Series: DPSS/BIO/SM3/23-24 Code: 086

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL SURAT

BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL - 3
Topic: Animal Tissues Class: IX - ____
Name: _________________________________ Roll Number: ___

Complex organisms like animals including human beings have four basic types of tissues in them.
These make up all the organs, structure and other content of the body. The four basic types of
tissues are:
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscular Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue
• The covering or protective tissue in the animal body is epithelial tissue.
• It is the simplest animal tissue.
• Epithelial tissue may be simple i.e., composed of a single layer of cells or stratified, i.e.,
made up of several layers of cells.
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Characteristics of epithelial cells:
• Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet.
• They have only a small amount of cementing material between them and almost no
intercellular spaces.
• One side of epithelium is exposed to open space, underside is attached to connective tissue
by a thin, extracellular fibrous basement membrane.
• This tissue lacks blood vessels. So fed by diffusion from well vascularized underlying
connective tissues.
• Anything entering or leaving the body must cross at least one layer of epithelium.
• The cells of this tissue reproduce rapidly.

Functions:
• Epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from mechanical and chemical injuries and
bacterial or viral infection.
• It covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a barrier to keep different
body system separate.
• Selective permeability: act as gatekeepers to let some substances in and keep others out
• It helps in absorption of water and nutrients.
• It helps in elimination of waste products.
• Some epithelial tissues are involved in secretion such as sweat, saliva, etc.
• Sensation: sense changes in the environment.

Sr. Type of Epithelium Structure of Location Function

No. cells
1. Simple Squamous Cells are Forms the lining Protects the underlying
Epithelium extremely thin, of blood vessels, parts from mechanical
flat, closely lung alveoli etc. injury, prevents the
packed like tiles entry of germs inside
on a pavement the body, facilitates
of floor diffusion of gases,
and selectively exchange of materials,
permeable. etc.
2. Stratified Squamous Cells flattened, Skin, lining of To prevent wear and
Epithelium joined together nose, buccal tear, protection.
and stacked i.e. cavity,
arranged in oesophagus,
layers anus.

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3. Columnar Epithelium Cells Most organs of Absorption and
cylindrical, tall digestive tract secretion, facilitates
pillar like (more like stomach, movement across the
tall less wide). small intestine barrier.
Nucleus is oval and large
and lies near the intestine.
base.
4. Ciliated Columnar Cells In the Helps in the movement
Epithelium rectangular in respiratory of mucus forward to
shape and have tract and clear it, movement of
hair like fallopian tube of ovum and zygote
projections female towards the uterus.
called cilia. reproductive
system.

5. Cuboidal Epithelium Cube like cells Lining of kidney Secretion, absorption,

which are as tall tubules, ducts excretion and
as wide having of various mechanical
large central glands like support to the organs.
nucleus. salivary glands,
ovaries and the
thyroid gland.
6. Glandular A portion of the Glands Secretion in the form of
Epithelium epithelial tissue enzymes, hormones,
(usually oil, sweat and milk
columnar (mammary glands)
epithelium)
folds inward to
form a
multicellular
gland.

Connective Tissue

• The connective tissue will have matrix in which cells and fibres are suspended.
• The cells are loosely spaced in the matrix.
• The matrix can be fluid, jelly like, dense or rigid depending upon the function of the
particular connective tissue.

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 A. Proper Connective Tissue / Loose Connective Tissue
1. Areolar tissue
• Most widely spread connective tissue.
• ‘Packaging tissue’ of the body.
• It consists of a transparent, jelly like sticky matrix.
• Found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone
marrow.
• It fills the spaces inside the organs, support internal organs and helps in repair of tissues.

2. Adipose tissue
• Commonly known as body fat and is found all over the body.
• Adipose cell also called as Adipocyte or Fat cell contains large globules of fat.
• It can be found under the skin as subcutaneous fat, packed around internal
organs, between muscles, within bone marrow etc.
• Adipose tissue acts as insulator by preventing loss of heat from the body in extreme cold
conditions.

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3. Fibrous tissue: It is mainly made up of fibroblasts, white collagen fibres and very little matrix.
It forms tendons and ligaments.

Tendon
A fibrous connective tissue that connects
muscles to bone.
Great strength but limited flexibility.
A tendon serves to move the bone with a force
which the muscles exert.
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone
to bone.
Considerable strength, very elastic and flexible.
Ligament protect and prevent the structure like
bones from bending, twisting and tearing.
It also helps to maintain stability in the body.

B. Supporting Connective Tissue

C
Compact bone Hyaline cartilage

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1. Cartilage
• Cartilage is a smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends
of long bones at the joints.
• It is found in many areas of the body like:
❖ Joints between bones e.g. the elbows, knees and ankles
❖ Ends of the ribs
❖ Between the vertebrae in the spine
❖ Ears and nose
❖ Trachea
❖ Larynx
Characteristics and composition:
• Hard but flexible skeletal connective tissue consisting of living cells chondrocytes
embedded in a matrix.
• Solid matrix is composed of proteins and sugars.
• Cartilage repairs very slowly as compared to any other tissue of the body.
Function:
• It is more compressible than bone. It absorbs stresses and provides flexibility to body parts.
2. Bones
Characteristics and composition:
• A strong and non-flexible connective tissue consisting of cells, fibres and ground substance.
• Bone cell or Osteocytes are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and
phosphorus compounds.
• Presence of collagen (a structural protein) fibres give strength to the tissue.
Function:
• Forms the framework that supports the body.
• Anchors the muscles and support the main organs of the body.
Characteristic Bone Cartilage
Nature Hard and inelastic tissue Soft and elastic tissue
Cells Osteocyte Chondrocyte
Matrix Hard matrix composed of calcium Solid matrix composed of protein and
and phosphorus sugar
Function Forms the framework and Smoothens bone surfaces at joints.
supports main organs of the body.
It anchors the muscles.

