**1. Question:** What is the function of alveoli in the lungs?

**Answer:** Alveoli in the lungs serve as the gas exchange surface, facilitating the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

**2. Question:** How does air reach the alveoli in the human lungs?
**Answer:** Air travels down the trachea and through a branching system of airways to
reach the alveoli.

**3. Question:** What is the role of ciliated epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells
in the airways?
**Answer:** The ciliated epithelium with goblet cells helps protect the alveoli by
moving mucus toward the throat, where it can be swallowed.

**4. Question:** How are the large airways kept open and air resistance reduced?
**Answer:** C-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea and irregularly shaped blocks of
cartilage in the bronchi keep the large airways open and reduce air resistance.

**5. Question:** What is the function of smooth muscle in the airways?

**Answer:** Smooth muscle in the airways contracts and relaxes to adjust the diameter
of the airways, controlling the flow of air.

**6. Question:** What lines the alveoli and why is it important?

**Answer:** The alveoli are lined by a squamous epithelium to provide a short diffusion
distance for efficient gas exchange.

**7. Question:** How are alveoli supplied with blood?

**Answer:** The alveoli are well supplied with blood by the numerous capillaries
surrounding the gas exchange surface.

**8. Question:** What maintains concentration gradients between blood and air for
oxygen and carbon dioxide?
**Answer:** Continuous blood flow and ventilation of the lungs maintain concentration
gradients between blood and air for oxygen and carbon dioxide.

**9. Question:** What role do elastic fibers play in the lungs?

**Answer:** Elastic fibers surrounding the alveoli help move air out during expiration
by allowing the alveoli to recoil.

**10. Question:** What happens to the airways and alveoli in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
**Answer:** In COPD, airways are obstructed by mucus and infection in chronic
bronchitis, and alveoli are destroyed in emphysema.
**11. Question:** What are some signs and symptoms of COPD?
**Answer:** Signs and symptoms of COPD include breathlessness, wheezing, and
constant coughing.

**12. Question:** What harmful substances are found in tobacco smoke?

**Answer:** Tobacco smoke contains tar, carbon monoxide, and nicotine.

**13. Question:** How does tar in tobacco smoke affect the respiratory system?
**Answer:** Tar settles on the bronchi's lining, stimulates inflammation, increases
mucus secretion, and can lead to the development of bronchial carcinoma (lung cancer).

**14. Question:** What is the impact of carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke?

**Answer:** Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin, reducing the blood's oxygen-
carrying capacity and damaging the cardiovascular system.

**15. Question:** How does nicotine affect the nervous system?

**Answer:** Nicotine stimulates the nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood
pressure, and causing vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow to extremities.

**16. Question:** What are the cardiovascular consequences of smoking?

**Answer:** Smoking damages the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of
coronary heart disease and stroke.

**17. Question:** Describe the structure of the lungs.

**Answer:** Lungs are located in the chest cavity, enclosed by pleural membranes, with
an airtight space containing fluid. The diaphragm and ribs ventilate the lungs.

**18. Question:** What are bronchioles, and how do they adjust airflow?
**Answer:** Bronchioles are small airways surrounded by smooth muscle that can
contract or relax to adjust airflow. During exercise, they relax to increase airflow to the
alveoli.

**19. Question:** What is the role of cartilage in the airways?

**Answer:** Cartilage in the trachea and bronchi keeps the airways open, reducing air
resistance and preventing collapse during breathing.

**20. Question:** How does the epithelium lining the airways protect the lungs?
**Answer:** The epithelium lining the airways, including ciliated cells and goblet cells,
removes particles from the air and traps pathogens, helping to protect the lungs.

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**21. Question:** What is the structure of the human gas exchange system?
**Answer:** The human gas exchange system consists of the respiratory tract, including
the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

**22. Question:** How are tissues and cells distributed within the gas exchange system?
**Answer:** Tissues include the ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, and squamous
epithelium lining the airways, while cells like phagocytes are found in the lungs.

**23. Question:** What are the functions of the tissues and cells in the gas exchange
system?
**Answer:** Tissues like the ciliated epithelium and goblet cells protect the lungs, while
phagocytes remove pathogens. Squamous epithelium allows for efficient gas exchange in
alveoli.

**24. Question:** Explain the process of gas exchange in the lungs.

**Answer:** Gas exchange in the lungs involves the diffusion of oxygen from the
alveoli into the bloodstream and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
into the alveoli.

**25. Question:** How does tobacco smoke affect the gas exchange system?
**Answer:** Tobacco smoke damages the respiratory tract, leading to conditions like
chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which hinder gas exchange.

**26. Question:** Describe the effects of nicotine on the cardiovascular system.

**Answer:** Nicotine stimulates the cardiovascular system, increasing heart rate and
blood pressure and causing vasoconstriction, which affects blood flow.

**27. Question:** What is the impact of carbon monoxide on the cardiovascular system?
**Answer:** Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin, reducing the blood's oxygen-
carrying capacity, and damages artery linings, contributing to cardiovascular issues.