Biology 2018

1. The difference between spermiogenesis and spermiation is

(1) In spermiogenesis spermatids are formed, while in spermiation spermatozoa are
formed.
(2) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are formed, while in spermiation spermatids
are formed.
(3) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are formed, while in spermiation spermatozoa
are released from sertoli cells into the cavity of seminiferous tubules.
(4) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa from sertoli cells are released into the cavity of
seminiferous tubules, while in spermiation spermatozoa are formed.

2. The amnion of mammalian embryo is derived from

(1) ectoderm and mesoderm
(2) endoderm and mesoderm
(3) ectoderm and endoderm
(4) mesoderm and trophoblast

3. The contraceptive ‘SAHELI’

(1) blocks estrogen receptors in the uterus, preventing eggs from getting implanted.
(2) increases the concentration of estrogen and prevents ovulation in females.
(3) is a post-coital contraceptive.
(4) is an IUD.

4. Hormones secreted by the placenta to maintain pregnancy are

(1) hCG, hPL, progestogens, prolactin
(2) hCG, hPL, estrogens, relaxin, oxytocin
(3) hCG, progestogens, estrogens, glucocorticoids
(4) hCG, hPL, progestogens, estrogens

5. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given
below :
Column I Column II
a. Proliferative Phase i. Breakdown of endometrial lining
b. Secretory Phase ii. Follicular Phase
c. Menstruation iii. Luteal Phase
abc
(1) iii ii i
(2) i iii ii
(3) iii i ii
(4) ii iii i

6. All of the following are part of an operon except

(1) an operator
(2) structural genes
(3) a promoter
(4) an enhancer

7. A woman has an X-linked condition on one of her X chromosomes. This chromosome can be
inherited by
(1) Only daughters
(2) Only sons
(3) Both sons and daughters
(4) Only grandchildren

8. According to Hugo de Vries, the mechanism of evolution is

(1) Multiple step mutations
(2) Saltation
(3) Minor mutations
(4) Phenotypic variations

9. AGGTATCGCAT is a sequence from the coding strand of a gene. What will be the
corresponding sequence of the transcribed mRNA?
(1) AGGUAUCGCAU
(2) UGGTUTCGCAT
(3) UCCAUAGCGUA
(4) ACCUAUGCGAU

10. Among the following sets of examples for divergent evolution, select the incorrect
option :
(1) Forelimbs of man, bat and cheetah
(2) Heart of bat, man and cheetah
(3) Eye of octopus, bat and man
(4) Brain of bat, man and cheetah

11. Conversion of milk to curd improves its nutritional value by increasing the amount of
(1) Vitamin D
(2) Vitamin A
(3) Vitamin E
(4) Vitamin B12

12. Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

(1) Psoriasis
(2) Rheumatoid arthritis
(3) Vitiligo
(4) Alzheimer's disease

13. The similarity of bone structure in the forelimbs of many vertebrates is an example
of
(1) Homology
(2) Analogy
(3) Adaptive radiation
(4) Convergent evolution

14. Which of the following characteristics represent ‘Inheritance of blood groups’ in humans?
a. Dominance
b. Co-dominance
c. Multiple allele
d. Incomplete dominance
e. Polygenic inheritance
(1) b, c and e
(2) a, b and c
(3) a, c and e
(4) b, d and e

15. In which disease does mosquito transmitted pathogen cause chronic inflammation of lymphatic
vessels?
(1) Elephantiasis
(2) Ascariasis
(3) Amoebiasis
(4) Ringworm disease

16. All of the following are included in ‘ex-situ conservation’ except

(1) Wildlife safari parks
(2) Sacred groves
(3) Seed banks
(4) Botanical gardens

17. Which part of poppy plant is used to obtain the drug “Smack”?
(1) Flowers
(2) Latex
(3) Leaves
(4) Roots

18. In a growing population of a country,

(1) pre-reproductive individuals are more than the reproductive individuals.
(2) reproductive individuals are less than the post-reproductive individuals.
(3) pre-reproductive individuals are less than the reproductive individuals.
(4) reproductive and pre-reproductive individuals are equal in number.

19. Which one of the following population interactions is widely used in medical science for the
production of antibiotics?
(1) Commensalism
(2) Mutualism
(3) Amensalism
(4) Parasitism

20. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given
below :

Column-I Column-II
a. Eutrophication i. UV-B radiation
b. Sanitary landfill ii. Deforestation
c. Snow blindness iii. Nutrient enrichment
d. Jhum cultivation iv. Waste disposal
abcd
(1) ii i iii iv
(2) i iii iv ii
(3) i ii iv iii
(4) iii iv i ii
21. Which of the following options correctly represents the lung conditions in asthma and
emphysema, respectively?
(1) Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased respiratory surface
(2) Increased number of bronchioles; Increased respiratory surface
(3) Decreased respiratory surface; Inflammation of bronchioles
(4) Increased respiratory surface; Inflammation of bronchioles

22. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given
below :
Column I Column II
a. Tricuspid valve i. Between left atrium and left ventricle
b. Bicuspid valve ii. Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
c. Semilunar valve iii. Between right atrium and right ventricle
abc
(1) iii i ii
(2) i iii ii
(3) ii i iii
(4) i ii iii

23. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given
below:
Column I Column II
a. Tidal volume i. 2500 – 3000 mL
b. Inspiratory Reserve volume ii. 1100 – 1200 mL
c. Expiratory Reserve volume iii.500 – 550 mL
d. Residual volume iv. 1000 – 1100 mL
abcd
(1) iii ii i iv
(2) iii i iv ii
(3) iv iii ii i
(4) i iv ii iii

24. Which of the following is an amino acid derived hormone?

(1) Epinephrine
(2) Ecdysone
(3) Estriol
(4) Estradiol

25. Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its functions?
(1) Medulla oblongata : controls respiration and cardiovascular reflexes.
(2) Limbic system : consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of brain; controls
movement.
(3) Corpus callosum : band of fibers connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres.
(4) Hypothalamus : production of releasing hormones and regulation of
temperature, hunger and thirst.

