Prelims GS PYQs English - 1

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 26

3 Art and Culture

PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS – PRELIMS 2011 TO 2022


Art & Culture : PYQs Analysis
25

20
Art & Culture

15 16

10

5 6
5 5 5
4
3 3 3
2
0 1
2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
* Question count may vary due to subjectivity

Art And Culture: PYQs Analysis

Sr. No Topic 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Total

1 Indian Architecture 2 1 1 1 2 1 8

2 Temple Architecture 1 1 1 1 1 1 6

3 Indian Paintings 1 1 1 1 4

4 Indian Music 1 1 2

5 Indian Dance Forms 1 2 1 1 5

6 Martial Arts in India 1 1

Culture In India/
7 Philosophies/Jainism 4 1 4 1 2 2 2 1 10 5 2 1 35
& Buddhism

Total 6 3 4 2 5 5 3 3 16 8 5 1 61
(a) 1 and 2 only
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
(b) 3 only
1. Consider the following pairs: (2022) (c) 1 and 3 only
Site of Ashoka’s Location in the (d) None of the statements given above is correct
major rock edicts State of 6. With reference to the Indian history of art and culture,
Dhauli Odisha consider the following pairs. (2014)
Erragudi Andhra Pradesh Famous works of sculpture Site
Jaugada Madhya Pradesh A grand image of Buddha’s
Kalsi Arnataka Mahaparinirvana with
How many pairs given above are correctly matched? numerous celestial musicians Ajanta
(a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs above and the sorrowful
(c) Only three pairs (d) All four pairs figures of his followers below
2. The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new A huge image of Varaha Avatar
Circuit House near Somnath Temple at Veraval. Which (boar incarnation) of Vishnu,
of the following statements are correct regarding as he rescues Goddess Earth Mount Abu
Somnath Temple? (2022) from the deep and chaotic
1. Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines. waters, sculpted on the rock
2. A description of Somnath Temple was given by “Arjuna’s Penance”/“Descent of
Al-Biruni. Ganga” sculpted on the surface Mamallapuram
3. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of huge boulders
of the present day temple) was done by President
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly
S. Radhakrishnan.
matched?
Select the correct answer using the code given
(a) 1 and 2 only
below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 only
3. Which one of the following statements is correct? (d) 1, 2 and 3
(2021) 7. Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri was: (2014)
(a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora river. (a) The mosque for the use of Royal Family
(b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal river.
(b) Akbar’s private prayer chamber.
(c) Pandu-Lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of the
(c) The hall in which Akbar held discussions with
Narmada river.
scholars of various religions.
(d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of the Godavari
river. (d) The room in which the nobles belonging to
different religions gathered to discuss religious
4. With reference to the cultural history of India,
consider the following statements: (2018) affairs.
1. White marble was used in making Buland 8. With reference to the history of Indian rock-cut
Darwaza and Khankah at Fatehpur Sikri. architecture, consider the following statements:
2. Red sandstone and marble were used in making (2013)
Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza at Lucknow. 1. The caves at Badami are the oldest surviving rock-
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? cut caves in India.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 2. The Barabar rock-cut caves were originally made
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 for Ajivikas by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.
5. What is/are common to the two historical places 3. At Ellora, caves were made for different faiths.
known as Ajanta and Mahabalipuram? (2016)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. Both were built in the same period.
(a) 1 only
2. Both belong to the same religious denomination.
(b) 2 and 3 only
3. Both have rock-cut monuments.
(c) 3 only
Select the correct answer using the code given
below. (d) 1, 2 and 3

80 UPSC Prelims PYQs


TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE INDIAN PAINTINGS
9. With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated 15. The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the
near Morena, consider the following statements: (2018)
(2021) (a) Bundi school (b) Jaipur school
1. It is a circular temple built during the reign of the (c) Kangra school (d) Kishangarh school
Kachchhapaghata Dynasty. 16. The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the
2. It is the only circular temple built in India. most famous for illustrated paintings at: (2017)
3. It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the (a) Ajanta (b) Badami
region. (c) Bagh (d) Ellora
4. Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it 17. Kalamkari painting refers to: (2015)
was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament (a) A hand-painted cotton textile in South India
building. (b) A handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in
Which of the statements given above are correct? NorthEast India
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 only (c) A block-painted woollen cloth in the Western
(c) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4 Himalayan region of India
(d) A hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-
10. The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
Western India
(2012)
18. Consider the following historical places: (2013)
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian
subcontinent 1. Ajanta Caves 2. Lepakshi Temple
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the 3. Sanchi Stupa
languages of India can be classified. Which of the above places is/are also known for
mural paintings?
(c) Three main styles of Indian Temple Architecture (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(d) Three main musical gharanas were prevalent in (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None
India.
11. Building ‘Kalyana Mandapam’ was a notable feature INDIAN MUSIC
in the temple construction in the kingdom of (2019)
19. With reference to the cultural history of India,
(a) Chalukya (b) Chandela
consider the following statements: (2018)
(c) Rashtrakuta (d) Vijayanagara 1. Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs
12. Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples? in praise of Lord Krishna.
(2017) 2. Tyagaraja created several new ragas.
1. Arasavalli 2. Amarkantak 3. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries.
3. Omkareshwar 4. Annamacharya Keertanas are devotional songs in
Select the correct answer using the code given praise of Lord Venkateshwara.
below: Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2, 3 and 4
20. With reference to Dhrupad, one of the major traditions
13. With reference to the art and archaeological history
of India that has been kept alive for centuries, Which
of India, which one among the following was made of the following statements are correct? (2012)
earliest?(2015)
1. Dhrupad originated and developed in the Rajput
(a) Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar kingdoms during the Mughal period
(b) Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli 2. Dhrupad is primarily a devotional and spiritual
(c) Rock-cut Monuments Mahabalipuram music
(d) Varaha Image at Udayagiri 3. Dhrupad alap uses Sanskrit syllables from
Mantras.
14. With reference to the cultural history of India, the
Select the correct answer using the codes given
term ‘Panchayatan’ refers to: (2014)
below:
(a) An assembly of village elders (a) 1 and 2 only
(b) A religious sect (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) A style of temple construction (c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) An administrative functionary (d) None of the above is correct.

Art and Culture 81


25. How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and
INDIAN DANCE FORMS Bharatanatyam dances? (2012)
21. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the 1. Dancers occasionally speaking dialogues is found
following statements: (2017) in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatnatyam
1. It is a song and dance performance. 2. Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the feet
on its edges is a feature of Bharatnatyam but
2. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used
Kuchipudi dance does not have such a form of
in the performance.
movements.
3. It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
Lord Krishna. (a) 1 only
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (b) 2 only
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3 only
(d) Neither 1 or 2
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 only MARTIAL ARTS IN INDIA
22. With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider
26. With reference to India’s culture and tradition, what
the following statements: (2014)
is ‘Kalaripayattu’? (2014)
1. Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and
(a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still
drama.
prevalent in some parts of South India.
2. It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites
(b) It is an ancient style bronze and brass work still
of Assam.
found in the southern part of the Coromandel
3. It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of area.
devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir (c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living
and Mirabai. tradition in the northern part of Malabar.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only in some parts of South India.
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
23. Consider the following pairs: (2014) CULTURE IN INDIA
1. Garba : Gujarat
27. Which one of the following statements about Sangam
2. Mohiniattam : Odisha literature in ancient South India is correct? (2022)
3. Yakshagana : Karnataka (a) Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly material culture.
matched? (b) The social classification of Varna was known to
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only Sangam poets.
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) Sangam poems have no reference to warrior
24. In the context of the cultural history of India, a pose ethics.
in dance and dramatics called ‘Tribhanga’ has been (d) Sangam literature refers to magical forces as
a favourite of Indian artists from ancient times till irrational.
today.(2013) 28. “Yoga Vasistha” was translated into Persian by
Which one of the following statements best Nizamuddin Panipati during the reign of: (2022)
describes this pose? (a) Akbar
(a) One leg is bent and the body is slightly but (b) Humayun
oppositely curved at the waist and neck (c) Shahjahan
(b) Facial expressions, hand gestures and make-up (d) Aurangzeb
are combined to symbolize certain epic or historic
characters 29. With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’
pertain to: (2021)
(c) Movements of body, face and hands are used to
(a) Dance forms of Northwest India
express oneself or to tell a story
(b) Musical instruments
(d) A little smile, slightly curved waist and certain
hand gestures are emphasized to express the (c) Prehistoric cave paintings
feelings of love or eroticism (d) Tribal languages

82 UPSC Prelims PYQs


30. With reference to the cultural history of India, which 35. Consider the following pairs: (2018)
one of the following is the correct description of the
term Paramitas? (2020) Tradition : State
(a) The earliest Dharmashastra texts written in 1. Chapchar Kut festival : Mizoram
aphoristic (sutra) style. 2. Khongjom Parba ballad : Manipur
(b) Philosophical schools that did not accept the 3. Thang-Ta dance : Sikkim
authority of Vedas. Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(c) Perfections whose attainment led to the (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2
Bodhisattva path. (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3
(d) Powerful merchant guilds of early Medieval South
36. Which reference to the religious practices in India,
India. the “Sthanakvasi” sect belongs to (2018)
31. With reference to the religious history of India, (a) Buddhism (b) Jainism
consider the following statements: (2020) (c) Vaishnavism (d) Shaivism
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.
37. Which reference to Indian history, who among the
2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the
Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism. world?(2018)
3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas (a) Avalokiteshvara (b) Lokesvara
fostered Mahayana Buddhism. (c) Maitreya (d) Padmapani
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
38. With reference to the religious history of India,
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only consider the following statements: (2017)
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 1. Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of
32. With reference to the history of India, consider the Jainism.
following pairs: (2020) 2. Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of
phenomena were not wholly momentary, but
Famous Place : Present State
existed forever in a latent form.
1. Bhilsa : Madhya Pradesh Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
2. Dwarasamudra : Maharashtra (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
3. Girinagar : Gujarat (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
4. Sthanesvara : Uttar Pradesh 39. Consider the following pairs: (2017)
Which of the pairs given above are correctly Traditions : Communities
matched?
1. Chaliha Sahib Festival : Sindhis
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 2 and 4 only 2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra : Gonds

