An analysis of the energy requirements for motorizing the extraction of

palm oil in Ghana with a focus on the circular economy

Abstract

Analysis of palm oil's energy consumption is crucial in Ghana due to the country's high
production costs, limited access to reliable electricity, and difficulties in managing the
extraction process. This research determined energy utilization strategies in Ghanaian palm
oil facilities to assess optimal production costs and enhance framework efficiency. Data for
this analysis came from Palm Oil Handling locations in the Western areas. Consequences
showed that manual, semi-motorized, and fully automated extraction frameworks used an
average of 113.4, 112.9, and 79.9 kJ/kg of energy, correspondingly. There are a variety of
uses for the estimated 299 kJ/kg net anticipated electricity from oil palm accumulation. The
average total power for the clearing and pressing phases of the oil is the same in all models.
The sifting stage of oil palm production uses the most energy, with the manual framework
using the most and the robotic framework using the most abnormally high amounts of energy.
This represents the base mean absolute power. Since highly automated handling plants
showed reduced energy demands, strategy developers should aim for more motorization.

Keywords: Energy Requirements, Motorizing, Palm Oil, Circular Economy.

1. Introduction

In pursuing a sustainable energy future, significant emphasis has been placed on green
innovation, particularly on emerging biofuels as a prominent area of interest. In the larger
framework of energy narratives, it is essential to highlight the significant position occupied
by biofuels. Rather than serving as a secondary player, biofuels emerge as the central focus.
The presented narrative effectively highlights the significance of ecological equilibrium and
the sustainable potential inherent in biodiesel. Upon further exploration of this subject matter,
a captivating depiction of the advantages associated with biodiesel emerges, reminiscent of a
meticulously constructed storyline. This narrative presents a story that highlights the positive
aspects of environmental stewardship, including the absence of harmful pollutants, efficient
production methods, notable efficacy, and a clear symbiotic relationship with our precious
ecosystem. We cordially invite you to accompany us on an expedition to delving into the
multifaceted aspects of the green revolution, a transformative endeavendeavorcan redefine
the energy domain. Our focus will be directed towards exploring biofuels, an avenue that
exhibits great potential to transform the landscape of energy systems, with a strong emphasis
on promoting environmental sustainability. Renewable energy sources have been widely
acknowledged as a viable and pragmatic solution to the ongoing global energy crisis. The
progress of biofuel is intricately interconnected with the fundamental concept of a biorefinery
facility. The biorefinery concept is a comprehensive and forward-thinking approach that aims
to optimize the utilization of biomass resources. This strategy involves converting various
types of biomass, such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and intentionally cultivated
energy crops, into a wide range of valuable products. The products above exhibit a wide array
of applications, spanning various fields such as biofuels, chemicals, materials, and energy.
The fundamental goals of a biorefinery revolve around reducing dependence on finite fossil
resources, promoting sustainability, and addressing environmental impacts. The potential
implementation of a biorefinery within the oil palm biomass framework demonstrates
significant potential, presenting a crucial opportunity to address ecological concerns and
optimize resource utilization in the oil palm sector. The subject matter pertains to
utilizing environmentally sustainable pre-treatment systems to harness the potential of
lignocellulosic biomass effectively endeavor that can.

The feasibility of achieving this objective lies in the strategic configuration of biorefineries,
wherein various components derived from oil palm biomass can be effectively blended.
This technology enables the acquisition of a diverse array of precious commodities. The
features under consideration encompass empty fruit bunches, palm fronds, and palm oil mill
effluent.

To facilitate the development of biofuels and biomaterials with minimal ecological

consequences, it is imperative to incorporate environmentally sustainable technologies and
uphold the tenets of green chemistry within biorefineries. Moreover, it is crucial to
emphasize that biofuel cells occupy a significant role in green technology and its
utilization in the context of biofuels. The cells currently under investigation employ dynamic
biological substances to facilitate the conversion of biomass or biofuels into environmentally
friendly electrical power, resulting in a substantial influence. Integrating green innovation
into the biofuel manufacturing aligns with the overarching objective of attaining a sustainable
future. The aim is to optimize the cost-effectiveness of biofuels and other bio-based products,
making them more accessible and affordable for consumers. The growing emphasis on
sustainable practices and investigating viable energy alternatives has led to a heightened
focus on biofuels as a potential substitute for conventional fossil fuels. The comprehensive
analysis and consolidation of prior scholarly investigations about the combination of
cellulose and nitrocellulose is an essential undertaking to discern areas of limited
understanding and propel the development of suggested approaches or potential avenues
within the domain of sustainability.

