Order Pseudophyllidea

JACQUIELYN A. BAYDO, DVM

 Order Pseudophyllidea
3 distinct features:
1. Bothria

2. Proglottids possess a uterine pore

3. Ova: thick eggshell, brownish-yellow, and operculate

◦ Coracidium (emerges after hatching)
 Family Diphyllobothriidae
Parasites of cetaceans, fish-eating mammals and other vertebrates with
well-developed bothria

Diphyllobothrium
◦ Important cestode of humans and fish-eating mammals
◦ Long tapeworms with an unarmed scolex, with two muscular bothria

Spirometra
◦ Small to medium-sized tapeworms of dogs, cats and wild carnivores
◦ Occasional human zoonosis (sparganosis)
 Family Diphyllobothriidae
Diphyllobothrium latum = Dibothriocephalus latus
(Broad fish tapeworm)

DH: Human and fish‐eating mammals e.g. dog, fox, cat, pig, mink,
seal and bear
Geographical distribution: Parts of Scandinavia, Russia, Japan and
North America

Predilection site: Small intestine

 Diphyllobothrium latum
1st IH: Copepods
◦ Diaptomus gracilis, Cyclops spp. and Diaptomum spp.
◦ procercoid
2nd IH: Freshwater fish: pike, trout, perch
◦ plerocercoid

CS: In humans and animals, mostly asymptomatic;

◦ Occasionally vitamin B12 deficiency  may lead to megaloblastic anemia
Pathology: Does not induce damage to the intestine
Treatment: Praziquantel, niclosamide
 Family Diphyllobothriidae
Spirometra erinacei = Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
◦ Morphology similar to Diphyllobothrium latum
◦ Some differences:
1. Vagina and uterus exit separately onto the ventral surface
2. Uterus: spiral

DH: Cat, dog, fox

Predilection site: Small intestine

 Spirometra erinacei
Life cycle: also similar to D. latum

1st IH: crustaceans e.g. copepods

◦ Cyclops spp.
◦ procercoid
2nd IH: Frogs, snakes, birds, mammals
◦ plerocercoid

PPP: around 20–30 days

Treatment: Praziquantel
 Other Spirometra species
Spirometra mansoni
◦ DH: Dog, cat, wild carnivores, occasionally human
◦ 1st IH: Copepods: Cyclops spp.
◦ 2nd IH: Amphibia, reptiles, birds

Spirometra mansonoides
◦ DH: Cat, bobcat, raccoon, occasionally dog
◦ 1st IH: Crustaceans
◦ 2nd IH: Rats, snakes, mice
Nematoda
JACQUIELYN A. BAYDO, DVM
 Nematoda
 Phylum Nematoda
“Roundworms”
Parasitic or free-living
Majority: sexes are separate

Class Secernentea
◦ Grouped into 16 superfamilies in which nematodes of veterinary importance occur
◦ Can be conveniently divided into into bursate and non-bursate groups
 General Characteristics
1. Live in every habitable environment on Earth
2. The simplest animal with a one-way digestive tract
3. Pseudocoelomates: false body cavity filled with fluid under
high pressure
4. Bilateral symmetry
5. Parasites to many plants and animals
6. Feed on almost anything (free-living nematodes)
Triploblastic

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
 Digestive System
One-way digestive tract with mouth and anus
Mouth → pharynx/esophagus → intestine → rectum → anus
Rhabditiform:
slight anterior and posterior swellings

Filariform:
simple and slightly thickened posteriorly

Bulb: large posterior swelling

Double-bulb

Muscular-glandular:
muscular anterior, glandular posterior

Trichuroid: capillary form, passing through a single

column of cells (stichocytes)  whole: stichosome
 Circulation and Respiration
Circulation: No circulatory system; cells circulate nutrients and gases
Respiration: gases diffuse though the skin (cuticle layer)
Sensory organs: 2 nerve cords and a pharyngeal nerve ring