33. With reference to the cultural history of India, 3. Wari -Warkari : Santhals
consider the following pairs: (2020) Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly
matched?
1. Parivrajaka : Renunciant and Wanderer
(a) 1 only
2. Shramana : Priest with a high status
(b) 2 and 3 only
3. Upasaka : Lay follower of Buddhism
(c) 1 and 3 only
Which of the pairs given above are correctly
(d) None of the above
matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only 40. With reference to the religious history of India,
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 consider the following statements: (2016)
1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to the
34. Consider the following statements: (2019)
Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
1. Deification of the Buddha
2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to
2. Trading the path of Bodhisattvas enlightenment.
3. Image worship and rituals 3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation
Which of the above is/are the features/features of to help all sentient beings on their path to it.
Mahayana Buddhism? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Art and Culture 83


41. Which one of the following books of ancient India 47. Consider the following statements: (2014)
has the love story of the son of the founder of the 1. ‘Bijak’ is a composition of the teachings of Saint
Shunga dynasty? (2016) Dadu Dayal.
(a) Swapnavasavadatta 2. The Philosophy of PushtiMarg was propounded
(b) Malavikagnimitra by Madhvacharya.
(c) Meghadoota Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(d) Ratnavali (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
42. Which of the following kingdoms were associated
with the life of the Buddha? (2014, 2015) 48. A community of people called Manganiyars is well-
known for their (2014)
1. Avanti 2. Gandhara
(a) Martial arts in North-East India
3. Kosala 4. Magadha
(b) Musical tradition in North-West India.
Select the correct answer using the codes given
(c) Classical vocal music in South India.
below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (d) Pietra dura tradition in Central India
(c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 3 and 4 only 49. Consider the following languages: (2014)
43. In Medieval India, the designations ‘Mahattara’ and 1. Gujarati 2. Kannada
‘Pattakila’ were used for (2014) 3. Telugu
(a) Military officers Which of the above has/have been declared as
‘Classical Language/Languages’ by the Government?
(b) Village headmen
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(c) Specialists in Vedic rituals (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) Chiefs of craft guilds
50. Which one of the following pairs does not form part
44. Every year, a month-long ecologically important of the six systems of Indian Philosophy? (2014)
campaign/festival is held during which certain (a) Mimamsa and Vedanta
communities/tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing
(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika
trees. Which of the following are such communities/
(c) Lokayata and Kapalika
tribes?(2014)
(d) Sankhya and Yoga
(a) Bhutia and Lepcha
(b) Gond and Korku 51. The national motto of India, ‘Satyameva Jayate’
inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken from:
(c) Irula and Toda (2014)
(d) Sahariya and Agariya (a) Katha Upanishad
45. Chaitra, one of the national calendars based on the (b) Chandogya Upanishad
Saka Era, corresponds to which one of the following (c) Aitareya Upanishad
dates of the Gregorian calendar in a normal year of (d) Mundaka Upanishad
365 days? (2014)
52. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013)
(a) 22nd March (or 21st March)
1. Dadu Dayal 2. Guru Nanak
(b) 15th May (or 16th May)
3. Tyagaraja
(c) 21st March (or 30th March)
Who among the above was/were preaching when
(d) 21st April (or 20th April) the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?
46. With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 only
culture in India, consider the following pairs: (2014) (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2
Famous Shrine : Location 53. With reference to the history of philosophical thought
in India, consider the following statements regarding
1. Tabo monastery and : Spiti Valley Sankhya school: (2013)
temple complex
1. Sankhya does not accept the theory of rebirth or
2. Lhotsava Lhakhang : Zanskar Valley transmigration of the soul.
3. Alchi Temple : Ladakh 2. Sankhya holds that it is the self-knowledge that
Complex leads to liberation and not any exterior influence
Which of the above pairs given is/are correctly or agent.
matched? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

84 UPSC Prelims PYQs


54. Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, 58. The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created
while the others are called Viharas. What is the and maintained by: (2011)
difference between the two? (2013) (a) Universal law (b) Universal Truth
(a) Vihara is a place of worship, while Chaitya is the (c) Universal Faith (d) Universal Soul
dwelling place of the monks.
59. Lord Buddha’s image is sometimes shown with
(b) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the
the hand gesture called “Bhumisparsha mudra”. It
dwelling place of the monks.
symbolises:(2012)
(c) Chaitya is the stupa at the far end of the cave, while
(a) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to watch over
Vihara is the hall axial to it
Mara and to prevent Mara from disturbing his
(d) There is no material difference between the two.
meditation.
55. Which one of the following describes best the concept (b) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to witness his purity
of Nirvana in Buddhism? (2013) and chastity despite the temptations of Mara.
(a) The extinction of the flame of desire (c) Buddha’s reminder to his followers that they
(b) The complete annihilation of self all arise from Earth and finally dissolve into the
(c) A state of bliss and rest Earth, and thus this life is transitory.
(d) A mental stage beyond all comprehension (d) Both statements (a) and (b) are correct in this
56. Which of the following statements is/are applicable context.
to Jain doctrine? (2013) 60. With reference to Indian history, consider the
1. The surest way of annihilating Karma is to practise following texts: (2022)
penance. 1. Nettipakarana
2. Every object, even the smallest particle, has a soul. 2. Parishishta Parvan
3. Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended. 3. Avadanasataka
Select the correct answer using the codes given 4. Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana
below:
Which of the above are Jaina texts?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
57. With reference to the history of Ancient India, which
of the following was/were common to both Buddhism 61. With reference to Indian history, consider the
and Jainism? (2012) following pairs: (2022)
1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and Historical person Known as
enjoyment
1. Aryadeva Jaina scholar
2. Indifference to the authority of Vedas
2. Dignaga Buddhist scholar
3. Denial of the efficacy of rituals
Select the correct answer using the codes given 3. Nathamuni Vaishnav a scholar
below: How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only (a) None of the pairs
(b) 2 and 3 only (b) Only one pair
(c) 1 and 3 only (c) Only two pairs
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) All three pairs

Answer Key
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (c)
51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (b)
61. (c)

Art and Culture 85


Explanation
1. (b) Sub-Theme: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts and Inscription Pair 3 is incorrect: Jaugada is situated on
Pair 1 is correct: Dhauli Rock edict is the northern bank of Rushikulya river, Ganjam
located in dhauli hills, close to 10 kms from district, Odisha. It was part of the ancient
Bhubaneswar in Odisha. The edicts are kingdom of Kalinga as suggested by separate
engraved on a large piece of rock, written rock edicts 1 and 2.
in Pali. The rock edict is located near the Pair 4 is incorrect: Kalsi is a small town
historical site of the Kalinga war which is located in between Chakrata and Dehradun on
said to transform Samrat Ashok. the banks of Yamuna River in Uttarakhand.
Pair 2 is correct: Erragudi or Yerragudi rock The site of Ashoka’s inscriptions at Kalsi is
edict is located in Kurnool district in Andhra singularly unique as it is the only place in
Pradesh. The inscriptions were one of the North India where the great Mauryan emperor
important treasures of Mouryan king Ashoka has inscribed the set of the 14 rock edicts.
(269-231 BCE) falling under major and minor Ashoka inscribed a rock edict here to preach
rock inscriptions. the principle of Dhamma to maximum people.

