Yashni Wenjajellum

Usi: 1039668
Medical Imaging
Course: Research Methods/Epidemiology
Lecturer: Mr. Vanveen
Annotated bibliographies (first 5) on Diabetes Mellitus

#1
Kharroubi, Akram T, and Hisham M Darwish. “Diabetes Mellitus: The Epidemic of the Century.”
World Journal of Diabetes, vol. 6, no. 6, 25 June 2015, p. 850,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4478580/, https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850.
This article addresses the medical condition Diabetes Mellitus. The authors point out that the
Arab World and countries found in northern Africa demonstrate prevalence rates of diabetes
(10.9%), while the Western Pacific prevalence rates highest number of individuals diagnosed
with the disease and has the highest estimated prevalence rates (37.5%).The main focuses of
the paper were the diagnosis, etiology, and the congenital association among classes of
diabetes mellitus, including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other kinds of the disease.
Furthermore, a wide range of mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes affect
glucose metabolism and the formation, regulation, and function of pancreatic cells at different
levels.
Finally, the most significant developments in the molecular understanding of diabetes in respect
to the many forms of the disease.
However, according to research by Kharroubi et al. (2015), diabetes mellitus is recognized as the
most prevalent and negatively impactful chronic metabolic disorder diagnosed over of the last
one hundred years, and its incidence and prevalence will only increase if early diagnosis
techniques are not developed.
#2
Sameer, Aga, et al. “Pathophysiology of Diabetes: An Overview.” Avicenna Journal of Medicine,
vol. 10, no. 4, 2020, pp. 174–188, https://doi.org/10.4103/ajm.ajm_53_20.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex nutritional disorder with multiple clinical presentations,
each with a peculiar physiopathology, etiology, however it commonly presents itself as a
disorder with signs and symptoms which are often similar and are difficult to distinguish and
diagnose. In particular, an accurate and timely molecular diagnosis can help with disease
prediction, risk assessment, and the timely identification of family members and other
individuals who may be more susceptible to the disorder. Furthermore, for kinds of diabetes
caused by genetic abnormalities or mutations, as well as for diabetes in general.
It should be noted that diabetics must be protected from the potentially dangerous side effects
of unsuitable, ineffective, or avoidable pharmaceutical interventions, which often prolong the
period of exposure to hyperglycemia and delay the anticipated prognosis.
Therefore, managing and preventing diabetes needs a range of lifestyle modifications and
therapies, including rigorous nutrition control, physical exercise, a change in daily sedentary
behavior, and the management of obesity. This is true regardless of the type of diabetes.
Because they increase public awareness of the pathophysiology of the disease and the various
modifiable risk factors associated with it, educational activities are also crucial for managing and
controlling diabetes mellitus.
#3
DiMeglio, Linda A, et al. “Type 1 Diabetes.” The Lancet, vol. 391, no. 10138, June 2019, pp.
2449–2462, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31320-5.
This article addressed how a shortage of insulin and subsequent rise in blood sugar levels are
the common features of chronic autoimmune type 1 diabetes. It particularly highlights in the
last quarter century, which corresponds to a significant increase in our awareness, knowledge
and understanding of type 1 diabetes, encompassing several aspects such as immunological and
β-cell phenotypes, epidemiology, genetics, and disease prevalence.
It is important to carry out research on how to prevent the onset of illness and preserve or
restore β-cell function. These techniques have the potential to minimize or eliminate the effects
of the disease and greatly improve outcomes for those who have it. To improve glycemic
management, new, low-cost, low-burden, and highly effective treatments must be continuously
developed.
Two methods often utilized are scientific research on the impact of different nutritional diets on
blood glucose levels and the effectiveness and dependability of patient-designed, non-
proprietary artificial pancreas innovations.
These methods consider the differences in healthcare and demonstrate that health care
professionals must always be committed to accepting and providing the need for quality public
health interventions and initiatives, with the primary goal being to increase the rate of adoption
and use of the “gold” standards of healthcare.
.
#4
Galicia-Garcia, Unai. “Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, no. 17, 30 Aug. 2020, pp. 1–34.
This article summarizes the key characteristics of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and discusses the
molecular processes and mechanisms related to insulin metabolism that give rise to insulin
resistance and T2DM.Particularly due to the co-morbidities of obesity, diabetes, and increased
sedentary lifestyles brought on by rapid globalization and the normalizing of these conditions,
especially close attention to insulin synthesis, release, detection, and the subsequent effects on
certain organs that are sensitive to insulin and more research is needed.
Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms underlying each stage of the disease's
development and complications is crucial to prevent, control, cure, or reverse the
pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its complications.
It can be concluded that there is the need for further research to determine the causal and risk
factors that account for relationship among different demographic subsets and the
corresponding variable risks for type 2 diabetes, as well as the risk factors among poor people
with low socioeconomic status. Early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes through screening and
intensive patient-centered management optimizes patient outcomes.
Therefore, due to increasing awareness of the pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of
type 2 diabetes, direct therapy should therefore be applied, and treatments regimes should be
administered based on individual cases and within targeted populations, with the aid of
molecular genetic tools by identifying specific variants contributing to the development of the
disease as well as identifying critical control points to assess progression and effect of new and
improved therapeutic regimes.
#5
Quintanilla, Bryan S, and Heba Mahdy. “Gestational Diabetes.” National Library of Medicine,
StatPearls Publishing, 8 Aug. 2023, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545196/.
This article emphasizes that any degree of glucose inhibition that manifests or is first discovered
during pregnancy is referred to as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Particularly, A1GDM and
A2GDM are the two forms of GDM. Gestational diabetes that can be controlled without
medication is called diet-controlled gestational diabetes, or A1GDM. This type of GDM is
treatable with nutritional therapy.
Furthermore, this article focuses on the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, management,
complications, and prognosis for the interprofessional team members who manage patients
with gestational diabetes.
A2GDM is defined as gestational diabetes regulated with pharmaceuticals to maintain normal
blood glucose levels. Finally, During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, a condition
known as gestational diabetes develops. It is typified by an increase in insulin resistance that is
caused by placental hormone release.
Therefore, pregnancies should be monitored for gestational diabetes between six to seven
months of pregnancy and by administering the 50-gram one-hour oral glucose challenge test
and suggests screening be done for pregestational diabetes or early gestational diabetes
mellitus in all women who meet one or more of the risk criteria and are overweight or obese.