Biology

1. Which one of the following is wrong for fungi?

(1) They are eukaryotic.
(2) All fungi possess a purely cellulosic cell wall.
(3) They are heterotrophic.
(4) They are both unicellular and multicellular.

2. Methanogens belong to
(1) Eubacteria
(2) Archaebacteria
(3) Dinoflagellates
(4) Slime moulds

3. Select the wrong statement.

(1) The walls of diatoms are easily destructible.
(2) ‘Diatomaceous earth’ is formed by the cell wall of diatoms.
(3) Diatoms are chief producers in the ocean.
(4) Diatoms are microscopic and float passively in water.

4. The label of a herbarium sheet does not carry information on

(1) date of collection
(2) name of collector
(3) local names
(4) height of the plant

5. Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of

(1) broad hardy leaves
(2) superficial stomata
(3) thick cuticle
(4) presence of vessels

6. Which one of the following statements is wrong?

(1) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the immediate environment.
(2) Algin is obtained from red algae, and carrageenan from brown algae.
(3) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria.
(4) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.

7. The term 'polyadelphous' is related to

(1) gynoecium
(2) androecium
(3) corolla
(4) calyx

8. How many plants among Indigofera, Sesbania, Salvia, Allium, Aloe, mustard, groundnut, radish,
gram and turnip have stamens with different lengths in their flowers?
(1) Three
(2) Four
(3) Five
(4) Six

9. Radial symmetry is found in the flowers of

(1) Brassica
(2) Trifolium
(3) Pisum
(4) Cassia

10. Free-central placentation is found in

(1) Dianthus
(2) Argemone
(3) Brassica
(4) Citrus

11. Cortex is the region found between

(1) epidermis and stele
(2) pericycle and endodermis
(3) endodermis and pith
(4) endodermis and vascular bundle

12. The balloon-shaped structures called tyloses

(1) Are extensions of xylem parenchyma cells into vessels
(2) Are linked to the ascent of sap through xylem vessels
(3) Originate in the lumen of vessels
(4) Characterize the sapwood

13. A non-proteinaceous enzyme is

(1) lysozyme
(2) ribozyme
(3) ligase
(4) deoxyribonuclease

14. Select the mismatch.

(1) Gas vacuoles - Green bacteria
(2) Large central vacuoles - Animal cells
(3) Protists - Eukaryotes
(4) Methanogens - Prokaryotes

15. Select the wrong statement.

(1) Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.
(2) Pili and fimbriae are mainly involved in motility of bacterial cells.
(3) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells.
(4) Mycoplasma is a wall-less microorganism.

16. A cell organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes is

(1) lysosome
(2) microsome
(3) ribosome
(4) mesosome
17. During cell growth, DNA synthesis takes place in
(1) S Phase
(2) G1 phase
(3) G2 phase
(4) M phase

18. Which of the following biomolecules is common to respiration-mediated breakdown of fats,

carbohydrates and proteins?
(1) Glucose-6-phosphate
(2) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
(3) Pyruvic acid
(4) Acetyl CoA

19. A few drops of sap were collected by cutting across a plant stem by a suitable method. The sap
was tested chemically. Which one of the following test results indicates that it is phloem sap?
(1) Acidic
(2) Alkaline
(3) Low refractive index
(4) Absence of sugar

20. You are given a tissue with its potential for differentiation in an artificial culture. Which of the
following pairs of hormones would you add to the medium to secure shoots as well as roots?
(1) IAA and gibberellins
(2) Auxin and cytokinin
(3) Auxin and abscisic acid
(4) Gibberellin and abscisic acid

21. Phytochrome is a
(1) flavoprotein
(2) glycoprotein
(3) lipoprotein
(4) chromoprotein

22. Which is essential for the growth of root tip?

(1) Zn
(2) Fe
(3) Ca
(4) Mn

23. The process which makes major difference between C 3 and C4 plants is
(1) glycolysis
(2) Calvin cycle
(3) photorespiration
(4) respiration

24. Which one of the following statements is not correct?

(1) Offspring produced by the asexual reproduction are called clone.
(2) Microscopic, motile asexual reproductive structures are called zoospores.
(3) In potato, banana and ginger, the plantlets arise from the internodes present in the modified
stem.
(4) Water hyacinth, growing in the standing water, drains oxygen from water that leads to the
death of fishes.

25. Which one of the following generates new genetic combinations leading to variation?
(1) Vegetative reproduction
(2) Parthenogenesis
(3) Sexual reproduction
(4) Nucellar polyembryony

26. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option using the codes
given below:
Column-I Column-II
a. Pistils fused together (i) Gametogenesis
b. Formation of gametes (ii) Pistillate
c. Hyphae of higher (iii) Syncarpous
ascomycetes
d. Unisexual female flower (iv) Dikaryotic

Codes:
a b c d
(1) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(2) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
(3) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(4) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)

27. In majority of angiosperms

(1) egg has a filiform apparatus
(2) there are numerous antipodal cells
(3) reduction division occurs in the megaspore mother cells
(4) a small central cell is present in the embryo sac

28. Pollination in water hyacinth and water lily is brought about by the agency of
(1) water
(2) insects or wind
(3) birds
(4) bats

29. The ovule of an angiosperm is technically equivalent to

(1) megasporangium
(2) megasporophyll
(3) megaspore mother cell
(4) megaspore

30. Taylor conducted the experiments to prove semiconservative mode of chromosome replication
on
(1) Vinca rosea
(2) Vicia faba
(3) Drosophila melanogaster
(4) E. coli
31. The mechanism that causes a gene to move from one linkage group to another is called
(1) Inversion
(2) Duplication
(3) Translocation
(4) Crossing over

