TABLE OF CONTENTS K.

JURISDICTION OVER CASES COVERIED BY

B.\RANGAY CONCLLNTION, SMAJJ. CLAIMS
CIVIL PROCEDURE CASES, INID C.ASES COVIERIED BY SUMMARY

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN REMEDIAL PROCEDUR:.. ******.......4

1. Cases Covered by Barangay Conciliation .. 14
LAW. 2
2. Cases Covered by Revised Rules of
A. DISIINGUISII: SUBSTANTTV:LAW ANID Procedure for Small Claims Cases. ..............15
REMEDLAJ, LAW ....... ******************** ... 2 3. Cases Covered by Rules on Summary
B. RUILI:-M\KING POWER OFE:SUPRIEMIE Procedure .. ... 15
COURT.. ..... 2
II. GENERAL PROVISIONS . 15
1. Limitations on the Rule-Making Power of
the Supreme Court ... 2 A.APPIICABIDIIY... s.......... 15
B. CONSTRUCTION.... *. ......... .. 15
II. JURISDICTION.... +... 2
C.COMMIENCEMIENT
OF CIVLACIION....6
A. PRINCIPE OF JUDICL\L Hu:RARCIY........2. 1. Meaning of Ordinary CivilActions. 16
B. DOCIRIN: OF NON-INTERI1:RIENCE/ 2. Meaning of Special Civil .\ctions. ...............16
JUDICLN.STABILITY... 3. Distinguish: Civil Acions and Special
C.CONIINUIIY OF JURISDICTION................ 3 Proceedings............. ..... ... 16
D. DISTINGUISII: ORIGINAJ. AND APPEJLNE... 3 4. Disinguish : Personal Actions and Real
E. DISTINGUISII: GINERA, ANID SPECLU...... Actions.......... . 16
F. DISTINGUISII: EXCLUSIVE AND CONCURRINT a. Local and Transitory Actions. .........17
4 b. Actions in rem, in personam, and quasi in
G. ORIGINN. JURISIDICTIONOF VARIOUS rem............... 17
PIIDIPPINI: COURTIS... 4 D. CAUSE OF ACTION.. 19
1. Supreme Court..... *******s*****. 4 1. Meaning of Causeof Action... 19

a. Exclusive Original Jurisdicion. 2. Distinguish: Right of Action and Cause of

b. Concurrent Original Jurisdiction ..........*. Action.........******.** *****......... 19
2. Court of .Appeals ... 3. Distinguish: Failure of the Complaint to
a. Exclusive Original Jurisdiction.. 5 State a Cause of Action and Lack of Cause of
b. Concurrent Original Jurisdiction. Action...... .........19
3. Court of Tax Appeals.... 5 4. Test of Suf ciency ofCause of Acion.... 20
a. Exclusive Original Jurisdiction. 5. Splitting a Single Cause of Action and its
***..****.*.se.*********......
4. Sandiganbayan. 5 Effects.. .........20
a. Exclusive Original Jurisdicion... 5 6. Joinder and Misjoinder of Causes of Action
b. Concurrent Ornginal Jurisdiction ..6 *****....**..*...********.......*....***...*******.********s*********.. .21
5. Summary: Original Jurisdiction of Various E. PARTIESTO CIVIL.ACTIONS. ******** .21
PH Courts (RTC, MTC, METC, MCTC) ....7. 1. Real Parties in Interest; Indispensable Parties;
9 Representatives as Parties; Necessary Parties;
a. Notes on Jurisdiction: ... ..........
6. Family Courts. 10 Indigent Parties; Alternative Defendants .....22
.......*.
H. ASPI:CIS OF JURISDICTION.... ........... 10 a. Real Parties in Interest ........
.*..**.* 22

1. Jurisdiction over the Parties. ........ 10 b. Indispensable Parties 23

a. How jurisdiction over the plainiff is c. Representatives as Parties... 23

acquired.. ..*..**. 11 d. Necessary Parties. 23
b. How jurisdiction over the defendant is e. Indigent Parties.. 23

acquired. .11 f. Alternative Defendants 24

2. Jurisdiction over the Subject Mlatter........ 11 2. Compulsory and Permissive Joinder of

a. Meaning of Jurisdiction over the Subject Parties ***..**.s..******..*******.*****...***.**.********* 24
Matter..... *****.*. ... 11 a. Compulsory Joinder.. ******.s**.
24

b. How Jurisdiction is Conferred and b. Permissive Joinder ...........

*********.. 25
Determined.... **........... 11 c. Misjoinder and Non-Joinder of Parties..25
3. Class Suit ......... 25
c. Objections to Juisdiction over the Subject .............
Matter... ............... ....*********........... .. 12 4. Suits Against Entities Without Juridical
3. Jurisdicion over the Issues............... 13 Personality ........ 20

4. Jurisdiction over the Res or Property in 5. Effect of Death of Party Litigant... 26

27
Litigation. ............13 a. Survival ofAction.
b. Substitution..... 27
1.DISIINGUISIL: JURISDICIIONVS. EX:RCISE OF
JURISDICTION.. .....1 3 F.VENU:.... 28