26. The transparent lens in the human eye is held in its place by
(1) ligaments attached to the ciliary body
(2) ligaments attached to the iris
(3) smooth muscles attached to the ciliary body
(4) smooth muscles attached to the iris

27. Which of the following hormones can play a significant role in osteoporosis?
(1) Aldosterone and Prolactin
(2) Progesterone and Aldosterone
(3) Parathyroid hormone and Prolactin
(4) Estrogen and Parathyroid hormone

28. Which of the following gastric cells indirectly help in erythropoiesis?

(1) Chief cells
(2) Mucous cells
(3) Parietal cells
(4) Goblet cells

29. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given
below :
Column I Column II
a. Fibrinogen (i) Osmotic balance
b. Globulin (ii) Blood clotting
c. Albumin (iii) Defence mechanism
abc
(1) (iii) (ii) (i)
(2) (i) (ii) (iii)
(3) (ii) (iii) (i)
(4) (i) (iii) (ii)

30. Which of the following is an occupational respiratory disorder?

(1) Anthracis
(2) Silicosis
(3) Emphysema
(4) Botulism

31. Calcium is important in skeletal muscle contraction because it

(1) Binds to troponin to remove the masking of active sites on actin for myosin.
(2) Activates the myosin ATPase by binding to it.
(3) Prevents the formation of bonds between the myosin cross bridges and the actin
filament.
(4) Detaches the myosin head from the actin filament.

32. Select the incorrect match :

(1) Lampbrush chromosomes – Diplotene bivalents
(2) Allosomes – Sex chromosomes
(3) Polytene chromosomes – Oocytes of amphibians
(4) Submetacentric chromosomes – L-shaped chromosomes

33. Nissl bodies are mainly composed of

(1) Proteins and lipids
(2) DNA and RNA
(3) Free ribosomes and RER
(4) Nucleic acids and SER

34. Which of these statements is incorrect?

(1) Enzymes of TCA cycle are present in mitochondrial matrix
(2) Glycolysis occurs in cytosol
(3) Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in outer mitochondrial membrane
(4) Glycolysis operates as long as it is supplied with NAD that can pick up hydrogen atoms

35. Which of the following events does not occur in rough endoplasmic reticulum?
(1) Protein folding
(2) Protein glycosylation
(3) Phospholipid synthesis
(4) Cleavage of signal peptide

36. Many ribosomes may associate with a single mRNA to form multiple copies of a polypeptide
simultaneously. Such strings of ribosomes are termed as
(1) Polysome
(2) Polyhedral bodies
(3) Nucleosome
(4) Plastidome

37. Which of the following terms describe human dentition?

(1) Thecodont, Diphyodont, Homodont
(2) Thecodont, Diphyodont, Heterodont
(3) Pleurodont, Diphyodont, Heterodont
(4) Pleurodont, Monophyodont, Homodont

38. Identify the vertebrate group of animals characterized by crop and gizzard in its
digestive system
(1) Amphibia
(2) Reptilia
(3) Osteichthyes
(4) Aves

39. Which one of these animals is not a homeotherm?

(1) Macropus
(2) Chelone
(3) Psittacula
(4) Camelus

40. Which of the following features is used to identify a male cockroach from a female
cockroach?
(1) Presence of a boat shaped sternum on the 9th abdominal segment
(2) Presence of caudal styles
(3) Presence of anal cerci
(4) Forewings with darker tegmina

41. Which of the following organisms are known as chief producers in the oceans?
(1) Dinoflagellates
(2) Diatoms
(3) Euglenoids
(4) Cyanobacteria

42. Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in

(1) using flagella for locomotion
(2) having a contractile vacuole for removing excess water
(3) having two types of nuclei
(4) using pseudopodia for capturing prey

43. Which of the following animals does not undergo metamorphosis?

(1) Earthworm
(2) Tunicate
(3) Starfish
(4) Moth

44. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given
below:
Column I Column II
(Function) (Part of Excretory system)
a. Ultrafiltration i. Henle's loop
b. Concentration ii. Ureter of urine
c. Transport of urine iii. Urinary bladder
d. Storage of iv. Malpighian urine corpuscle
v. Proximal convoluted tubule
abcd
(1) iv v ii iii
(2) iv i ii iii
(3) v iv i iii
(4) v iv i ii

45. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given
below :
Column I Column II
a. Glycosuria i. Accumulation of uric acid in joints
b. Gout ii. Mass of crystallized salts within the kidney
c. Renal calculi iii. Inflammation in glomeruli
d. Glomerular iv. Presence of in nephritis glucose urine
abcd
(1) iii ii iv i
(2) i ii iii iv
(3) iv i ii iii
(4) ii iii i iv

46. What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

(1) It functions as an enzyme.
(2) It functions as an electron carrier.
(3) It is the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration.
(4) It is a nucleotide source for ATP synthesis.
47. Which one of the following plants shows a very close relationship with a species of moth, where
none of the two can complete its life cycle without the other?
(1) Hydrilla
(2) Yucca
(3) Viola
(4) Banana

48. Oxygen is not produced during photosynthesis by

(1) Green sulphur bacteria
(2) Nostoc
(3) Chara
(4) Cycas

49. In which of the following forms is iron absorbed by plants?

(1) Ferric
(2) Ferrous
(3) Both ferric and ferrous
(4) Free element

50. Double fertilization is

(1) Fusion of two male gametes of a pollen tube with two different eggs
(2) Fusion of one male gamete with two polar nuclei
(3) Syngamy and triple fusion
(4) Fusion of two male gametes with one egg

