century, the Philippines,
China, and India sought to lower birth
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 MISS JOAN DOYO
rates on the belief that unless
controlled, the free expansion of family
members would lead to a crisis in
resources which in return may result in
widespread poverty, mass hunger, and
political instability.
AMERICAN POLICY JOURNAL,
Foreign Affairs
➢ As early as 1958, they had already
advocated contraception and
sterilization as the practical solutions to
global economic, social, and political
problems.
AMERICAN BILLIONAIRES
➢ In May 2009, a group of them warned
of how a nightmarish explosion of
people was a potentially disastrous
environmental, social, and industrial
threat to the world.
ADVOCATES OF POPULATION CONTROL
➢ contend for universal access to
reproductive technologies (such as
condoms, the pill, abortion, and
vasectomy) and, more importantly,
giving women the right to choose
whether to have children or not.
In Puerto Rico, reproductive health supporters
regard their work as the task of transforming
their poor country into a modern nation.
Developed countries justify their support for
population control in developing countries by
depicting the latter as conservative societies.
For instance, population experts blamed:
➢ Egyptians
○ For their irresponsible fecundity
responsible for the nation’s
run-on population growth
➢ Iranian
○ Peasant’s natural libidinal
tendencies for the same rise in
population
INDIAN GOVERNMENT
➢ From 1920 onwards, they marked lower
castes, working poor, and Muslims as
○ Hypersexual
○ Hyper-fecund
○ A drain on national resources.
POLICY FORMULATION
➢ This Led to extreme policies like the
forced sterilization of 20M violators of
the Chinese government’s one child
policy.
➢ Vietnam and Mexico also conducted
coercive mass sterilization.
IT'S THE ECONOMY, NOT THE BABIES!
BETSY HARTMANN
➢ Disagrees with the advocates of
neo-Malthusian theory and accused
governments of using population
control as a substitute for social justice
and much needed reforms( land
distribution, employment creation,
provision of mass education and health
care, and emancipation)
Note!
➢ Others pointed out that the population
did grow fast in many countries in the
1960s.
➢ Shift of population from the rural to the
urban areas (52% to 75% in the
developing world since the 1950s).
➢ “Megacities” are now clusters in which
income disparities along with:
○ Transportation, housing, air
pollution and waste
management
are major problems; they also have
become, and continue to be, centers of
economic growth and activity.
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MEDIAN
➢ The median of 29.4 years for females
and 30.9 for males in the cities mean a
young working population.
➢ With this median age, states are assured
that they have a robust military force.
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
➢ Fell from 181 to 34 per 1,000 births
between 1950 and 2000
INFANT FERTILITY RATE
➢ from 6 to 2 per woman.
The lag between falls in mortality and fertility
created a Baby-Boom Generation: between
1965 and 1990.
Population growth has spurred technological
and institutional innovation and increased the
supply of human ingenuity
GREEN REVOLUTION
➢ Created high yielding varieties of rice
and other cereals and, along with the
development of new methods of
cultivation, increased yields globally
The global famine that neo-Mlathusians predict
did not happen. Instead,
GLOBAL GRAIN PRODUCTION
➢ Between 1950 and 1984, increased by
over 250%, allowing agriculture to keep
pace with population growth, thereby
keeping global famine under control
WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
ABORTION
➢ In North America and Europe, 73% of
governments allow abortion upon a
mother’s request.
Most countries implement reproductive health
laws because they worry about the health of the
mother.
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
➢ In 1960, Bolivia’s average total fertility
rate (TFR) was 6.7 children.
➢ In 1978, the Bolivian government put
into effect a family planning program
that included the legalization of
abortion (after noticing a spike in unsafe
abortion and maternal deaths)
➢ By 1985, the TFR rate went down to
5.13 and further declined to 3.46 in
2008.
➢ A similar pattern occurred in Ghana after
the government expanded reproductive
health laws out of the same concern as
that of the Bolivian government.