J. DISINGUISI :JURISDICIION VS. VENUE.. 13 1. V'enue of Real Actions.

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 2 l'enue ofPersonalActions. .******.**... 28 c. Service of Judgments, Final Orders, or
3.V'enueof .Actions Against Non-Residents. 28 Resolutions; Service of Court-Issued Orders
4. When the Rules on V'enue Do Not Apply. 29 and Other Documents..... ***.**..e...... 3
5. Effects of Stipulations on Venue .........219 C. SUMMONS...... ******..... 54
1. Nature and Purpose of Summons in Relation
III.PROCEDURE... .30
to Actions In Personam, In Rem, and Quasi In
A. PIEADINGS.. 30 Rem..... *******+***..**.... .......***.. 54
1. Kinds... ....... 30 2. Rule 14.. 54
a. Complaint. 30 a. When summons are 1Ssued.............. 54
b Answer ... 30 b. Contents of Summons. ... ..55
c. Counterclaims. .......... 32 c. Duty of Counsel........... ...... 55
d. Cross-claims.... .......... 34 d. Return ......... 55
e.Third(fourth,etc.)partycomplaints .. 34 e. Voluntary Appearance.. 56
f. Complaint-in-intervention .... ... 35 f. Who may Serve Summons. 56
g. Reply.... 35 g. Modes of Service.. 56
2. Extensions of time to le. 35 h. Proof of service... 59
3. Parts and Contents of a Pleading... 36 D. MƠTIONS.... .... .60
a. Caption. 36 1. In General .60
b. Body..... ..... 36 a. De nition of a Motion. .......60
c. Signature and address.. ... 36 b. Motions vs. Pleadings. .... .
.....60
d. V'eri cation. .... ......... 37 c. Contents and Form of Motions.......... 60
e. Certi cation Against Forum Shopping.. 38 c. Motion for leave.......... ****...s....... S0
f. Other Contents of a Pleading... 39 d. Motion Day .... ****...... 60
4. Manner of Making Allegations... ... 39 e. Omnibus Notion Rule.. .......61
a. Capacity to sue or be sued. .. 40 3. Non-litigious Motions. 61
b. Judgments... 40 4. Litigious Motions.... .61
c. Of cial documents or acts.... ......... 40 5.ProhibitedMotions .. .62
d. Condition precedent
....... 40 a. Motion to dismiss..... .62
e. Fraud, mistake, malice, intent, knowledge b. Motion to hear af rmative defenses;.... 62
and other condition of the mind.. ..........40 c. Motion for reconsideration of the court's
5. Pleading an actionable document.. ........... 41 action on af mative defenses; .............. 62
6. Striking out of a pleading...*.*....*............... 11 d. Motion to suspend proceedings without a
7. Effect of failure to plead... .......... 41 TRO or injuncion issued by a higher court;
a. Failure to plead defenses and objections 41
.....63
b. Falure to plead compulsory countercaim e. Motion for extension of tme to le
and cross-claim... ... 42 pleadings, af davits, or any other papers,.. 63
8. Default.. 42 f. Motion for postponement intended for
a. Reliefs from an order of default. 43 delay, except if it is based 1:................. 63
b. Actions where default are not allowed... 43 E.DISMSS.J. OFACTIONS.... ......63
9. Amended and Supplemental Pleadings..44 1. With Prejudice vs. Without Prejudice ;
a.Amendment ....
..*....** 44 Dismissals Which Have an Efect of an
b. Supplemental pleadings.. 45 Adjudication on the Merits.. .63
10. When to File Responsive Pleadings......45 2. Rule 17. .63
a.Bill ofParticulars ... .......e* 45 a. Dismissal Upon Notice by Plaintiff... 63
b. Acions of The Court *******************. 46 b. Dismissal Upon Motion by Plainiff... 64
11.Ef cientUse ofPaperRule ;E-Filing....47 c. Dismissal Due to the Fault of Plainuf... 64
a. Fomat and Style. 47
B. FuJNG ANID SERVICE OF PEADINGS,
... d. Dismissal of Counterclaim, Cross-claim,
or Third-party Complaint. ..*.***e******e***.... 65
JUDGMINIS, FINAI, ORDERS, AND RI:SOLUIIONS F. PRI-TRIAJ....**.*..********. 65
**........ 47 1. Concept of Pre-Trial *..*...... 65
1. Rules on Payment of Docket Fees........ 47 2. Nature and Purpose. .. .65
a. Effect of Failure to Pay Docket Fees at 3. Notice of Pre-Trial. ... 66
Fling.... ...........47 4.Appearanceof Parties....... ........ 66
2. Rule 13.... +........... 48 a. Effect of failure to appear ..... ..... 66
a. Filing of Pleadings .....48 5. Pre-Trial Brief... ........ ....... 67
b. Service of Pleadings •*****..**.......**s.... +)
49 6. Pre-Trial Order. ... .68
7. Pre-Trial in Civil Cases vs. Pre-Trial in
Criminal Cases.... 70
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 G. INTERVENTION... ... 70 0. JUDGMENTSAND FINAJ, ORDIERS.......... 90
1. Requisites for Intervention. 71 1. Judgment on The Pleadings.. ..*...*. 90
2. Time to Intervene.. .......71 2. Summary Judgments......... ....91
3. Remedies. ......... ............71 a. For the Claimant; For the Defendant... 91
H. CNEND.\R OF C.iSES.. ..*****.. 72 b. When the Case Not Fully Adjudicated. 92
1. SUBPOENA...... ****...... 72 c. Af davits and Attachments. .. .92
1. Subpoena Duces Tecum. ............73 3. Distinguish: Judgment on the Pleadings and
2. Subpoena Ad Testi candum. .73 Summary Judgments.... ........s....92
3. Service of Subpoena....
.......********** .73 4. Rendition and Entry of Judgments and Final
4. Compelling Attendance of Witnesses; Orders...
.....*..... 92
Contempt.. ****..... 73 a. Entry of Judgmentand Final Order ...93
5. Quashing ofSubpoena. .... .. .... 74 P. MƠTON FOR NI:w TRLJ. OR
J.CONMPUTNTIONOF TIMB... RIKCONSIDERATION...
......94
74

K. MODS OFDISCOVERY. 4 1. Rule 37.... •...*.... 94

1. Depositions... ..*..**. 74
a.Grounds ... 94
a. Meaning of Deposition. **. .74 b. When to File; Form 95
b. Uses;Scope of Examination.***.................77 c. Denial of the Motion; Effect.... 96
c. When lay Objections to Admissibility Be ............... 96
d. Grant of the Motion; Effect...
Made ..... .... ......... 78 e. Remedy Against Denial and Fresh-Period
d. When May Taking of Deposition Be Rule. .97
Teminated or its Scope Limited 78 Q. EXECUTION, SATISEACTION, AND E:1ECTOF
c. Effect of errors and irregularities in JUDGMENTS...
..... ....9.7
depositions. ....... .**.... 79 1. DifferenceBetweenFinalityofJudgmentfor
2. Interrogatories.. ........ 79 Purposes of Appeal and for Purposes of
a. Consequences of Refusal to Answer... 80 Execution .97
b. Effect of Failure to Serve Written 2. When Execution Shall Issue. 98
Interrogatories.... ...*..e*. .81 3. Execution as a Matter of Right. 98
... 99
c. Admission by .Adverse Party .... 81 4. Discretionary Execution....
d. Implied Admission by Adverse Party....81 5. How a Judgment is Executed. 101
e. Consequences of Failure to Answer a. Execution by Motion or by Independent
Request for Admission ........................... 81 Dn....s..*.*********** ********.***......... 101
f. Effect of \dmission ... **.***.... 82 b. Issuance and Contents of a Writ of
g. Effect of Failure to File and Serve Request Execution. ***.....**. ........ 101
for Admission. .****..**. *.......... 82 c. Execution of Judgments for Money ....102
3. Production or Inspection of Documents or d. Execution of Judgments for Speci c Acts
Things... .......**.*. •........82 +... .......1 04
4. Physical and lental Examination of Persons e. Execution of Special Judgments.. 105
**....... 83 £. Effect of Levy on Third Person. 106
5. Consequences of Refusal to Comply vith 6. Properties Exempt from Execution..... 106
Modes of Discovery ... *****..... 83 7. Proceedings Where Property is Claimed bv
L. TRILA. ******.*********** .*...*...*..85 Third Persons; in Relaion to Third Party Claim
1.AdjournmentsandPostponements ....... 6 in Attachment and Replevin, .......107
2. Requisites of Motion to PostponeTrial .. 86 8. Rules on Redemption... ....... 108
a. ForAbsenceofEvidence .. 8 ...86 9. Examination of Judgment Obligor When
b. For Illness of Party or Counse.. Judgment is Unsatis ed... *....... 111
c. Agreed Statement of Facts .86 10.Examination of Obligor of Judgment
3. Orderof Trial;Reversalof Drder.............7 Obligor..... .111
4. Delegation of Reception of Evidence..... 87 11. Effect ofJudgment or Final Orders .... 112
M. CONSOLID.\IION AND S:VERINCIE.........7 12. Enforcement and Effect of Foreign
N. DIEMURRERTO EVIDENCE. .....
88 Judgments or Final Orders. .....114
1. Ground.
....... 88
2. Effect of Denial. IV. PROVISIONAL REMEDIES ..115
.88
3 Effect of Grant ... .......... 88 A. NNTURI:,PURPOSE, \ND JURISDICTION
4. Waiver of Right to Present Evidence ........ 89 OVER PROVISION.\J. RIEMIEDIES.. ........ 115
5. Action on Demurrer to Evidence ......... 89 B. PRELIMINARYATT\CIMENT............115
6. Distinguish: Demurrer to Evidence in a Civil 1. Grounds for Issuance of \Writ of .Attachment
Case and Demurrer to Evidence in a Criminal ...... 115
Case. .............. 89
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 D.INTRPLEADI:R...
b.RequisitesforIssuancc ofOrder of .116 ........
Prcliminarr.Attachment.........*******.....*........ 1. Requisites for Interpleader. ****.... 133
cIssuanceandContcnts of Order of 2. When to File.
***....134
Artachment; Af davit and Bond.... .......117 3. Dismissal
*****...134
****.
a Ruleon Pior orContemporancousService
.117 E.DI.ARNTORY REEAS AND SINM).AR*....135
...... RIEMED:S...
ofSummons.....
............... ..***.. *******.
c. Manner of.Attaching Real and Personal 1. Who May File Acion ****...... 135
Property; When Property Attached is Claimed 2. Requisites....
..... 117 ***.**.***. s*...135
br Third Person ......
....... 3. When Court May Refuse to Make ]udicial
******........ 36
EDischage of.Attachmentand the Counter- Determination.....
... 119
bond.......
SaisfactionofJudgmentOut of Property
4. Conversion to Ordinary Action.. *******.....136
8- .......
5. Proceedings Considered as Similar ****... 136
Remedies
Artached .............. ....... 120 .*
h Compared with Garnıshment and Levy on *.......
e...**..**. *.. ........ 121 a. Refomation of an Instrument......... 136
Execution... ***..... 137
C. PRIEIMINARYINJUNCT1ON... .*..... 121 b.ConsolidationofOwnership. ......8
1. De nitions and Differences: Preliminar c. Quieting of Title to RealProperty .....138
Injunction, Temporary Restraining Order, And F.CERTIORARI, PROIIBITION, ANDMLANDAMUS
Status Quo .Ante Order. ...121 1. De nitions and Distinctions
*..
*.......138
2. Requisites...
S....***********. ... 122 2. Requisites.
3. Kinds of Injunctions; Kinds of Temporary ..... s*.... 138
*******.*******... 139
Restraining Orders..... .*.......... 123 3. When Petition for Certiorari,Prohibition, ...
4. When Writ May Be Issued, When Writ May andMandamusIs Proper...
.......... .......
Not Be Issued ......... 4. Injuncive Relief... *******
*****... 139
*****..s..... 123
5. Grounds for Issuance of Preliminary 5. Disinguish: Rule 45 and Rule 65. ***......140
Injunction...
......e.e...e...e..... ***... 141
6. Distünguish: Prohibition, Mandamus,and
****....... 124
6. Grounds for Objection To, or for the Injunction...
Dissolution of Injuncuon or Restraining Order *.....
****......... 142
7. WhenandWhere to File Petition.........12
.....******.******
7. Duration of Temporary Restraining Orders
......24 8.Relhefs Petiioner is Entitled to Reliefs... 143
9. Acts or Omissions ofFirst-Level/Regional
Trial Courts in ElectionCases...
...
.......125 S.................
8. Rule on Prior or Contemporaneous Service 10. Effects of Fiing of anUnmeritorious.. .144
ofSummons in Relation to Attachnent.... 125 Peition .*.****.
D. RICEIVERSUIP.... G.QUO WARRANTO.... ..144
.......... .. 125 **************
1. Cases When Receiver May Be Appointed 126 ......144
1. Disunguish: Quo Warranto Under theRules
2. Requisites. of Court and Quo Warranto Under the
127
3. Requirements Before Issuance of an Order OmnibusElectionCode..
*****.. .145
.127 2. When Government Commences an Acion
4. General Powers of a Receiver Against Individuals or Associations.
127