51. Which of the following elements is responsible for maintaining turgor in cells?
(1) Magnesium
(2) Sodium
(3) Calcium
(4) Potassium

52. Pollen grains can be stored for several years in liquid nitrogen having a temperature of
(1) –120°C
(2) –80°C
(3) –160°C
(4) –196°C

53. Which among the following is not a prokaryote?

(1) Saccharomyces
(2) Mycobacterium
(3) Oscillatoria
(4) Nostoc

54. The two functional groups characteristic of sugars are

(1) Hydroxyl and methyl
(2) Carbonyl and methyl
(3) Carbonyl and hydroxyl
(4) Carbonyl and phosphate

55. Which of the following is not a product of light reaction of photosynthesis?

(1) ATP
(2) NADH
(3) Oxygen
(4) NADPH

56. Stomatal movement is not affected by

(1) Temperature
(2) Light
(3) CO2 concentration
(4) O2 concentration

57. The Golgi complex participates in

(1) Fatty acid breakdown
(2) Formation of secretory vesicles
(3) Activation of amino acid
(4) Respiration in bacteria

58. Which of the following is true for nucleolus?

(1) Larger nucleoli are present in dividing cells
(2) It is a membrane-bound structure
(3) It is a site for active ribosomal RNA synthesis
(4) It takes part in spindle formation

59. Stomata in grass leaf are

(1) Dumb-bell shaped
(2) Kidney shaped
(3) Barrel shaped
(4) Rectangular

60. The stage during which separation of the paired homologous chromosomes begins is
(1) Pachytene
(2) Diplotene
(3) Zygotene
(4) Diakinesis

61. Which of the following is commonly used as a vector for introducing a DNA fragment in human
lymphocytes?
(1) Retrovirus
(2) Ti plasmid
(3) pBR 322
(4)  phage

62. Use of bioresources by multinational companies and organisations without authorisation from
the concerned country and its people is called
(1) Bio-infringement
(2) Biopiracy
(3) Bioexploitation
(4) Biodegradation
.
63. In India, the organisation responsible for assessing the safety of introducing genetically
modified organisms for public use is
(1) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
(2) Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
(3) Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)
(4) Research Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM)

64. The correct order of steps in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is

(1) Extension, Denaturation, Annealing
(2) Annealing, Extension, Denaturation
(3) Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
(4) Denaturation, Extension, Annealing

65. Select the correct match

(1) Ribozyme - Nucleic acid
(2) F2 × Recessive parent - Dihybrid cross
(3) G. Mendel - Transformation
(4) T.H. Morgan - Transduction

66. A ‘new’ variety of rice was patented by a foreign company, though such varieties have been
present in India for a long time. This is related to
(1) Co-667
(2) Sharbati Sonora
(3) Basmati
(4) Lerma Rojo

67. Select the correct match

(1) Alec Jeffreys – Streptococcus pneumoniae
(2) Alfred Hershey and – TMV Martha Chase
(3) Francois Jacob and - Lac operon Jacques Monod
(4) Matthew Meselson - Pisum sativum and F. Stahl

68. Which of the following has proved helpful in preserving pollen as fossils?
(1) Pollenkitt
(2) Cellulosic intine
(3) Sporopollenin
(4) Oil content

69. The experimental proof for semiconservative replication of DNA was first shown in a
(1) Fungus
(2) Bacterium
(3) Virus
(4) Plant

70. Which of the following pairs is wrongly matched?

(1) Starch synthesis in pea : Multiple alleles
(2) ABO blood grouping : Co-dominance
(3) T.H. Morgan : Linkage
(4) XO type sex : Grasshopper determination
71. Offsets are produced by
(1) Meiotic divisions
(2) Mitotic divisions
(3) Parthenogenesis
(4) Parthenocarpy

72. Select the correct statement

(1) Franklin Stahl coined the term ‘‘linkage’’
(2) Punnett square was developed by a British scientist
(3) Transduction was discovered by S. Altman
(4) Spliceosomes take part in translation

73. Which of the following flowers only once in its life-time?

(1) Bamboo species
(2) Jackfruit
(3) Papaya
(4) Mango

74. Niche is
(1) all the biological factors in the organism's environment
(2) the physical space where an organism lives
(3) the functional role played by the organism where it lives
(4) the range of temperature that the organism needs to live

75. In stratosphere, which of the following elements acts as a catalyst in degradation of ozone and
release of molecular oxygen?
(1) Carbon
(2) Cl
(3) Oxygen
(4) Fe

76. What type of ecological pyramid would be obtained with the following data?
Secondary consumer : 120 g
Primary consumer : 60 g
Primary producer : 10 g
(1) Inverted pyramid of biomass
(2) Pyramid of energy
(3) Upright pyramid of biomass
(4) Upright pyramid of numbers

77. Which of the following is a secondary pollutant?

(1) CO
(2) CO2
(3) O3
(4) SO2

78. World Ozone Day is celebrated on

(1) 5th June
(2) 21st April
(3) 22nd April
(4) 16th September

79. Natality refers to

(1) Death rate
(2) Birth rate
(3) Number of individuals entering a habitat
(4) Number of individuals leaving the habitat

80. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given
below:
Column I Column II
a. Herbarium (i) It is a place having a collection of preserved plants and
animals
b. Key (ii) A list that enumerates methodically all the species found
in an area with brief description aiding identification
c. Museum (iii) Is a place where dried and pressed plant specimens
mounted on sheets are kept
d. Catalogue (iv) A booklet containing a list of characters and their
alternates which are helpful in identification of various
taxa.
abcd
(1) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
(2) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)

81. Which one is wrongly matched?

(1) Uniflagellate gametes – Polysiphonia
(2) Biflagellate zoospores – Brown algae
(3) Unicellular organism – Chlorella
(4) Gemma cups – Marchantia