The primary objective of this comprehensive study is to thoroughly examine and analyze a
wide range of methodologies that can be effectively employed to mitigate and minimize the
potentially adverse ecological impact that may arise from various activities and practices.
Furthermore, this comprehensive study delves deep into innovative breakthroughs and
cutting-edge materials that showcase remarkable advancements in sustainability and
environmental compatibility, surpassing the capabilities of current methods and resources. It
is crucial to carry out a meticulously detailed and comprehensive survey to acquire a
thorough and all-encompassing comprehension of the present status of knowledge regarding
the production of nitrocellulose charges derived from biomass. This survey aims to
thoroughly investigate and carefully examine the wide range of potential feedstock options
that can be effectively utilized for the production process. By conducting a comprehensive
analysis, we aim to understand better the diverse feedstock alternatives available and their
suitability for this particular production endeavor. By focusing on these various feedstock
options, we can delve deeper into the subject matter and gain a more comprehensive
understanding of the feasibility and viability of utilizing biomass as a source for the
production of nitrocellulose charges. This approach allows us to gather valuable insights and
explore the potential benefits and challenges associated with each fuel choice, thus enabling
us to make informed decisions and develop effective strategies for utilizing biomass in this
specific context. The main and overarching goal of conducting this comprehensive analysis is
to provide a plethora of valuable and indispensable insights, knowledge, and information to a
wide range of esteemed scholars, esteemed experts, and esteemed practitioners who are
deeply involved and engaged in the field of research and exploration about the manufacturing
process of nitrocellulose. The ultimate aim is to shed light on and delve into the exploration
and investigation of various safer alternatives. Researchers have dedicated significant efforts
to thoroughly investigate and explore various alternative approaches to advance the field of
green innovation in the creation of nitrocellulose. To thoroughly ascertain the efficacy and
feasibility of such other choices, extensive investigations and comprehensive studies have
been conducted on various constituents related to nitrocellulose and its derivatives. The
primary objective of these investigations is to thoroughly unravel and explore the latent
potential of these constituents, aiming to uncover their vast array of diverse applications
within various fields and industries. The main focus of this particular study revolves around
the intricate process of creating permeable weapon charges. These charges are specifically
designed to incorporate nitrocellulose as their primary component. Moreover, the study
emphasizes utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as a highly effective blowing agent.
The primary objective of the present study was to thoroughly investigate the solubility
characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a diverse range of fuels. Additionally, the study
aimed. Further exploration was conducted to investigate the potential applications of blended
nitrogen-rich biopolymers derived from cellulose. The main objective of this study was to
thoroughly examine and analyze the various properties displayed by the substances being
investigated, specifically concerning nitrocellulose. This assessment aimed to thoroughly
evaluate the potential of these substances as viable and resilient alternatives to nitrocellulose,
considering various factors and aspects. As an intriguing and innovative research endeavor, a
highly skilled and dedicated team of brilliant scientists embarked on a mission to develop an
assortment of stabilizers derived from fullerene anisole derivatives. The primary objective of
this remarkable project was to enhance the longevity and durability of nitrocellulose-based
propellants, thereby revolutionizing the field of propulsion technology. The results obtained
from the study demonstrate that the stabilizers subjected to testing exhibited significantly
enhanced settling effects compared to conventional stabilizers commonly used. In addition to
that, a wide variety of additional pyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized and then carefully
examined in a thorough evaluation process. The main objective of this evaluation was to
determine the potential impact of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. The ongoing investigation
entails the intricate process of synthesizing groundbreaking entities, known as adducts, within
the vast and ever-evolving realm of nanocarbon technology (NCT). This captivating field of
study encompasses many intricate techniques and methodologies, all aimed at pushing the
boundaries of scientific knowledge and unlocking the immense potential of nanocarbon
materials. Through meticulous experimentation and innovative approaches, researchers are
tirelessly working. These adducts are formed by combining a specific molecule or structure
with derivatives of fullerene, resulting in the formation of unique compounds. This strategic
addition had a profound impact on the crystal structure of these molecules, leading to
significant alterations in their overall composition and arrangement. Furthermore, a
comprehensive investigation was conducted to thoroughly examine and analyze the potential
and conceivable impacts, ramifications, and consequences of dissolvable vehicle components
and the drying boundaries on fuels derived from nitrocellulose. This comprehensive study's
main and overarching goal was to delve into the intricate details and intricacies of drying
kinetics and the evolution of a more profound and extensive understanding of these crucial
aspects.