86 UPSC Prelims PYQs


2. (a) Sub-Theme: Temple Architecture Stupa built by Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE
Statement 1 is correct: Somnath Temple is one has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
of the most sacred pilgrimage sites for the Option (c) is incorrect: Pandu-Lena cave
Hindus. They believe it to be the first among shrines also known as Nasik Caves are located
the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It is at Gomai river, about 6 kilometres north of
located in Prabhas Patan, Veraval in Gujarat, Shahada, Maharashtra.
India. Option (d) is incorrect: Amaravati stupa lies in
Statement 2 is correct: A description of the the gorge of the Krishna river. It is the largest
temple by Al-Biruni, an Arab traveller, was one in the state of Andhra Pradesh, with a
so glowing that it prompted a visit in 1024 by diameter of about 50 metres and a height of
Mahmud of Ghazni. about 27 metres.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The contemporary
NOTE: Earlier Questions came on Ajanta
Somnath temple’s reconstruction was started
under the orders of the first Home Minister of in 2014 and 2016. This underlines the
India Vallabhbhai Patel and completed in May importance of revising PYQ and related
1951 after his death. Then President of India, research. Hence, for a detailed explanation
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, did the Pran-Pratistha at of Ajanta Cave please refer to the PYQ.
the existing temple on 11 May 1951. 4. (d) Sub-Theme: Medieval Architecture/Islamic
Somnath Temple: Architecture
z The Somnath temple, also called Somanātha Statement 1 is incorrect: Buland Darwaza
temple or Deo Patan, is located in Prabhas is situated at Fatehpur sikri. It was built
Patan, Veraval in Gujarat, India. by Akbar to commemorate his victory over
z One of the most sacred pilgrimage sites for Gujarat. Red sandstone has been used in its
the Hindus, they believe it to be the first construction and white and black marble in its
among the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of decoration. According to the UPSC answer
Shiva. key, this statement is incorrect. Therefore,
z It was reconstructed several times in the we will go by the UPSC answer.
past after repeated destruction by several Statement 2 is incorrect: Bada Imambara,
Muslim invaders and rulers. located in Lucknow was built by Asaf-ud-
z A description of the temple by Al-Biruni, doula in 1784. This structure has been made
an Arab traveller, was so glowing that it by interlocking bricks without the use of
prompted a visit in 1024 by Mahmud of mortar in its construction. Rumi Darwaza is
Ghazni. also located in Lucknow, built by Nawab of
z After India’s independence, those ruins Awadh Asaf-ud-doula. It is built using bricks,
were demolished and the present Somnath coated with lime.
temple was reconstructed in the Māru- NOTE: Reference to the question came
Gurjara style of Hindu temple architecture. from an Article featured in The Hindu
z The contemporary Somnath temple’s titled “Buland Darwaza and Rumi Darwaza:
reconstruction was started under the Gateways to Heaven” back in 2017.
orders of the first Home Minister of India
5. (b) Sub-Theme: Ancient Architecture/Sculpture/
Vallabhbhai Patel and completed in May
Ajanta Cave
1951 after his death.
z Then President of India, Dr. Rajendra Statement 1 is incorrect: Ajanta Caves are
Prasad, did the Pran-Pratistha at the 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments
existing temple on 11 May 1951. that date from the 2nd century BCE to 480
or 650 CE. Mahabalipuram has a group of
z Presently the Prime Minister of India
sanctuaries, which was carved out of rock
Narendra Modi is the chairman of Shree
along the Coromandel coast in the 7th and 8th
Somnath Mandir trust.
centuries.
3. (a) Sub-Theme: Ancient Architecture/Sculpture/ Statement 2 is incorrect: Ajanta caves are
Ajanta Cave mostly dedicated to Buddhist denominations
Option (a) is correct: The famous Buddhist while Mahabalipuram has more inclination
site of Ajanta lies in the Sahyadri hills by the towards the Vaishnavite sect.
gorge of the Waghora river. Statement 3 is correct: Both Mahabalipuram
Option (b) is incorrect: Sanchi lies to the west and Ajanta are one of the finest examples of
of the Betwa river. Madhya Pradesh’s Sanchi rock-cut monuments.

Art and Culture 87


z Hence, he resolved to construct a debating
NOTE: UPSC has repeatedly asked
questions from this particular topic, esp. hall that could accommodate a large number
Ajanta in 2014, 2016 and 2021. This of Muslim theologians.
underlines the importance of revising z The construction of the Ibadat Khana started
PYQ and related research. Question on in the early 1575 CE at Fatehpur Sikri (City
Mahabalipuram as an option came in of Victory) and was completed in 1576 CE.
2015 as well. Reading Fine Art NCERT for
NOTE: This was a simple question
the art and culture section is very important.
direct hit from Class 7th History NCERT
The glossary of the same book must be read
(pg.55). NCERTs are important for prelims.
and revised thoroughly.
Attaching a screenshot here to convey to
6. (c) Sub-Theme: Ancient Architecture/Sculpture/ you the importance of reading and revising
Ajanta Cave sidebars, chars and image texts from
Pair 1 is correct: The image of Mahaparinirvana NCERTs.
of Buddha is in cave 26 of Ajanta caves in 8. (c) Sub-Theme: Ancient Indian Architecture
the Sahyadri range on Waghora river in Statement 1 is incorrect: Badami caves were
Aurangabad, Maharashtra. They were built constructed in the 6th century by the Chalukya
under the patronage of Vakataka rulers. dynasty, in their capital Badami, which was
Pair 2 is incorrect: A huge image of the Varaha earlier known as Vatapinagar. Barabar caves
Avatar of Lord Vishnu, rescuing Goddess are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in
Earth from the deep and chaotic waters is India.
in Udayagiri caves near Vidisha, Madhya Statement 2 is incorrect: Barabar caves were
Pradesh. They were built under the patronage constructed by Emperor Ashoka. These are
of Gupta rulers around the 5th century AD. located in Jehanabad district, Bihar.
Pair 3 is correct: Arjuna’s penance/Descent Statement 3 is correct: Ellora caves are a
of Ganga is the monolithic sculpture built under complex of Hindu (Caves 13-29), Buddhist
the reign of Pallava King Mahendravarman and (Caves 1-12) and Jain (Caves 30-34)
is located in Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), monuments. These were built during the
Tamil Nadu. This site was also included in Rashtrakuta dynasty. It was designated as a
UNESCO World heritage sites. World heritage site By UNESCO.
9. (c) Sub-Theme: Ancient Indian Temple Architecture
NOTE: UPSC asked this question directly
from Class 11 NCERT (An Introduction of
Indian Art and Culture). Hence, it underlines
the importance of reading NCERT. Also, it is
advisable to read the newspaper and always
be observant about various developments.
7. (c) Sub-Theme: Mughal Architecture/Islamic
Architecture
Option (c) is correct: Ibadat Khana was used
for discussions with various spiritual leaders
of different religious grounds and to conduct
a discussion on teachings of various religious
leaders. Also known as the Hall of prayer.
Ibadat Khana:
z It was a meeting house built by Akbar at
Fatehpur Sikri in 1575 AD.
z The emperor increasingly indulged in
intellectual pursuits and came in contact
with ascetics and disciples of Sufi saint Statement 1 is correct: The Chausath Yogini
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti. temple is in Morena district in Madhya
z He also expected to receive Mirza Suleiman Pradesh. According to an inscription dated 1323
of Badakhshan, a Sufi with a strong taste CE, this temple was built by Kachachapaghata
for theological discussions. king Devapala (1055-1075).

88 UPSC Prelims PYQs


Statement 2 is incorrect: The temple with a
directly be solved by reading Fine Art
circular design pattern is situated on top of NCERT. This underlines the importance of
a small hill. It is not the only circular temple NCERTs. Every alternative year, UPSC gives
in India. some phrases/names/terminologies and
Statement 3 is incorrect: Originally 64 yoginis asks about their corresponding meaning,
were placed in 64 subsidiary shrines around type or sort of explanation. A careful
the central shrine of Maha Shakti. Today reading of terminologies and their meaning
Shiva linga have taken their place in shrines. is advisable.
The central shrine also holds a Shivalinga.
11. (d) Sub-Theme: Ancient Indian Temple Architecture
Statement 4 is correct: This temple’s circular
design has given rise to the popular idea that Option (d) is correct: A prominent aspect of the
the Indian parliament’s design was taken Vijayanagara kingdom’s temple construction
from here. was the construction of “Kalyana Mandapas.”
Vijayanagara Architecture:
NOTE: If we observe the statement carefully, z In 1336 AD, Harihara and Bukka
it claims that it is the “only circular established the Vijayanagar Empire.
temple built in India” which seems
extreme and absolute. If it is so, it should z The chief characteristics of the
come across in Fine art NCERT. If we take Vijayanagara architecture were:
risk of eliminating statement 2, we can get  The construction of tall gateways or
the correct answer. It should be noted that Raya Gopurams,
extreme statements are always not wrong.  The carved-pillared Kalyana
In many instances, UPSC gave an extreme mandapam inside the temple grounds,
and exclusive statement as the correct one.  The Garbhagriha,
So choose options logically and wisely.
 The Amman shrine.
Under the central vista project, a new
parliament building is constructed. The z The horse was the most prevalent animal on
existing parliament building is a replica of the pillars where sculptures were engraved.
Chausath Yogini Temple. Thus it is also z A prominent aspect of this kingdom’s
important to cover the daily newspaper temple construction was the construction
thoroughly. of “Kalyana Mandapas.”
10. (c) Sub-Theme: Ancient Indian Temple Architecture
Note: UPSC has asked a question from
Option (c) is correct: Three main styles of Themes in Indian History ll - An
temple architecture are the Nagara (Northern Imperial Capital Vijayanagara (pg.144).
style), the Dravida (the southern style), and This underlines the importance of reading
the Vesara style (Mixed style). NCERTs between the lines with special
Temple Architecture: emphasis on sidebars, charts, boxes and
z Three main styles of temple architecture images.
are the Nagara (Northern style), the Dravida
12. (a) Sub-Theme: Ancient Indian Temple Architecture
(the southern style), and the Vesara style
(Mixed style). z Arasavalli Sun temple is located in Andhra
Pradesh. The temple dates back to the 7th
z In Nagara style the entire temple is built on
century and a Kalinga king is said to have
a platform with multiple steps.
constructed it.
z In Dravida style, the temple is enclosed
z Amarkantak is a pilgrim town in Madhya
within a compound wall with features like
Pradesh and the origin of the Narmada river.
Gopuram and Vimana.
Lord Shiva is worshipped as Narmadeswar
z The Vesara temple architecture is a blend
Amranath here.
of temple architecture from the Nagara and
Dravidian traditions. z Omkareshwar is a Hindu temple dedicated
to Lord Shiva. It is located in Madhya
NOTE: Reading Glossary from Fine Art Pradesh and is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas.
NCERT for the art and culture section is List of famous Sun temples in India:
very important. Reading that much only The Dakshinaarka temple at Gaya, Bihar:
was enough to solve this question. The z There is an ancient Sun temple at Gaya in
simple and straightforward question can
the state of Bihar.