.
146
5. Two Kinds of Bonds.. 3. When Individual May Commence an.\ction
127
6. Termination of Receivership...
E.REPL1ENIN...
.... 128 .....
4. Judgment in Ouo\Varranto Acion......417
.146
....... ...128
1. When May Writ Be Issued. 5. Rights of A Person Adjudged Enúded to
*****... 129 Public Of ce.....
2. Requisites..
****..e........ 129 ....147
3. Af davit and Bond; Redelivery Bond.... 129 6.Limitations.... .147
H.EXPROPRLVTION.... .147
4. Sheriff's Duty in The Implementation ofThe ***.******.e ******.
1. Matters to Allege in Complaint for
Writ; When Property Is Claimed by Third Party
Expropriation. ********* ........148
... 130 2. Two Stages in Every Action for
a.SheriffsDuty inImplementation ... 130 Expropriation. *..............148
b. When Property Claimed by Third Party 3. When Plainiff Can Immediately Enter Into
148
.. 130 Possessionof RealProperty.......... *******.

SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS 4. Guidelines for ExpropriationProceedingsof

********s*
149
I. SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS the National Government..........
.133 5. Defenses and Objections .
... 151
s******************
151
A.NNTURIE OF SP:CLM. CIVIL ACTIONS .133 6. Order ofExpropriation **************************.
7. Ascertainment of Just Compensation.... 151
B. DISTTNGUISII: ORDINARY CIVD. ACTIONS ANID
SPECLM.CIVIH.ACIIONS. *******...... 133
C.JURISIDICTIONAND VENU:.......... 133
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 8. Appointment of Commissioners; 5. How Contempt Proceedings .Are
Commenced..... 170
*******e******..******.*...*......*.es.**...-
Commissioner's Report; Court Action Upon
Commissioner's Report..... ..... 151 6. Acts Deemed Punishable as Indirect
9. Rights of Plainuff Upon Judgment and /70
Contempt.... *************.******.e****.......
7. When Imprisonment Shall Be Imposed.. 171
Payment. .........152
1. FORIECJOSURE OF RIEAN. EsTxI: MORTG \GI: 8. Contempt Against Quasi-judicial Bodies.. 171
..... 153 SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS
1. Kinds of Foreclosure... ..... 153 I. SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS.... .... 173
a. Judicial Foreclosure [Rule 68). ..... .153
A. SUBJIECT M\TIER OF SP:CL\U.
b. Extrajudicial Foreclosure. ..... 155
2. Writ of Possession.. 157 PROCEEDINGS;APPLICABILIIY OF GIENERU.
a. Ministerial Duty of the Court... ..... 158 RUJJES 173
b. Enforcement Against Third Parties .... 158 Action vs. Special Proceedings.. .... 173
c.Pendency of Acion for .Annulment of Sale Cases governed; Civil action vs. special
158 proceeding..... .............. 173
3. Annulment of Sale. 158 B SETILIEMENTDF ESTAIT: OF DECEASED
J. P.\RTTI1ON ......*...... ***** 158 PERSONS..........****** ***...... 1 73

1. Who Mlay File Complaint; Who Should Be 1. Modes ofSettlement of Estate ........ 173
Made Defendants..... ... 158 a. Extrajudicial No Will, No Debts) ... 173
2. Matters to .\llege in the Complaint for b.Judicial.. ........ 173
Partition... 159
***************.***.******* ************.*. 2. Venue and Process (Rule 73)........ 173
3. Two Stages in Every Action for Partition 159 a. Extent of Jurisdiction of Probate Court
4. Order of Partition and Partition Agrecment 173
.... .1159 b. Powers and Duties of Probate Court
5. Partition by Commissioners; .Appointment of 174
Commissioners, Commissioner's Report; Court 3. Summary Settlement of Estates (Rule 74)
Action Upon Comımissioner's Report. .....159 174
6. Judgment and Its Effects ... .161 C Extrajudicial Settlement by Agreement
7. Partition of Personal Property... ... 161 BetweenHeirs;When Allowed.......175
8. Prescription of Action... ...... 161 d. Two-YearPrescriptiveperiod. .176
9. When Partition Is Not Allowed. **..*.....****.161 e Af davit of Adjudication by Sole Heir
K. FORCIBL: ENTRY AND UNLAWFUL DITAINER 176
***.**** ... 162 f. SummarySettlement of Estates of
1. De nitions and Distinction.. .. 162 Small Value; When Allowed.. 176
2. Distúnguish: Forcible Entry, Unlawful Remedies of Aggrieved Parties After
Detainer, Aion Publiảana,andAccio .......... 177
Extrajudicial Settlement of Estate....
Reivindicalori.. .... ... .... ..... 162 4. Producion and Probate of Vill......... 1 78
3. Jurisdicion in Accion Publiciana and .Accion a. Natureof Probate Proceedings...17
Reivindicatoria .........*****. .. 163 b Who May Petition for Probate; Persons
a. R.A. 11576 (2021)... ***.... 163 Entitled to Notice.. ........19
*******......*....
4. Who May Institute the Action and When; 5. Allowance or Disallowance of Rules (Rule
Against Whom the Action Mlav be Maintaincd 76) 179