Furthermore, a thorough investigation was conducted to assess and analyze the potential
effects and influence of various inorganic salts on nitrocellulose's overall thermal stability
and behavior. To tackle the issue of material reactivity effectively and comprehensively, the
researchers meticulously employed a highly organized and systematic approach. Their main
objective was synthesizing not just one but two distinct formulations of nitrocellulose. By
doing so, they aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the material's properties and behavior,
ultimately paving the way for enhanced safety measures and improved applications in various
industries. The primary objective of this present study is to thoroughly examine and analyze
the intricate and complex issue of energy utilization designs, specifically in palm oil plants
located in the vibrant country of Ghana. By delving deep into this subject matter, we aim to
comprehensively understand the various factors and elements that contribute to the efficient
and effective utilization of energy resources in these specific plants. Through meticulous
research and analysis, we hope to shed light on the underlying challenges and opportunities
within this realm, ultimately paving the way for potential improvements and advancements in
the energy utilization designs of palm oil plants in Ghana. The oil palm is widely recognized
as a highly influential and substantial contributor to employment opportunities, playing a
pivotal role in modern agriculture and serving as a significant and noteworthy source of
income. The expansion of oil palm cultivation, crucial for advancing palm oil production, has
given rise to considerable concerns and apprehensions regarding its potential contribution to
deforestation. The study places a significant amount of emphasis on integrating circular
economy principles to address energy costs effectively and reduce waste during the handling
phase of the process. The primary objective of the present study was to thoroughly evaluate
and analyze the feasibility and practicality of utilizing renewable energy derived from oil
palm biomass. This research aimed to explore the potential of this sustainable energy source
as a viable solution to effectively tackle the significant energy requirements and subpar oil
extraction efficiency that currently plague the oil palm industry. The primary and foremost
objective of conducting this comprehensive evaluation was to strategically enhance and
maximize the overall productivity of the existing framework utilized in the palm oil
production sector in the beautiful country of Ghana. This evaluation aimed to meticulously
analyze and assess the current practices and methodologies employed, with the ultimate goal
of identifying potential areas for improvement and recommending suitable modifications and
enhancements to optimize the entire process further. This study's primary objective is to
contribute to the current knowledge pool by focusing on a crucial aspect of affordable oil
palm production that has been overlooked. By addressing this significant gap, we aim to
enhance the understanding and potential advancements in this field. In addition to the points
mentioned above, it is essential to note that this aligns perfectly with the current global efforts
that are being made to prioritize sustainability, enhance energy accessibility, and address the
escalating costs that are associated with agricultural output.

Furthermore, in section 2, it is essential to provide detailed information about the materials

and methods used in the research study. Section 2 thoroughly explains the procedures and
techniques employed to gather data and conduct the experiment. Moving on to section 3, it is
crucial to include comprehensive information regarding the outcomes and analysis of the
research. In section 4, it is essential to give an overall conclusion and recommendation based
on the research article. 4 team summarises the important findings and their implications and
provides recommendations for future studies or actions that can be taken based on the
research outcomes. Lastly, section 5 should include a list of references cited throughout the
article. Acknowledging and crediting the sources used to support the research and providing
further context to the study is crucial.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Area and scope of the study

Energy consumption plays a crucial role in every single phase of the supply path involved
in palm oil production. This includes the initial process of sifting the oil palm, followed by
the subsequent step of gushing to separate the palm substance, and finally, the removal of
the oil palm. The comprehensive depiction of the entire process involved in eliminating
palm oil, encompassing each phase and the corresponding framework limit, is visually
presented in Figure 1. This research study determined that a single functional unit (FU)
would be equivalent to one kilogram of sifted palm plant matter. This particular product is
available for purchase and is commonly used for distributing palm oil, along with a variety
of other goods. These additional items include void packs, which have the potential to be
utilized for various purposes, such as generating green power, creating natural manure,
and much more. This comprehensive evaluation report is centered around the Palm Oil
Handling offices, which are strategically situated in the beautiful country of Ghana.
Twelve handling offices located in various regions of Ghana were randomly selected to be
included in the assessment process. As a result of the limited number of agro-handling
enterprises in Ghana, this research study employed a sample size consisting of 11 oil palm
handling offices, as reported by Zhao et al. (2023). There are a total of four oil palm
processing companies that operate with invention restrictions below one metric tonne.
Additionally, four more companies have limits ranging between 1 and 10 metric tonnes.
Furthermore, another four companies have limits exceeding ten metric tonnes.

Figure 1. Comprehensive Cycle of Value and Mass Stability of the Oil Palm Sector

2.2. Exploration Strategy and Architectural Framework

Extracting palm natural goods, particularly oil, utilizes various energy sources. These
sources encompass power, machinery power, heat, and chemical energy. In situations
where machinery is absent, a significant proportion of the tasks are carried out by
individuals using manual methods. According to Demiralay and Paksoy (2022),
information on every operation system, which is crucial for ensuring energy utilization and
effectiveness, was obtained by initial prediction or by acquiring it from the energy split of
the plant. The cautious calculations included evaluations of various factors such as the
power of electric engines, the qualities of steam and item streams, the functionality of
boilers, the labor requirements for demanding tasks, and the duration of each activity. The
 previous year's value for the energy required to extract 1 kg of palm oil was utilized. The
analytical tools that were used to gather the data consisted of a wide range of staying
devices that were carefully selected and implemented to ensure the accuracy and reliability
of the collected data. These corresponding devices were chosen based on their
compatibility with the equipment used and their ability to enhance the overall data-
gathering procedure. By incorporating these related tools into the data collection process,
we gathered comprehensive and detailed information that was crucial for our research
objectives.