Art and Culture 89


z Offerings to the ancestors are made at the z This dates back to the 13th century and
Surya Kunda or the Dakshina Maanas tank it represents the highest point in Orissan
in front of the temple. temple architecture.
The Bhramanya Dev Temple at Unao in z Konark is situated 20 miles to the northeast
Madhya Pradesh: of Puri.
z The Brahmana Dev (Baramju) temple z The word Konark means corner sun.
dedicated to the Sun is located at Unao near 13. (b) Sub-Theme: Ancient Architecture/Sculpture/
Jhansi in Madhya Pradesh. Rock cut Cave
z It is a well-visited temple. Option (b) is correct: The rock-cut elephant
z Local belief is that worshippers find relief situated in Dhauli was constructed during
from ailments such as blindness and leprosy the reign of Ashoka, who ruled from 272-231
and other skin diseases. BCE. On the other hand, the Lingaraj Temple
Sun Temple at Surya Pahar in Assam: was built in the 11th century AD, while the
z This relatively modern Sun temple in the rock-cut monuments in Mahabalipuram were
constructed during the 7th and 8th centuries
vicinity of the Surya Pahar Hill near Goalpara
AD. Additionally, the Varaha Image was built in
in Assam.
the 5th century AD.
z This temple enshrines a circular stone tablet z The rock-cut elephant at Dhauli was built
having 12 images of Aditya in a circle with during the reign of Ashoka (272-231 BCE).
an image of Kashyapa the father of Aditya z Lingaraj temple in Bhubaneshwar: The
in the centre. largest temple in the city of Bhubaneswar
Suryanar Temple near Kumbakonam in (Odisha), Lingaraj Temple, was constructed
Tamil Nadu: in the 11th century AD and dedicated to
z This ancient temple dedicated to the Sun Lord Shiva.
is located near Kumbakonam in Tamil z Mahabalipuram: The rock-cut monu-
Nadu. Kumbhakonam and its surroundings ments at Mahabalipuram were built by
abound in huge temples. the Pallava king Narasimha in the 7th and
z This well-known temple enshrines the 8th centuries.
Sun - Surya, Kasi Viswanatha and Visalakshi, z Varaha Image at Udayagiri was built in the
and the other eight celestial bodies namely 5th century AD. This image was engraved by
Chandran, Angarakan, Budhan, Brihaspati, Chandragupta on the hill of Udayagiri to
Sukran, Saniswaran, Rahu and Ketu. commemorate the victory over the foreign
Suryanarayana Swamy temple at Arasavalli Shaka kings.
in Andhra Pradesh: Note: Question on Varaha Avatar (boar
z This is a shrine of the Sun in a well-preserved incarnation) of Vishnu at Udayagiri caves
state. earlier asked in 2014. The same theme was
z The temple dates back to the 7th century and repeated in 2015.
a Kalinga king is said to have constructed it.
14. (c) Sub-Theme: Temple Architecture
z The image of worship is a 5 ft tall one of
black granite holding lotus buds - flanked 9 9
by Usha and Chhaya. 8
z Padmapani is the name of this Sun God - the 7 7
Padma stands for wisdom Usha and Chhaya
stand for eternity 6 5 4 3 2 1
The Sun Temple at Modhera - Gujarat:
z This is a grand temple to the Sun God 7 7
conceived and built-in 1026.
8
z As in the Sun Temple at Konark, this temple 9 9
was so designed that the rays of the Sun
would fall on the image of Surya at the time 1. Ardha mandapa 6. Pradakshina
of the equinoxes. 2. Mandapa 7. Transepts
3. Maha mandapa 8. Jagatl
The Sun Temple at Konarak, Orissa:
4. Antarala 9. Subsidiary
z The Konark temple in Orissa is the largest
5. Garba griha shrines
and most well-known of all Sun temples in
India. Plan of Kandariya Mahadeva Temple

90 UPSC Prelims PYQs


Correct answer is Option (c): 16. (a) Sub-Theme: Rock cut painting
Panchayatan Style: Correct answer is Option (a): The painting of
z Panchayatan is a style of temple Bodhisattva Padmapani is in Ajanta cave no
construction. 1, which dates back to the 5th century AD.
z The main shrine is surrounded by four
subsidiary shrines.
z The origin of the name is the Sanskrit words
Pancha which mean five and ayatana means
containing.
z Dashavatara Vishnu Temple, Deogarh (in
Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh) was built
in the early sixth century CE.
z That is, about a hundred years or so after
the small temples we just learnt about in
Mural of Padmapani in Ajanta cave
Sanchi and Udaygiri.
z Other paintings of Bodhisattvas include
z The main shrine of this temple is constructed
Vajrapani (protector and guide, a symbol
on a rectangular plinth in the panchayatana
of Buddha’s power) and Manjusri
architectural style, and four additional
subsidiary shrines are located at each of the (manifestation of Buddha’s wisdom).
four corners making it a total number of five z In this painting, Bodhisattva is holding a
shrines, hence the name, panchayatana. lotus in his hand in a tribhanga pose.

NOTE: This question was a direct hit from NOTE: Reading pages no 54-55 from Fine
Fine Art NCERT. It is also mentioned in Art NCERT will help you to solve this
the glossary of the same NCERT. Temple question. Also, details of Ajanta has already
architectural styles are always important been discussed in earlier PYQs, where the
from prelims perspective. There were question was on Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana.
repeated questions on circular temples, 17. (a) Sub-Theme: Indian Painting Schools
Nagara style, Dravida style, Vesara style and Correct answer is Option (a):
Panchayatana. Kalamkari:
15. (d) Sub-Theme: Indian Painting Schools z This particular cotton textile is made in
Correct answer is Option (d): Bani Thani Andhra Pradesh and is either hand-
painting belongs to the Kishangarh school of painted or block-printed.
paintings. z In this style, the kalam(pen) is used for
freehand drawing of the subject and filling
in the colours and is entirely done by hand.
z The present states of Telangana and
Andhra Pradesh are where kalamkari first
appeared.
z Kalamkari was first used to depict scenes
from sacred texts such as the Mahabharata,
Ramayana and Bhagavatam.

z It was painted by an artist named Nihal 18. (b) Sub-Theme: Mural Paintings
Chand. Option 1 is correct: The paintings on the caves
z Bani Thani was a singer and a poetess in of Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta are truly
the court of Raja Samant Singh (1748-1764). magnificent.
z It is frequently said that the small portrait Option 2 is correct: Lepakshi temple is in
is as beautiful as the Mona Lisa. Andhra Pradesh. It is a good repository of
mural paintings of the Vijayanagar kings. A
NOTE: This school of painting was in the tableau on Lepakshi temple has been selected
news as the Kishangarh airport displayed for the Republic Day parade to be held in
the Bani-Thani paintings in the galleries New Delhi, representing Andhra Pradesh. The
and halls to welcome passengers. Hence, tableau showcases the rich, monolithic rock
reading the newspaper is very important. architecture of the Lepakshi temple.

Art and Culture 91


Option 3 is incorrect: Sanchi is known for z It is an ancient form, probably developing
sculptures whose designs are similarly painted from the Prabandha.
in Ajanta. Sanchi Stupa is one of the oldest z In the traditional singing style, Prabandh
Buddhist monuments in India. is known as a “Nibadha Geetprakaar”
(singing within a definite framework).
NOTE: By reading page no 60 from Fine
It means, ‘A song bound by a specific
Art NCERT, we came to know that Lepakshi
framework of rules’.
Temple is known for Mural paintings. Hence
z Traditionally, a tanpura and pakhawaj were
option (a) and (d) got eliminated. With
used to perform the dhrupad style of singing.
reading of any basic book, we know sanchi
z Dhrupad’s lyrics are performed generally
stupa is Buddhist monument and famous
in Braj Basha and involve veera and sringar
for sculpture and mural paintings. Also,
rasas and frequently include a heroic theme
please refer to the earlier PYQ for detailed or adoration of a particular god.
explanation on Stupa and Sanchi Stupa.
z It is a type of devotional music that can be
19. (b) Sub-Theme: Cultural Tradition of India traced back to the Samveda, an ancient text.
z Tyagaraja is known for his life and his z The emphasis on preserving the Raga’s purity
exemplary devotion to Lord Rama, via the is one of Dhrupad’s notable characteristics.
path of soulful music. Born in Thanjavur in z Raja Man Singh Tomar of Gwalior and
1767, Tyagaraja is credited with creating Emperor Akbar played a significant part in
thousands of devotional compositions the growth and development of Dhrupad
mostly in praise of Lord Rama. z Other personalities who contributed to
Statement 1 is incorrect: Rama- an the development of Dhrupad are: Tansen,
incarnation of Lord Visnu, was the focus and Baiju bawra, Swami Haridas
main theme of most of the songs of Tyagaraja. z Some of the major gharanas of Dhrupad
Statement 2 is correct: Tyagaraja innovated are– dagarvani gharana, bishnupur gharana,
the technique of structural variations of darbhanga gharana, mallik gharana, bettiah
musical lines within the performance. gharana.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Annamacharya 21. (b) Sub-Theme: Indian Folk or Local Dances
belonged to the 15th century whereas Statement 1 is correct: Manipuri Sankirtana
Tyagaraja belonged to the 18th century. involves ritual singing, drumming and
Statement 4 is correct: Annamacharya was dancing. It was also inscribed in the
a 15th-century Hindu saint who composed Representative List of the UNESCO Intangible
songs called Sankeertanas in praise of Lord Cultural Heritage Of Humanity in 2013.
Venkateswara, a form of Vishnu. Statement 2 is incorrect: Not only Cymbals
NOTE: It was the 250th birth anniversary of but Drums are also used in the performance.
Tyagaraja, hence, UPSC asked this question. In a typical performance, two drummers and
about ten singers-dancers perform in a hall
20. (b) Sub-Theme: Hindustani Classical Music encircled by devotees.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Dhrupad traces its Statement 3 is correct: Lord Krishna life and
origin to the chanting of Vedic hymns and deeds are the main theme of this performance.
mantras (Samveda). It is practised primarily by the Vaishnavite
Statement 2 is correct: It is a form of community.
devotional music and spiritual music that Sankirtana:
emphasises the purity of ragas. z It includes a wide range of artistic
Statement 3 is correct: Dhrupad music expressions carried out to commemorate
evolved with Sanskrit language scripts in special religious occasions and different
itself. Dhrupad emphasizes a slow, meditative phases in the lives of the Vaishnava people
rendition of the alap using sacred Sanskrit of the Manipur plains.
syllables derived from Sanskrit mantras. z Sankirtana rituals are centred on the temple,
Dhrupad: where dancers and singers narrate stories
z The word Dhrupad is derived from of Lord Krishna’s life and actions through
Dhruva, the steadfast evening star that dance and song.
travels through the galaxy, and Pada, which z A typical performance of a drum and dance
means poetry. ensemble features two drummers and ten