UNITED NATIONS
➢ In 2014, their report noted that the
proportion of countries allowing
abortion to preserve the physical health
of a woman increased from 63% to 67%,
and those to preserve the mental health
of a woman increased from 52% to 64%
RELIGIOUS WING
➢ The religious wing of the
anti-reproductive rights describes
abortion as a debauchery that supplies
the name of God; it will send the mother
to hell and prevents the baby to become
human
➢ Unfailing pressure by Christian groups
compelled the governments of Poland,
Croatia, Hungary, Yugoslavia; and even
Russia to impose restrictive
reproductive health programs, including
making access to condoms etc.
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Muslim Countries ○ Yearly meat production must

POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY
➢ Do not condone abortion and limit wives go up to 200M tons to reach
to domestic chores and delivering 470M
GLOBAL POPULATION
babies. ➢ FAO recommends that countries
➢ Senegal only allows abortion when the ➢ has reached 7.4B (8.1B na), and it is increase their investments in:
mother’s life is threatened estimated to increase to 9.5B in 2050, ○ Agriculture
then 11.2B by 2100. ○ Craft long-term policies aimed
A country being industrialized and developed, at fighting poverty
however, does not automatically assure Median Age ○ Invest in research and
pro-women reproductive regulations. ➢ 30.1 with the male median age at 29.4 development.
➢ In the United States, the womens’ years and female, 30.9 years
movement of the 1960s was
Population decline in some of the most UN BODY
responsible for the passage and judicial
endorsement of a pro-choice law advanced countries: ➢ also suggests that countries develop a
● Japan comprehensive social service program
● Singapore that includes
THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE ○ Food assistance
Demographers predict that the world population ○ Consistent delivery of health
FEMINIST will stabilize by 2050 to 9B, although they warn services
that feeding this population will be an immense ○ Education especially for the
➢ Approach the issue of reproductive
challenge. poor
rights from another angle. They are,
foremost, against any form of
population control. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE CONCLUSION
➢ They believe that government ORGANIZATION
assumptions that poverty and
➢ warns that in order for countries to Demography
environmental degradation are caused
mitigate the impact of population ➢ is a complex discipline that requires the
by overpopulation are wrong.
growth, food production must increase integration of various social scientific
➢ Point out that there is very little
by 70% data.
evidence that points to overpopulation
○ Annual cereal production must ➢ accounts for the growth and decline of
as the culprit behind poverty and
rise to 3B tons from the current the human species
ecological devastation.
2.1B

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Lesson 10: FIVE GROUPS OF MIGRANTS

GLOBAL MIGRATION
WHAT IS MIGRATION?
Migration
➢ Should not be considered a problem
➢ Complex social phenomenon that
predates contemporary globalization.
Note!
➢ There is nothing moral or immoral about
moving from one country to another
Human beings have always been migratory. It is
the result of their movements that:
● Areas get populates
● Communities experience diversity
● Economies prosper.
TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION
Internal Migration
➢ Refers to people moving from one area
to another within one country
International Migration
➢ People cross borders from one country
to another.
FIRST (Immigrants)
➢ Are those who move permanently to
another country known as Immigrants
SECOND (Workers)
➢ Refers to workers who stay in another
country for a fixed period of time (at
least 6 months in a year)
THIRD (Illegal Migrants)
➢ Comprised of illegal migrants
FOURTH (Migrants)
➢ Migrants whose families have
“petitioned” them to move to the
destination country.
FIFTH (Refugees)
➢ are refugees known as asylum-seekers,
i.e., those “ unable or unwilling to return
because of a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership of particular
social group, or political opinion
Note!
Demographers estimate that 247 million people
are currently living outside the countries of their
birth country.