 A stopwatch to measure how much time is spent on each task;

 Measure unit for calculating fuel consumption
 A stability for calculating the extent of crude oil that has been handled and has not
been refined

In 2023, Ali utilized the fully randomized proposal (FRP) and the factorial examination plans
to meticulously gather data on the diverse estimated limits in this investigation. To assess and
analyze potential significant changes in the Natural, Warm, and Electrical energy levels as
measured by the three distinct frameworks, the researchers employed the Comparative
Research Design (CRD) methodology. The study aimed to investigate the impact of different
frameworks and tasks (exercises) on the total amount of energy consumed during the
manufacturing process of palm oil. To achieve this, a factorial plan was employed to analyze
the various combinations of frameworks and tasks and their corresponding effects on energy
consumption. The study also explored the communication patterns associated with these
frameworks and functions.

The purposeful energy was effectively addressed by utilizing the concept of yij for each of
the points evaluated within the three frameworks. The building, which serves as a repository
for knowledge and innovation, houses a comprehensive and meticulously crafted model that
encompasses all aspects of intentional energy.

y i j =μ +α i+ ε ij (1)

The general mean, commonly denoted by the Greek letter μ, represents a given dataset's
overall average or central tendency. It measures the typical value expected within the
population under consideration. In statistical analysis, it is often necessary to account for
various factors influencing the observed data. These factors, known as the framework
influences, are denoted by the symbol αi. Each αi represents a specific factor or variable that
can impact the studied outcome.

Additionally, when analyzing data, it is essential to acknowledge the presence of random or

unpredictable variations. These variations, the irregular mistake term, are denoted by the
symbol εij. The εij time captures any unexplained or residual variability that cannot be
attributed to the general mean or the framework influences. The latter, which refers to the
second option mentioned, is frequently utilized in combination with a condition of having a
mean of zero and a consistent variance denoted by σ2. In addition, it is worth mentioning that
the factorial plan factual prototypical is a valuable tool made available for evaluating the
fundamental effects of the framework and activities. Furthermore, it also helps determine the
impacts on "Cooperation" that arise directly from implementing this framework and engaging
in these activities.

y ijk =μ +α i+ β j+ ( αβ )ij + ε ijk (2)

The observed total energy encompasses a wide range of variables that contribute to its overall
value. These variables include infrastructure, processes, replications, significant impacts of
infrastructure, interactions between networks, tasks, and the average inaccuracy term. Each
factor plays a crucial role in determining the final value of the observed total energy. By
considering all of these variables, we can comprehensively understand the various
components that contribute to the observed total energy.

2.3. Data collection

The precise quantity of energy necessary for each stage of the unit's operation remains to be
determined. Determining the type and amount of energy derived from oil palm natural
products is not solely dependent on the methods employed or the volume of products
processed (Sritongchuay et al., 2019). The energy requirements were assessed by utilizing
estimated statistical information on the labor conditions associated with each unit of effort. A
palm oil factory's growth comprises three fundamental unit operations: sorting of natural
substances incorporation, squeezing/extraction, and subsequent processing. The utilization of
palm fiber predominantly occurs within the context of large-scale palm oil processing
facilities that possess advanced automation capabilities. These facilities harness the potential
of palm fiber to produce steam and electricity, which are subsequently employed to power
specific operational processes.
 2.3.1. Plant description

To perform comprehensive specific tests, our research team meticulously selected three
distinct groups of palm oil plants deemed suitable for analysis. The selection criteria for these
groups were primarily based on two key factors: the level of motorization employed in their
operations and the hourly output of palm oil fabrication. These aspects played a significant
role in determining which groups were chosen for inclusion in the study. By considering the
level of motorization, we could assess the extent to which these groups relied on mechanized
processes in their activities. This information provided valuable insights into the efficiency
and productivity of their palm oil fabrication processes.

Additionally, the hourly basis output of palm oil fabrication served as an essential indicator
of the scale and capacity of these groups. By examining this metric, we could gauge the
volume of palm oil produced by each group within a given time frame. This allowed us to
compare and contrast the productivity levels of different groups, providing a comprehensive
understanding of their operations. These selection criteria were carefully chosen to ensure
that the groups included in the study represented a diverse range of motorization levels and
palm oil fabrication outputs. Based on the classification proposed by Li et al. in 2016, plants
can be classified into three distinct groups of digitization. These levels include fully
automated, somewhat automated, and very automated, each representing varying degrees of
automation within the plant industry.

The initial group comprised various plants that primarily engaged in physical movements as
their primary form of exercise. The total amount of goods produced from their handling
efforts in one hour was less than one metric tonne of fresh, natural oil palm products.

Shrubberies that incorporate a certain level of automation, commonly called semi-motorized

facilities, can efficiently process one to ten tonnes of fresh oil palm products within an hour.

"Exceptionally Motorised Shrubberies" have been designed and equipped with advanced
automation technology, enabling them to operate incredibly highly efficiently. These plants
can produce an impressive quantity of over 10 tonnes of fresh organic products every hour.

2.4. Methods employed

Data on palm oil production, petroleum product consumption, electric energy utilization since
the state matrix, and hostage power creation were retrieved for each characterized unit
exercise. The results obtained from the assessment of the draw of every engine called, along
with the corresponding output and duration wanted, were utilized in calculating the electrical
energy consumption of the hardware components. Based on the research conducted by (Li et
al., 2016) a high level of engine proficiency, precisely 79%, was going to be necessary to
register the electrical data sources successfully.