.....es.***# ......oe.. 163 a Evidence Required in Support of a Will

5.PleadingsAllowed .... ....163 180
6. Action on the Complaint.. ...164 b Grounds for Disallowing a Will....181
7. When Demand is Necessary... ..165 C Reprobate; Requisites Before WVill
8. Preliminary Injunction and Preliminary Proved Outside Allowed in the Philippines;
Mandatory Injunction... .................166 Effects of Probate. ........ .............. . . .. .182
9.ResolvingDefenseofOwnership ......1 16 6. Letters Testamentary and of
10. How to Stay the Immediate Execution of Administration....
.....................**... ... 183
Judgment.... . ........ ... 167 a When and to Whom Letters of
11. Prohibited Pleadings and Motions... 167 Administration Granted. 183
L. CONTEMPT.. 168 b Order of Preference. 184
1. Kinds of Contempt .... 168 c Opposition to Issuance of Letters
2. Purpose and Nature of Each.. 169 Testamentary;Simultaneous Fling of
3. Remedy Against Direct Contempt; Penalty Petition for .Administration ......185
........ 169
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 d. Powers and Duties of Executors and 2.
3.
Opposition.....
Effect of RA. 9048.
*.214
Administrators; Restrictions on the Powers ..... .214
186 H. CIERICAL. ERROR LAW (R.A. NO. 9048) ...215

e. Appointment ofSpecial Administrator 1. WRIT OF AMPARO (A.M. NO. 07-9-12-SC)..217

186 1. Coverage ...
******** ...... 217
Grounds for Removal of Administrator 2. Differences Between Amparo and Search
188 Warrant. s*..... 218
g. Actions by and Against Executors and 3 Who May File. .........218
Administrators.. ..... 189 4. Where to le. .219
7 Claims Against the Estate (Rule 86)...190 5 Contents of the petition. .......219
h Time Within Which Chims Shall Be 6 Contents of Return. ....... 220
Filed; Exceptions ....... ......... 190 7 Effects of Failure to Fle Return....221
1 Statute of Non-Claims .191 8. Omnibus Waiver Rule... .... 221
8 Payment of the Debts of the Estate (Rule 9. Procedure for Hearing,. ...... .221
88) 193 10. InstitutionofSeparateAction......2.1
9. Sales, Mortgages, and Other 11. Effect of Filing a Criminal Action...221
Encumbrances of Property or Decedent (Rule 12. Consolidation... ....... 221
89) 194 13. Interim Reliefs Available to Peitioner
10. Distribution and Partiion (Rule 90) 196 and Respondent... ...... 221
a Liquidation,......... ...... 196 a. Interim Reliefs Avaiable to the
b Project of Parition. ....197 Petitioner..... *******.e..*.***s**.*.. .221
Remedy of an Heir Entitled to Residue
C 1. Temporary Protection Order......2.2.1
But Not Given His Share .... . ..197 14. Quantum of Proof in Application for
Instances When Probate Court May Issuance of Writ of Amparo 222
........*******.*.********.
Issue Writ of Execution. 198 J. WRIT OF HABEAS DATA (A.M. NO. 08-1-16-
C.ESCII:NT(RULI: 91).. ..... 198 SC). .223
D. GUARIDL\NSUIP.... .... 199 1
Scopeof Wit. **** 223
1. Venue (Rule 92). .200 2. Availabilityof Writ. ..... 223
2. Appointment of Guardians (Rule 93) .. 200 3 WhoMay Fle.... ........ 224
3. General Powers and Duties of Guardians 4 Contents of the Petition... ...... 224
(Rule96) ... .... 201 5. Contents of Return..... .......224
4. Temination of Guardianship (Rule 97) 6 Instances When Defenses Lay Be Heard
202 in Chambers ***.. .***. .225
Petition that competency of ward be 7 Consolidation.. .225
a.
...
adjudged.. ........ 202 8 Effect of Filing Criminal .Action...... 225
E. WRITOF HABEIS CORPUS.
.... .202 9. Institution ofSeparate \ction...............2
1. Rule 102...... .... 202 10. Quantum of Proof in Application for
2. Contents of the Peution. .204 Issuanceof Writ ofHabeas Dala.... ...... 226
3 Contents of the Return. 205 K. RULIS OF PROCEDURI: ON ENVIRONMI:NTM.
4 Peremptory Writ and Preliminary Citation C.ASIES(A.M. NO. 09-6-8-SC). .226
205 1. Temporary Environmental Protection
Distinction between the writ and the privilege Order(TEPO) .... 226
....205
of the ..................***....e*******.********
writ... 2 \Vrit of Continuing Mandamus..***...* 226
5. When Not Proper or Applicable .....2.06 3. Writ ofKalikasan. .227
6. When Writ Disallowed or Discharged. 206
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
7. Distinguished From Writ of Amparo and
I. GENERAL MATTERS .230
Habeas Dala.. ****.
... .207
8 Writ ofHabeasCorpusin Relation to A. JURISDICIION OVER SUBJECTM\TIER
Custody of Minors (A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC) 207 ANDJURISDICTIONOVERPERSON OFII:
F. CLANGE OF NAMI: (RUIIE ..................211 ACCUSED DISTINGUISIIID. ...230
1. Differences Under Rule 103, R..A. No. B. RI:QUISTITESJOR EXERCISE O: CRIMINU.
9048, and Rule 108. *..... 21 1 JURISDICTION..... .. 232
2 Grounds for Change of Name... .212 C. JURISDICTION OF CRIMINAU. COURTS...232
G.CANCIHJNTION OR CORRECTION OF ENTRIES D. WIENINJUNCTIONM\Y B:INSU:DTO
IN THB: CIVIL. R:GISTRY (RUL: 108).... .213 RIESTR\IN CRIMINJ. PROSECUTION. .......234
1 Entries Subject to Cancellation or
Correction under Rule 108, in relation to RA.
II. PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES ...235
No. 9048.
........213
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 A. CRIIINU. ACHONS; HowINSTTTUTED E. DETERMINATION O: PROB\BL1:CAUSI:
235 FOR İSSU\NCE OF WARRANT OF ARRIEST....... 267
B IWIO MLIY FLLE;CRIMES TLNTCANNOT BE F S:TZURIE OF MINORS .....267
PROSECƯTEDDE OFFICIO.. ********..**. ........236
C CRIMIN.U. ACIIONS, WIIIEN ENJOINED.. 238
VI. BAIL.... ...... 273
D CONTROL.OF PROSECUTION. .238 A NNTURI:.. ......273
E. SUFHICI:NCY OF COMPLAINTOR B WUEN A MNTTER OF RIGIIT; EXCEPITONS
INORATION.......... ........ 240 273
F DIESIGNATIONOF OENSE. .... 242 C WIN AMATIEROF
DISCRITIION.... 275
G CAUSE OFTIEACCUSNTION.. .243 D HEARING OF APPLICATION OR B.\D. IN
H DUPLICIY OFTI:OFFENSE; CAPTTN. OFFENSES. ********. 276
EXCEVION... .****.** ........ .244 E GUIDIJINES IN FIXING AMOUNT OF
I. AMENDMENT ORSUBSTTTUTION OF BAJ. 277
COMPLAINT OR INFORMNIION. .244 F WEN B.\J.NOTRsQUIRID... .... 277
VENUEOFCRINMINAJ. JCIIONS...........247 G INCREAS: OR REDUCTION OF B.\D. .... 278
INTIERVENTION OF OFFENDID PARIY H FORFETTIURI: ANID CANCEIJNTION O1F
248 BAIJ. 278

