10.20 Post - War World and India

United Nations
Organisation
(UNO)
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BRITAIN, FRANCE, USA, USSR AND CHINA
DRAFTED THE UNO CHARTER.
UNO CHARTER KEY POINTS:
1. The need to preserve peace.
2. Prevent wars.
3. Ensure human rights, democracy.
4. Eradication of poverty and hunger.
5. Human development.
The UNO founding members
51 : there are now 193.
International Court of Justice located in The Hague.
The World Health Organisation
located in Geneva.
The UNESCO located in Paris.
United Nations Children's
Emergency Fund located
in New York.
The Secretary
General is the
main officer of
the UNO.
Decisions relating to war and peace
and taken in Security Council.
Permanent members of the
Security Council are: China,
France, UK, USSR and USA.
Any decision taken by Council can be
Vetoed even by any one. Vetoed made
invalid or rejected.
The UN has been doing commendable work
in the area of education, health, cultural
exchange and protection of heritage.
The communist and Capitalistic political camps
emerged after WW2. The communist Block and
lead by USSR. The Democratic - Capitalistic Block
led by the USA.
Poland, Hungary, and East Germany, China and Vietnam
were aligned to USSR. Britain, France Spain were closely
allied with the USA.
US and
USSR
nuclear
stockpiles
The Cold War influenced the world
between 1945 and 1991. The Cold War cost
20 million from the Third World countries.
Third World means the countries emerging from
colonial domination. Ex. Vietnam, Korea, Angola, and
Afghanistan.
US President Harry S.
Truman authorized support
for the anti-communist
forces in Turkey and Greece
in 1947.
Congo (The
Belgian
colony) got
Congo
independenc
e in 1960
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June 30.21
Congo radical
communist leader,
Patrice Lumumba,
was killed in 1961,
allegedly at the
behest of US spy
agency called CIA.
Angola became
independent from Portugal
in November 1975. The
Communists in Angola
captured power with help
from USSR and Cuba.
Fidel Castro led a
revolution to build
socialism in Latin
America .
The socialist
government of Chile
led by Salvador Allende
Military
Alliances
NATO
NATO stands
for North
Atlantic
Treaty
Organisation
An organization
known as North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
(NATO) in 1949
formed by US.
Communist nations made similar
alliances and signed the Warsaw Pact.
The alliances helped super powers
to gain access to:
1. The vital resources (oil & minerals).
2. Markets.
3. Safely invest.
4. Military bases (troops & weapons).
5. Spread their ideology.
6. Gain economic support.
Arms and
Space Race
Sputnik 1 was the
first artificial Earth
Yuri
satellite. The Soviet
Gagarin
Union launched it into an

elliptical low Earth
orbit on 4 October 1957.
Yuri Gagarin was a
Russian-Soviet pilot
and cosmonaut. He
was the first human
to journey into
outer space on 12
April 1961.
Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Gagarin
UNITED
STATES
OF AMERICA
(USA)
The US send
Neil Man on Moon
Armstrong
and others
to the Moon
Neil Armstrong in 1969.
Neil Armstrong first step on Moon - 1969
Neil Armstrong – on the Moon - 1969
Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin - on July 21, 1969
Neil Armstrong - Moon - 1969
Neil Armstrong - Moon - 1969
Flash points
(యుద్ం
ధ అంచున)
The shooting down of U2 US spy
plane over USSR.
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
(USA)
U2 US spy plane
Non –Alignment
Movement
(NAM)
Tito
Nehru Kwame Nasser Sukarno
Kenya
Nkrumah
India Eygpt
Nehru, Kwame Nkrumah of Kenya, Gamal

Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia,
Tito of Yugoslavia at NAM meeting 1960
Military supremacy,
ideological conflicts
lead to the
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA (USA)
establishment of a
bipolar world.
Bandung
Conference of
1955
Afro-Asian countries
Bandung Conference held in 1955, Afro-