Estimation of electrical energy by continually increasing the electric engine's assessed power
(P) in kW with time (t), we were able to calculate the electric energy input (Ep) in kW h.
Based on the research conducted by Akolgo et al. in their recent study published in 2022, it
was found that the engine under investigation was widely believed to possess an impressive
efficiency rating of 79%.

E p =ηPt (3)

2.4.1. Determination of Thermal Energy

The nuclear power input, EF, in kJ, was determined by the expanse of needed towards
engender haze in the heater. The conversion of fuel consumption (W) in kilograms to energy
(MJ) was achieved by increasing the expenditure (S) through the high in calories value (Cf)
of the fuel (J/kg) ((Darwin, 1895)

E F =C f W (4)

2.4.2. Quantifying the calorific worth

The calorific worth of the fibre, void organic product collections, and objects was determined
using the oxygen bomb calorimeter, which is a widely accepted method for measuring the
energy content of various materials. This method follows the guidelines set by ASTM
International, an organisation known for establishing standards in various industries. By
adhering to these guidelines, the accuracy and reliability of the calorific value measurements
are ensured, providing valuable information for research and practical applications.(Darwin,
1895)(Anu et al., 2023)

2.4.3. Analysis of human-induced energy

The labor-intensive power, Em, which is measured in kilowatts (kW), was initially designed
based on the value that was suggested by (Bracco et al., 2018). Based on the comprehensive
analysis provided in this review, it has been conclusively established that tropical climate
exhibit a maximum sustained energy consumption rate of 0.30 kW. This noteworthy finding
is further complemented by a commendable renovation proficiency of 24%. As a result, it can
be inferred that the energy production generated by an average individual's work in such
conditions is approximately 0.074 kilowatts. According to the findings reported by (Rossi et
al., 2020), it has been observed that this particular power output is generally sustained
consistently throughout the duration of a typical business day, which typically spans between
8 to 10 hours. Al, the researcher, presented their findings to the audience.

Em =0.074 Nt (kJ ) (5)

In this context, let us consider the variable N, which symbolizes the total population
of individuals actively involved in the specified process. In addition to the
information provided, let's introduce a new variable, denoted by 't,' which represents
the period needed to complete a particular task effectively. This variable can be
expressed in hours, providing a quantitative measure of the time necessary
for practical task completion.

2.4.4. Evaluation of the electricity generation capacity using crop

residues

The term "Epotential," as introduced by Montgomery in 2017, was employed in this

study to assess the prospects for electricity generation from agricultural crop residue.

W CR 1000
E potential =LHV CR × × × Eff PP (kW ) (6)
24 3.6

2.4.5. Analytical statistical methods

In addition to conducting various statistical analyses, the study also utilized LSD test to
examine the data further. This test was performed at a significance level of 5%, ensuring that
any observed differences were statistically significant. The post-hoc test, conducted to
examine and analyze the significant differences in the impacts of different factors on the
measured response under investigation, played a crucial role in the research process. (Ritzén
and Sandström, 2017) and (Tleuken et al., 2022) discussed and highlighted this critical test,
emphasizing its significance in their respective studies. Throughout the research process,
utilizing both Mintab version 17 and r-studio version 4.1.2 played a crucial role in ensuring
the robustness and reliability of the measurements. These software tools provided a
comprehensive, sophisticated data analysis and statistical modeling platform. By leveraging
the advanced features and functionalities of Minitab version 17, such as its powerful
statistical tools and graphical capabilities, researchers could gain valuable insights and make
informed decisions based on the data.

Similarly, R-studio version 4.1.2 offered various statistical packages and libraries, enabling
researchers to perform complex analyses and implement sophisticated algorithms. The
combination of these two software tools facilitated efficient data processing and analysis and
enhanced the accuracy and validity of the research findings. These various analytical tools
played a crucial role in improving our comprehension of the intricate behavior exhibited by
the systems, specifically plants, across a wide range of energy levels. This comprehensive
understanding allowed us to gain valuable insights into the primary effects and the intricate
interplay between various systems and processes, ultimately leading to a more profound
comprehension of the overall energy consumption patterns.

3. Outcomes and Analysis

3.1. Energy Capacity of Residual Oil Palm Biomass
4. According to (Ritzén & Sandström, 2017) Ghana's current annual oil palm
production amounts to around 2,461,604 metric tonnes. The research conducted
by (S. Wang et al., 2022) and (Tian et al., 2021)and (Chiuve et al., 2012) revealed
the buildup item proportion (RPR) values for different components of oil palm.
Specifically, the RPR values were 0.064, 0.139, and 0.25 for, fiber, EFB, and shell
respectively. The accumulations mentioned above, although possessing diverse
applications, are primarily employed as a source of energy for the conversion of
fresh fruit into tribute lubricant, with any remaining residue being utilized in
various other domains (Chiuve et al., 2012)The findings of this study demonstrate
that a potential power output of 3081.05 kJ per kilogram of oil palm deposits
exists. This observation aligns with the previous research conducted by Azasi et
al. (2020). The potential of vigor recuperation over the re-utilization of fog for
bubbling the palm organic product has been identified as a promising avenue for
increasing process efficiency (Demirbaş & Demirbaş, 2004). The vitality potential
of fuel palm shells and fiber. visibly demonstrates the remarkable capacity of a
rotary budget approach in managing fuel palm waste.
Tab.1. Theoretical and Practical Capability of Agricultural Residues
 Parameters Fibre EFB Shell