92 UPSC Prelims PYQs


singer-dancers who perform in a hall or Statement 3 is incorrect: It is based on
domestic courtyard surrounded by seated the songs composed by Sankaradeva and
devotees. Madhvadeva.
z The artists’ humility and the flow of their 23. (c) Sub-Theme: Indian Folk or Local Dances/
artistic and spiritual energy are unmatched, Performing Arts
bringing audience members to tears. Pair 1 is correct: Garba is a famous dance form
z Sankirtana has two main social functions: of Gujarat, performed in October to honour the
1. It acts as a unifying factor within Hindu Deity of Divinity, Goddess Durga. It is
Manipur’s Vaishnava community by a sacred practice in Gujarat to perform this
bringing them together on festive events joyful folk dance on practically all important
throughout the year; occasions.
2. Through life-cycle rites, it creates Pair 2 is incorrect: Mohiniattam is a classical
dance form of Kerala. It belongs to the Lasya
and strengthens bonds between the
type, which presents a more elegant, soft, and
individual and the community.
feminine manner of dancing, despite having
z Thus, it is viewed as the visible roots in the ancient Sanskrit Hindu scripture
manifestation of God. on performing arts known as “Natya Shastra”.
z The Sankirtana of Manipur is an active Pair 3 is correct: Yakshagana is a musical
practice that fosters a natural connection dance theatre form of Karnataka. The dance
with people; the entire society is involved form includes players dressed in costumes
in preserving it, and the unique knowledge with vivid colours and shapes, singing,
and abilities are customarily passed down drumming, and dancing, as well as players who
from mentor to disciple. interpret words with gestures.
z The myriad ceremonies of Sankirtana 24. (a) Sub-Theme: Indian Classical Dances
acknowledge the presence of natural world Option (a) is correct: The Tri-bent pose, also
while fostering harmony with it. known as Tribhanga, is a standing position
z The Sankirtana is a ritual dance and music where the body is bent in three parts, creating
form of Manipur. three curves at the neck, waist, and knee. This
z The performance is carried out in a circle results in a gentle “S” shape, with the body
in an east-facing square performance space. oppositely curved at the waist and neck.
z In 2013, UNESCO added Manipur’s
distinctive cultural legacy to its
Representative List of Intangible Cultural
Heritage of Humanity.
22. (b) Sub-Theme: Indian Classical Dances

z Tribhanga, literally meaning three parts


break, where the body bends in one
direction at the knees, the other direction
at the hips and then the other again at the
shoulders and neck.
z This pose goes back at least 2000 years in
Statement 1 is correct: This dance form is Indian art and sculpture.
a combination of music, dance and drama. NOTE: Reading of Fine Art Ncert can
Sattriya dance tradition is governed by strictly help us to solve these simple questions
laid down principles in respect of hasta with confusing options. We know that
mudras, footwork, aharyas, music etc. “Tribhanga” means three bents. To make
Statement 2 is correct: The Sattriya dance options more close and complex, the
form was introduced in the 15th century A.D
examiner added mention of three distinct
by the great Vaishnava saint and reformer
poses in option (b), (c) and (d). Question on
of Assam, Mahapurusha Sankaradeva as a
a similar line was asked in Modern history -
powerful medium for the propagation of the
about “Tebhaga”.
Vaishnava faith.

Art and Culture 93


25. (a) Sub-Theme: Indian Classical Dances Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh
z Kuchipudi is a classical Indian dance from
Odissi Odisha
Andhra Pradesh and Bharatnatyam is a
classical dance from Tamil Nadu. Kathakali Kerala
Statement 1 is correct: Dancers speak Sattriya Assam
dialogue in between in Kuchipudi but in Manipuri Manipur
Bharatnatyam dancers do not speak dialogues. Mohiniyattam Kerala
Statement 2 is incorrect: Dancing on the
brass plate by keeping the feet on its edges is 26. (d) Sub-Theme: Indian Martial Art
a feature of Tarangam-a solo performance of Option (d) is correct: Kalaripayattu, which
Kuchipudi. Sometimes dancers also balance a originated in present-day Kerala, is a form of
pot of water on their heads. But Bharatnatyam Indian martial arts known as Kalari. It has a
dance does not have such a form of movements. rich history and is considered to be the oldest
Differences between Bharatanatyam and surviving martial art in India.
Kuchipudi: Kalaripayattu:
Bharatanatyam Kuchipudi
Ancient in origin Relatively younger than
Bharatnatyam
Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh
Precise and Rounded Steps
Rhythmic steps
Lot of focus on Dancers don’t sit low on
‘Aramandi’ the ground z It is a martial dance practised in Kerala/
South India.
Theme: Religious Theme: Religious
z The art also bases medical treatments
and Spiritual Bhagat Purana
upon concepts found in the ancient Indian
Performed Performed earlier by medical text, the Ayurveda.
earlier by Male Brahmins, now z Practitioners of Kalaripayattu possess
devadasis, now both male and female intricate knowledge of pressure points
both male and on the human body and healing techniques
female dancers
that incorporate the knowledge of Ayurveda
Dancers do not Dancers speak dialogue and Yoga.
speak dialogues z This is taught in accordance with the Indian
Transitional The solo items of guru-shishya system.
movements of Kuchipudi dance are: z It differs from many other martial arts
the leg, hip and z Manduka Shabdam systems in the world in that weapon based
arm. Excessive (the story of frog techniques are taught first, and barehanded
eye movements maiden) techniques are taught last.
and hand z Balgopala Taranga 27. (b) Sub-Theme: Sangam Literature
gestures are (dances on the
used to convey Option (b) is correct: Sangam literature does
edges of brassplate
emotions. make references to the social classification of
with a pitcher full of
Varna, which was a system of social classification
water on the head)
in ancient India based on occupation and birth.
z Tala Chitra Nritya Sangam Literature:
(drawing pictures
z Sangam Literature provides valuable
with dancing toes)
details about the Sangam society and
polity.
List of Classical
State of Origin The social classification of varna was
dances in India z
known to Sangam poets.
Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu
z There is mention of the Arashar (kings),
Kathak Uttar Pradesh Vaishiyar (traders), and Velalar (farmers).