Asian countries are met in Indonesia
represented by 25 nations.
The Bandung conference paved
the way for Non Aligned
Movement (NAM).
The aim of NAM was to promote
cooperation among the newly independent
countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Bandung Conference of 1955:
•Chairman of
the Bandung
Conference was
Dr. Ali
Sastroamidjojo.
NAM first Summit was held at Belgrade
in Yugoslavia in September 1961.
By 2012, the membership of NAM was 120
with 17 Observers. The US regarded the
NAM as being closer to the USSR.
West Asian
Conflicts -
Palestine
Palestine Problem:- UNO solved
the conflict between the Arabs and
the Jews in Palestine and helped
to form Israel.
Palestine Problem
Palestine (Arabs) was under
the control of Britain before
WW2. Jerusalem in Palestine
is a holy city for Jews,
Christians and Muslims.
Jews -
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Christians - Muslims
61
The Jews considered Palestine as their ‘Promised
Land’. Christians in Europe considered Jews
responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
Arabs
Jews
‘Zionist Movement’ had developed
for uniting Jews,
US and USSR - influence because of
massive oil reserves.
USSR
UNITED
STATES
OF AMERICA
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In 1947, United Nations divided,
Palestine into two parts as Arab
and Jewish States. Israel was
created for Jews. The Arabs
refused to recognise Israel.
Palestine (Arabs)
Arabs Jews
Israel (Jews)
The President of Egypt
Abdel Nasser made an
effort to unite the Arabs.
Abdel Nasser formed fidayeens &
adopted aggressive policies against
Britain and France.
France
The United States withdrew aid to Egypt for
the construction of Aswan Dam.
UNITED Eygpt
STATES
OF AMERICA
(USA)
Nasser nationalized Suez Canal
with the support of USSR.
USSR
In 1956, Israel attacked Egypt.
In 1967, Arabs attacked
Israel once again.
Palestinian Liberation Organization
established in 1964 in Jordon.
PLO aim was to regain the land it
lost, without violence.
In 1967 PLO under the leadership of
Yasser Arafat applied pressure and
force on Arab states to attack Israel.
PLO hijacked, the Israeli Olympic
Squad at the Munich Olympics in
September 1972 and killed many
of the sportspersons.
In 1968 in Iraq Saddam
Husain came to power with
the twin slogan of Arab
Nationalism and Socialism.
The Taliban took over Afghanistan -
religious texts.
Arab terrorists hijacked two aircrafts in the
US and crashed into the World Trade Centre
in New York.
Peace Movements,
Collapse of the
USSR and the end
of the Cold War:
Public pressure forced USSR and USA
to mutually reduce weapons and ban
nuclear tests between 1985 to 1991.
USSR
USA
Mikhail Gorbachev tried
to transform the politics
of USSR. The reforms
introduced by
Gorbachev
described as
USSR ‘Glasnost’
and ‘Perestroika’.
The Berlin Wall,
separates Eastern
and Western
portions of Germany,
was Broken up.
Demolition of Berlin
Wall that divided East
and West Germany
In the USSR Boris
Yeltsin resisted the
coup to remove
Gorbachev.
USSR disbanded in Mikhail
Boris Yeltsin
1991.
gurudeva.weebly.com Gorbachev
87
India and
88
its
Neighbours
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Gandhian
principles are
peace and non-
violence.
India’s relation
with China
(SINO-INDIAN RELATIONS)
Jawaharlal Nehru Panchsheel principles:
1. Respect for each other’s sovereignty and
territorial integrity.
2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of
other countries.
3. Non-aggression and settlement of disputes
with mutual understanding.
4. Endeavour to achieve cooperation and
mutual respect in international relationships.
5. Promoting peaceful coexistence.
China became a Communist republic in 1949.
India was one of the first countries to recognise
China’s Communist government. India helped
China take part in Bandung conference.
Both countries signed the
Panchsheel pact on 29 April
1954. Mc Mahon line as the
border between the countries.
China annexed Tibet in 1950.
China annexed
Tibet in 1950.
There was a revolt in Tibet and which was
crushed by the Chinese. Tibetans escaped along
with Dalai Lama and took refuge in India.
People Protesting againist Chaina in 1958 Says
Red China Hands Off Tibet
China laid claim to Aksai-chin area in Ladakh
region and much of Arunachal Pradesh.
China invaded India in October
1962. Diplomatic relations between
India and China restored in 1976.
India’s
relation with
Pakistan
• In 1947 India was divided into
India and Pakistan.
• Kashmir joined in India.
• But Pakistan invaded on
Kashmir.
• Though UNO struggled hard,
Kashmir Problem could not
solve permanently.
In 1965, when Lal Bahadur Shastri
was the Prime Minister, Pakistan was
under the military dictatorship of
General Ayub Khan. UN secretary
general U Thant persuaded both
countries to agree to a ceasefire.
An agreement was signed between the two countries at
Tashkent in 1966 by the two Prime Ministers.
The Tashkent Agreement
UN secretary
General Yahya Khan
general U
Thant gurudeva.weebly.com 103
In the beginning of 1970, Pakistan faced the biggest internal
crisis. The military dictator of Pakistan, General Yahya Khan
promised democratic government and ordered elections.
West Pakistan was won East Pakistan was won by Mujib-
by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. ur-Rahman (Awami league).
106
East Pakistan &

West Pakistan
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They arrested Mujib-ur-Rahman and unleashed
a reign of terror. Mujibur Rahman Supporters
organised a struggle ‘Mukti Bahini’.
A war broke out
with Pakistan in
December 1971.
The liberation of
East Pakistan
created
Bangladesh.
The Shimla agreement was signed
between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Indira
Gandhi.
East Pakistan Refugees
arriving in India 1971
‘Kargil War’ in 1999, militants had occupied Indian
territory with the backing of Pakistani army.
India’s relation
with
Bangladesh
Bangladesh signed a 25 years peace treaty with India.
Sharing of river waters of the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra is conflict between India and Bangladesh.
Bangladesh has
rewarded
many Indians
who rendered
their services
and sacrificed
their lives for
the liberation.
India’s
relation
with Sri
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Lanka115
Sri Lanka is an Island country
situated in the Indian Ocean. Sri
Lanka got freedom in 1948.
Ill treatment of Tamil speaking
minorities by the Sri Lankan
government.
The assassination of former Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi by Tamil
militants.
The Sri Lankan government began an
all out war against the Tamil militants
which caused immense bloodshed
and violation of human rights.

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United Nations

Union launched it into an

Nehru, Kwame Nkrumah of Kenya, Gamal

Bandung Conference held in 1955, Afro-

East Pakistan &

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