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C. Fluid connective tissue
Blood has a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood corpuscles (RBCs), white blood
corpuscles (WBCs) and platelets are suspended.
Composition and functions:
• Blood plasma- a pale coloured fluid matrix. It transports carbon dioxide, digested food,
hormones and waste material to different parts of the body.
• RBC or erythrocytes- small, disc shaped denucleated cells having a red coloured pigment
called haemoglobin to carry oxygen and present in large numbers.
• WBC or leucocytes- large sized, nucleated cells, less in number and act as soldiers and
scavengers of the body.
• Platelets-irregular shaped cells, non-nucleated and play a role in blood clotting.

Muscular tissue
• Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells also called muscle fibres.
• This tissue is responsible for movement in our body.
A. Striated or skeletal or voluntary muscles

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Structure:
• Muscle fibres are arranged in bundles.
• Each muscle fibre is long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate.
• Each muscle fibre has alternating dark and light bands, so are also called striated or striped
muscle fibres.
• These muscles work under the will of an animal. So, are also called as voluntary muscles.
• These muscles are mostly attached to the bones, so called as skeletal muscle fibres.
• These muscles contract rapidly but for short period of time. Thus, get fatigued easily.
Location and Function:
• Found in body wall and limbs, tongue, pharynx and beginning of oesophagus.
• These muscles help in the movement of body parts and locomotion. They also
help in several voluntary movements of the body.

B. Unstriated or smooth or involuntary muscles

Structure:
• Muscle fibres are arranged in layers.
• Each muscle fibre is long, narrow, spindle shaped with pointed ends and uninucleate.
• These muscle fibres do not have alternating dark and light bands, so are also called
unstriated or unstriped muscles or smooth muscles.
• These muscles do not work under the will of an animal. Therefore, are also called as
involuntary muscles.
• These muscles are not attached to the bones, so are also called as non-skeletal muscle fibres.
• These muscles contract slowly but remain contracted for a long period of time. Thus, do not
get fatigued easily.

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Location and Function:
• Found in the wall of visceral organs (stomach, intestine, blood vessels, iris of eye, ureter).
• These muscles help in involuntary movement such as peristaltic movement of gut, ureters
and genital ducts to move food, urine and sex cells.

C. Cardiac muscles

Structure:
• Muscle fibres are arranged in the form of a network.
• Each muscle fibre is short, cylindrical, branched and joined end to end to form a network
and uninucleate.
• Each muscle fibre has alternating dark and light bands, with more mitochondria.
• These muscles are involuntary muscles.
• These muscles have zig-zag intercalated discs and are interconnected by oblique bridges so
forming a network.
• These muscles never get fatigued.
Location and Function:
• Found in walls of the heart.
• These muscles contract and relax rhythmically to pump blood out of the heart and into the
heart regularly.

How muscle cells bring about movement of body parts?

Movement is brought about by the contraction and relaxation of the contractile proteins present in
the muscle cells. Contractile proteins are myosin (a thick myofilament) and actin (a thin
myofilament).

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 Comparison between three types of Muscles
Striated muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
Location Body wall, Limbs, Walls of the visceral Walls of the heart
Tongue, Pharynx, etc organs
Structure Cylindrical, Narrow, spindle Short, cylindrical,
unbranched, shaped with pointed branched, having light
multinucleate, ends, uninucleate, no striations, uninucleate,
having striations, striations. presence of intercalated
present in bundles. discs.
Function Voluntary in action, Involuntary in action, Involuntary in action,
contract rapidly but contract slowly and contract rhythmically and
soon get fatigued remain contracted for rapidly and never get
longer period of time, fatigued.
do not get fatigued
easily.

Nervous tissue
Nervous co-ordination is the quickest way of communication in the body of an animal by electro-
chemical messages called nerve impulses.

Stimulus: A detectable change in the environment that is detected by the receptors. All animals
must respond to environmental stimuli. Stimulus is received by the receptors present in our sense
organs and respective response is shown. This happens with the help of nervous system.

The Components of Nervous System: The main components are brain, spinal cord and nerves.

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Neuron or Nerve cell is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

A nerve cell is made up of-

• Cell body- also called as Soma. It is neurons core. The cell body contains genetic
information, maintains the neuron structure and provides energy for the activities.
• Axon- long slender projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.
• Dendrites- tree like structures that receive messages from the stimulus or other neurons.
• Synapse- specialised junction between neurons.
• Some axons are covered with myelin (composed of lipids and lipoproteins), a fatty material
that acts as an insulator and helps in fast conduction of nerve impulse.

Function of Nerve Cell:

Nerve cell is highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly
from one place to another within the body.

Nerve-Many nerve fibres bound together by connective tissue make up a nerve.

Nerve Impulse- The signal that passes along the nerve fibre is called as nerve impulse.

Which functional combination of tissues allow animals to move in response to stimulus?

Neuro-muscular co-ordination helps in movement.

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