● 90% moved for economic reasons
● 10% refugees and asylum seekers
TOP 3 REGIONS OF ORIGIN OF MIGRANTS
➢ Latin America (18% of global total)
➢ Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16%)
➢ Middle East and North Africa (14%)
PER COUNTRY BASIS:
● India, Mexico and China (leading)
● Philippines and Afghanistan (rank 6)
The top 10 country destinations of these
migrants are mainly in the:
● West and the Middle East,
● United States (1st)
Note!
➢ 50% of global migrants have moved
from the developing countries to the
developed zones of the world and
contribute anywhere from 40 to 80% of
their labor force.
Migrants
➢ when settled, contribute enormously to
raising the productivity of their host
countries.

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THINK-TANK MCKINSEY GLOBAL ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC

INSTITUTE
➢ First generation immigrants constitute:
○ 13% in Western Europe
○ 15% in North America
○ 48% in the GCC countries.
Note! CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
➢ The migrant influx has led to debate in
➢ Their 2013 report on government
destination countries over the issue of
welfare spending clearly shows that
whether migrants are assets or
native-born citizens still receive higher
liabilities to national development.
support compared to immigrants

The majority of migrants re ANTI-IMMIGRATION POLITICAL LEADERS Note!

/main in the cities. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Examples of political leaders who have been
reversing the existing pro-immigration and ➢ Predicted that the flow of refugees
The percentages of migrants in cities are: fleeing the war in Syria and Iraq would
refugee-sympathetic policies
- 92% in the United States actually grow Europe’s GDP
- 95% in the United Kingdom US President Donald Trump
- 99% in Australia. ➢ Attempted to ban travel into the United In Germany, the inflow of refugees from the
States of people from majority-Muslim Middle East has not affected social welfare
countries, even those with proper programs, and had very little impact on wages
Table 1: Migrant Contribution to Destination documentation. He also continues to and employment.
Country, in dollars and as percentage of speak about his election promise of
national GDP, 2015 building a wall between the United
States and Mexico. BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS FOR THE
SENDING COUNTRIES
Country Contribution % of GDP Even if 90% of the value generated by migrant
UK Prime Minister Theresa May
workers remains in their host countries, they
United States $2 TRillion 11%
have sent billions back to their home countries.
HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL SURVEY (2011)
Germany $550 billion 17%
➢ On the impact of immigration concluded In 2014,
United Kingdom $390 billion 14% that the likelihood and magnitude of - India ($70B) highest remittance!
adverse labor market effects for native - China ($62B)
Australia $330 billion 25%
from immigration are substantially - Philippines ($28B)
Canada $320 billion 21% weaker than often perceived. - Mexico ($25B)

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 MISS JOAN DOYO
Remittances
➢ Make significant contributions to the
development of industries that help
generate jobs.
➢ Change the economic and social
standing of migrants.
Note!
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
➢ observes that in countries like the
Philippines, remittances “do not have a
significant influence on other key items
of consumption or investment such as
spending on education and healthcare.”
Remittances, therefore, may help in
lifting “households out of poverty but
not in rebalancing growth.”
“Brain Drain”
➢ A process where global migration is
siphoning qualified personnel and
removing dynamic young workers.
MCKINSEY GLOBAL INSTITUTE
➢ According to them, countries in
sub-Saharan Africa and Asia have lost
one-third of their college graduates.
60% of those who moved to OECD
destinations were college graduates,
compared to just 9% of the overall
population in the country.
52% of Filipinos who leave for work in the
developed world have tertiary education, which
is more than double the 23% of the overall
Filipino population.
In 2006, some 15% of locally trained doctors
from 2 sub-Saharan African countries had
emigrated to the United States or Canada; the
losses were particularly steep:
- Liberia (43% of doctors left)
- Ghana (30%)
- Uganda (20%)
THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Human Trafficking
➢ The 3rd largest criminal activity
worldwide according to the list by the
United States Federal Bureau of
Investigation.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANIZATION
➢ In 2012, they identified 21M men,
women, and children as victims of
“forced” labor, an appalling 3 out every
1,000 persons worldwide.
