More about graphs of functions HM.

HUANG

Features of graphs of functions

(1) Domain and range

If is a function of for the values of and under consideration,
then the set of values of under consideration is called the domain,
and the set of values of which corresponds to is called the range.
Each function has its own domain and range. When different domain is chosen, the range of the function
may be different.

記住 domain 係 的範圍，range 係 的範圍

(2) Maximum/minimum value

The maximum/minimum value of a function is the greatest/smallest value of the function under its
domain.
The graph of a function does not necessarily have a maximum/minimum value.

並非所有 function 都有 maximum/minimum value

例如 可以由負無限到正無限

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(3) Symmetry
If the graph of a function is symmetrical about a vertical line, the graph has the property of symmetry.

(4) Periodicity
If the graph of the function repeats itself for every non-zero period , the graph of the function

has the property of periodicity and .

Period 係指 function 幾耐重覆自己一次

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Reading information from graphs of functions

We can use the graph of to solve the equation , where the solutions of the equation

are the -coordinates of the points of intersection of the graphs of and .

Similarly, we can use the graph of to solve the inequalities

, , and

e.g.
Using the graph of the function where , we can find the solutions of the

equation where with the steps below.

Step 1 (變 function 的表達形狀)

將條式的左方變成和已給圖像的 function 相同

Rewrite as 之後將 function 分拆為二

Step 2 (加線)
Draw the horizontal line on the graph of the function as follows.

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Step 3 (睇圖的交點)
Read from the graph the -coordinates of the points of intersection.
The -coordinates are and
When , the solutions of the equation are and

Translation of Graphs of Functions

(1) Vertical translation

 If the graph of is translated units upwards,

the function represented by the image is where .

 If the graph of is translated units downwards,

the function represented by the image is where .

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Move units upwards Move units downwards

where . where .

(2) Horizontal translation

 If the graph of is translated units to the left,

the function represented by the image is where .

 If the graph of is translated units to the right,

the function represented by the image is where .

Move units to the left Move units to the right

where where

(3) Translation

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If the graph of is translated units horizontally and units vertically,

the function represented by the image is

Translation only changes the position of the graph of a function.

P.S.
Translation 只會改變圖的位置，上下左右移動，但不會改變圖的形狀

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Reflection of Graphs of Functions

(1) Reflection along the -axis

If the graph of is reflected along the -axis

the function represented by the image is

(2) Reflection along the -axis

If the graph of is reflected along the -axis

the function represented by the image is

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Enlargement and Contraction of Graphs of Functions

(1) Enlargement/contraction along the -axis

If the graph of enlarges/contracts time(s) (where ) along the -axis,

the function represented by the image is

Enlarge times along the -axis Contract times along the -axis
for for

(2) Enlargement/contraction along the -axis

If the graph of enlarges/contracts time(s) (where ) along the -axis,

the function represented by the image is

Enlarge times along the -axis Contract times along the -axis
for for
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Summary table
The functions represented by the images which are obtained by transforming the graph of any function
are as follows:

Transformation Function represented by the image

Translating units vertically ( means translating
upwards, means translating downwards)
Translating units horizontally ( means translating
to the right, means translating to the left)
Reflecting along the -axis
Reflecting along the -axis
Enlarging/contracting time(s) along the -axis (
means enlargement, means contraction)
Enlarging/contracting time(s) along the -axis (
means enlargement, means contraction)

P.S.

 is enlarging/contracting along the -axis

enlarging along the -axis contracting along the -axis

reflecting along the -axis

 is enlarging/contracting along the -axis

contracting along the -axis enlarging along the -axis

reflecting along the -axis

 is horizontal shift

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shifts to the right shifts to the left

 is vertical shift
shifts upward shifts downward

E.g.1
Find the maximum and minimum values of each of the following functions.

(a) (b) (c)

(a) for any real number ,

Maximum value of the function

Minimum value of the function

(b) for any real number ,

Maximum value of the function

Minimum value of the function

(c) for any real number ,

Maximum value of the function

Minimum value of the function

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E.g.2
The figure shows the graph of the function where

(a) Find the value of

(b) Using the graph, solve the inequality where .

(Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.)

(a) The graph passes through the point

(b) The function is

全式乘 , 不等式符號要換方向

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左右加 , 把左方變成和 given 的圖一模一樣

From the graph, the solution of the inequality , i.e. the inequality ,

is or ( corr. to 1 d.p.)

E.g.3
The figure shows the graph of the function .

(a) Describe the way of transforming the graph of the function to the graph of

(b) Hence sketch the graph of on the same figure.

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(a)

completing the square

The transformation is translating 2 units to the left and 1 unit downwards

(b)

E.g.4
In the figure, and are the graphs of the functions and respectively. It is known

that is formed by translating , and is the image of after the translation.

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(a) Describe the way of translating to .

(b) If , find .

(c) Find the -intercept of .

(a) Since is the image of , translates units to the left and units downwards to

The transformation is translating 5 units to the left and 2 units downwards.

(b)

(c)

The -intercept of is .

E.g.5
is the graph of the function .

(a) If is reflected along the -axis to obtain the image , find .

(b) If is reflected along the -axis to obtain the image , find .

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Let be the , i.e.

(a)

(b)

E.g.6
Describe the way of transforming the graph of the function to the graph of each of the

following functions.
(a) (b)

Let

(a)

The transformation is contracting time along the -axis.

(b)

The transformation is enlarging times along the -axis.

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E.g.7

Describe the way of transformation the graph of the function to the graph of each of the
following functions.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) Translating 3 units downwards.

(b) Reflecting along the -axis and then translating 2 units to the left.
(c) Enlarging 2 times along the -axis and then reflecting along the -axis.
(d) Enlarging 4 times along the -axis and then translating 1 unit upwards.

E.g.8
The figure shows the graph . is a point on .

(a) If is translated 2 units to the right and 3 units downwards, and then reflected along the -axis,
find the coordinates of the image of .
(b) If is transformed to the graph of , find the coordinates of the image of .

(a) is translated 2 units to the right:

is translated 3 units downwards:

then reflected along the -axis:

the coordinates of the image of is

(b) The coordinates of the image of is

因為圖先 reflected along the -axis, 所以

之後向左移動 5 及向上移動 10，所以

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