32. The equivalent of a structural gene is

(1) Mutation
(2) Cistron
(3) Operon
(4) Recon

33. A true breeding plant is

(1) One that is able to breed on its own
(2) Produced due to cross pollination among unrelated plants
(3) Near homozygous and produces offspring of its own kind
(4) Always homozygous recessive in its genetic constitution

34. Which of the following rRNAs acts as structural RNA as well as ribozyme in bacteria?
(1) 5S rRNA
(2) 18S rRNA
(3) 23S rRNA
(4) 5.8S rRNA

35. Stirred tank bioreactors have been designed for

(1) Purification of product
(2) Addition of preservatives to the product
(3) Availability of oxygen throughout the process
(4) Ensuring anaerobic conditions in the culture vessel

36. A foreign DNA and plasmid cut by the same restriction endonuclease can be joined to form a
recombinant plasmid using
(1) Eco R1
(2) Taq Polymerase
(3) Polymerase III
(4) ligase

37. Which of the following is not a component of downstream processing?

(1) Separation
(2) Purification
(3) Preservation
(4) Expression

38. Which of the following restriction enzymes produce blunt ends?

(1) Sal I
(2) Eco RV
(3) Xho I
(4) Hind III
39. Which kind of therapy was given in 1990 to a four year old girl with adenosine deaminase
(ADA) deficiency?
(1) Gene therapy
(2) Chemotherapy
(3) Immunotherapy
(4) Radiation therapy

40. How many hot spots of biodiversity in the world have been identified till date by Norman
Myers?
(1) 17
(2) 25
(3) 34
(4) 43

41. The primary producers of deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem are

(1) Green algae
(2) Chemosynthetic bacteria
(3) Blue green algae
(4) Coral reefs

42. Which of the following is corrent for r-selected species?

(1) Large number of progeny with small size
(2) Large number of progeny with large size
(3) Small number of progeny with small size
(4) Small number of progeny with large size

43. If ‘+’ sign is assigned to beneficial interactions, ‘-’ sign to detrimental and ‘0’ sign to neutral
interactions, then the population interaction represented by ‘+’ ‘-’ refers to
(1) Mutualism
(2) Amensalism
(3) Commensalism
(4) Parasitism

44. Which of the following is correctly matched?

(1) Aerenchyma – Opuntia
(2) Age pyramid – Biome
(3) Parthenium hysterophorus – Threat to biodiversity
(4) Stratification – population

45. Red list contains data or information on

(1) all economically important plants
(2) Plants whose products are in international trade
(3) threatened species
(4) marine vertebrates only

46. Which of the following sets of diseases is caused by bacteria?

(1) Cholera and tetanus
(2) Typhoid and smallpox
(3) Tetanus and mumps
(4) Herpes and influenza
47. Match Column-I with Column-II for housefly classification and select the correct option using
the codes given below:
Column I Column II
a. Family (i) Diptera
b. Order (ii) Arthropoda
c. Class (iii) Muscidae
d. Phylum (iv) Insecta
a b c d
(1) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(2) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(3) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(4) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)

48. Choose the correct statement

(1) All mammals are viviparous
(2) All cyclostomes do not possess jaws and paired fins
(3) All reptiles have a three chambered heart
(4) All Pisces have gills covered by an operculum

49. Study the four statements (A-D) given below and select the two correct ones out of them:
A. Definition of biological species was given by Ernst Mayr
B. Photoperiod does not affect reproduction in plants
C. Binomial nomenclature system was given by R. H. Whittaker
D. In unicellular organisms, reproduction is synonymous with growth The two correct statements
are
(1) B and C
(2) C and D
(3) A and D
(4) A and B

50. In male cockroaches, sperms are stored in which part of the reproductive system?
(1) Seminal vesicles
(2) Mushroom glands
(3) Testes
(4) Vas deferens

51. Smooth muscles are

(1) Involuntary, fusiform, non-striated
(2) Voluntary, multinucleate, cylindrical
(3) Involuntary, cylindrical, striated
(4) Voluntary, spindle shaped, uninucleate

52. Oxidative phosphorylation is

(1) Formation of ATP by transfer of phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
(2) Oxidation of phosphate group in ATP
(3) Addition of phosphate group to ATP
(4) Formation of ATP by energy released from electrons removed during substrate oxidation
53. Which of the following is the least likely to be involved in stabilizing the three dimensional
folding of most proteins?
(1) Hydrogen bonds
(2) Electrostatic interaction
(3) Hydrophobic interaction
(4) Ester bonds

54. Which of the following describes the given graph correctly?

(1) Endothermic reaction with energy A in presence of enzyme and B in absence of enzyme
(2) Exothermic reaction with energy A in presence of enzyme and B in absence of enzyme
(3) Endothermic reaction with energy A in absence of enzyme and B in presence of enzyme
(4) Exothermic reaction with energy A in absence of enzyme and B in presence of enzyme

55. When cell has stalled DNA replication fork, which checkpoint should be predominantly
activated?
(1) G1/S
(2) G2/M
(3) M
(4) Both G2/M and M

56. Match the stages of meiosis in column I to their characteristic feature in column II and select the
correct option using the codes given below:
Column-I Column-II
(a) Pachytene (i) Pairing of homologous chromosomes
(b) Metaphase I (ii) Terminalization of chaismata
(c) Diakinesis (iii) Crossing-over takes place
(d) Zygotene (iv) Chromosomes aligri at equatorial plate