Victims are:
● Exploited by private enterprises and
entrepreneurs (99%, 18.7 million)
● Sexually Abused (22%, 4.5 million)
● Work under compulsion in agricultural,
manufacturing, infrastructure, and
domestic activities. (68%, 14.2 million)
Human Trafficking
➢ has been very profitable, earning
syndicates, smugglers, and corrupt state
officials profits of as high $150B a year
in 2014.
Governments, the private sector, and civil
society groups have worked together to
combat human trafficking, yet the results
remain uneven
INTEGRATION
A final issue relates to how migrants interact
with their new home countries. They may
contribute significantly to a host nation’s GDP,
but their access to housing, healthcare, and
education is not easy.
Migrants from China, India, and Western Europe
often have more success, while those from the
Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan
Africa face greater challenges in securing jobs.
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 MISS JOAN DOYO
COLLAR
➢ In the United States and Singapore,
there are blue-collar as well as
white-collar Filipino workers (doctors,
engineers, even corporate executives),
and it is the professional, white-collar
workers that have oftentimes been
easier to integrate.
LACK OF INTEGRATION
➢ gives xenophobic and anti-immigrant
groups more ammunition to argue that
these new citizens are often not
nationals in the sense of sharing the
dominant culture.
CHINESE CONSOLIDATED BENEVOLENT
ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA
➢ Provide support for new Chinese
migrants, guiding them in finding work
or in setting up their small businesses
(restaurants and laundromats) in the
state and elsewhere.
Global Migration
➢ entails the globalization of people. And
like the broader globalization process, it
is uneven
Lesson 11:
ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
THE WORLD’S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
CONSERVE ENERGY FUTURE
➢ website that lists the following
environmental challenges that the world
faces today
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
1. Depredation
Caused by:
➢ Industrial and transportation toxins
➢ Plastic in the ground
➢ Defiling of the sea, rivers, and water
beds by oil spills and acid rain
➢ Dumping of urban waste
2. Changes in Global Weather Pattern and,
➢ Flash floods
➢ Extreme Snowstorms
➢ Spread of deserts
Surge in Ocean and Land Temperatures
➢ Leading to a rise in sea levels as the
polar ice caps melt because of the
weather, plus the flooding of many
lowland areas across the world
3. Overpopulation
4. Exhaustion of world’s natural non-renewable
Resources
➢ From oil reserves to minerals to potable
water
5. Waste Disposal Catastrophe
➢ Due to the excessive amount of waste
(from plastic to food packages to
electronic waste) unloaded by
communities in landfills as well as on
the ocean
➢ Dumping of nuclear waste
6. Destruction of million-year-old ecosystems
and the loss of biodiversity
➢ Destruction of the coral reefs and
massive deforestation that have led to
the extinction of particular species and
the decline in the number of others
7. Deforestation
➢ Results to reduction of oxygen and the
increase in carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, resulting in ocean acidity
by as much as 150% in the last 250
years
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8. Depletion of the ozone layer
➢ Protection of the planet from the sun’s
deadly ultraviolet rays is depleted due to
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the
atmosphere.
9. Deadly Acid Rain
➢ Due to fossil fuel combustion, toxic
chemicals from erupting volcanoes,
and the massive rotting vegetables
filling up garbage dumps or left on the
streets
10. Water Pollution
➢ Arising from industrial and community
waste residues seeping into
underground water tables, rivers, and
seas.
11. Urban Sprawls
➢ Continue to expand as a city turns into a
megalopolis, destroying farmlands,
increasing traffic gridlock, and making
smog cloud a permanent urban fixture
12. Pandemics/Threats to Public Health
➢ Arising from wastes mixing with
drinking water, polluted environment
that become breeding grounds for
mosquitoes and disease carrying
rodents, and pollution
13. Radical Alteration of food systems
➢ Due to genetic modifications in food
production
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
➢ Release toxins in the atmosphere and
lower the world’s temperature
US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
➢ measured the gas emissions from the
active Kilauea volcano in Hawaii and
concluded that Kilauea has been
releasing more than twice the amount
of noxious sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) as
the single dirtiest power plant on the
United States mainland.