82. After karyogamy followed by meiosis, spores are produced exogenously in

(1) Neurospora
(2) Alternaria
(3) Saccharomyces
(4) Agaricus

83. Winged pollen grains are present in

(1) Mustard
(2) Cycas
(3) Pinus
(4) Mango

84. Pneumatophores occur in

(1) Halophytes
(2) Free-floating hydrophytes
(3) Submerged hydrophytes
(4) Carnivorous plants
85. Plants having little or no secondary growth are
(1) Grasses
(2) Deciduous angiosperms
(3) Cycads
(4) Conifers

86. Casparian strips occur in

(1) Epidermis
(2) Pericycle
(3) Endodermis
(4) Cortex

87. Secondary xylem and phloem in dicot stem are produced by

(1) Apical meristems
(2) Vascular cambium
(3) Axillary meristems
(4) Phellogen

88. Select the wrong statement :

(1) Cell wall is present in members of Fungi and Plantae
(2) Mushrooms belong to Basidiomycetes
(3) Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in all kingdoms except Monera
(4) Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures in Sporozoans

89. Which of the following statements is correct?

(1) Ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall in gymnosperms
(2) Selaginella is heterosporous, while Salvinia is homosporous
(3) Stems are usually unbranched in both Cycas and Cedrus
(4) Horsetails are gymnosperms

90. Sweet potato is a modified

(1) Stem
(2) Adventitious root
(3) Rhizome
(4) Tap root
Answer key
questio Answe questio Answe
n no r key n no r key
1 3 21 1
2 1 22 1
3 1 23 2
4 4 24 1
5 4 25 2
6 4 26 1
7 3 27 4
8 2 28 3
9 1 29 3
10 3 30 2
11 4 31 1
12 4 32 3
13 1 33 3
14 2 34 3
15 1 35 3
16 2 36 1
17 2 37 2
18 1 38 4
19 3 39 2
20 3 40 2

question Answer question Answe question Answe

no key no r key no r key
41 2 61 1 81 1
42 3 62 2 82 4
43 1 63 3 83 3
44 2 64 3 84 1
45 3 65 1 85 1
46 2 66 3 86 3
47 2 67 3 87 2
48 1 68 3 88 4
49 1 69 2 89 1
50 3 70 1 90 2
51 4 71 2
52 4 72 2
53 1 73 1
54 3 74 3
55 2 75 2
56 4 76 1
57 2 77 3
58 3 78 4
59 1 79 2
60 2 80 3
Solution 2018

1 (3)
Spermiogenesis is transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa whereas
spermiation is the release of the sperms from sertoli cells into the lumen of seminiferous tubule.

2 (1)
The developing fetus grows in the amniotic cavity which is surrounded by the amnion. This is the
membrane that covers the amniotic cavity. The membrane is derived from the extra somatic ectoderm
on the inner side and mesoderm on the outer side.

3 (1) Saheli is the first non-steroidal, once a week pill. It contains centchroman and its functioning
is based upon selective Estrogen Receptor modulation.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators, also known as estrogen receptor agonist/antagonists, are a
class of drugs that act on the estrogen receptor. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, called
SERMs for short, block the effects of estrogen in the breast tissue. SERMs work by sitting in the
estrogen receptors in breast cells. If a SERM is in the estrogen receptor, there is no room for
estrogen and it can't attach to the cell. If estrogen isn't attached to a breast cell, the cell doesn't
receive estrogen's signals to grow and multiply.

4 (4)
Placenta releases human chorionic gonadotropic hormone (hCG) which stimulates the Corpus
luteum during pregnancy to release estrogen and progesterone and also rescues corpus luteum
from regression. Human placental lactogen (hPL) is involved in growth of body of mother and
breast. Progesterone maintains pregnancy, keeps the uterus silent by increasing uterine threshold
to contractile stimuli.

5 (4)
(a) Proliferate phase is the other name for follicular phase. There is development of the follicle in the
ovary and there is increase in the endometrial cell lining in the uterus, known as proliferation.
(b) The secretory phase is known as luteal phase, which includes the secretion of the hormones from the
corpus luteum. This is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy.
(c) Menstruation is the flow of the cell debris and the blood from the vaginal tract. This is the outcome of
breakdown of the endometrial lining due to no fertilisation of the ovum.

6 (4)
An operon is a cluster of functionally-related genes that are controlled by a shared operator.
Operons consist of multiple genes grouped together with a promoter and an operator. Operons are
present in prokaryotes, but are absent in eukaryotes.

7(3)
Woman is a carrier
• Both son & daughter inherit X–chromosome

8(2)
saltation is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially
causing single-step speciation.
9 (1)
The sequence of the coding strand and the mRNA is the same, exception is the T is replaced with U.
AGGUAUCGCAU is the sequence of the transcribed mRNA.

10 (3)
Analogous organs are the organs of different animals which have different basic structure but perform
the same function. Eye of octopus, bat, and man have the same different structures but serve the same
function.

11 (4)
Lactobacillus species is reason to conversion of milk into curd. This bacteria helps in increasing
nutrition value of B12

12 (4)
An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body.

An autoimmune disorder may result in:

 The destruction of body tissue
 Abnormal growth of an organ
 Changes in organ function

An autoimmune disorder may affect one or more organ or tissue types. Areas often affected by
autoimmune disorders include:
 Blood vessels
 Connective tissues
 Endocrine glands such as the thyroid or pancreas
 Joints
 Muscles
 Red blood cells
 Skin

A person may have more than one autoimmune disorder at the same time. Common
autoimmune disorders include:
 Addison disease
 Celiac disease - sprue (gluten-sensitive enteropathy)
 Dermatomyositis
 Graves disease
 Hashimoto thyroiditis
 Multiple sclerosis
 Myasthenia gravis
 Pernicious anemia
 Reactive arthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Systemic lupus erythematosus
 Type I diabetes
 Vitiligo
 Psoriasis
13 (1)
Homology, in biology, similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of
organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.
the forelimbs of such widely differing mammals as humans, bats, and deer are homologous; the
form of construction and the number of bones in these varying limbs are practically identical, and
represent adaptive modifications of the forelimb structure of their common early mammalian
ancestors.