(1) (a)→(iii),(b)→(iv),(c)→(ii),(d)→(i)
(2) (a)→(i),(b)→(iv),(c)→(ii),(d)→(iii)
(3) (a)→(i),(b)→(iv),(c)→(ii),(d)→(iii)
(4) (a)→(iv),(b)→(iii),(c)→(ii),(d)→(i)

57. Which hormones do stimulate the production of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate?
(1) Cholecystokinin and secretin
(2) Insulin and glucagon
(3) Angiotensin and epinephrine
(4) Gastrin and insulin

58. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs is :-

(1) Less than that in the blood
(2) Less than that of carbon dioxide
(3) Equal to that in the blood
(4) More than that in the blood

59. Choose the correct statement.

(1) Nociceptors respond to changes in pressure
(2) Meissner’s corpuscles are thermoreceptors
(3) Photoreceptors in the human eye are depolarized during darkness and become hyperpolarized
in response to the light stimulus
(4) Receptors do not produce graded potentials

60. Grave’s disease is caused due to

(1) hyposecretion of thyroid gland
(2) hypersecretion of thyroid gland
(3) hyposecretion of adrenal gland
(4) hypersecretion of adrenal gland

61. Name the ion responsible for unmasking of active sites for myosin for cross-bridge activity
during muscle contraction.
(1) Calcium
(2) Magnesium
(3) Sodium
(4) Potassium

62. Name the blood cells, whose reduction in number can cause clotting disorder, leading to
excessive loss of blood from the body.
(1) Erythrocytes
(2) Leucocytes
(3) Neutrophils
(4) Thrombocytes

63. Name a peptide hormone which acts mainly on hepatocytes, adipocytes and enhances cellular
glucose uptake and utilization.
(1) Insulin
(2) Glucagon
(3) Secretin
(4) Gastrin

64. Osteoporosis, age-related disease of skeletal system, may occur due to

(1) immune disorder affecting neuro-muscular junction leading to fatigue
(2) high concentration of Ca++ and Na+
(3) decreased level of estrogen
(4) accumulation of uric acid leading to inflammation of joints

65. Serum differs from blood in

(1) lacking globulins
(2) lacking albumins
(3) lacking clotting factors
(4) lacking antibodies
66. Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can
never be expelled because
(1) there is a negative pressure in the lungs
(2) there is negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the lung walls
(3) there is a positive intrapleural pressure
(4) pressure in the lungs is higher than the atmospheric pressure

67. The posterior pituitary gland is not a ‘true’ endocrine gland because
(1) it is provided with a duct
(2) it only stores and release hormones
(3) it is under the regulation of hypothalamus
(4) it secretes enzymes

68. The part of nephron involved in active reabsorption of sodium is

(1) distal convoluted tubule
(2) proximal convoluted tubule
(3) Bowman’s capsule
(4) descending limb of Henle’s loop

69. Which of the following is hormone-releasing IUD?

(1) LNG-20
(2) Multiload 375
(3) Lippes loop
(4) Cu7

70. Which of following incorrect regarding vasectomy?

(1) No sperm occurs in seminal fluid
(2) No sperms occurs in epididymis
(3) Vasa deferentia is cut and died
(4) Irreversible sterility

71. Embryo with more than 16 blastomeres formed due to in vitro fertilization is transferred into
(1) uterus
(2) fallopian tube
(3) fimbriae
(4) cervix

72. Which of the following depicts the correct pathway of transport of sperms?
(1) Rete testis → Efferent ductules → Epididymis → Vas deferens
(2) Rete testis → Epididymis → Efferent ductules → Vas deferens
(3) Rete testis → Vas deferens → Efferent ductules → Epididymis
(4) Efferent ductules → Rete testis → Vas deferens → Epididymis

73. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option using the codes given below:

Column-I Column-II
(a) Mons pubis (i) Embryo formation
(b) Antrum (ii) Sperm
(c) Trophectoderm (iii) Female external
 genitalia
(d) Nebenkern (iv) Graafian follicle

(1) (a)→(iii),(b)→(iv),(c)→(ii),(d)→(i)
(2) (a)→(iii),(b)→(iv),(c)→(i),(d)→(ii)
(3) (a)→(iii),(b)→(i),(c)→(iv),(d)→(ii)
(4) (a)→(i),(b)→(iv),(c)→(iii),(d)→(ii)

74. Several hormones like hCG, hPL, estrogen, progesterone are produced by :-
(1) Fallopian tube
(2) Pituitary
(3) Ovary
(4) Placenta

75. If a colour-blind man marries a woman who is homozygous for normal colour vision, the
probability of their son being colour-blind is :-
(1) 0.75
(2) 1
(3) 0
(4) 0.5

76. Genetic drift operates in:

(1) Small isolated population
(2) Large isolated population
(3) Non-reproductive population
(4) Slow reproductive population

77. In Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of heterozygous individuals is represented by

(1) p2
(2) 2pq
(3) pq
(4) q2

78. The chronological order of human evolution from early to the recent is
(1) Australopithecus - Ramapithecus - Homo habilis - Homo erectus
(2) Ramapithecus - Australopithecus - Homo habilis - Homo erectus
(3) Ramapithecus - Homo habilis- Australopithecus- Homo erectus
(4) Australopithecus - Homo habilis – Ramapithecus -Homo erectus

79. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life?
I. Formation of protobionts
II. Synthesis of organic monomers
III. Synthesis of organic polymers
IV. Formation of DNA-based genetic systems
(1) I, II, III, IV
(2) I, III, II, IV
(3) II, III, I, IV
(4) II, III, IV, I
80. A molecule that can act as a genetic material must fulfill the traits given below, except
(1) It should be able to express itself in the form of ‘Mendelian characters’
(2) It should be able to generate its replica
(3) It should be unstable structurally and chemically
(4) It should provide the scope for slow changes that are required for evolution

81. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is
called the
(1) template strand
(2) coding strand
(3) alpha strand
(4) antistrand

82. Interspecific hybridization is the mating of

(1) animals within same breed without having common ancestors
(2) two different related species
(3) superior males and females of different breeds
(4) more closely related individuals within same breed for 4—6 generations

83. Which of the following is correct regarding AIDS causative agent HIV?
(1) HIV is enveloped virus containing one molecule of single-stranded RNA and one molecule of
reverse transcriptase
(2) HIV is enveloped virus that contains two identical molecules of single-stranded RNA and two
molecules of reverse transcriptase
(3) HIV is unenveloped virus
(4) HIV does not escape but attacks the acquired immune response

84. Among the following edible fishes, which one is a marine fish having rich source of omega-3
fatty acids?
(1) Mystus
(2) Mangur
(3) Mrigala
(4) Mackerel

85. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option using the codes given below:
Column-I Column-II
(a) Citric acid (i) Trichoderma
(b) Cyclosporin A (ii) Clostridium
(c) Statins (iii) Aspergillus
(d) Butyric acid (iv) Monascus
(1) (a)→(iii),(b)→(i),(c)→(ii),(d)→(iv)
(2) (a)→(iii),(b)→(i),(c)→(iv),(d)→(ii)
(3) (a)→(i),(b)→(iv),(c)→(ii),(d)→(iii)
(4) (a)→(iii),(b)→(iv),(c)→(i),(d)→(ii)

86. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) may not be a good index for pollution for water bodies
receiving effluents from
(1) Domestic sewage
(2) Dairy industry
(3) Petroleum industry
(4) Sugar industry

87. The principle of competitive exclusion was stated by

(1) C. Darwin
(2) G. F. Gause
(3) MacArthur
(4) Verhulst and Pearl

88. Which of the following National Parks is home to the famous musk deer or hangul?
(1) Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur
(2) Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh
(3) Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh
(4) Dachigam National Park, Jammu & Kashmir

89. A lake which is rich in organic waste may result in

(1) Increased population of aquatic organisms due to minerals
(2) Drying of the lake due to algal bloom
(3) Increased population of fish due to lots of nutrients
(4) Mortality of fish due to lack of oxygen

90. The highest DDT concentration in aquatic food chain shall occur in
(1) Phytoplankton
(2) Seagull
(3) Crab
(4) Eel
 Biology Solutions
1(2)
Fungal cell wall is mainly composed of chitin. So, the correct answer is 'All fungi possess a purely
cellulose cell wall

2(2)
Methanogen is a form of archaebacteria .

3(1)
Diatoms are single celled plant like protests that produce intricately structured cell walls made of
nano(-) silica (SiO2). Thus, the walls are indestructible. Hence, the only option (a) is wrong and rest
of the options are correct.

4(4)
The Herbarium is a collection of preserved plants that are stored, cataloged, and arranged
systematically for study. When specimens are collected in the field, the Herbarium and associated
information in the library are used to identify these specimens, to determine how one species
differs from another, or whether a specimen represents a species new to science. Thus, helping in
the understanding of plant diversity, conservation, and sustainable use. The Herbarium is a
collection of preserved plants that are stored, cataloged, and arranged systematically for study. It
does not carry information on plant height.

5(3)
Conifers (Gymnosperms) are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental condition because of thick
cuticle, sunken stomata and needle like leaves.

6(2)
Agar-agar is a gelling agent with unbranched polysaccharides and is used in microbiology as a
solidifying agent of liquid culture mediums. It is extracted from the cell wall of red algae, mostly
from Gelidium species and Gracilaria species.
Laminaria and Sargassum are the brown algae and are cultivated as a crop.
Algae are green photosynthetic organisms that release oxygen in immediate vicinity through the
process of photosynthesis.
The cell wall of brown algae has an inner cellulose layer and outer gelatinous coat which is
composed mainly of algin, it is used as an emulsifying agent and a stabilizer.

7(2)
If filaments of Androecium are joined to form more than two groups but their Anthers separate, it is
called polyadelphous.

8(2)
Families of the given plants :
Indigofera: Fabaceae
Sesbania: Fabaceae
Salvia: Lamiaceae
Allium: Liliaceae
Aloe: Liliaceae
Mustard: Brassicaceae
Groundnut: Fabaceae
Radish: Brassicaceae
Gram: Fabaceae
Turnip: Brassicaceae
The family having different length stamens in their flower is Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae. we are
provided with four plants belonging to the above two mentioned families. So, Salvia, mustard,
radish, and gram will have unequal lengths of stamens.

9(1)
A cyclic flower is a flower that can be divided into two equal vertical halves by any vertical plane is
said to be actinomorphic. In Brassica petals are in radial symmetry, i.e., all the petals are identical in
size and shape.
The bilaterally symmetrical flowers that can be cut into two equal halves through a single vertical
plane only are said to be irregular or zygomorphic. All other given flowers are zygomorphic
10 (1)
Dianthus, Primrose - Free central placentation. Argemone - Parietal placentation. Citrus - Axile
placentation.

11(1) epidermis and stele

12(1)
Tyioses are balloon - shaped structures in xylem vessels developed by xylem parenchyma cells.

13 (2) Ribozymes are the RNAs that serve as enzymes. Ligases, deoxyribonucleases, lysozymes are
preoteinaceous enzymes i.e., made up of proteins while ribozymes has RNA as structural
components.