➢ The 15M of Sulfur Dioxide released
when Mount Pinatubo erupted on June
15, 2001 created a hazy layer of aerosol
particles composed primarily of sulfuric
acid droplets that brought down the
average global temperature by 0.6
degrees Celsius for the next 15 months.
Volcanologists at the University of Hawaii
➢ Added that Pinatubo has released “15 to
20 megaton of [sulfur dioxide] into the
stratosphere to offset the present global
warming trends and severely impact the
ozone budget.
MAN-MADE POLLUTION
Traffic and Industrial Waste
➢ In Saudi Arabia, sandstorms combined
with combustion exhaust from traffic
and industrial waste has led the World
Health Organization (WHO) to declare
Riyadh as one of the most polluted
cities in the world.
Coal Fumes
➢ Coal fumes coming out of industries
and settling down in surrounding areas
contaminated 20% of China’s soil, with
the rice lands in Hunan and Zhuzhou
found to have heavy metals from the
mines, threatening the food supply.
Inadequate Monitoring System
➢ Greenpeace India reported that in 2015,
air pollution in the country was at its
worst, aggravated by the Indian
government’s inadequate monitoring
system (there are only 17 national air
quality networks covering 89 cities
across the continent)
94% of population is exposed to air pollution
➢ 94% of Nigeria’s population is exposed
to air pollution that the WHO warned as
reaching dangerous levels
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Emission of Aerosols
➢ Gaborone, the capital of Botswana, is
the 7th most polluted city in the world.
The emission of aerosols and other
gases from car exhaust, burning of
wood or garbage, indoor-cooking, and
diesel-fueled electric generators, and
petrochemical plants are projected to
quadruple by 2030
Mines
➢ Waste coming out of coal, copper, and
gold mines flowing out into the rivers
and oceans is destroying sea life or
permeating the bodies of those which
survived with poison (mercury in tuna,
prominently)
➢ In China, the “tailings” from the
operations of the Shanxi Maanqiao
Ecological Mining Ltd., producing
12,000 tons of gold per year, “have
caused pollution and safety problems.”
Conditions in China have become very
critical as the “toxic by-products of
production processes are being
produced much more rapidly than the
Earth can absorb.
Toxic Heavy Metals
➢ The biggest copper mine in
Malanjkhand in India discharges high
levels of toxic heavy metals into water
streams,
Chemical
➢ Meanwhile, for over a century, coal
mines in West Virginia have pumped
“chemical-laden wastewater directly into
the ground, where it can leech into the
water table and turn what had been
drinkable water into a poisonous
cocktail of chemicals.
➢ made people sick, some with “rare
cancers, little kids with kidney stones
[and] premature deaths.’ and children
born with congenital disabilities and
adults having shorter life expectancy.
Atmospheric Circulation System
➢ Pollution in West Africa has affected
“the atmospheric circulation system
that controls everything from wind and
temperature to rainfall across huge
swathes of the region.
Asian Monsoon
➢ had become the transport of polluted air
into the stratosphere, and scientists are
now linking Pacific storms to the spread
of pollution in Asia.
Aerosol
➢ the culprit in changing rainfall patterns
in Asia and the Atlantic Ocean. These
climatic disruptions have similarly
caused drought all over Asia and Africa
and accelerated the pace of
desertification in certain areas.
Urban Growth and Rapid Industrialization
➢ 20 years ago, there were over 50,000
rivers in China. In 2013, as a result of
climate change, uncontrolled urban
growth, and rapid industrialization,
28,000 of these rivers had disappeared.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
➢ People’s health has been severely
compromised. An archived article in the
journal Scientific American blamed the
pollution for “contributing to more than
half a million premature deaths each
year at the cost of hundreds of billions
of dollars.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR
RESEARCH ON CANCER
➢ blamed air pollution for 223,000 lung
cancer deaths in 2010.