14 (2)
a. The Rh(D) group is also dominant and will be expressed if inherited from either parent.
b. Within the ABO Blood Group system, the A and B genes are co-dominant, i.e. these will be expressed
whenever the gene is present. The O gene is silent and only expressed when neither A nor B is present.
c. Three alleles are responsible for the different types of blood groups in humans which shows multiple
allelism.

15 (1)
Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a very rare condition that's spread by
mosquitoes. Your sex organs and breasts may also swell up.

16 (2)
Ex situ conservation is the technique of conservation of all levels of biological diversity outside
their natural habitats through different techniques like zoo, captive breeding, aquarium, botanical
garden, and gene bank.
Sacred groves of India are forest fragments of varying sizes, which are communally protected, and
which usually have a significant religious connotation for the protecting community. Hunting and
logging are usually strictly prohibited within these patches. So it is “in situ conservation.”

17 (2)
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of
flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and
poppy seeds are derived

18 (1)
Pre-Reproductive: Birth to age 14 years – These are ages when most girls are pre-pubescent and
unlikely to have the ability to bear children. These are commonly referred to as the child-bearing
years.
Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones
(offspring) similar to itself.

19(3)
Amensalism, association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or
destroyed and the other is unaffected. There are two basic modes: competition (q.v.), in which a
larger or stronger organism excludes a smaller or weaker one from living space or deprives it of
food, and antibiosis, in which one organism is unaffected but the other is damaged or killed by a
chemical secretion

20(3)
Eutrophication, the gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant
nutrients in an aging aquatic ecosystem such as a lake. The productivity or fertility of such an
ecosystem naturally increases as the amount of organic material that can be broken down into
nutrients increases.

Sanitary landfills are sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe. It is
considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and physically.

Snow blindness, also called arc eye or photokeratitis, is a painful eye condition caused by
overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. When too much UV light hits the transparent outer layer of
your eyes, called the cornea, it essentially gives your cornea a sunburn.

Jhum cultivation, also known as the slash and burn agriculture, is the process of growing crops by
first clearing the land of trees and vegetation and burning them thereafter. The burnt soil contains
potash which increases the nutrient content of the soil.

21 (1)
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This
can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe
out and shortness of breath.\
Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air
sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and
rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones.

22 (1)
The tricuspid valve is one of the two main valves on the right side of your heart. Normally,
the tricuspid valve has three flaps (leaflets) that open and close, allowing blood to flow from the
right atrium to the right ventricle in your heart and preventing blood from flowing backward.

A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is an aortic valve that only has two leaflets, instead of three. The
aortic valve regulates blood flow from the heart into the aorta. The aorta is the major blood vessel
that brings oxygen-rich blood to the body.

The semilunar valves act to prevent backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles during
ventricular diastole and help maintain pressure on the major arteries. The aortic semilunar
valve separates the left ventricle from the opening of the aorta

23 (2)
Tidal volume (symbol VT or TV) is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced
between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. In a healthy, young
human adult, tidal volume is approximately 500 ml per inspiration or 7 ml/kg of body mass.

The average inspiratory reserve volume is about 3000 mL in males and 2100 mL in females. Vital
capacity. The total usable volume of the lungs that you can control. This is not the entire
lung volume as it is impossible to voluntarily breathe all of the air out of your lungs

Your expiratory reserve volume is the amount of extra air — above anormal breath — exhaled
during a forceful breath out. The average ERV volume is about 1000-1100 mL in males and 800
mL in females.

Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling. Doctors
use tests to measure a person's residual air volume to help check how well the lungs are
functioning. It is normal to have some air remain after exhaling to keep the lungs from collapsing.
Volume is about 1100 – 1200 mL

24 (1)
amino acid-derived hormones include epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are synthesized in
the medulla of the adrenal glands, and thyroxine, which is produced by the thyroid gland.
The pineal gland in the brain makes and secretes melatonin which regulates sleep cycles.
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication and hormone. As a medication, it is used to
treat a number of conditions, including anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, asthma, and superficial
bleeding. Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup

25 (2)
The medulla oblongata or simply medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower
part of the brainstem. It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped
neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to
sneezing. It plays an essential role in passing messages between your spinal cord and brain. It's also
essential for regulating your cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

The limbic system is a set of structures in the brain that deal with emotions and memory. It
regulates autonomic or endocrine function in response to emotional stimuli and also is involved in
reinforcing behavior .

The corpus callosum is a large, C-shaped nerve fiber bundle found beneath the cerebral cortex. It
stretches across the midline of the brain, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It
makes up the largest collection of white matter tissue found in the brain.

The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that has a vital role in controlling many
bodily functions including the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

26 (1)
Lens in the human eye is held in its place by suspensory ligaments attached to the ciliary body.
The ciliary body is a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the
lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor. The aqueous humor is
produced in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body

27 (4)
Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little
bone, or both. As a result, bones become weak and may break from a fall or, in serious cases, from
sneezing or minor bumps. Osteoporosis means “porous bone.” Viewed under a microscope, healthy
bone looks like a honeycomb.

Estrogen is a sex hormone that is essential to female bone health because it promotes the activity of
osteoblasts, which are cells that produce bone. When estrogen levels drop during menopause, the
osteoblasts aren't able to effectively produce bone.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases bone formation and thereby improves bone density and
bone strength in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

28 (3)
Erythropoiesis is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), which is the
development from erythropoietic stem cell to mature red blood cell.