94 UPSC Prelims PYQs


z Tamil Epics: The two epics z Paramitas are qualities to be perfected in
Silappathikaram is written by Elango order to attain a state of self enlightened
Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Universal Buddha (a samma sambuddha)
Sattanar. a term prevalent in Eastern and Northern
28. (a) Sub-Theme: Mughal Literature/Translation work traditions.
under Mughals z These are similar to the 4th Noble truth to
Option (a) is correct: The “Yoga Vasistha” was attain the state of Bodhisattva.
translated into Persian by Nizamuddin Panipati z Following are the Ten Paramitas: Generosity,
during the reign of Akbar. Morality, Patience, Energy, Meditation,
z Akbar had commissioned the translation Wisdom, Skillful means, Resolution, Power,
of many Sanskrit works into the Persian Knowledge.
language. NOTE: Bodhisattva concept (either in
z A Maktab Khana (translation bureau) was option or questions) was earlier asked by
also established at Fatehpur Sikri for this UPSC in 2016, 2017 and 2019. By referring
purpose. to PYQs and doing research on them always
z The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Lilavati, and fetch rich dividends.
Yogavashisht were some of the important 31. (b) Sub-Theme: Buddhism
Sanskrit works that were translated during Statement 1 is incorrect: After the 2nd
his reign. Buddhist council in Vaishali (Bihar),
z Nizamuddin Panipati translated Buddhism got bifurcated into two factions-
Yogavasistha (a treatise on Vedantic sthaviravada and mahasanghika. These two
philosophy) in the late 16th century. factions became the basis of Hinayana (The
29. (d) Sub-Theme: Tribal Culture lesser vehicle) and Mahayana (The greater
vehicle) respectively in future.
Option (d) is correct: Halbi, Ho, and Kui
z Hinayana followers stayed true to Buddha’s
are the tribal languages. Halbi is an Eastern
teaching, never practised idol worship and
Indo-Aryan language, Kui is a South-Eastern
Mahayana followers started believing in the
Dravidian language spoken by the Kandhas and
heavenliness of Buddha and idol worship in
Ho language is spoken by tribal communities
Buddhism began.
of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, West
Bengal, and Assam. Statement 2 is correct: Mahasanghika was
z Halbi, Ho and Kui are languages spoken by further subdivided into lokottarvadin, kavya
variks, kaukkitikas in coming years.
tribes of India.
z Lokottarvadin was based on the philosophy
z Halbi is spoken in the states of Madhya
of lokottar buddha or supernatural
Pradesh and Maharashtra. It belongs to the Buddha.
group of Indo Aryan tribal languages.
Statement 3 is correct: The deification of
z Ho and Kui are important Dravidian Buddha by Mahasanghika fostered Mahayana
languages along with Kolami, Konda, Koya, Buddhism. They attributed divinity to Buddha
Gondi, Kudukh, Parji. and worship of Buddha in Statue form started
NOTE: Now, even if you don’t know the which is still prevalent in modern days.
exact answer you can still reach the correct NOTE: Questions on Mahayana and
answer if you have read about ‘Ho and Hinayana theme earlier asked by UPSC in:
Munda Uprisings’ in Modern Indian History. 2016 - asked if Bodhisatva concept belongs
Therefore, it is advisable to read each and to Hinayana sect
every subject with clear understanding and 2017 - checked knowledge of Sautantrika
also try to interlink the subject with the and Sammitiya being sect of Jainism
other subject. 2019 - asked if deification of Buddha was
30. (c) Sub-Theme: Buddhism done by Mahayana
Option (c) is correct: Paramitas are qualities 2020 - checked whether Staviravadins
to be perfected in order to attain a state of belongs to Mahayana Buddhism
self enlightened Universal Buddha (a samma 2020 - asked if deification of Buddha
sambuddha) a term prevalent in Eastern and by Mahasanghikas fosterd Mahayana
Buddhism.
Northern traditions.

Art and Culture 95


Pair 2 is incorrect: Dwarasamudra was the
Given the high repeating frequency of
Jainism and Buddhism, it is recommended capital of the Hoysala kingdom in the 11th
to read A L Basham’s “The wonder that was century. Today it is known as Halebidu - a
India” from page 261-294. These themes town located in Hassan district in Karnataka.
have been covered in detail over there. Pair 3 is correct: Girinagar also known
as Girnar or Revatak Parvat is a group of
32. (a) Sub-Theme: Places of historical importance
mountains in the Junagadh district of Gujarat.
Pair 1 is correct: Bhilsa is the medieval name Temples situated on Mount Girnar are sacred
of the modern day Vidisha city of Madhya to both Digambar and Swetambars branches of
Pradesh. Vidisha was also known as Besnagar Jainism.
in ancient times. This city lies east of the Betwa Pair 4 is incorrect: Thanesar ( Thaneshwar)
river and was renamed Vidisha in 1956. King is an old Hindu pilgrimage town of Haryana
Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty served as that was famous as Sthanesvara in ancient
the Governor of Vidisha during his father’s times. Thaneshwar was ruled by the great
regime. King Harsha of the Vardhan dynasty.

96 UPSC Prelims PYQs


z Mahayana sect of Buddhism emerged
Note: Practicing the map of Ancient India
might come handy for solving this type of during the Fourth Buddhist council held
factual question. In this way, try to practice at Kashmir during the reign of Kanishka.
the map and learn the old and new names z Worship of images of Buddha and
of every important empire, Ashokan Edicts, Bodhisattvas was a distinctive feature of
etc.
this sect.
33. (b) Sub-Theme: Keywords of Ancient India/ z A Bodhisattvas is someone who has
Buddhism compassion within himself or herself and
Pair 1 is correct: The Sanskrit word who is able to make another person smile or
Parivrajaka means renunciant & wanderer help someone suffer less. Every one of us is
in English. Ajita Keshkambalin, Makhkhali capable of this ~ Thich Nhat Hanh.
Goshala, Gauthama Buddha, and Vardhamana z They accumulated knowledge through their
Mahavira are a few well-known examples for hard work, delayed their passing to heaven,
Parivrajaka. and helped others to attain Buddhahood.
Pair 2 is incorrect: Brahmins were privileged z Deification of the Buddha, Trading the
as intermediaries between God and its path of Bodhisattvas and Image worship
followers, making them socially dominant and rituals are all features of Mahayana
groups of the society. There have been many Buddhism.
movements that tried to distance themselves 35. (b) Sub-Theme: Cultural tradition of India
from this practice and belief. Shramanas were Pair 1 is correct. Chapchar Kut is a spring
one such group. festival of Mizo people in Mizoram. It is
z Famous among them were Buddhists, Jains, celebrated in March after they complete their
lokayats, and Ajivikas. The Shramanas jhum cultivation (Jungle clearing).
included a variety of ascetics, monks and Pair 2 is correct. Khongjom Parba is a
lay followers of various sects. traditional musical art of Manipur that involves
z They renounced worldly life to search for ballad singing accompanied by the sounds of
the truth about life and the universe. The dholak or drum. It is one of the most popular
music art forms of the state and incites the
main feature of Shramana was their equal
spirit of patriotism and nationalism in the
treatment. They lived as an equal member
heart and minds of the audience.
of the order, without any caste distinctions.
Pair 3 is incorrect. Thang-Ta - is an ancient
Pair 3 is correct: Lay followers of Buddhism Manipuri Martial Art dance developed from
were known as Upsakas or Upasikas. This the war environment of Manipur & created
title is used for the followers of Buddhism who by the Meitei. Thang-Ta was also known as
were not monks, nuns and took certain vows. Huyen Lallong which means ‘The art of
NOTE: Question on similar theme came sword and the spear’.The art developed from
in 2016, where Parivrajaka and Shramana the war environment of Manipur. It played an
were given incorrect options. This question important role in the geopolitical environment
could be answered by reading the solution of medieval times in between India and China
of 2016 question. Hereby reading PYQ along with many independent states at war with each
with solutions stands important.
other.
34. (d) Sub-Theme: Buddhism/Protest Religion 36. (b) Sub-Theme: Buddhism/Jainism/Protest Religion
Option (d) is correct: All three statements Option (b) is correct: The “Sthanakvasi” sect
are features of Mahayana Buddhism. Mahayana belongs to Jainism.
Buddhism involves the deification of the Sthanakvasi:
Buddha, the path of the Bodhisattva, and the z It is a branch of Svetambara Jainism that
use of images and rituals in worship. was started in 1653 AD by a merchant
Mahayana Buddhism: named Lavaji.

Art and Culture 97


z It holds that the path to soul purification z Well-known in Gujarat and Sindh during the
and achieving Nirvana/Moksha does not Maitraka dynasty
include idol worship.
z Speaks Apabhraṃśa as their primary
z Sthanakvasi acknowledges 32 of the
language
Svetambara canonical Jain Agamas (text
detailing Mahavira’s teachings z Replaced Sarvastivadins as Sarnath’s most
illustrious institution by the 4th century CE
37. (c) Sub-Theme: Buddhism/Bodhisattva
Option (c) is correct: Maitreya is a future z Split into two sub-schools: Avantakas and
Buddha, yet to come to save the world. Kurukulas
z According to Buddhist tradition, Maitreya 39. (a) Sub-Theme: Cultural Traditions of India
is a Bodhisattva who will appear on earth
Pair 1 is correct: Chalia sahib is the festival
in future, attain enlightenment and teach
pure dharma. of the Sindhis which involves devotees fasting
z He will be the future Buddha. He is also for days.
known as Ajit Bodhisattva (Amitabha Pair 2 is incorrect: The Nanda Devi Jat
sutra and Lotus sutra).[ Avalokiteshvara is celebrated every year in the Nanda Devi
(“The Lord Who Looks Down”), also called temples spread across Garhwal and Kumaon
Padmapani (“The Lotus-Bearer”) also called regions.
Lokesvara in Sanskrit (The Lord of the
Pair 3 is incorrect: Wari-Warkari is an annual
World).]
pilgrimage to Pandharpur - the seat of the god
38. (b) Sub-Theme: Buddhism
Vithoba in Maharashtra for the Warkari sect.
Statement 1 is incorrect. Sautrantika and
Sammitiya were the sects of Buddhism. NOTE: Here from our basic knowledge
we can easily infer that neither Gonds are
Statement 2 is correct. Sarvastivadin
native to Uttarakhand nor Santhals are
considers everything empirical to be native to Maharashtra. So these festivals
impermanent, they maintain that the dharma cannot be associated with these two tribes.
factors are eternally existing realities.
40. (b) Sub-Theme: Buddhism
Sarvastivadin:
z Believes in the eternal existence of dharma Statement 1 is incorrect: A Bodhisattva is
factors literally a living being(Sattva) who aspires to
z Considers empirical phenomena as illusory attain enlightenment(Bodhi). The concept of
but exist beyond the empirical world Bodhisattva is central to the Mahayana sect
z Affirms the presence of past, present, and of Buddhism.
future Statement 2 is correct: Compassion, an
z Criticized by Sautrantikas for violating the empathetic sharing of the sufferings of others,
Buddhist idea of impermanence
is Bodhisattva’s greatest characteristic.
Sautrantika:
Statement 3 is correct: Bodhisattva delays
z Descended from the Sarvastivadins
achieving his own salvation to help others on
z Relies on sutras rather than Abhidharma
the same path. It is held that the Bodhisattva
commentaries
makes four vows expressing a determination
z Adheres to extreme momentariness,
believing only the current moment exists to work for the happiness of others; “ However
z Criticizes Sarvastivadin’s belief in the innumerable sentient beings are, I vow
existence of past, present, and future to save them; however inexhaustible the
phenomena passions are, I vow to master them; However
Sammitiya and other sub-schools: limitless the teachings are, I vow to study
z Branches off from Vatsiputriya, a parent them, However infinite The Budha-truth is,
school I vow to attain it.”