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Forest Fires
➢ In Indonesia and Malaysia, the link
between forest fires and mortality had
been well-established.
Poor
➢ It has been the poor who are most
severely affected by these
environmental problems
YALE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH TEAM
➢ In the United States, they are studying
areas with high levels of pollution
observed that the “greater the
concentration of Hispanics, Asians,
African-Americans, or poor residents in
an area, the more likely that dangerous
compounds such as vanadium, nitrates,
and zinc are in the mix of fine particles
they breathe.
Impaired Lung Function
➢ In India, studies on adult health revealed
that 46% in Delhi and in Calcutta have
“impaired lung function” due to air
pollution.
Soil Toxicity
➢ In China, the toxicity of the soil has
raised concerns over food security and
the health of the most vulnerable,
especially the peasant communities and
those living in factory cities.
Cadmium
➢ In 2006, 160 acres of land in Xinma,
China was badly poisoned by cadmium.
2 people died and 150 were known to be
poisoned; the entire village was
abandoned. Hongkong faces the same
problem
Manila
➢ In Metropolitan Manila, 37% (4 million
people) of the population live in slum
communities, areas where “the effects
of urban environmental problems and
threats of climate change are also most
pronounced due to their hazardous
location, poor air pollution and solid
waste management, weak disaster risk
management, and limiting coping
strategies of households."
MARIFE BALLESTEROS
➢ concludes that this unhealthy
environment "deepens poverty,
increases the vulnerability of both the
poor and non-poor living in slums, and
excludes the slum poor from growth.
Note!
➢ One of the major ironies of urban
pollution is that the necessities that the
poor has access to are also the sources
of the problem
Bus
➢ The main workhorse of the public
transport system. However, because it
runs mainly on diesel fuel, it is now
considered "one of the largest
contributors to environmental pollution
problems worldwide.
➢ The problem is expected to worsen as
the middle classes and the elites buy
more cars and as the road systems are
improved to give people more chances
to travel.
Motorbike
➢ The other mode of transportation that
the poor can afford (also called the two-
and three-wheeled vehicles).
CENTER FOR SCIENCE AND
ENVIRONMENT
➢ According to them in Delhi, India,
'"two-wheelers form a staggering
75%-80% of the traffic in most Asian
cities.
➢ Motorbikes burn oil and gasoline and
"emit more smoke, carbon monoxide,
GRESOLA, R. D. P. | BSMT2-B
 MISS JOAN DOYO
hydrocarbons, and particulate matter
than the gas-only four-stroke engines
found in newer motorcycles.
➢ These vehicles usually command a
lower price because of their durability
and low operating cost, and hence
affordable to the middle class. However
they release four times the toxic
pollution as the buses.
"CATCHING UP"
➢ A developed society, accordingly, must
also have provisions for the poor – jobs
in the industrial sector, public transport
system, and cheap food.
➢ Food depends on a country's free trade
with other food producers. It also relies
on a "modernized" agricultural sector in
which toxic technologies (such as
fertilizers and pesticides) and modified
crops ensure maximized productivity
➢ The model of this ideal modern society
is the United States, which, until the
1970s, was a global economic power,
with a middle class that was the envy of
the world. The United States, however,
did not reach this high point without
serious environmental consequences.
➢ To this very day, the United States is the
worst polluter in the history of the world,
responsible for 27% of the world's
carbon dioxide emissions. 60% of the
carbon emission comes from cars and
other vehicles playing on American
highways and roads, the rest from
smoke and soot from coal factories,
forest fires, as well as methane released
by farms and breakdown of organic
matter, paint, aerosol, and dust.
