Week 1:

Here’s the Matter

Chemistry is about what matter
is like and how it
MATTER
behaves, and our explanations Anything which has mass and
and predictions of volume
its behaviour.
 Anaximenes Thales of Miletus Heraclitus
“air” “water” “fire”

Empedocles
“earth, air, fire and
water”
Leucippus “atomos” Democritus

1. All matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to be seen by the naked eyes.
They cannot be broken down further into smaller portions.
2. Atoms are in constant motion around an empty space called void.
3. Atoms are completely solid.
4. Atoms are uniform, with no internal structure.
5. Atoms come in different shapes and sizes.
Epicurus of Samos Aristotle
“atomism” “aether”
 Atoms Chemical Properties Compounds Distillation

Elements Extensive properties Filtration Gas

Heterogeneous mixture Homogeneous mixture Intensive properties

Ions Liquid Magnetic separation Mixtures Molecules

Physical properties Pure substances Solid

 PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER

Ions
- particles with
charges

Atoms Molecule
- smallest particles - group of atoms
of matter bonded together

SOLID
strong intermolecular forces
(particles are tightly packed,
hence almost incompressible)
definite shape and volume
particles vibrate in a fixed
position
high density
expands slightly when heated
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
weaker intermolecular forces
(almost incompressible)
fixed volume and takes the
shape of any container
(particles are not arranged in
orderly manner)
moderate density
expand slightly when heated
GAS
no intermolecular forces (large
spaces between particles and
easily compressed)
no fixed shape and volume
very low density
greatly expands when heated
 STATES OF MATTER

BOSE-EINSTEIN
PLASMA CONDENSATE

formed by extreme heating

formed when a gas of bosons at low densities
groups of negative and positive is cooled to temperatures very close to
charged particles absolute zero
Changes of state
Changes of state
Changes of state
Changes of state
Changes of state
Changes of state
Changes of state
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

acc. to change involved

acc. to the amount
during measurement of
of matter
the property

Physical properties Chemical Properties Extensive properties Intensive properties

- no change takes place - describes the ability of - depend on the amount of - do not depend on the
during measurement of a substance to undergo matter in a sample amount matter that is
these properties a specific chemical volume present
- usually observed with change mass boiling/melting point
our senses size density
- a characteristic of a weight state of matter
substance that can be length color
observed or measured odor
without changing the temperature
identity of the luster
substance hardness
ductility
malleability
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
based on the number of components present

Pure substances Mixtures

- consists of only one element - consists of two or more different substances,
or one compound not chemically joined together

based on the number of of based on the uniformity of

kinds of atoms present composition and properties

Elements Compounds Heterogeneous Homogeneous

- are pure substances made - are pure substances made - have visually - components mixed are
up of only one kind of atom up of two or more kinds of distinguishable components uniformly distributed
elements throughout the mixture

solution
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
based on the number of components present

Pure substances Mixtures

- consists of only one element - consists of two or more different substances,
or one compound not chemically joined together
Classify the following as pure substance or a mixture:

PS PS

Table sugar Table salt M M

PS PS

M Human breath M
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

Pure substances
- consists of only one element
or one compound

Elements Compounds

- are pure substances made up of only one

kind of atom - are pure substances made up of two or
more kinds of elements
118 elements are found in the periodic 2 types: Organic and Inorganic
table (next slide)
3 types: Metal, Nonmetal and Metalloid
the most abundant elements in the
human body are oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium,
phosphorus, potassium and sulfur
(refer to Table 1-2 on the next slide) H20 NaCl CO2
 Table 1-2
Most Abundant Elements in the Human Body

Element Symbol Percent (by Mass) Functions

Oxygen O 65.0 Used for cellular respiration

Carbon C 18.0 Basic building block of most cells in the body

Hydrogen H 10.0 Mainly found in the body as water, which comprises the bloody fluids

Nitrogen N 3.0 Makes up the proteins and nucleic acids (including DNA and RNA)

Calcium Ca 1.5 Found in compounds that make up the bones, teeth, and body fluids

Present in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule, the energy

Phosphorus P 1.0
currency of the body

Major component of cellular fluids; involved in transmission of nerve

Potassium K 0.25
impulses

Sulfur S 0.25 Found in amino acids that make up proteins

 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

Mixtures
- consists of two or more different substances,
not chemically joined together

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

- have visually distinguishable - components mixed are uniformly

components distributed throughout the mixture

solution

A solution consists of solute (substance that is being

dissolved by another substance) and solvent
(substance that dissolves the other substance)

Solute = salt Salt solution

Solvent = water
Classify the following as heterogeneous or homogeneous mixtures:

Oil and water HOMO

HOMO HETERO HETERO
 SEPARATION METHODS

Magnetic separation Decantation Evaporation Sublimation Filtration

- magnet is used to - separating a solid - done by - to separate a volatile - to separate a solid
remove magnetic from a liquid in a continuously heating solid from a non- from a liquid in a
solids from the heterogeneous the solution, leaving volatile solid heterogeneous
nonmagnetic mixture based on behind the solid mixture using a filter
components of a gravity component of the paper or cloth
mixture mixture
 SEPARATION METHODS

Distillation Chromatography
- used to separate
- separates miscible
components of
liquids of different
different degrees of
boiling points
solubility using a
moving and a
stationary fluid
Pure Substances and Mixtures in Consumer
Products