14(2)
Large central vacuoles are present in plant cell and not in animal cell.

15(2)
Pili and fimbriae do not help in motility
Sex pili - transfer of genetic material
Somatic pili or fimbriae - attachment to substratum or host.

16(1)
A cell organelle containing hydrolytic enzyme is lysosome.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles which are capable of breaking down biomolecules
such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
They contain acid hydrolases or digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn out organelles, food
particles, engulfed viruses or bacteria and macromolecules.

17(1)
S-phase is known as synthetic phase. In this stage replication of DNA takes place on the template of
the existing DNA and thus the amount of DNA per cell doubles. If the initial amount of DNA is
denoted as 2C, then it increases to 4C.

18(4)
During the respiratory breakdown of glucose, it first enters the glycolytic pathway in which it is
first broken down into pyruvic acid by glycolysis in the cytoplasm. It then enters the mitochondria
where pyruvic acid is broken down into acetyl CoA. Fats are stored in our body in the form of
triglycerides which are made up of fatty acids. These fatty acids undergo a series of reactions called
beta oxidation to form keto acids which get converted into acetyl CoA and can enter Krebs cycle.
Amino acids which form the breakdown product of proteins form one or the other intermediates of
Krebs cycle and enter into it. For example, amino acid isoleucine gets converted into acetyl CoA and
enters Krebs cycle.

19(2)
Sucrose solution is alkaline in nature.

20 (2)
Auxin is the plant growth hormone that promotes lengthening and coordinates with other growth
hormones to regulate growth; it also causes apical dominance. Cytokinin is the plant growth
hormone that promotes cell division in shoot apical meristem and differentiation in root apical
meristem. It works antagonistically to auxin to balance the growth with development in shoot and
root apex.

21 (4)
Proteins having pigmented prosthetic group are referred to as chromoproteins. Phytochromes is a
chromoprotein, e.g., phytochrome A and phytochrome B that regulate flowering in plants by under
different light conditions by absorption of red or far red light by their pigment.

22 (3)
Ca is required for activity of meristemetic cells.

23(3)
Photorespiration is a process which involves loss of fixed carbon as CO 2 in plants in the presence of
light. It is initiated in chloroplasts. This process does not produce ATP or NADPH and is a wasteful
process. It occurs usually when there is the high concentration of oxygen. Under such
circumstances, RuBisCO, the enzyme that catalyses the carboxylation of RuBP during the first step
of Calvin cycle, functions as an oxygenase. Some O 2 does bind to RuBisCO and hence CO2 fixation is
decreased. The RuBP binds with O2 to form one molecule of PGA (3C compound) and
phosphoglycolate (2C compound) in the pathway of photorespiration. There is neither the
synthesis of sugar nor of ATP. This process makes the major difference between C 3 and C4 plants.
In C4 plants, photorespiration does not occur. This is because these plants have a mechanism that
increases the concentration of CO2 at the enzyme site. Thus, the productivity and yields are better in
C4 plants as compared to C3 plants.

24(3)
Potato, banana & ginger have modified underground stems on the onset of favourable conditions,
aerial shoot arises from axillary buds present on condensed modified stem.

25(3)
Sexual reproduction is the reproduction which is caused by the fusion of gametes. The male and
female gametes fuse to form the zygote.
Due to the fusion of gametes the product of sexual reproduction generally generates new genetic
combinations leading to variations.
The organism develops from the zygote which has characters of both the parents.
The genome of the offspring is formed by the recombination of genetic material so they are also
known as recombinants. The recombination may cause the sudden heritable change in the gene
pool which causes mutations.
26(4)
Gametogenesis is the process of formation of male and female gametes (b-i).
Pistils are female reproductive organs and have one or more carpels. The presence of fused carpels
refers to the syncarpous stage (a-iii).
Formation of cytoplasmic bridge facilitates transfer to - strain nucleus into ascogonium and
formation of dikaryotic hypha in higher ascomycetes (c-iv).
The presence of unisexual female flower is called as pistillate; these flowers lack stamen (d-ii).

27(3)
Megaspore mother cell of megasporangium undergoes meiosis and forms megaspore tetrad, out of
which, one megaspore is functional. Central cell of embryo sac is the large cell consisting of two
polar nuclei. Synergids, the flanking cells of the egg cell, have finger-like projections of the wall in
their cytoplasm, the filiform apparatus. An embryo sac has three antipodal cells which provide
nutrition to developing the embryo.

28(2)
Pollination in water hyacinth & water lily are brought about by both wind & insects

29(1)
The archesporial cells (2n) of young ovule cut off the parietal cell and are differentiated into
megaspore mother cells (2n). The diploid megaspore mother cells then undergo meiosis to form a
linear tetrad of megaspores. Megaspore is the first cell of the female gametophyte. Out of four, the
functional megaspore undergoes megagametogenesis to 8-nucleate and 7-celled embryo sac. Ovule
serves as megasporangium wherein megaspores production occurs.

30(2)
The use of radioactive thymidine to detect the semiconservative mode of replication of newly
synthesised DNA in the chromosomes was performed on Vicia faba by Taylor and colleagues in
1958. This experiment proved that the DNA in chromosomes replicates semiconservatively. Hence,
the option (b) is correct.

31(3)
Translocation is a phenomenon of transfer of a gene segment between non-homologus
chromosome, i.e., different linkage group.

32(2)
Cistron is a segment of DNA coding for a polypeptide. Eukaryotic structural gene is monocistronic
whereas prokaryotic structural gene is polycistronic.