Recoverable Fraction 0.8 0.8 0.8

Moisture Content (%) 0.45 0.58 0

Calorific worth (kJ/ kg) 28822 18410 21000

Potential Energy per kg of Palm Fruit (KJ/kg) 4050.6 4852.5 1265

RPR 0.14 0.25 0.065

Briquette potential (KJ/kg) 2645.54 4266.25 1228.5

Electricity potential (KJ/kg) 1215.8 1455.65 408.5

Potential Energy (TJ) 2.604 5.565 2.026

Estimated Crop Residues (MT) 124568 286606 144588

GRAND TOTAL per Annum

The Use of Energy Evaluation and Compared of Various Strategies and Techniques

The evaluation of electric, warm air, and mechanical vitality in the non-auto form, semi-
motorized, and largely automated formation was a randomized trial design with a
significance level of 5%. The results of this analysis are presented in Figure 2. The observed
trend depicted in Figure 2 indicates the presence of variations among the various energy
types. This finding aligns with the previous studies conducted by (Benedetto et al., 2020)and
(Kang et al., 2022) which suggested the need for further investigation to ascertain their true
significance.
 Figure 2. Whole Energy Utilisation Comparison

Tab. 2 displays the outcomes of the customary electric, updraft, and physical energy
consumption in a standard oil palm processing facility that relies on physical labor. The
comprehensive energy expenditure associated with each stage of the manual handling process
is also presented in Table 2. The comparative findings for the semi-motorized and fully
automated systems are explained in separate tables, namely Tab 3 and Tab 4,
correspondingly. The outcomes indicate that guide vitality is consistently employed across all
sorts, albeit with decreased utilization in the semi-motorized and highly automated sectors.
Nuclear power is also used across all types of facilities. In the context of highly
mechanized oil palm facilities, it is common practice to employ electrical energy for
many operations.

Tab 2. The energy required for processing 1 kg of palm fruit in a conventional non-auto palm
fuel mill in Ghana.

Tab 3. The Required Energy for Processing 1 Kilogram of Palm Fruit in a Semi-Mechanized
Oil Palm Mill in Ghana

Tab 4. The energy required to process 1 kilogram of palm fruit in a fully mechanised mill in
Ghana is 1 kilojoule per kilograms.
 Unit Thermal Total Percentage of Manual Electrical
Operation Energy Energy Total Energy Energy

Oil Drying 24.4 34.5 26.4 2 0

Electrical Thermal Non-auto Aggregate Total
Component Action
Pressing 24 Energy 24.2 Energy 26.6 Energy 6.2 Energy 0 %

Boiling
Oil Drying 44 0 46 22.5 42.6 1.8 3.9 24.3 0 26.3

Threshing 0
Pressing/Expulsion 21.3 8.1 0 4.4 0.9 6.1 22.2 0 24

Total
Threshing/ 92.4 112.8 100 18.2 0
4.8 0 0.9 5.7 6.2
Stripping

Boiling 0 29.2 1 30.2 43.5

Total 26.1 61.7 4.6 92.4 100

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) findings, as presented in Tab 5, reveal significant disparities
fashionable the mean values of electric and machine-driven power among the trio structures
under investigation (p-values < 0.05). Yet, it should be noted that no significant differences
are observed in the average nuclear power levels required among the labor-intensive, semi-
motorized, and extremely automated structures, as indicated by a p-value greater than 0.05 in
Figure 3.

Tab 5. ANOVA Insights for Estimated Energies (Energy Consumed)

Estimated vitality Sr. of Variation Sig. SS MS F-test df

System 0.038 * 227.070 113.535 3.840 2

Electrical Error 620.955 29.569 21

Total 848.025 23

System 0.461 478.763 239.382 .804 2

Thermal Error 6255.450 297.879 21

Total 6734.213 23

System 0.003 ** 748.510 374.255 7.754 2

Mechanical Error 1013.635 48.268 21

Total 1762.145 23
 Figure 3. The energy utilization of different cycles in the extraction of palm oil.

The Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) after-the-fact test was employed to recognize
and emphasize the various electrical and mechanical energies within the framework below
deliberation. In the context of mechanical energy, it is observed that the manual framework
exhibits a complex significantly average amount of mechanical energy compared to mutually
the semi-automated and exceedingly motorized frameworks. This finding is supported by the
95% confidence intervals (CIs) provide a range of values within which the mean variation
can be expected to fall with a high level of confidence, by way of depicted in Figure 4.
However, it is essential to note that there is no significant difference in the average
mechanical energy experimental between the semi-motorized and extremely automated
systems, As clearly shown with the average differential in the 95% confidence interval that
encompasses 0 (as shown in Figure 4), there is no statistically significant difference between
the groups. In the context of electric energy, it is essential to note that the requirements for
energy supply in highly motorized systems differ significantly from those of manual and
semi-automated methods. However, it is worth mentioning that no discernible disparity in A
comparison was made between the manual and partially automatic systems in terms of their
utilization of electric energy. The notable disparities in electrical energy between the three
methods can be clearly observed and analyzed in the graphical representation provided in
Figure 5. Upon careful examination, it has been duly noted that the confidence intervals
(CIs), which are statistical measures used to estimate the range of values within which a true
population parameter is likely to fall, tend to predominantly lean towards the left side of the
null line. This intriguing phenomenon is particularly evident in cases where the comparisons
being made are significantly different from one another. Simultaneously, they traverse the
boundary that is considered invalid for making comparisons, in cases where the mean
difference of the confidence interval is deemed to be insignificant.

Figure 4. Fisher LSD Test Results for Mechanical Energy

Figure 5. Electrical energy Fisher's Least Significant Difference Test with a significance level
of 5%.
 3.2. Evaluation of the aggregate energy usage

A comprehensive analysis of energy consumption in different frameworks and their

interdependencies is conducted to understand the primary framework's overall energy
requirements and associated activities. The boxplots presented in Figure X showcase the
collaborative efforts within the realm of action and framework. According to the findings, it
is observed that the bubbling of the palm natural products stage necessitates the highest
volume of electric throughout entirely three structures. Specifically, the traditional (M)
system exhibits the highest average energy consumption, while the highly automated (HM)
system demonstrates the lowest average energy consumption. The average energy
consumption during the oil drying and squeezing stages exhibits high similarity across the
various scenarios under investigation. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the
energy requirements during the sifting phase of oil palm production. Our analysis reveals that
the non-auto (M) system exhibits the maximum electricity consumption, whereas the
decidedly automated structure (HM) demonstrates the lowest energy consumption for this
process. The trend that was discovered in this particular study is most likely due to the
presence of technology that is not extremely effective, especially when it comes to traditional
operations. On the other hand, when it comes to mechanized assignments, the computing
systems that are used are extremely computerized and extremely effective. The findings
presented in this study align with the results of (H. Wang et al., 2021)and (Mousavi et al.,
2017) who observed that the specific productivity of the machinery employed played a
crucial role in achieving high efficiency in oil palm processing facilities. The observed
decrease in energy consumption could be attributed to implementing energy recuperation
techniques, typically only feasible in vastly mechanized structures utilized in palm fuel
production. As mentioned above, the study highlights the potential impact of policymakers in
mitigating the eelectric demand within the palm fuel creation subsector through the
promotion of enhancements in process automation levels (Poruschi & Ambrey, 2019)
 Figure 6. Total Energy Boxplots Used in many processes and systems.

The results of the factorial approach to analysis, which compares the whole eelectric of the
core and collaboration properties, are shown in Tab 6. There were notable variations in the
predicted total power in the systems, the amount of activity, and the interaction between the
two variables (p-value = 0.001). Figure 6's boxplots corroborate the results shown by the
noticeable differences in overall energy use. The particular system type, operation, and their
interacting effects account for over 96.99% of the variance in aggregate energy needed for
palm fuel manufacture, according to the factorial trial format used in this research. The
reasons for the omitted styles, which make up less than 3% of the total, are multi-faceted and
ought to have been part of this investigation.

Table 6. Factorial ANOVA Statistics.

Sources Degree of Freedom Probability value Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Test

System 2 < .001 426.022 218.412 28.816

Activity 2 < .001 4088.806 1266.202 242.221

System * Activity 6 .001 214.462 42.484 8.266

Error 12 66.280 4.614

Sources Degree of Freedom Probability value Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Test

Corrected Total 22 4818.862

R2 0.886

Adjusted R2 0.864

To identify and separate the individual impacts of the exchanges on the mean aggregate
electricity consumption, this study utilized the widely-used statistical approach of LSD test. If
you need to compare data from different groups or circumstances to see the changes'
significance, this test is perfect for you. Researchers were able to deepen their understanding
by using the LSD test. Mail, surveys, interviews, and other forms of data collecting were
among the many tools used to compile the average differences. At the 5% significance level,
resources that ensure non part a note are deemed substantially different, so keep that in mind
while comparing means. Table 7 displays this fact.

Table 7. The Impact of System and Operation Interactions on Overall Energy Consumption.