III. I. APPLICATION NOTAB.\R TO OB)I:CT1ONS

PROSECUTION OF CIVIL ACTION
249 ON DLEGAL ARREST, LACK OF OR IRRI:GUL.AR
PRIININARY INVESTIGATION ..... 279
RULE ON IMPLII:D İNSITIƯTION OF CIVID,
ACIION WIIICRIMIN.AJ.ACTION...... 249
VII. RIGHT TO SPEEDY TRIAL, TRAVEL,
B WIIEN CIVI.ACIION MY PROC:D AND REMEDIES AGAINST WRONGFUL
INDIEPENIDENIDY....
OR UNLAWFUL DETENTION ....... ......280
*... 249
C. WI|EN S:P.ARATI: CIVID. ACTION Is A. RIGITTTO A SPEEDY TRLW.. .... 280
SUSPENDED.. .250 B RIGIITTO1RAVEL.. .... 282
D E CTOF DIEAII OFTE JCCUSEDOR C. RIEMEDIES AGAINST WRONGFUI. OR
CONVICTED ON CIVD. ACTION.. s.....250 UNILAWFUJ. DETENTION.... ...... 283
E PRIEJUDICL\L QUESTION.... .251
F RUII: ON FIING FEES IN CIVID. ACHON
VIII. ARRAIGNMENT AND PLEA ....284
D:EMED INSTTIUTED WITHTHE CRIMINAL. HOW MADE...
... .284
A

ACION.. .......251 B WHEN A PLBAOF NơT GUIlY SOULD BI:

IV. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 253 ENTERED.... .285
WUEN ACCUSED MAY ENTER A PLIE\ OF
NNTURIEOF RIGHT.... .. ..253 GUIL:IY OALESSER OFENSE................. 286
B. PURPOSIS OF PRI:LIMINARY D. ACCUSEDPLEADS GUILIYTOCAPTTN.
INVESTIGATION.... ..254 O1ENSIE; WLNTIE COURTSIOULD DO.... 286
C. WIIO MIY CONIDUCTDETERMINATION OF E SELRCIINGINQUIRY.... ...... 287
EXISTTENCE OF PROBABJ:CAUSE:
D. RISOJUTIION OFTIUE INVESTIGATING.. .254 F IMPROVIDIENTPLIEA OF GUIDTY TOA
CAPITL. OENSI:...... .288
..****..
PROSECUTOR.... ..... 256
E.
IX. MOTION TO QUASH ... +.......289
RIEVWEV.... .257
F WII:N WARRANT OFARREST MAY ISSUE258 GROUNDS....
G.
........ .289
CASES NƠT RIEQUIRING PRELIMINARY B. DISTINGUISII NMOTION TO QU.ASIT FROM
INVISTIGATION
NORCOVERID
By : RULIE DIEMURRIERTO EVIDENCE....
*************.*****.......... .292
ON SUMMARY PROCEDURIE...
***.........******......
*.... 258 C. EECIS OFSUSTAINING TE MOTION TO
H RIEMEDIlESOF ACCUSID IFTIERI: WAS QU.\SII ........ .... 293
.....
NO PRIELININ.ARY INVESTIGATION... ...259 D. EXCEPIIONTOʻIHIE RUL:TLAT
I. INQUEST.... .260 SUST\INING I: MOTIONISNOTAB.\RTO
V. ANOTIER PROSECUTION... .294
ARREST...
......ee*. .261
E. DOUBLI: JOPARIDY... .*.. .294
ARRIST,HOw MDE .. .........261 F. PROVISIONAJ.DISMISS,N, 297
B. ARRIEST'WIIOUT WARRANT,WIIEN
LIWFUL.. X PRE-TRIAL..e.. -.*.....298
.......261
C. METIOD OFARRIEST.... *......265 A. MTIERS TO B:CONSIDEREDDURING
D. REQUISITIESOF A VUD VARRANT OF PRI:-TRLJ.... ........298
ARREST..
.....267
 B. WLNTECOURT SIIOULD DO WWEN
EXCPION: FORCOMPAJANGREASONS,WIIICIL
PROSECƯIION.\NDOF1ENDED P\RIY AGRE:
NIUSTB1:STATEDINTTII:APPLICATION,I MAY
0 1EPLENOFEREDBYI70:ACCUSED.....299 ALSOBE. FLED:...
C. PRIE-TRIAJ. AGREEM1ENT...... ........299 1. I: :P.ACHOFTTIE ....
********.s......315
COMMISSION OF'IE
NON-APPEARANCE DURING PRIE-TRLM.
D. CRINIESKNOWN,ANY OURT WTIIIN1:
300
IUDICLAN. REGION WIIRIETTIECRINMEWAs
E.
PR:-TRLU. ORDI:R. ..... 300 COMMITTED....
2. +.........***************.********************..***.
..302 **.*....315
XII. TRIAL... ANY COURT WITIIIN TTIE JUDICL\,RIEGION
INSTANCES WWEN PRIESENCEOF WIERIE
D. T|1:WARRANTSTL\L B:1ENPORCE)..315
A.
ACCUSED IS REQUIRED BY V..................... 302 PROB\B11:CAUS: 1FORISSUANCE OF
SEARCIIWARRANT...
B. SUsPIENSIONON ACCOUNTOF ABSENCEOF E. **.......
*******s*.****** 315
WIINESSES... ...302 PERSONAN. EX\MINATION BYJUDGE O:
HE APPLICANT
ANIDWriNESS...
C. TRLN. IN ABSENTLA...
***.**.**.*.****.**..**..***...... 302 F.
D. RI:MIEDY WIEN ACCUSED IS NOT PARTICUL\RIIY OF PLACEIO
.*......
BE. e*****... 316
BROUGIIT TO TRLU. WTTTIIN TIE PRESCRIBED SE\RCII1E)ANDTIINGSK)
G. B: SErZA:D....316
PIERIOD...:
.........*.**....**.*** ... 302 H PIERSONN.PROP:RIY'TOB:Si:ZAED.316
E. RIQUISITIS FOR DISCILARGEOF1II): EXCEVIIONS TO TMI:SEARCIIWARRANT
ACCUSED'TOB:COMI: A STAT: WrTNESS... 303 REQUIREMENT ......,.....
I ****.****
******....... 31
F E11:CISOFDISCILARGI:OFACCUSED s REMIEDIES FROMUNLAWIUL.SIE.ARCILAND
S:ZURE.
STNTE WTINISS............ ............304 J. .....
****
G. DIEMURRIERTO EVIDENCE....
1...........**.. 304 CYBERCRIME:WARRANTS. ... 322
K. *****.*....... 323
WARRANISRENLAIINGTO BANK
XIII. JUDGEMENT... ..... 307 ACCOUNIS............
RIQUISIIS OF A JUIDGMENT...... **..... 307 XVI. *****....... 323
B. CONTIENTSOF JUDGNENT.... PROVISIONALREMEDIES IN
.307 CRIMINALCASES...
2. Acquittal.. ..................... .308 ****.*.es......324
A.
A NNTURI:...
PROMUIGNTION OFJUDGMIENT;
B. ******.******..*****.......
.324
INSTANCES OF PROMULGAION OF JUDGMIENT KINDS OFPROVISIONAL.RIEAEDIES...324
C.
INABSENTLA.......... ****..*..... 308 OIERPROVISIONA.
RIENEDIUES
.......325
A. INSTANCES WHEN JUDGMENT BECOMES XVII.
FINJ. 309 GUIDELINES ONCONTINUOUS
TRIAL 326
XIV. MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL OR APPLICABILIIY.
RECONSIDERATION.... B ........ .,. *********.. 326
..311 PROIIBITED ANDMERITORIOUSMOTIONS
A. 326
GROUNDSOR NEW TRIAJ.... ...... 311 C
B. GROUNDS IOR RIEONSIDERATTON ......311 ARR\IGNMENT ANID PRI:-TRLA.......2.6
D.
C. RIEQUISTTTESB:ORE ANEW TRIAL. MAY B: TRLAL.AND MENIOR\ND\........... 327
E. PROMUGNTON,
GRANTD ONGROUNIDO: NEWLYDISCOV:RED ......328
EVIDENCE..
************** 311
XVIII, RULE ON CYBERCRIME
D. EMECTSOF GRANTING ANEWTRIAL OR WARRANTS.. ......... 329
RICONSIDERNTION...
*.......312 A.
SCOPEANIDAPPLICABLIIY.. ....329
XV. SEARCH AND SEIZURE... B GENER\L PROVISIONS...*****************.......329
**.... 313
C DISOOSURE OF CONPUTERDNTA..... 330
NNTURI:OFSIE\RCII W\RRANT........3.13 D INTERC:PIION. .... ............. 331
B DISTINGUISII WROM WARRANTOF ARREST E SEARCI, SEZURE, AND EX\MINATION
314 OF COMPUTER DNTA.....
.****..*******s*********..332
C APPLICNTION FOR SEARCI WARRANT; F. CUSTODYO: COIPUIER DATA.......333
WIEREFD.. ***.**..... $15 G.
DISTRUCIION OF:COMPUTIER DATA.. 334