33(3)
∙ A plant whose genotype is in homozygous condition and can express the certain type of phenotype
is called as true breeding.
∙ It produces offspring with the same traits upon self-fertilization or produces offspring of its own
kind.
∙ An example of a true breeding tall plant is a plant with the genotype TT.

34(3)
23S rRNA is a component of larger subunit of ribosome and it act as peptidyl transferase
(ribozyme).
35(3)
Stirred tank bioreactor is a reactor that consists of the propeller, the mixer and the reactor. In this
system, impeller or mixer is used to mix the required atmospheric oxygen into the aqueous phase
and maximizing the interfacial area between the gaseous and aqueous phases for large production
of biomass.

36(4)
Ligase are the enzymes used to join substrates. Here in case of DNA T4 DNA ligase is used.

37(4)
Expression of recombinant DNA is part of upstream processing.

38(2)
A. Sal I is a restriction endonuclease isolated from Streptomyces albus. It produces sticky ends by
making the cut in the nucleotide sequence G/TCGAC
B. Eco RV is type II restriction endonuclease isolated from Escherichia coli which produces blunt
ends by making a cut in the center of the nucleotide sequence GAT/ATC.
C. Xho is a restriction endonuclease isolated from Xanthomonas campestris. It produces sticky ends
by making a cut in the recognition sequence C/TCGAG.
D. Hind III is a type II restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae. It produces sticky
ends by making a cut in the nucleotide sequence A/AGCTT.

39(1)
First successful gene transfer in human was performed by F.Anderson. Ashi Disilva a 4-year girl
was treated by replacing ADA gene in lymphocytes.
The girl was suffering from Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Gene therapy was used for
the treatment of ADA deficiency.

40(3)
Biodiversity hotspots are a method to identify those regions o f the world where attention is
needed to address biodiversity loss and to guide investments in conservation. The idea was first
developed by Norman Myers in 1988 to identify tropical forests hotspots characterised both by
exceptional levels o f plant endemism and serious habitat loss which he then expanded to a more
global scope. Currently, 34 biodiversity hotspots have been identified most of which occur in
tropical forests.

41(2)
Primary producers of the deep sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem are chemosynthetic bacteria.
Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria are chemolithotrophic in nature. They are found in the deep sea
hydrothermal vent ecosystem. They provide the primary food for the invertebrates found in the
immediate vicinity of the vent ecosystem.

42(1)
r-selected species are the ones that are found in the sparsely crowded ecological niche to exploit it
and aim at the production of a large number of small-sized progeny with lower survival rates due to
the short gestation period and early attainment of maturity.
k-selected species are characterized by exponential growth in population size till carrying capacity
of the niche only. These species produce a small number of large-sized progeny and have longer
gestation periods to allow proper embryological development.
43(4)
Commensalism refers to relationship wherein one organism is benefitted while other remains
unaffected and is denoted by + 0.
Amensalism refers to association wherein one partner is inhibited while other remains nearly
unaffected and is denoted by - 0.
Association of organisms which benefits one of the partners at the expense of other is called as
parasitism and is denoted by + -.
Mutualism is association of organisms wherein both are benefitted and is denoted by + +.

44(3)
Parthenium hysterophorus is an exotic or alien species which causes extinction of native (or)
indegenous species.

45(3)
Red data book contains list of threatened species

46(1)
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae. Mumps,
herpes (herpes simplex virus), influenza (influenza viruses) and small pox (variola strain) are viral
diseases.

47(1)
The housefly (Musca domestica) is of phylum Arthropoda and is Classified under Class: Insecta.
Taxonomically it is as below:
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Muscidae
Genus: Musca
Species: domestica

48(2)
1. All mammals are not Viviparous. Four species of Echidna and the Platypus are oviparous.
2. All cyclostomes are jawless and lack paired fins.
3. Crocodile is a reptile but has a four chambered heart unlike all other reptiles.
4. Only the member of osteichthyes have gills covered by operculum while members of
chondrichthyes lack operculum.
So, the correct option is 'All cyclostomes do not possess; jaws and paired fins

49(3)
Photoperiod affects the reproduction in plants by regulating the flowering timing of the plants.
The binomial system of nomenclature was given by Carolus Linnaeus. R. H. Whittaker proposed 5
kingdom classification of living organisms.

50(1)
A mushroom gland is a large and whitish accessory gland located at the junction of vasa deferential
and ejaculatory duct. It is formed of three types of small sac-like tubules
(a) long tubules or utriculi majors forming the peripheral plant of a gland
(b) Small tubule or utriculi breviores forming the anteromedian part of the gland
(c) small, bulblike, seminal vesicles forming the posteromedial part of the gland. The sperms
remain stored in seminal vesicles.
So, the correct answer is 'Seminal vesicles'.

51(1)
Smooth muscles are fusiform or spindle shaped non-striated in structure and involuntary in
function. Because of myofilaments are found in diffused or scattered form, regulated by autonomic
nervous system.

52(4)
Oxidative phosphorylation leads to synthesis of ATP by the use of energy obtained by oxidation of
substrate

53(4)
Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or
conformation by allowing interaction between amino acids by various bond formations. All protein
molecules are heterogeneous unbranched chains of amino acids. Different types of weak
interactions hold the interacting segments together in protein. Hydrophobic interaction, H bonds,
and electrostatic interactions are the weak ones and stabilize the tertiary structure of proteins
while ester bonds are covalent bonds and are least likely to be involved in stabilizing the three
dimensional folding of most proteins.

54(2)
Enzymetic/biochemical reactions indicated are exothermic. In presence of enzyme activation
energy is low. While in absence of enzyme activation energy is high.