Empty Cell Empty Cell Mean aggregate Energy Group Means

Boiling 42.600 A

Pressing 22.200 C
Manual
Oil Drying 26.600 DEF

Threshing 8.800 G

Boiling 46.000 B

Pressing 21.100 CD
Semi-Mechanized
Oil Drying 28.400 CDE

Threshing 6.100 G

Highly Mechanized Boiling 20.200 CD

Empty Cell Empty Cell Mean aggregate Energy Group Means

Pressing 22.200 F

Oil Drying 24.200 EF

Threshing 4.600 G

3.3. Reusing Materials; Using Bioenergy to Maximize Productivity

The increasing attention towards the palm oil managing marketplace's energy sector
necessitates efforts to transition The transition from a heavy reliance on fossil fuels to the
utilization of bioenergy has been a significant development in recent years sources (Qurat-ul-
Ann & Mirza, 2021)In addition to the inherent medical benefits of transitioning from fossil
fuel consumption to bioenergy, a circular economy's environmental benefits can also be
realized. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the maximum potential energy derived
from 1 kilogram of oil palm residue, yielding a value of 3081.05 kilojoules. Additionally, the
energy expenditure associated with processing an equivalent oil, The palm, can vary from 82
kilojoules per kilogram, as observed explicitly in several highly automated plants in Ghana
have been established to enhance industrial productivity and efficiency. These plants
utilize advanced machinery and technology to streamline production processes and
maximize output. With their state-of-the-art equipment and automated systems, these
mechanized plants are In Ghana, extensive investigations and evaluations have been
conducted to determine the disposable electricity capacity of fuel palm plants, particularly in
power generation. The findings of these studies have revealed that the net electricity capacity
of fuel palm biomass in Ghana is estimated to be an impressive 2999 kJ/kg. This significant
figure highlights the immense potential of oil palm plants as a reliable and sustainable energy
source in the region. This statement unequivocally affirms the enormous and noteworthy
potential for adopting and integrating circularity principles within the management practices
of the oipracticesdustry. The surplus bioenergy resource, currently not utilized for other
agricultural purposes, such as crop production or animal feed, can potentially serve as a
viable and sustainable energy source for the electric power transportation system. This is
particularly true in train technology, where the demand for efficient and eco-friendly energy
solutions is increasing. By harnessing this untapped bioenergy resource, trains can be
powered by renewable energy, which leads to a decrease in size or amount. This utilization of
bioenergy can effectively lessen working expenses and enhance the overall construction
structure of fuel palm crops, as highlighted by various studies and research conducted in the
field. The incorporation of bioenergy technologies not only provides a sustainable and
renewable source of energy but also contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,
thus promoting environmental sustainability. (Ezici et al., 2020)

4. Conclusion and recommendation

In recent years, there has been a significant shift in the global research landscape, with a
growing emphasis on addressing the complex and multifaceted challenges related to long-
term viability and energy access. This shift has been driven by the ever-increasing costs
associated with agricultural production, which have necessitated a more comprehensive and
in-depth exploration of international solutions. As a result, extensive research efforts have
been dedicated to understanding and tackling these pressing issues globally. During the palm
oil extraction process, it is of utmost importance to carefully consider the amount of energy
input required for each cycle. The degree of automation in the bikes and the system's capacity
to extract palm oil per hour have a significant impact on the overall energy demand required
for the process. Upon conducting a thorough investigation, it was discovered that the usual
entire vitality used for the non-auto system, the semi-motorized system, and the extremely
automated system were found to be 123.1 kJ/kg, 113 kJ/kg, and 81 kJ/kg, correspondingly.
These findings shed light on each system's varying energy consumption levels, providing
valuable insights into their operational efficiency and resource utilization. In addition to
examining the disposable anticipated vitality content of fuel palm biomass in Ghana, the
present study also sought to assess and determine its value. The findings of this study
revealed that the net anticipated energy content of fuel palm biomass in Ghana is estimated to
be almost 2999 kilojoules per kilogram. The present energy content holds immense potential
for utilization in a wide range of applications and endeavors. Based on the comprehensive
analysis and thorough examination conducted, it is evident. It can be observed that the
process of bubbling palm organic products at the designated stage requires a significantly
substantial and noteworthy amount of energy compared to the energy consumption of the
other two systems. When comparing the energy consumption of different techniques, it is
evident that the manual method has the highest average energy consumption.
On the other hand, the highly automated system stands out with its significantly lower
average energy consumption. Upon careful examination, it has been determined that there are
no notable variations in the observed values for the mean complete energy throughout the oil
drying and squeezing stages across the frameworks currently being investigated. During the
intricate and multifaceted oil palm production process, it is highly anticipated and expected
that the base mean absolute energy will be observed and experienced to its fullest extent
during the crucial and pivotal sifting phase, where palm oil's meticulous separation and
refinement occurs. It is worth mentioning that the manual framework, which requires human
labor, demonstrates a significantly higher level of energy consumption during this particular
stage. On the other hand, the highly automated system, which relies on advanced technology,
demands a considerably lower energy for threshing. To effectively address the challenges
posed by motorization, policymakers must give utmost importance to establishing suitable
climate approaches and investment support. By doing so, they can create an enabling
environment to facilitate motorization's sustainable and responsible expansion. One of the
reasons why highly automated manufacturing plants have shown a decrease in energy
demands is their advanced level of automation and technological integration.

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