GIENERAL,RUJIE: IT MAY BIE IFLED IN ANY COURT .335

XIX. PROBATION...
WITTIIN WIIOSETERRITORLAJ, JURISDICTIION TTI1:
CRINIEWAS COMITTED. HOWENER, IF TI|: EVIDENCE ... 339
*****ees**e*e*eee*

AJEGED ACTCONSTTTUTIESA CONTINUING OR I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES....

... .339
IR\NSTIORY CRIMI:, TII:APPLICNTION MAY BI: A. CONCEPTOFEVIDENCE.... .............s*********
1. Scope and Applicability of theRulesof .339
WITTLANYCOURT WIWERE:ANYELEMIENTOIF TT: +........
Evidence.... 339
***************.**.**
ANJAEGEDOFFENSIE WAS COMNIITTED SONN
a. Scope of.Application......*** 339
COMPUTERV. EI'ERGREEN, G.R. NO. 161823 b. Unifomity of Application.
Dn....s*********.*.
(2007)). .*****.... ...... 315
 voluminous and cannot be examined in court
without greatloss of time, and the fact
Distinguish:Proofv. Evidencc.........39 sought to be established from them is only
2. Construction of the Rules of Evidence.... 339
340 thegeneralresult of the whole ....
356
B. EOUIOISE RULE.. ....*..**"
.. 341 ("Summaries") .....
d. When the original is a public record in the
II. ADMISSIBILITY... custody of a public of cer or is recorded357
in a
...... 341
A.ADMISSIBDIIYOF EVIDIENCE... ....
1. Requisites for.Admissibility; Relevance and public of ce.... .......
..... .........
341 e. When original is outside the jurisdiction of
......357
Competence. ........ ...... 341 357
a. Relevance ....
the court........ ....
.. 344 C. PAR0I, EVIDENCERULJi... ....
357
b. Competence.... 344
2. ExclusionaryRules of Evidence....... 1.Meaningof the Rule....
2. Application of the Parol Evidence Rule... 357
a. Constitutional exclusionary rules .......344
..344 3. When Parol Evidence Can Be Introduced 357
b. Statutoryexclusionary rules...
a. Intrinsic Ambiguity, Mistake or
III. JUDICIAL NOTICE ANDJUDICIAL 345 Imperfection in the Written Agreement.. 357
e.......
o*o***e
b. Failure of the Written .\greement to
ADMISSIONS.....
.......... 345 Expressthe True Intent and.Agreement of 358
A. WLTNEED NƠTBI:PROVED. 345
B. M\TIIERS OF JUDICI, NOTICE.................... theParties Thereto....
......... 345 c. Validity of theWritten \greement .... $58
1. When Mandatory.. ...345 4. Distinction Between the Original Document
.358
2. When Discretionary..
347
..
Ruleand Parol Evidence Rule... .358
...**.. ...
C. JUDICLU.ADMISSIONS. 348 D.INTERPRETATIONOF DOCUMIENTS....
1. Effect of Judicial Admissions...
1. General Rule; Literal, Legal Meaning..... 359
2. How Judicial Admissions May Be
348 2. Construction So as to Give Effect to .All .359
Contradicted...... .......
....... 350 Provisions .....
3. Construction ofgeneral and particular
IV. OBJECT(REAL) EVIDENCE 359
350
A.N.NTURI:OFOBJECTIEVIDENCE.... provisıOns.......
350 4. Construction according to circumstances 359
B. RIEQUISIIESFOR.ADMISSTBDITY
IT.................
C. CAT:GORIES OFF OB|IECTEVIDENCE...... 351 5.Construction of peculiar signi cation of 360
....
D. CIL\IN OF:CUSTODY IN RELATION TO SI:C. 21 terms ........ 360
Or TE
COMPR:ENSIVEDANGEROUS
DRUGS 6. Written Words Control Printed ...
351 7. Experts and Interpreters; When Resorted To
2
....
ACTOF: 2002.... .. 360
.............. 352
E. DNA EVIDENCE.... 8. Preferred .Among Two Constructions.... 360
a. Application for DNA testing order.....3.52
b. Post-convicion DNA Testing; Remedy.. 353 9.Construction in favor of natural rights.... 360
c.Assessment of Probative Value of DNA 10. Interpretation.According to Usage....... 361
Evidence and.Admissibility..... .. 353 .*........... 362
d. Rules on Evaluation of Reliability of the
VI. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE......
...3544 A.QUAL.IFCNTIONSOFA VIINESS.. .. 362
....
DNA Testing Methodology..
eoee...eseet.* 355 B.TIESTINIONLA. PRIVILGE;
363
V.DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE. DISQUUICNONS OF WIINESSES....
A. MEANING OF DOCUMENT NRY E\VIDINCE. 355 1. Disquali cation by Reason of Marriage.... 363
......s****........ 355 2. Disquali cations by Reason of Privileged
1.RequisitesforAdmissibility ..
B. BIESTEVIDENCE/ORIGIN. AJ. DOCUMIENT Communications;Rule on Third Parties... 364
355 364
..****. a. Husband and Wife....
RUILI...... .355 365
1. Meaning of the Rule... b. .Attorney and Clhent....
355 366
2.WhenNotApplicable ... c. Physician and Patient...
367
3. Meaning of Original Document and d. Priest and Penitent.
Duplicate.. ........ •.*.****** ........... 355
e. Public Of cers.... .. 367
4. Exception; Secondary Evidence; Summaries 3. Parental and Filial Privilege Rule... .. 367

.....*.**.....
•...... 356
.......
4. Trade Secrets..... .... 368
..
a. When the original is unavailable.........56 5. Other Privileged Communication Not in the
b. When the original is in the custody or
Rules of Court... ............ 368
control of the adverse party OR original a. Newsman's Privilege .... ........ 368
cannot be obtained by local judicial b. Infomation in Conciliation Proceedings
356
processesor procedures...... **.. ..... 368
c. When the contents of documents, records, . ... 368
c. Data Privacy .lct.
photographs, or numerous accounts are
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 d. Food and Drug Administration Act.... 369 A. BURDEN OF PROOF AND BURDEN OF
C.ADAIINSIONS AND CONFIESSIONS... 369 EVIDENCE..
*******. ... .387
1. Admission by a Party.... ...... 369 B. PRIESUMIPITONS. 387
2. Res Inter Alios Acta Rule... 369 1. Conclusive Presumptions s..... 388
3. Admission by a Third Party.... ........370 2. Disputable Presumptions... ........389
4. Admission By a Co-Partner or .\gent..... 370 3. Presumptions in Civil Actions and
5. Admission by a Conspirator. .370 Proceedings; \gainst an Accused in Criminal
6.Admission by Pivies.... .371 Cases.. .391
7.Admissionbr Silence. 371
VIII. PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE.... 392
8. Confessions.. ***.**...... 372
9.Admissibility of Offers of compromise... 373 A. EXAMINNTION OFA WIINISS... ... ......... 392
D.PRI:NIOUSCONDUCTAS EVIDENCE...... 374 1. Rights and Obligations of a Witness...... 3.92
1. SimilarActs as Evidence.. ...... .. 374 2. Order in the Examination of an Individual
2. Unaccepted Offer........... .......e**.. 375 Witness..... .. 392

E. TSMONLJ.KNOWLEDGE;HE\RS.\YRUJJ: 3. Leading and Misleading Questions.....93

... 375 4. Impeachment of Witness... .393
1. Meaning of Hearsay..... .. 375 a. Adverse Party's Witness. .393
2.Reason for Exchusion of Hearsay Evidence b. By Evidence of Conviction of Crim... 394
******** .375 ***** c. Own Witness .... .......***..s.....394
**
3. Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule... 375
*************. d. How the Witness Is Impeached By
a. Dying Declaration... 376 Evidence of InconsistentStatements .... 394
b. Statement of Decedent or Person of 5. Referral of Witness to Memorandum.... 394
Unsound Mind... ........e*.. .......... 376
6. Examination ofa Child Witness (A.M. No.
c. Declaration .\gainst Interest....
[.............***. 377 004-07-SC).... .395
d. Act or Declaration About Pedigree.... 377 a.Applicability of theRule. .395
e. Family Reputaion or Tradition Regarding b. Meaning of "Child Witness" ..... 395
Pedıgree.... .. 378 S........... .395
c. Competency of a child witness..
f. Common Reputation..... 378 d. Exanmination of a Child Witness....... 395
g. Part of the Res Gestate. .... 379 e. Live-link TV Testimony of a Child
h. Records of Regularly Conducted Business Witness ...... .... 396
Activity
10V....***********.*******. .... 380 f. Videotaped Deposition of a Child Witness
i. Entries in Of cial Records.... .....381
.396
į. Commercial Lists and the Like ..... 381 g. Hearsay Exception in Child abuse Cases
k. Learned Treatises ******* *******.e. 381 ******** ....... 396
.....
1. Testimony or Deposition at a Former Trial h. Sexual Abuse Shield Rule... ...... .397
... . . .... . .. .. 382 i. Protective Orders.... ... .397
m. Residual Exception... 382 B. AUTENTICATION AND PROO: OF
4. Independently Relevant Statements (|RS) 382 DOCUENIS .398
F.OPINION RUJE:..
.....*..... ******. 383 1. Meaning of Authentication. 398
1. Opinion of Expert Witness; Weight given383 2.Classes of Documents..... 398
a. Admitting Expert Testimony **..******* 383 3. When a Private Writing Requires
b. Examining an Expert \Witness S.........383 Authentication; Proof of Private Writing .... 399
2. Opinion ofOrdinary Witness...........384 4. When Evidence of Authenticity of a Private
a. Identity of a Person About Whom He Has Writing Is Not Required. .399
Adequate Knowledge.... 384 5. Genuineness of a Handwiting,.. .399
b. Handwriting With Which He Has 6. Public Documents as Evidence; Proof of
Suf cient Familiarity... ........,... 384 Of cial Records.....
.......,....... .399
c. Mental Sanity of a Person With Whom He 7. Attestation of a Copy ofa Document or
Is Suf ciently Acquainted.... ..*... 384 Record..... •........ ... 400
d. Impressions of the Emotion, Behavior, 8. Public Record of Private Documents.... 4100
Condition or .Appearance of a Person.... 384 9. Proof of Lack of Record.. 400
G. CIL\R\CTER ENIDENCI:. 385 10. How a Judicial Record is Impeached... 400
1. Criminal Cases ..... ....... 385 11. Proof of Notarial Documents ............. 400
2. Civil Cases.... ........ 385 12. Alterations in a Document ........ ***.... 401
3. Criminal and Civil Cases.. 386 13. Documentary Evidence in an Unof cial
Language...... 401
VII. BURDEN OF PROOF AND
C. OFF:R AND OB|1:CTION.. ... .401
PRESUMPTIONS.... .....e..... 387 1. Offer of Evidence..... ... 401
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 2. \When to Make an Offer.... ...... 402 8. Time to File Petition....
......... ........420
3. Objection... ***** .......402 9. Contentsof Peition.. ......420
4. Repeition of an Objection. 403 B ANNUJMIENTOFJUDGMINT EY':
5. Ruling...
******.**.***********.***** ******. 403 COURT OF APPEALS....... 421
6. Striking Out an Answer ........404 10. Grounds for .Annulment. .......422
7. Tender of Excluded Evidence. ....... 404 11. Period to File Action. ........422
12. Effects of Judgment of Annulment. 423
IX. JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE (A.M. NO.
C. COJLNTERN.ATLACK ON JUDGMENIS,
12-8-8-SC)... .406
WIEN PROPER.************.. e...... 423
A. SCOPI:. ***************.******* ... 406 D RUL: 65 ASA RENEDY ROM JUDGM1ENT
B. SUB\IISSION IN JJEU OF DIRECTTSTIMONY 424
. ........ 406
406
III. APPEALS IN CIVIL PROCEDURE;
C.CONTIENTS.......
MODES OF APPEAL FROM JUDGMENTS
D. OH:R AND OBJ:CION..
F. EHECTOFNON-(COMPLJANCE.
... .407
408
OR FINAL ORDERS OF VARIOUS COURTS
.....
/TRIBUNALS.... .......425
X. WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF
A RULE40–APPEJ. FROM MTCS TORTCS
EVIDENCE..
.....*.. 409
425
A.QU.ANIUNNOF EVIDENCE ... ... 409 B RUIJ:41-APPEAJLFROM RTCS.... 426
1. Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt. 409 C RUL: 42-PETITION IOR RI:VIEW ROM
2. Preponderance of Evidence 409 RTCS TO CA.. *****.*********** *******. 429
3.SubstantialEvidence .... ....... 409 D. RULE 43-APPEALS 1ROM CTA, CSC,
4. Clear and Convincing Evidence.
ICe............... 409 AND QJA.... ****** ****..... 431
B. PoW:R IO STOP FURTIER EVIDENCE....4.10 13. Appeal from Judgments or Final
C.EVIDENCEON MOTON .. 410 Orders ofTheCourt of Tax Appeals.. 431
14. Review of Final Judgments or Final
XI. RULES ON ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE
Orders of The Civil Service Commission.. 432
(A.M. NO.01-7-01-SC)... .........411 15. Review of Final Judgments or Final
A. MEANING OF EJECTRONIC EVIDIENCE; Orders of The Ombudsman... ..... 432
EJCIRONIC DATN MESSAGE.. ..*.....411 16. Review of FinalJudgments or Final
B. PROB\IIVE VLUE OFEJLBCTRONIC Orders of The National Labor Relaions
DOCUMIENIS OR EVIDENTLARY W:IGITT; Commission... .. 432
MIETIOD OF PROOl...........**.ee***************.****. .412 E REVIEW OF FINAL. JUDGMENIS OR FINN.
C.AUTTIENTICNTION OF EJECIRONIC ORDIERSOF QUASI-JUDICIU. AGENCHS.....432
DocUMENIS AND ELJICIRONIC SIGNATURIES412 F RUL: 45-APPEALS BY C:RTKORARITO
D. ECTRONIC DOCUMIENIS AND HEARSAY IIE:SUPREMI:
COURT.... ....434
RULJ: ..... 412 17. Appeal from Judgments or Final
1. Audio, Photographic, Video and Ephemeral Orders of The Court of .Appeals..... 454
evidence. .... 413 18. Appeal from Judgments or Final
Orders of TheSandiganbayan.... 438
APPELLATE PRACTICE 19. Appeal from Judgments or Final
I. APPEALS; GENERAL PRINCIPLES . 415
Orders ofThe Court of TaxAppeals .....438
A. NNTUREOFERIGI IT OAPPEAL.415 G RULI: 64-RI:NEW OFJUDGMI:NTSOR
4 Issues to Be Raised on Appeal.....4.16 1FINAM.
ORDERSOFTE COAAND COELEC
5 Period of Appeal.... **..... 417 438
6. Perfection of Appeal. ..... 417 20. Review of Final Judgments or Final
B. ]UDGMENTS AND FINAL. ORIDERS Orders of The Commission on Audit..... 438
SUBJI:CTTO APPE:N... ......417 21. Review of Final Judgments or Final
C. MTTERS NOTAPPENABLI:;AVADABLI: Orders of The Commission on Elections .... 438
RIEMEDI:S... .417 b. Dismissal, reinstatement, and
......
D. DOCTRIN:OFFINNJLIIY/IMAIUTABILIIY withdrawal ofappeal. ....... 438
OFJUDGMIENT ; EXCEPTIONS. .418
IV APPEALS IN CRIMINAL CASES:
II. POST-JUDGMENT REMEDIES MODES OF APPEAL FROM JUDGMENTS
OTHER THAN APPEAL..
L............e*. .......419 OR FINAL ORDERS OF VARIOUS
A. PIETTTION JOR RIELJEF FROM JUDGMIENT
COURTS/TRIBUNALS .. .......441
419 EBCTOF AN APPEN..
.... 441
7. Grounds for Avaling of the Remedy.. 420 B WWERE'TO APPE...****.**... 441
.......
 HOWAPPEV. TIKEN....
.. 441
Tax Delinquency asDistinguished from
C Procedure in the Lower Coùrts Tax Defciency....
***************************..s......461
442 V.
22.
AleTC/TC/MCTC andRTC) ..... ****.. PrescriptivePeriod forAssessment.462
Procedurein the Court of Appeals..442 2. Taxpayer's Remedies...
...............
23. ..... . ............ 442 w. 464
Partiesand Title... Protestingthe \ssessment......44
....... .442 C.
d. Briefs....
.......******.*******. DICISIONONTIE:PROTESTFIED..466
Dismissalof.\ppeal for \bandonment 1. Denial of the protest through theissuanceof
24. ....*.... 443 a Final Decision on Disputed .Assessment
orFailure toProsecute; Grounds....
Appellant fails to le his brief within (FDDA).
e
the prescribed time.
.......*.******.
....443 ******.*..**............ 466
2. Indirect denial of the protest....
****.**...s......... 466
f Appellantescapes,jumpsbad, or ees 3. Inaction by the CIR or his duly authorized
representative...
443
PromptDispositionof Appeal.....443
Reversalor Modi cation of Judgment
a.Recovery of Tax Erroneously or Ilegally
Collected...
.
***************s****....*.......... .466

**.....*******...**.**..********.*..*...........
.467
443 x. Power ofCommissionerofInternal
on \ppeal....
........********.... 444
Scope of the C1's Judgment.. Revenue to Compromise.. ................471
1.
CA's Power to Receive Evidence.... 444 y Non-retroactivityof Rulings.......473
Post-CA
Judgment.. .... 444 3. Government Remedies for Collection of
Procedure in the Supreme Court ....445 Delinquent Taxes...
S....s.........
... .473
*****e**.*.***..
Appeals from the O ce of the Z. Requisıtes..******.
.......
m. .... 473
Ombudsman.*****..*.********s*.*.*.. ........ 446 aa. Prescriptive Periods;Suspension of
Appeals from the Resolutions of the Running ofStatuteof Limitations..
.........473
n.
Of ce of the City Prosecutor. ...... 446 bb. Administrative Remedies........44
Appeals from the Sandiganbayan... 446 cc. No Injunction Rule; Exceptions.. 481
o.
Effect ofAppealby.Any ofSeveral 4. Civil Penalties..
p. •....... 481
*.... 447 dd. Delinquency Interest and De ciency
Accused.....................*********
q. Grounds for Dismissal of \ppeal... 447 Interest481
ee. Surcharge. 482
V. PROCEDUREIN TAX CASES....48 ff Compromise Penalty. 483
VI. PROCEDURE IN THE COURT OF
448 II. TAX REMEDIES UNDER THE LOCAL
APPEALS.+.. GOVERNMENT CODE OF1991... 484
RUJE 44-ORDINARY APPEALEDCASIES
A. TAXPAYER'SREMEDIES.. 484
448 1
Protest of Assessment.... ..... 484
B. RUL:46–ORIGINAL
CASES ........ 449
RUL: 47-ANNULMENT OF jUDGMENIS
2 Claim for Refund or Tax Credit of
C
OR FIN.J. ORDERS AND RIESOLUTION......450
Erroneously or Ilegally CollectedTas, Fe,
Grounds for Annulment... 451 or Charge..... ********.****.*............. .484
I.
3. Question the Legality of the Ordinance484
s. Period to File .Action. .. .. 451
B.ASSESSAIIENTAND COJECIION OF LOCN
t. EffectsofJudgmentofAnnulment.452
TAXES.... .485
D. RULI: 50-DISMISS,N.OF APPEAL... 452
E RULI: 51-jUDGMENT;ILARMILESS IERROR
1. Remedies of LGUS ........... 485
453
a. Local Government's Lien. ......... 485
b Civil Remedies, in General .. .485
F. RUJJ: 53-N:W"IRLA....... ******.*** 454
D. JUDICLACTION..... 486
VII. PROCEDURE IN THE SUPREME E. RIEMIEDISUNDER TELGCON RIEN.
COURT. *****...e,456 PROPERIY TAX. .... .487
A. 1 Remediesof LGUS..
..... .487
RUJ:56-A-ORIGINAJ. CASES......456
25. 2. Taxpayer's Remedies.... .488
Rule 56-B -Appealed cases.. 456
a. Contesting the Valuation of Real
TAX REMEDIES
*********************************. .........488
Property....
I. TAX REMEDIES UNDER THE NIRC ...458 b Contesting a De ciency Tax
B 489
GENERA. CONCEPIS... Assessment... ********.***..s*****s*******e...
.... 458 C. Compromısing an RPT.Assessment 491
Taxpayer Remedies.
....**... ... .458
1.Assessment of Internal Revenue Taxes... 458 III. THECOURTOFTAXAPPEALS ... 492
Proceduraldue process in tax
A.JURISDICTION OFIECOURT O1:TAX
assessments[Sec. 228, NIRC; RR 12-99, as 492
amended by RR 18-13. RR 7-18 and RR 22- APPEALS....
.492
2020]...
........... 1. Civil Cases.... ***.*****#*.*.
....... .458
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d. Exclusive Original Jurisdicion of the
Court in Divisions..... .492
b. Exclusive Appellate Jurisdiction in Civil
Cases.s.....**
2. Criminal Cases...
.... 492
**** ..... 494
a. Exclusive Ornginal Jurisdiction of the
Court in Divisions. .....494
b. Exclusive Appellate Jurisdiction in
Criminal Cases... ....... 495
b. Local Taxes.. 496
3. Civil Cases. ... 496
a. Who May Appeal, Mode of Appeal; Effect
ofAppeal. 496
b Suspension of Colection of Taxes .. 497
C Injunction not .Avalable to Restrain
Collection...... .... 497
4. Criminal Cases... ... 499
a Institution and Prosecution of Criminal
Actions ... 499
b Institution of CivilAction in Criminal
........*******.*****. ........499
C Period to Appeal. ..... 499
Appeal to the CTA En Banc......5.0
e Peition for Review on Certiorari to the
Supreme Court ..... ........500

ANDIDATES
ONLY
LEGAL ETHICS
I. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY.... .502

II.JUDICIALETHICS... .......542

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CANDIDATES
ONLY