98 UPSC Prelims PYQs


z Mahattara was a non-official and possibly
NOTE: UPSC loves this theme and multiple
times asked questions from this particular a representative of the people.
theme. Therefore, for detailed explanation 44. (b) Sub-Theme: Tribal Culture
aspirants are requested to go through the
Option (b) is correct: The Gond and Korku
earlier PYQ solution
tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees
41. (b) Sub-Theme: Literary work of ancient India during a month-long festival called “Bhooma”
Option (b) is correct: The love story of the son or “Bhoomi” in India. This festival is a part of
of the founder of the Shunga dynasty is found their traditional ecological practices aimed
in the book “Malavikagnimitra”. at promoting the conservation of natural
Malavikagnimitra: resources.
z The Malavikagnimitra is a Sanskrit play by z Gond and Korku tribes of Madhya Pradesh
Kalidas. celebrate the festival of Hari Jiroti in Betul
z The play tells the love story of Agnimitra and Harda districts. It is a month-long
festival of Greenery during which tribals
the son Of Pushyamitra Shunga- the
plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees.
founder of the Shunga dynasty.
z Bhutia and Lepcha- Indigenous tribes of
z He falls in love with the picture of an exiled
Sikkim
servant girl named Malavika.
z Irula and Toda- Tribes found in Nilgiri hills
42. (d) Sub-Theme: Buddhism in Tamil Nadu
Option (d) is correct: Kosala and Magadha z Sahariya and Agariya- Mostly found in
were the two kingdoms associated with the life Madhya Pradesh.
of the Buddha.
45. (a) Sub-Theme: Basic Observation
z Buddha travelled through the kingdoms
Option (a) is correct: Chaitra, one of the
of Kosala, Magadha, Vaishali and Vajji in
national calendars based on the Saka Era,
order to preach his philosophy.
corresponds to 22nd March (or 21st March)
z Avanti had no direct connection to of the Gregorian calendar in a normal year of
Buddha’s life. 365 days.
z Gandhara received Buddhist influence Saka samvat Gregorian calendar
during the time of Ashoka When the
Chaitra March 21- April 20
Mauryan empire expanded up to Gandhara.
Vaisakha April 21- May 21
z As per various Pali texts, it is known that
Jyestha May 22- June 21
Prasenjit, king of Kosala was a contemporary
of Buddha. Ashadha June 22- July 22
Shravana July 23- August 22
NOTE: Same question came in consecutive
years i.e 2014 and 2015. Here comes the Bhadra August 22- September 22
advantage of reading PYQs, bonus of 2+ Ashwin September 22- October 22
marks !! Jainism and Buddhism are all-time Kartika October 23- November 21
favourite topics of UPSC, preparing them in
Agrahayana November 22-December 21
details always reap rich dividends.
Pausha December 22- January 20
43. (b) Sub-Theme: Keywords from the Medieval India
Magha January 21- February 19
Option (b) is correct: The designations
Phalguna February 20- March 20/21
‘Mahattara’ and ‘Pattakila’ were used for
village officers in medieval India. 46. (c) Sub-Theme: Famous Shrines in India
z Mahattara and pattakila were the village Pair 1 is correct: Tabo Monastery is located
headmen. in Spiti valley, Himachal Pradesh.
z Pattalika is generally identified with the Pair 2 is incorrect: Lhotsava Lhakhang
modern Patel, believed to be the king’s temple is in Nako village in the Kinnaur
representative in the village. region of Himachal Pradesh. Zanskar

Art and Culture 99


valley is in the Kargil district of Ladakh. z He founded the philosophy of
It has been identified as one of the hundred Shuddhadvaita which believed in the
most endangered heritage sites by the World absolute union.
Monuments Fund.
z He prescribed Pushtimarg as the means for
Pair 3 is correct: Alchi temple complex is
salvation (extreme devotion to God).
situated in Alchi village of Leh district, Ladakh.
It was constructed by Guru Rinchen Zangpo 48. (b) Sub-Theme: Tribes
around the 10th century. Option (b) is correct: The community of
47. (d) Sub-Theme: Bhakti Movement people called Manganiyars is well-known for
Statement 1 is incorrect: Bijak is the their musical tradition in North-West India.
collection of ideas and teachings of Kabir. He They are a Muslim community of hereditary
was a 15th-century Indian mystic poet and musicians who live in the desert regions of
saint, whose writings influenced Hinduism Rajasthan and parts of Pakistan.
is Bhakti movement and his verses are found
Manganiyars:
in Sikhism’s scripture Guru Granth Sahib.
z Manganiyars are a Muslim community of
He was a disciple of Ramananda. He began
a strong campaign against the superficial North-West India. They, along with the
religious rituals of both Muslims and Hindus. Langham community, are known for their
Statement 2 is incorrect: Vallabhacharya’s folk music.
philosophy came to be known as Pushti Marga. z They have been professional musicians for
He was also known as ‘Achinitabhadra’. He was generations supported by wealthy landlords
the first to advocate for Krishna Bhakti using of the area.
the Maha Bhagavata Purana as a foundation.
z Pietra Dura is the art of carving the stone
Kabir:
from a general point of view. This is an Inlay
z He was a 15th-century Indian mystic
poet and saint, whose writings influenced technique. The words “Pietra dura” come
Hinduism’s Bhakti movement and his verses from Italian, it means “hard stone”, but also
are found in Sikhism’s scripture Guru Granth “semi-precious stone”.
Sahib. 49. (c) Sub-Theme: Indian Languages
z He was a disciple of Ramananda. He began
Option (c) is correct: Both Kannada and
a strong campaign against the superficial
Telugu have been declared as ‘Classical
religious rituals of both Muslims and Hindus.
Language/Languages’ by the Government.
z According to Kabir, the individual who is
z Gujarati has not been declared as a classical
following the path of righteousness, sees
language by the government of India.
all living things as his own, and is passively
detached from worldly affairs is the one z There are six classical languages in our
who is closest to the truth. country- Tamil (declared in 2004), Sanskrit
z Through the Kabir Panth (“Path of Kabir”), (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008),
a religious group that claims him as its Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014).
founder and is one of the Sant Mat sects, z All the classical languages are listed in the
Kabir’s legacy continues on and is preserved 8th schedule of our constitution.
by them.
50. (c) Sub-Theme: Indian School of Philosophy
z He wrote- Sabad, Bijak, Doha, Holi, and
Rekhtal. He propagated Ram Bhakti. Option (c) is correct: Lokayata and Kapalika
Vallabhacharya: are not part of these six systems. Lokayata
z He was also known as ‘Achinitabhadra’. refers to the materialist school of thought
z He was the first to advocate for Krishna that originated in ancient India, while Kapalika
Bhakti using the Maha Bhagavata Purana is a tantric sect that emerged in the medieval
as a foundation. period.

100 UPSC Prelims PYQs


School of Philosophy Founder Central Theme

Nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance


Nyaya Gautama Rishi with reason and experience. Nyaya is considered a
technique of logical thinking.

It is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. believes


Vaisheshika Kannada Rishi in the complete authority of Vedas.

Everything, in reality, stems from Purusha (self, soul


Samkhya Acharya Kapila or mind) and Prakriti (matter, creative agency, energy)

Yogic techniques control body, mind & sense organs,


Yoga Rishi Patanjali thus considered as a means of achieving freedom or
mukti.

Purva Mimansha Rishi Jamini Emphasis on the power of yajnas and mantras.

Vyasa Advaita by Shankara Monistic school of philosophy that believes the world
Vishishtadvaita by Ramanuja is unreal and the only reality is Brahman
Vedanta Dvaita by Madhvacharya
(Uttara Mimansa) Dvaitadvaita by nimbarka
Shuddhadvaita by
Vallabhacharya

51. (d) Sub-Theme: Indian School of Philosophy 52. (b) Sub-Theme: Bhakti Movement
Option (d) is correct: Satyameva Jayate Option (b) is correct: Guru Nanak was
means “Truth alone Triumphs”. It is taken preaching during the time when the Lodi
from Mundaka Upanishad. Mundaka Upanishad dynasty fell and Babur took over. Tyagaraja, on
is listed as no. 5 in the list of 108 Upanishads the other hand, lived in the 18th-19th century,
of Hinduism. much later than the fall of the Lodi dynasty.
z Satyameva Jayate means “Truth alone z Guru Nanak was born in 1469. Babur
Triumphs”. It is taken from Mundaka defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First battle
Upanishad. Mundaka Upanishad is listed of Panipat in 1526.
as no. 5 in the list of 108 Upanishads of
z So when Babur was strengthening the
Hinduism.
Mughal dynasty in India Guru Nanak was
z The Mundaka Upanishad is a collection preaching Sikhism in India.
of philosophical poems used to teach
z Tyagaraja, a Carnatic music composer was
meditation and spiritual knowledge
born in 1767.
regarding the true nature of Brahma and
the Self (Atman). z Daddu Dayal was a poet-saint of Gujrat
born in 1544.
z It is composed of the three main parts
(Mundaka): Guru Nanak:
1. The first part expounds on the science z Guru Nanak was born in Talwandi near
of higher and lower knowledge. Lahore.

2. The second part describes the true z Sikhs commemorate Guru Nanak’s birth
nature of the Self (Atman) and Brahman. anniversary with Guru Nanak Gurpurab.
3. The third part further builds on the z He went on spiritual trips through India,
previous two parts and attempts to Tibet, and Arabia for nearly 30 years.
describe the state of knowing Brahman, z Guru Nanak spent his final years in Kartarpur,
which is one of bliss and fearlessness. Punjab, where he taught his pupils.

Art and Culture 101


z He preached the idea of one God and direct z Viharas were dwelling places used by
access to God without the aid of priests or wandering monks during the rainy season
ceremonies. but eventually, they evolved into centres
z Guru Nanak condemned the caste system of learning and Buddhist architecture
and advocated for equality for all people, through the donations of wealthy lay
regardless of gender or caste. Buddhists.
z He introduced the concept of “Vahiguru,” Note: Careful reading about similarities and
a formless, timeless, omnipresent, and differences among Mahayana and Hinayana,
invisible being. Jainism and Buddhism is advisable. This
question was a direct hit from Fine Art
z The Sikhs’ most sacred book, Guru Granth NCERT.
Sahib, comprises 974 of Guru Nanak’s
55. (a) Sub-Theme: Buddhism
poetic hymns.
Option (a) is correct: Buddhism defines
Daddu Dayal:
Nirvana as being free from desire, pain,
z He was born into Ahmedabad’s weaving
pleasure etc. It is like the extinction of flame
community.
z Buddhism defines Nirvana as being free
z He preached Nirgunabhakthi from desire, pain, pleasure etc. It is like the
z His instructions were collected into a book extinction of flame.
called “Dadu Dayaram ki Bani.” z In Buddhist traditions, nirvana is often
53. (b) Sub-Theme: Indian School of Philosophy described as the extinction of three
Statement 1 is incorrect. Samkhya fires- greed(raga), aversion(dwesha) and
philosophy believes in the theory of rebirth. ignorance(moksha). When these flames are
Samkhya is an Orthodox Indian philosophical extinguished, the cycle of rebirth is skipped.
system. Orthodox Indian philosophical system 56. (d) Sub-Theme: Jainism
believes in soul and karma theory. For Karma Option (d) is correct: Jainism advocates
theory to hold, the soul has to undergo the practice of penance as the surest way of
rebirth or transmigration. Therefore, without annihilating Karma. According to Jainism,
liberation, no soul can be free from the cycle of every object, including the smallest particle,
rebirth or transmigration. has a soul. Karma is considered the bane of the
Statement 2 is correct. Samkhya Philosophy soul and must be ended to achieve liberation.
is dualistic and not monistic because it has z As per Jain doctrine, the surest way of
two entities, Purush (spirit) and Prakriti annihilating Karma is to practise penance.
(nature). Samkhya emphasises the attainment Every thing has a soul, even the smallest
of knowledge of the self by means of particle.
concentration and meditation. It believes z Karma is the bane of the soul and must be
that after you have ‘died’ in this life you will go ended.
through a process of rebirth where depending z Three Jewels of Jainism are Right Faith,
on your actions in your former life your status right knowledge and Right Action.
will be decided. z Five doctrines of Jainism are -
54. (b) Sub-Theme: Basic Understanding of Buddhism 1. Ahimsa: Non-injury to all living beings;
Option (b) is correct: Chaitya is a place of 2. Satya: Do not speak a lie;
worship, while Viharas is the dwelling place
3. Asteya: Do not steal;
of the monks.
4. Aparigraha: Do not acquire property;
z Chaitya is a place of worship, while Viharas
5. Brahmacharya: Observe continence.
is the dwelling place of the monks.Chaitya
was a rectangular prayer room with a stupa 57. (b) Sub-Theme: Buddhism/Jainism
in the middle, where people might offer Statement 1 is incorrect. Buddhism professed
prayers. a middle path, and avoidance of extremities

102 UPSC Prelims PYQs


of penance and enjoyment whereas Jainism z The second Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya is
advocated extreme penance and asceticism. depicted in this mudra.
Statements 2 and 3 are correct: Buddhism z He is believed to transform the delusion
and Jainism rejected the idea of grand of anger into mirror-like wisdom.
rituals along with the authority of Vedas and 60. (b) Sub-Theme: Jain and Buddhist Literature/Text
Priests. They both believe in the concept of
z Buddhist Literature/Texts: The earliest
reincarnation. Buddhist works were written in Pali,
58. (a) Sub-Theme: Jainism which was spoken in Magadha and South
Option (a) is correct: Jain philosophy holds Bihar. The Buddhist works can be divided
that the world is created and maintained by into the canonical and non-canonical texts.
Universal laws. Canonical texts are believed to be the
z Jain philosophy holds that the world is actual words of the Buddha. Canonical
created and maintained by Universal laws. texts are books which lay down the basic
Jainism does not support belief in the tenets and principles of Buddhism such as
creator deity. According to Jain doctrine, the the Tripitakas. Non-canonical texts or
universe and its constituents (soul, matter, semi-canonical texts are commentaries
and observations on canonical texts,
space, time and motion) have always existed.
quotes, definitions, historical information,
All the constituents and actions have always
grammars and other writings in Pali,
existed.
Tibetian, Chinese and other East Asian
59. (b) Sub-Theme: Buddhism languages.
Option (a) is correct: The “Bhumisparsha z Jain Literature/Text: The sacred books
mudra” hand gesture shown in Lord Buddha’s of the Jainas are collectively known as the
image symbolises his calling of the Earth to Siddhanta or Agama. Both the Shvetambara
witness his purity and chastity despite the and Digambara schools accept and give
temptations of Mara. prime importance to the Angas. Agamas is
Bhumisparsha Mudra: a term used for Jaina canonical literature. It
z Bhumisparsha means ‘touching the earth’ includes: 14 Purvas; 12 Angas; 12 Upangas;
in Sanskrit. 10 Prakirnas; 6 Cheda Sutras; 4 Mala Sutras;
z It is more commonly known as the ‘earth Niryuktis; Kalpasutra; Acharang Sutras;
Nandi Sutra; Anuyogadvara.
witness’ mudra.
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Netti Pakarana
z This mudra, formed with all five fingers of
is a Buddhist scripture containing methods
the right hand extended to touch the ground,
that were taught by the Buddha’s disciple
symbolises the Buddha’s enlightenment
Kaccana as approved by the Buddha and that it
under the bodhi tree, when he summoned
was recited at the First Buddhist Council.
the earth goddess, Sthavara, to bear witness
Statement 2 is correct: The Parishishta
to his attainment of enlightenment. Parvan (12th century) by Hemachandra
z The right hand, placed upon the right gives a history of the earliest Jaina teachers
knee in earth-pressing mudra, and and also mentions certain details of political
complemented by the left hand-which is history.
held flat in the lap in the dhyana mudra of Statement 3 is incorrect: Avadana literature
meditation, symbolises the union of method (Avadana means ‘Legends’) is a type of
and wisdom, samsara and nirvana, and also Buddhist literature correlating past lives’
the realisations of the conventional and virtuous deeds to subsequent lives’ events.
ultimate truths. Statement 4 is correct: Trishashthilkshana
z It is in this posture that Shakyamuni Mahapurana is a major Jain text composed
overcomes the obstructions of Mara while largely by Acharya Jinasena during the rule of
Rashtrakutas.
meditating on Truth.

Art and Culture 103


61. (c) Sub-Theme: Scholars and Thinkers of Ancient Pair 2 is correct: Dignāga, Buddhist logician
India and author of the Pramāṇasamuccaya
Pair 1 is incorrect: Ā� ryadeva was a Mahayana (“Compendium of the Means of True
Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Knowledge”), a work that laid the foundations
Madhyamaka philosopher. After Nagarjuna, of Buddhist logic. Dignāga gave a new definition
he is considered to be the next most important of “perception”: knowledge that is free from all
figure of the Indian Madhyamaka school. His conceptual constructions, including name and
writings are important sources of Madhyamaka class concepts. Dignāga’s tradition was further
in both East Asian Buddhism and in Tibetan developed in the 7th century by Dharmakī�rti.
Buddhism. Ā� ryadeva is also known as Pair 3 correct: Sri Ranganathamuni,
Kanadeva, recognized as the 15th patriarch in popularly known as Sriman Nathamuni (823
Chan Buddhism and some Sinhalese sources CE–951 CE), was a Vaishnava theologian
also mention an elder (thera) called Deva which who collected and compiled the Nalayira
may also be the same person. He is known for Divya Prabandham. Considered the first of
his association with the Nalanda monastery in Sri Vaishnava āchāryās, Nathamuni is also the
modern-day Bihar, India. author of Yogarahasya, and Nyāyatattva.

v v v

104 UPSC Prelims PYQs

You might also like