➢ The ecological consequences, however,
are from the mind of countries like
China, India, and Indonesia, which are
now in the midst of a frenzied effort to
achieve and sustain economic growth to
catch up with the West
➢ These extractive economies, however,
are "terminal" economies. Their
resources, which will be eventually
depleted, are also sources of pollution.
➢ In Nigeria, Niger Delta oil companies
have cause substantial land, water, and
air
CLIMATE CHANGE
China, India, Indonesia
➢ Governments have their own
environmental problems to deal with,
but these states' ecological concerns
become worldwide due to global
warming.
Global Warming
➢ The result of billions of tons of carbon
dioxide (coming from coal-burning
power plants and transportation),
various air pollutants, and other gases
accumulating in the atmosphere.
➢ These pollutants trap the sun's radiation
causing the warming of the earth's
surface.
Greenhouse Effect
➢ With the current amount of carbon
dioxide and other gasses, this
"greenhouse effect" has sped up the rise
in world temperature.
Global Temperature
➢ There is now a consensus that the
global temperature has risen at a faster
rate in the last 50 years and it continues
to go up despite efforts by climate
change deniers that the world has
cooled off in and around 1998.
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 MISS JOAN DOYO
Greenhouse Effect
➢ Responsible for recurring heat waves
and long droughts in certain places, as
well as for heavier rainfall and
devastating hurricanes and typhoons in
others.
Water Shortage
➢ Until recently, California has
experienced its worst water shortage in
1,200 years due to global warming
Altered Summer Monsoon Patterns
➢ In India and Southeast Asia, global
warming altered the summer monsoon
patterns, leading to intermittent flooding
that seriously affected food production
and consumption as well as
infrastructure networks.
Super Typhoon Haiyan
➢ Category 4 or 5 typhoons, like the Super
Typhoon Haiyan that hit the central
Philippines in 2013, had doubles and
even tripled in some areas of the basin.
Hurricane Katrina and Sandy
➢ In the eastern United States, the number
of storms had also gone up, with
Hurricane Katrina (2005) and Hurricane
Sandy (2012) being the worst.
➢ officials and grassroots organizations
Glaciers
➢ are melting every year since 2002, with
Antarctica losing 134B metric of ice.
Coastal Flooding
➢ Not only in the United States eastern
seaboard but also in the Gulf of Mexico,
Coral reefs in the Australian Great
Barrier Reef are dying, and the
production capacities of farms and
fisheries have been affected.
Breeding Grounds
➢ Has allowed more breeding grounds for
disease carriers like the Aedes aegypti
mosquito and the cholera bacteria.
Human-made Climate Change
➢ Threatens the entire world, it is possibly
the greatest present risk to humankind
COMBATING GLOBAL WARMING
Kyoto Protocol
➢ In 1997, 192 countries signed the Kyoto
Protocol to greenhouse gases, following
the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit
where a Framework Convention for
Climate Change was finalized.
United States not joining the effort
➢ While some countries have made the
necessary move to reduce their
contribution to global warming, the
United States – the biggest polluter in
the world – is not joining the effort.
Paris Accord
➢ The follow-up treaty to the Kyoto
Protocol is the Paris Accord, negotiated
by 195 countries in December of 2015.
It seeks to limit the increase in the
global average temperature based on
targeted goals as recommended by
scientists
➢ Unlike the Kyoto Protocol which has
predetermined CO2 emission limits per
country; the Paris Accord provides more
leeway for countries to decide on their
national targets.
➢ It largely passed as international
legislation because it emphasized
consensus-building..
Environmental Activism
➢ In South Africa, communities engage in
environmental activism to pressure
industries to reduce emissions and to
lobby parliament for the passage of
pro-environment laws.