29 (3)
Fibrinogen (factor I) is a glycoprotein complex, made in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all
vertebrates. During tissue and vascular injury, it is converted enzymatically by thrombin to fibrin
and then to a fibrin-based blood clot.

Globulins are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune
system. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection.
There are four main types of globulins. They are called alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma.

30 (2)
Occupational respiratory disease is any lung condition you get at work. It occurs because of
repeated exposure to certain toxins. You can even get a disease long after being exposed to those
toxins. Certain workplaces lend themselves to disease.
Silicosis is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust. It is
marked by inflammation and scarring in the form of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs.
It is a type of pneumoconiosis

31 (1)
Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins that in the absence of calcium
prevent interaction of actin and myosin. Two different regulatory systems are found in different
muscles. In actin-linked regulation troponin and tropomyosin regulate actin by blocking sites on
actin required for complex formation with myosin; in myosin-linked regulation sites on myosin are
blocked in the absence of calcium.
Ca2+ ions play an important role in muscle contraction by creating interactions between the
proteins, myosin and actin. The Ca2+ ions bind to the C component of the actin filament, which
exposes the binding site for the myosin head to bind to in order to stimulate a muscle contraction

32 (3)
Lampbrush chromosomes (LBCs) are transitory structures that exist during an extended diplotene
of the first meiotic division in female gametocytes of most animals, except mammals

allosome (genetics) A sex chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, or
behaviour. The human sex chromosomes are a typical pair of allosomes.

Polytene chromosomes are large chromosomes which have thousands of DNA strands. They
provide a high level of function in certain tissues such as salivary glands of insects. Polytene
chromosomes develop from the chromosomes of diploid nuclei by successive duplication of
each chromosomal element (chromatid) without their segregation. The newly formed chromatids
remain associated lengthwise and together form a cable-like structure, referred to as polytene
chromosomes.

A submetacentric chromosome is a chromosome whose centromere is located near the middle. As a

result, the chromosomal arms are slightly unequal in length and may also form an L-shape.
A chromosome with equal chromosomal arms is termed metacentric chromosome.

33 (3)
A Nissl body, also known as Nissl substance and Nissl material, is a large granular body found in
neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes,
and are the site of protein synthesis.

34 (3)
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane, in contrast with most
of the reactions of the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation, which take place in the matrix.

35 (3)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Its main function is to
produce proteins. It is made up of cisternae, tubules and vesicles. The cisternae are made up of
flattened membrane disks, which are involved in the modification of proteins.

36 (1)
A polyribosome is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like “beads” on a “thread”. It
consists of a complex of an mRNA molecule and two or more ribosomes that act
to translate mRNA instructions into polypeptides.

37 (2)
Thecodont dentition is a morphological arrangement in which the base of the tooth is completely
enclosed in a deep socket of bone, as seen in crocodilians, dinosaurs and mammals, and opposed
to Acrodont and Pleurodont dentition seen in Squamate reptiles.

A diphyodont is any animal with two successive sets of teeth, initially the "deciduous" set and
consecutively the "permanent" set. Most mammals are diphyodonts—as to chew their food they
need a strong, durable and complete set of teeth. Diphyodonts contrast with polyphyodonts, whose
teeth are constantly replaced.

In anatomy, a heterodont is an animal which possesses more than a single tooth morphology. In
vertebrates, heterodont pertains to animals where teeth are differentiated into different forms

38 (4)
Aves

39 (2)
Homeotherms will only survive if the internal temperature of the body is within a small range.
Examples: Amphibians, mammals and birds.
A. Camelus is a mammal and regulates its body temperature. It is a homeotherm.
B. Macropus is a marsupial, so it is also a homeotherm.
C. Psittacula is an ave, it is a homeotherm as well.
D. Chelone is a plant. It cannot regulate the internal body temperature.

40 (2)
Males bear a pair of short, thread like anal styles which are absent in females. Anal/caudal styles
arise from 9th abdominal segment in male cockroach.

41 (2)
Diatoms are single-celled algae. Diatoms are algae that live in houses made of glass. They are the
only organism on the planet with cell walls composed of transparent, opaline silica. Diatom cell
walls are ornamented by intricate and striking patterns of silica.
Diatoms are a major group of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and
soils of the world.

42 (3)
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled
eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other
microorganisms or organic tissues and debris
The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called
cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in
much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella.
Ciliates differs from other protozoans in having two types of nuclei.
eg. Paramoecium have two types of nuclei i.e. macronucleus & micronucleus.

43 (1)
Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or
hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure
through cell growth and differentiation.

An earthworm is a terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the order Opisthopora. They exhibit a
tube-within-a-tube body plan, are externally segmented with corresponding internal segmentation,
and usually have setae on all segments. They occur worldwide where soil, water, and temperature
allow.

44 (2)
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a membrane filtration process similar to Reverse Osmosis, using hydrostatic
pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. The pore size of the ultrafiltration
membrane is usually 103 - 106 Daltons. Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven barrier to
suspended solids, bacteria, viruses, endotoxins and other pathogens to produce water with very
high purity and low silt density.

By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which uses electrolyte pumps,

the loop of Henle creates an area of high urea concentration deep in the medulla, near the papillary
duct in the collecting duct system. ... This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine
for excretion.

Urine is carried from kidney to bladder through ureter. Urinary bladder is concerned with storage
of urine.

45 (3)
Renal glycosuria, also known as renal glucosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar
glucose is eliminated (excreted) in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels.
Nephropathy can affect people with any type of diabetes because it results from damage due to high
blood glucose.

Gout is caused by a condition known as hyperuricemia, where there is too much uric acid in the
body. The body makes uric acid when it breaks down purines, which are found in your body and
the foods you eat.

