CHAPTER – 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A brief review of literature was performed with the aim to obtain comprehensive knowledge
about the research topic.
Nye (1952) has pointed out that there is better parent-adolescent relationship and children
personality in homes where mothers are employed full time than homes where they go for part
time jobs or are unemployed.
Crandall et al. (1960) highlighted that parental factor and child rearing
techniques are very important in shaping the cognitive development of children. Parental
practices which engender emotional security and low anxiety, independence and high
internalized goals for achievement are associated with accelerated cognitive
development. Mothers who value achievement, set high achievement standards, and
reward their children for satisfactory performance have boys and girls who have high
achievement.
Radin (1971) determined that parental warmth, acceptance and nurturance foster
achievement motivation and intellectual development. A supportive warm home
environment which encourages exploration, curiosity and self-reliance leads to high
achievement. In malevolent homes characterized by extreme punitiveness and rejection,
or in homes where the father is extremely authoritarian and enmeshes the child in rigid
rules and regulations low achievement results. Baumrind (1971) research projects, children of
authoritative mothers are independent, socially responsible, self controlled, explorative, self
reliant and personality traits. Children of permissive parents or family environment are lacking in
self reliance, self control and explorative tendencies.
Marfatia (1973) found that lack of parental love, over strictness or over disciplined, attitude
especially that of father and mother, constant quarrel between the parents, alcoholic parents, low
family income, loneliness and lack of recreational outlet are some of the causes responsible for
maladjustment among the adolescents in various areas home, emotional, personality and school.
MacKinnon, Brody and Stoneman et al. (1982) The present study examined the home and family
environments of children whose mothers were working or nonworking mothers. The research
sample was consisted of 60 children from 3 to 6 years of age. The Home Observation for
Measurement of the Environment Inventory was administered to assess the amount of cognitive
and social stimulation in the children's homes. The home environments of children from working
homes were found to be less cognitively and socially stimulating than those of married homes.
The degree of sex typing in the children's rooms was assessed, using the Rheingold and Cook
Checklist. The toys and furnishings provided for children by their parents, families, and friends
were found to be different for boys and girls. Additionally, children from the working homes had
slightly less sex-typed rooms than did children from nonworking homes. Results were discussed
in relation to literature in the area.
American Academy of Pediatrics, (1985) According to the Periodic Survey of Fellows; American
Academy of Pediatrics Division of Child Health Research, the majority of pediatricians surveyed
found that mothers should not work outside the home from their child’s infancy to early pre-
school age.
EAnderson, KulmanMichele APaludi et al. (1986) Working and non working mothers (N = 204)
were administered questionnaires to assess their degree of role strain, and their perceptions of
their work, child care, and family environments. Few differences were found between women
who were single (n = 40), non working (n = 164), or who worked part- (n = 37) or full-time (n =
167). Role strain among working mothers was found to be related to factors in their work and
home and family environments, such as their job, self satisfaction, and the degree of conflict in
their families. The sample of research was also found that non working mothers handle and
experience a great deal of time pressure and reported a lack of resources to care for their sick
children. Implications for the understanding of vocational behavior are presented.
Hoffman, L. W. (1991). The family environment influence the personality: Accounting for
sibling differences. Psychological Bulletin, The research Findings that the behavioral genetics
indicate that environment of family and it affects personality but that siblings are not alike. This
analyzes of the research has been interpreted as challenging the idea that child rearing and family
events are important. Research from behavioral genetics and developmental psychology is
reviewed. Developmental psychology conceptualizes that the family as involving the person and
the environment and personality of an individual as multi-determined.
Menaghan and Parcel (1991) This study examines determinants of the home environments
employed mothers provide for their young children, and investigates the impact of current
employment experiences, current family conditions, and maternal and child characteristics in
shaping children's home environments. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of
Youth's 1986 Mother-Child Supplement, this research of study focuses on 795 employed and non
employed mothers with a child aged three through six years old. As work socialization theories
suggest, the occupational complexity of mother who are not employed positively affects the
home environments mothers provide for their children. Larger family size produces less optimal
child and family environments. The resources that mothers want bring to their childrearing—
self control, educational, and age—also have significant effects on children's home and family
environments. Where working mothers give importance of home environment for children's
cognitive and socio emotional development but because of less time they didn’t focus on it,
these findings suggest pathways by which maternal resources and current occupational and
family environments have intergenerational repercussions.