55(1)
Stalled forks activate checkpoint signaling and pause replication. Since, G1/S checkpoint checks
DNA damage, cells size prior to S-phase (i.e. DNA replication phase). This checkpoint would be
activated by stalled DNA replication fork.

56(1)
(a) Pachytene (i) Stage of crossing over
(b) Metaphase I (ii) Chromosome align at equatorial plate
(c) Diakinesis (iii) Terminalisation of chiasmata
(d) Zygotene (iv) Pairing of homologous chromosome

57(1)
Cholecystokinin acts on both pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic
and bile juice respectively. Secretin acts on the exocrine pancreas and stimulates secretion of
bicarbonate ions So, the correct answer is 'Cholecystokinin and secretin'

58(4) Alveoli are the site of gaseous exchange and have a higher partial pressure of oxygen than
that of blood.
Blood is rich in carbon dioxide at cell and tissue levels due to cellular respiration.
The higher partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli allow diffusion of oxygen into the blood.

59(3) Shining light on a photoreceptor, either a rod sell or a cone, leads to membrane
hyperpolarization rather than depolarization. In the dark the receptor is in a depolarized state, with
membrane potential of roughly - 40 mv. Progressive increases in the intensity of illumination cause
the potential across the receptor membrane to become more negative (reaches about - 65 mv.)

60(2)
Addison’s disease is caused by the presence of ineffective ACTH which in turn leads to the
deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol hormones of the adrenal cortex. Excessive ACTH secretion by
anterior pituitary results in hyperproduction of cortisol causing Cushing’s disease. Myxedema is
caused by hypothyroidism in adults and is characterized by lethargy, hair loss, weight gain, puffed
skin, lowered body temperature and slowed pulse rate. Oversecretion of thyroid hormones
(hyperthyroidism) causes Graves’s disease which is characterized by the formation of the
exophthalmic goiter.

61(1) During muscle contraction neural signal reaching. Neuromuscular junction release ach which
generate action potential in the sarcolemma and cause the release of Ca +2 into sarcoplasm

62(4) Thrombocytes are also called Platelets. They are the vital component of blood. It's basic
function is to stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries. Its main function is to
contribute to hemostasis that is the process of stop bleeding by adhesion. Reduction in the number
of platelets causes clotting disorder and thus loss of blood from the body.

63(1)
Functional human insulin is peptide hormone which is made up of 51 Amino Acid. Insulin
stimulates the permeability and uptake of Glucose in hepatic cells.

64(3)
Osteoporosis, is an age related disorder / disease and it is more common in elder female. Because of
after menopause secretion of estrogen is stope from ovary.

65(3)
Blood is composed of a clear, straw coloured, watery fluid called plasma in which different types of
blood cells are suspended.
Serum is that part of blood which is similar in composition with plasma but does not contain
clotting factors of blood. It includes all proteins not used in blood clotting and all the electrolytes,
antibodies, antigens, hormones, etc.

66(2)
Lungs do not collapse between breaths as some air always remain in the lung which can never be
expelled because the negative intrapleural pressure is created by two opposing elastic forces
pulling in the intrapleural space. The elastic lungs tend to collapse while the elastic chest wall tends
to thrust outward. These two opposite forces create a negative intrapleural pressure which in turn
opposes the natural tendency of lungs to collapse.

67(2)
Posterior pituitary do not synthesize any type of hormone. This lobe only storage and releases the
hormone of hypothalamus like ADH and oxytocin.

68(2) From the Bowman’s capsule, a glomerular filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule.
Absorption of selected materials takes place from the filtrate into the blood of the peritubular
capillaries or vasa recta. It is termed the tubular reabsorption. Reabsorption involves both passive
and active transport across the tubular epithelium. About 65 percent of the glomerular filtrate is
normally reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule before reaching the loop of Henle. Glucose,
amino acids, vitamins, hormones, sodium, potassium, chlorides, phosphates, bicarbonates, much of
water and some urea from the filtrate are absorbed. Sodium and potassium are reabsorbed by
primary active transport

69(1) LNG20 is a hormone-releasing intrauterine device. It releases 20 micrograms of

levonorgestrel (synthetic progestogen) per day. Progestasert is also a hormonereleasing IUD.
CuT,Cu7 and Multiload 375 are hormone-releasing IUDs.

70(2) In vasectomy, Vas deferens short segment is cut and tied.

Structure of male genital organ is :
1.. Testes- Spermatogensis occur.
2. Vas efferentia- Pierce the testes and enter into head of epididymis.
3. Epididymis- Sperm enter into head of itand stored into tail of it.It opens into vas deferens.
So, sperms first enter into epididymis then into vas deferens,through vas deferens it won't further
enter into Ejaculatory duct as vas deferens has been cut.
So, the correct answer is 'No sperm occurs in epididymis'.

71(1)
Embryos with more than 16 blastomeres formed due to in vitro fertilization is transferred into
uterus for implantation.

72(1) Sperms are transported out of testis from following route - Rete testrs → Efferent ductules
(vasa efferentia) → epididymis → vas deferens.

73(2)
Column-I Column-II
(a) Mons pubis (i) Female external Genitalia.
(b) Antrum (ii) Graafian Follicle
(c) Trophectoderm (iii) Embryo Formation
(d) Nebenkern (iv) Sperm

74(4) All hormones are secreted by placenta

75(3)
Colour-blind man (Xc Y) and normal woman (XX) can not have a colour-blind son as it is an X-linked
recessive trait and is inherited by criss-cross inheritance. To have a colour-blind son, the mother
should be a carrier (XcX) or affected (XcXc) so as to pass the affected X chromosome to son.