Kidney stones (also called renal calculi ) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form
inside your kidneys.
Glomerular nephritis is the inflammatory condition of glomerulus characterised by proteinuria and
haematuria.

46 (2)
NAD+ is an electron carrier which will pick up electrons during the course of cellular respiration.
When NAD+ picks up an electron, it becomes reduced, and becomes NADH. NADH carries electrons
all the way to the Electron Transport Chain, where it will then drop off the electrons.

47 (2)
Yucca have an obligate mutualism with a species of moth i.e. Pronuba.

48 (1)
Green sulphur bacteria do not use H2O as source of proton, therefore they do not evolve O 2.

49 (1)
Ferric as per NCERT (So as per NTA the answer is Ferric only)
Actual answer is Both ferric and ferrous as per some advance level book.

Fe2+ (ferrous) form is relatively soluble but is readily oxidized to Fe 3+ (ferric) at the junction of the
protoxylem and the metaxylem, chelated by citrate, and then transported in the metaxylem to the other
parts of the plant.

50 (3)
The fusion of the male and female gametes during fertilization is named syngamy
Syngamy and triple fusion is double fertilization.

51 (4)
Turgor, Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall.
Turgor is what makes living plant tissue rigid. Loss of turgor, resulting from the loss of water from
plant cells, causes flowers and leaves to wilt. Turgor plays a key role in the opening and closing of
stomata in leaves.

52 (4)
Pollen grains can be stored for several years in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196 ℃ and this
is known as cryopreservation.

53 (1)
Saccharomyces i.e. yeast is an eukaryote.
A prokaryote is a cellular organism that lacks an envelope-enclosed nucleus.

54 (3)
Carbonyl and hydroxyl are the two main functional groups of sugars. The carbonyl and
hydroxyl group present in all sugars. They are the basic components of sugars.

55 (2)
The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis. Light is absorbed and the energy is used to drive electrons
from water to generate NADPH and to drive protons across a membrane. These protons return
through ATP synthase to make ATP.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor central to metabolism. Found in all
living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through
their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the
other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form,

56 (4)
The stomatal movement mainly depends on the following factors:

Light: stomata open in light and close in darkness. Light intensity also affects the stomatal
movement. Stomata open in low intensity.

2. Temperature: Stomata can open at 30−400C.

CO2 concentration: Stomata open at low concentration and close at high concentration.
Water availability: Underwater stress condition stomata get close due to ABA hormone. Whereas
concentration of oxygen does not have a great impact on stomatal movement.

57 (2)
Golgi complex is the double membrane-bounded organelle present in eukaryotic cells only. It takes
part in the formation of secretory vesicles.
The Golgi complex prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and
outside the cell. The Golgi complex is a cell organelle. Also called Golgi apparatus and Golgi body.

58 (3)
Within the cell nucleus there's a very specific part called the nucleolus. This does not contain the
chromosomes. What this contains is the machinery necessary to assemble the cell's ribosomal
RNAs. Ribosomal RNAs then are transported through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm where
they become part of the ribosome, which is the protein machinery. These ribosomal RNAs guide the
messenger RNAs through the ribosomes and help in the protein translation, but they themselves
are RNA's that do not become proteins. They're non-coding RNAs that help the messenger RNAs to
undergo the protein translation process. These RNAs, like the other messenger RNAs, are made in
the nucleus, but ribosomal RNAs are made in the nucleolus which is a very specific part of the cell
nucleus.

59 (1)
Dumb bell shaped.

60 (2)
Prophase I is divided into 5 distinctive sub-stages:

Leptotene – The chromosomes begin to condense and are attached to the nuclear membrane via
their telomeres

Zygotene – Synapsis begins with a synaptonemal complex forming between homologous

chromosomes

Pachytene – Crossing over of genetic material occurs between non-sister chromatids

Diplotene – Synapsis ends with disappearance of synaptonemal complex; homologous pairs remain
attached at chiasmata
Diakinesis – Chromosomes become fully condensed and nuclear membrane disintegrates prior to
metaphase I

61 (1)
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that
it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.

62 (2)
Bioprospecting is the exploration of natural sources for small molecules, macromolecules and
biochemical and genetic information that could be developed into commercially valuable products
for the agricultural, aquaculture, bioremediation, cosmetics, nanotechnology, or pharmaceutical
industries.
The term biopiracy was coined by Pat Mooney, to describe a practice in which indigenous
knowledge of nature, originating with indigenous peoples, is used by others for profit, without
authorization or compensation to the indigenous people themselves.

63 (3)
Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC).
The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is a statutory body constituted under the
'Rules for the Manufacture, Use /Import /Export and Storage of Hazardous
Microorganisms/Genetically Engineering Organisms or Cells, 1989.

64 (3)
Polymerase chain reaction or PCR consists of the following three steps:

Denaturation- The two DNA strands of template DNA separate from each other when heated to
92℃.

Annealing- The primers anneal to the 3’ end of single strands of DNA.

Extension- The primers are extended by DNA polymerase by the addition of nucleotides to form
complete strands of DNA. Hence the sequence of steps is denaturation, annealing, extension.

65 (1)
A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction.
The ribozyme catalyses specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes. Also called
catalytic RNA, ribozymes are found in the ribosome where they join amino acids together to form
protein chain.
Ribozymes are RNA molecules able to break and form covalent bonds within a nucleic acid
molecule. These molecules, with even greater potential advantages than antisense
oligodeoxynucleotides, are able to bind specifically and cleave an mRNA substrate.

66 (3)

67 (3)
- Alec Jeffreys - DNA fingerprinting technique.

- Matthew Meselson and F. Stahl - Semi- conservative DNA replication in E. coli.

- Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase - Proved DNA as genetic material not protein

68 (3)
Sporopollenin is one of the most chemically inert biological polymers. It is a major component of
the tough outer (exine) walls of plant spores and pollen grains. It is chemically very stable and is
usually well preserved in soils and sediments.

The function of sporopollenin is to protect the pollen grains from external damages such as
rain,high temp. Sporopollenin forms the outercovering of the exine & it is the most resistant organic
material on the Earth ever known.

69 (2)
The semiconservative nature of replication of DNA was proved by Mathew Meselson and Franklin
Stahl in 1985. They performed their experiment in the bacterium Escherichia coli.

70 (1)
Starch synthesis in pea is not controlled by Multiple alleles.
It is controlled by a single gene having two alleles. Starch synthesis in pea plants (Pisum
sativum) is associated with another interesting phenomenon of pleiotropy.

71 (2)
Offset is a vegetative part of a plant, formed by mitosis.
– Meiotic divisions do not occur in somatic cells.
– Parthenogenesis is the formation of embryo from ovum or egg without fertilisation.
– Parthenocarpy is the fruit formed without fertilisation, (generally seedless)

72 (2)
The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or
breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach.
– Franklin Stahl proved semi-conservative mode of replication.
– Transduction was discovered by Zinder and Laderberg.
– Spliceosome formation is part of posttranscriptional change in Eukaryotes

73 (1)
Bamboo species are monocarpic . generally only once in its life-time after 50- 100 years.

74 (3)
In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. It describes how
an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors and how it in
turn alters those same factors

75 (2)
UV rays act on CFCs, releasing Cl atoms, chlorine reacts with ozone in sequential
method converting into oxygen Carbon, oxygen and Fe are not related to ozone layer depletion

76 (1)
the inverted pyramid of biomass, usually found in aquatic ecosystem.
• Pyramid of energy is always upright
• Upright pyramid of biomass and numbers are not possible, as the data depicts
primary producer is less than primary consumer and this is less than secondary
consumers.

77 (3)
The term secondary pollutants is applied to pollutants which are formed as a result of chemical
reactions of primary gaseous pollutants within the atmosphere. Secondary pollutants may be either
gaseous, or particulate aerosols.
 Ozone (O3)
 Sulfuric acid and nitric acid (component of acid rain)
 Particulate matter.
 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs)

78 (4)
World Ozone day is celebrated on 16th September.
5th June - World Environment Day
21st April - National Yellow Bat Day
22nd April - National Earth Day

79(2)
The crude birth rate or natality in a period is the total number of live births per 1,000 population
divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a
universal registration system for births; population counts from a census, and estimation through
specialized demographic techniques.

80(3)
A herbarium is a critical resource for biodiversity, ecological, and evolutionary research studies. It
is a primary data source of dried and labeled plant specimens that is arranged to allow for easy
retrieval access and archival storage.
Keys are used to identify different species. (Identification of various taxa)
A museum is a building used for preservation and exhibition of inanimate objects to illustrate the
human or natural history. Biological museums are generally set up in educational institutions.
Museums have a collection of preserved plants and animal specimens for study and reference.
Catalogue is Alphabetical listing of species

81 (1)
Polysiphonia is a red algae, polysiphonous and usually well branched, with some plants reaching a
length of about 30 cm.
Polysiphonia is a genus of red algae, where asexual spores and gametes are non-motile or non-
flagellated.

82 (4)
spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival,
often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of
many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.

In Agaricus (a genus of basidiomycetes), basidiospores or meiospores are

produced exogenously.
Neurospora (a genus of ascomycetes) produces ascospores as meiospores but
endogenously inside the ascus.)
Alternaria (a genus of deuteromycetes) does not produce sexual spores.
Saccharomyces (Unicellular ascomycetes) produces ascospores, endogenously.

83 (3)
A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the sole genus in the
subfamily Pinoideae. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri
Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved
species and many more synonyms.
In Pinus, winged pollen grains are present. It is extended outer exine on two lateral sides to form
the wings of pollen. It is the characteristic feature, only in Pinus. Pollen grains of Mustard, Cycas &
Mango are not winged shaped.

84 (1)
Pneumatophores are specialized aerial roots stemming from a subterranean root system, which
enable plants to utilize air in waterlogged soil habitats.
Halophytes like mangrooves have pneumatophores. Apogeotropic (–vely geotropic) roots having
lenticels called pneumathodes to uptake O2

85 (1)
Monocotyledons, commonly referred to as monocots, are grass and grass-like flowering plants, the
seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon.
Grasses are monocots and monocots usually do not have secondary growth.
Palm like monocots have anomalous secondary growth.

86 (3)
Endodermis have casparian strip on radial and inner tangential wall.
• It is suberin rich.

the Casparian strip is a band of cell wall material deposited in the radial and transverse walls of
the endodermis, and is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall - the cell wall being made
of lignin[1] and without suberin - whereas the Casparian strip is made of suberin and sometimes
lignin

87 (2)
The vascular cambium is the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically
in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such as pine trees, as well as in
certain vascular plants. It produces secondary xylem inwards, towards the pith, and secondary
phloem outwards, towards the bark.

88 (4)
Pseudopodia are locomotory structures in sarcodines (Amoeboid)

89 (1)
Gymnosperms have naked ovule.
• Called phanerogams without womb/ovary.

90 (2)
Adventitious roots are plant roots that form from any nonroot tissue and are produced both during
normal development (crown roots on cereals and nodal roots on strawberry [Fragaria spp.]) and in
response to stress conditions, such as flooding, nutrient deprivation, and wounding.
Sweet potato is a modified adventitious root for storage of food

Rhizomes are modified stems running underground horizontally. They strike new roots out of their
nodes, down into the soil. They also shoot new stems up to the surface out of their nodes. This
rhizome activity represents a form of plant reproduction. These underground plant parts also store
nutrients

A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a
taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward.