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x ‫ͳ݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽͲݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬ǡ ݇ܽ‫Ͳܽ݊݁ݎ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳ
x ‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽͳݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷǡ ݇ܽ‫ͳܽ݊݁ݎ‬ସ ൌ Ͳ
x ‫ʹ݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽʹݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬ǡ ݇ܽ‫ʹܽ݊݁ݎ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ
x ‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽ͵ݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷǡ ݇ܽ‫͵ܽ݊݁ݎ‬ସ ൌ Ͳ

&RQWRK
ሺܼହ‫ כ‬ǡൈሻDGDODKVHEXDK*UXS2UGHUGDULܼହ‫ כ‬DGDODKHPSDW
VHGDQJNDQRUGHUGDULPDVLQJPDVLQJHOHPHQGLܼହ‫ כ‬
GLMDEDUNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
x ‫ͳ݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽͳݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬ǡ ݇ܽ‫ͳܽ݊݁ݎ‬ଵ ൌ ͳ
x ‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽʹݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷǡ ݇ܽ‫ʹܽ݊݁ݎ‬ସ ൌ ͳ
x ‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽ͵ݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷǡ ݇ܽ‫͵ܽ݊݁ݎ‬ସ ൌ ͳ
x ‫ݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽʹǡ ݇ܽ‫ܽ݊݁ݎ‬Ͷଶ ൌ ͳ
 

ϳϵ

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