➢ Across the Atlantic, in El Salvador, local
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 MISS JOAN DOYO

from 1,000 communities push for crop Exports

Conclusion:
diversification, a reduction of industrial ➢ The Philippines exports machinery,
THE GLOBAL FILIPINO
sugar cane production, the protection of semiconductors, wood, cars, crops and
endangered sea species from the fruits, minerals (gold and copper), ships,
Today, the Philippine Economy depends largely
devastating effects of commercial and vehicles to other Asian countries,
on income from jobs with global connection.
fishing, the preservation of lowlands Europe, and North America.
being eroded by deforestation up in ➢ In 2016, these exports earned 56.3B
rivers and inconsistent release of water JOBS WITH GLOBAL CONNECTION
from a nearby dam. Tourism
Migrant Labor ➢ The 4th largest source of income which
➢ In 2015, the Department of Labor and reached about $6.05B by the end of
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO”S Employment (DOLE) reported that the
ENERGY POLICY INSTITUTE 2016.
number of Filipinos leaving the country ➢ Added to the $51B from OFW and BPO
➢ sent teams to India to work with to work overseas rose from 4018 in earnings, the total revenue of $113.35B
government offices, businesses, and 2010 to 6092 in 2015, a 51% increase makes the Philippines the 36th largest
communities in coming up with viable in the span of 5 years. economy in the world.
ground-level projects that strike a ➢ In 2016, there were 2.4M Filipinos
balance between urgently needed
leaving and/or working outside of the Again, if you take these export products from the
economic growth and improved air
country. equation, only rice is left in the Philippines.
quality.
➢ They sent back $25.8B in 2015, roughly
8.5 of the country’s gross domestic
Pollution Diet PHILIPPINES
product (GDP)
➢ In Japan, population pressure forced the
➢ 8th largest rice producer in the world
government to work with civil society
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) ➢ One of the largest importers of this
groups, academia, and political parties
➢ The Philippines provides for foreign basic staple.
to get the parliament to pass a blizzard
clients. ➢ There has never been a time in the long
of laws 14 passed at once in what
➢ In 2015, BPO operations yielded $24B. life of the Philippines that it existed in
became known as the Pollution Diet of
isolation from the Asian region as well
1970. These regulations did not as the world.
Combined, these two economic activities have
eliminate environmental problems but
plowed over 51B into the country’s national
today, Japan has some of the least
coffers.
polluted cities in the world.

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 MISS JOAN DOYO
➢ Historians have shown that
communities in the islands of the
archipelago were engaged in extensive
trade with China and maritime
Southeast Asia in the pre-colonial
period.
➢ The Philippines became a colony of two
empires
○ Spanish
○ American
○ Existing in a region where other
Western powers and Japan had
extended their reach.
➢ When the Philippines became
independent it took sides in a global
Cold War between the capitalist United
States and the communist Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics.
➢ In the 1960s, when the United States
intervened in the civil war in Vietnam,
the Philippines helped form the
anti-communist regional body, the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization,
created by the American hegemony to
“contain” the alleged spread of
communism in the region.
English
➢ Now the other largely spoken lingua
franca of the country, and American
popular culture from basketball to
fashion to hip-hop, remains the model Again, these are indicative of global
of modernity. connections
➢ Globalization’s impact has, admittedly,
2014 Pew Research Center Survey been uneven and often does not benefit
➢ For instance, showed that 92% of most Filipinos.
Filipinos are pro-American
➢ Yet, the cultures imported to the
Philippines shores are not just
American.
➢ The country has adopted Japanese,
Korean, and even Mexican popular
culture, notable in teenage boy/girl
bands as well as the now ubiquitous
telenovelas
➢ Returning OFWs or migrant families also
bring back some of the practices and
customs of the countries they have lived
in.
➢ Filipinas working in Japan alter their
clothing styles to look and act more like
Japanese.
➢ Filipino-American artists, for example,
have “revived” the use of the kulintang,
an instrument associated with the
Morons of Mindanao. This peculiar
preservation of tribal Filipino arts
indicates a reverse flow in which the
local is now transported overseas.
GRESOLA, R. D. P. | BSMT2-B