76(1) The random changes in gene frequencies in a population occurring by chance alone rather
than by natural selection are called genetic drift or Sewall wright effect. The effects of genetic drift
are most marked in very small isolated population, although it occurs in all populations.

77(2) ∙ ∙ According to the Hardy Weinberg law, the allele and genotype frequencies in a population
remain constant in the absence of factors responsible for evolution.
∙ It states that the sum of all genotype frequencies can be represented as the binomial expansion of
the square of the sum of p and q.
∙ This sum is equal to one : (p+q)2 = p2+ 2pq + q2 = 1.
∙ "p" is the frequency of the dominant allele,
∙ "q" is the frequency of the recessive allele.
∙ "2pq" is the frequency of heterozygotes in the population.

Hence, the frequency of heterozygous individual is represented by "2pq"

78(2)
Ramapithecus (12.2million years old in the Miocene) has human-like jaw and are supposed to be
first branched off from apes lineage that gradually evolved into modern man. Australopithecus, a
hominid that lived 4.5 to 4 million years ago, was discovered in 1924 from South Africa and hence is
also called as “Southern ape of Africa”. Genus homo consists of six members out of whom Homo
habilis (2.3 mya) is the oldest one characterized by small stature with a larger brain and smaller
molars and premolars than Australopithecus which are considered to be immediate ancestor of the
genus homo. Fossils of Homo erectus (1.7 mya) were discovered from Pleistocene rocks of Central
Jawa and hence the name Jawa man. Also known as Peking man, they are supposed to be the first
one to use fire.

79(3)
The sequence of the origin of life events is as follows-
The organic monomers were synthesised first and then the formation of the organic polymers took
place.
all these organic compounds were then aggregated together and surrounded by a feeble membrane.
this structure was known as the protobionts.
Much more complex DNA based genetic system evolved

80(3)
A genetic material should be chemically and structurally stable so as to maintain its integrity with
age, cell cycle and different physiology of individuals.
At the same time, it should be prone to random changes that impart genetic variations and serve as
raw material for evolution.
Inheritance of genetic material requires its replication with each cell division to ensure its
transmission to progeny.
It should carry the information required for regulation of whole cell functioning and the
information should be expressed as functional proteins.

81(1)
The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyze the polymerisation in only one direction that is
5→3 ,the strand with polarity 5→3 act as template and is called as template strand.

82(2)
Mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations is called
inbreeding.Practice of mating of animals within the same breed without having common ancestors
is called out-crossing. In inter-specific hybridization male and female animals of two different
related species are mated.Mating of superior males and females of different breed results in cross-
breeding. So the correct option is "two different related species"

83(4)
HIV is spherical virus with a diameter of about 90-120 nm. Its genome consists of a single-stranded
RNA filament segmented into two identical filaments and associated with reverse transcriptase
enzymes. The envelope consists of a lipid bilayer derived from host cell membrane and projecting
knob like glycoprotein spikes. It contains two protein coats. HIV is a retrovirus that attacks helper T
cells. Without an adequate supply of helper cells, the immune system cannot signal B cells to
produce antibodies to kill infected cells, thus body becomes susceptible to infectious. This immune
deficiency is described the name acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS.

84(4)
Oily fishes store omega-3 fatty acids (oil) in their tissues and body cavity and are the richest source
of omega-3 fatty acid. Fish oils contain the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The most widely available dietary source of EPA and DHA is oily fish,
such as salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies, menhaden, and sardines. Among the given options,
Mackerel is oily fish and is the rich source of oil.

85(2)
Column-I Column-II
(a) Citric acid (i) Aspergillus niger
(b) Cyclosporin A (ii) Trichoderma polysporum
(c) Statins (iii) Monascus Purpureus
(d) Butyric acid (iv) Clostridium butylicum

86(3)
BOD is increased by dumping off waste rich in phosphates and nitrogen compounds as these two
favor algal growth causing algal bloom and death of other underwater plants due to lack of Sunlight.
The presence of excess organic matter favors microbial growth and reduces available dissolved
oxygen. Petroleum industry waste is rich in radium-based toxic substances that do not favor algal
and plankton growth and no effect on BOD.

87(2)
Two or more species with closely similar niche requirements cannot exist indefinitely in the same
area as sooner or later they come into competition for possession of it. This is called as Gause’s
competitive exclusion principle, which states that an ecological niche cannot be simultaneously and
completely occupied by established populations of more than one species. Two species can live in
same habitat but not in the same niche. More similar the two niches are, severe the competition is.

88(4)
Eaglenest or Eagle's Nest Wildlife Sanctuary is famous for its birds and tiger. Dachigam National
Park, Jammu and Kashmir is famous for Hangul, Kashmir stag. Keibul Lamjao National Park,
Manipur is famous for brow-antlered deer and flagship species of Bandhavgarh National Park,
Madhya Pradesh is Bengal tiger.

89(4) A lake rich in organic waste leuds to decrease in Dissolved oxygen (D.O) in create in
biochemical oxygen demand (BoD) which leads to deatn of fishes.

90(2)
DDT (dichloro, diphenyl, trichloroethane) is long chain stable and fat soluble hydrocarbon which is
readily accumulated in fat tissues of organisms. Slow metabolism and excretion of DDT cause its
accumulation in fat tissues of organisms (biomagnification), particularly affecting the top
consumers (carnivores) causing the decrease in their population size. Phytoplankton are primary
producers while Seagull is top consumers among the given option that feed on dead or live fishes
and will exhibit highest DDT concentration.