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    8 views12 pages

    Electronics

    Uploaded by

    Nathan Tvascor

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 12
    ~Electonics isa branch of science that deals with manipulating the flaw of electrons in a circuit using electronic components. fae Basic Electronic Theory VOLTA! , ‘These can bé thought of as the pressure pushing electrons along the wire and is measured with a voltmeter. \ ‘The greater the voltage the greater the force needed, | sine tif Bulb will be dim bulb will be bright because of more voltage. CURRENT : tls the flow of electrons in a completé circut. In an electrical conductor, some atoms are only loosely attached to thelr atoms. When the conductor is part, of 8 circuit connected to battory, the battery forces these atoms to move through the conductor in.the direction from negative to positive terminals of tebattery. It js meselfedin amperes with an ammeter, The current flawng ina cult depends onthe resistance to the flow by the components in the circu | ciReurT F {tis.a path or line that starts and ends at the same point, RESISTANCE : ‘Anything thet opposes the flow of current in a cult Is seid to offer resistant, Resistande'is' measured in Ohms. Componets used fo conti the affiouti’ OF cirrent flowing In a circuit are called resistors, OHM’s LAW George Ohm ciscovered that there is a relationship between voltage, current and resistance which is expressed as Voltage(V) = Current(Z)*Resistance(R) te aN -OWER CALCULAT! To calculate the amount of power belng used by the component, you need to'multiply the current fiowing(X) by the voltage across the coygponent(V). This wil give the power in watts, Power P= Vid ere ee tit snd ay INSULATORS : ‘These are components materials that wil resist the flow of current in a circult/prevent current flow in a creutt. i. 4 een i oo a In electronics semi conductors are used in the ma toned 2s amet conduct electric but can be made to do so. They can be nee eane Insulate or to.conduct: Eg slicon ise semiconducter, conpucTors ‘These are materials or components the allow the flow of curent or electricity to pass.through them, ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS opeeuertand electronics and how the components wot, the system aperoac ipa lable wey of Coroeneeo ke cult: creut area sytem consisting ofthe INPUT cahponerte ahs components, and OUFPUT components, “PROCESS UNIT— OUTPUT Traitor +g Bubs timers 7 LEDs Operational ampiners + buzers copsctos solenoid Celyttiery Diodes ots —~+—Wolstre sensors —-.ogiegaieg- ———~ ~speslers— a Diodes Relay Heating element Bal {MEUT comPoNEHTS Input davices/ SENSORS are -~, Thy change other forms of energy to eleccal ‘energy or signal.” RESISTORS; &re'used t6'resist tie flow of cuent In'a'Giculte The Sreatertieraistahetthe rater the ccurent passing through.! : 7 Resistors shuld aliveys be connectedattéoSiaf the component of the Dositive side of the power source to protect the comporient fiom power surges. : [ype ‘Component mol snufactute of diodes, transistors etc. These are the VARIABLE RESISTORS, spindee is rotated, a sliding material in series with the Fixed resistor ~The resistance Value i fied and this value is ‘shown by colour coded bands nted onto the resistors br 7 Used to adjust te flow bf current in a drut. When the resistors contact puts more or less resistive circuit, heat energy to electrical en Thermistor(temperature dependant resistor) changes nergy. When hezted, resistance is small oor decreases and when cooled the resistance increases, LDR (light dependant resistor) ~ Changes light energy to electrical eriergy. In dak, resistance Is high and in fght resistance decreases, SWITCHES ~ Switches are mechanical devices that are used rave different pol jas and throws. The poles(P) are the or brakes at the same, ‘time and throws(T) ere thenumber to make(connect) or break(dh number of separete. of postions to wi isconnect) a circuit. Switches -ircutts that the switch makes ich each pole can be switched, Examples ‘component Uses [Type ‘Single pole single throw(SPST) Toggle slide Push Button switch — Used fo turn devices ON/OFF af at ie ettae at fav tt aff : ‘Single pole double ‘Switch on two alternate Throw(SPOT) circuit on/off. Rocker e ®, ilie imiroswitch ey Seubie poe doable | Linitswitehes Suiices bo Gres throw(DPDT) on/off . 5 ‘ eda . 3 yoni PROCESSES COMPONENTS puese ar@ Components that process signals ‘fom input components to ‘sive information torthe ‘output components, * FIXED RESISTORS ‘The value ofthe resistor is fixed, The Fr cint of current flow cannot be changed, Three colour bands are farted round the resor. Each colour sora oo “number. To read the colour code, start ste a band; It is nearest the end, Sureties it not clear which i the frst band becaise the 4" band of gold and silver ear the other ol Frais WO clors(gokd and siver) are not used Jt fst band to calculate the value of the resistor; they ofthe resistor, So You should nat have fou ‘Much trouble deciding where to sive the accuracy/tolerance: rt Soe Hy EXAMPLE: if the 1* band Is violet, the second band red and 3! band orange, Volet=7, rec=2, and orange- 000 The value will ba 7200 7 the a® band is silver wtich is 40%, Tolerence/eccuracy of the resistor vill he 10#100%72000 « 7200, SERIES te an resistors or resstve components are Vallee crn seis, the effects to add more Fesistance to ‘he cult The total is found by adding 4'P$Pe values oF al the resistors that are tee 60. PARALLEL "When resistors are connected In parallel, the effect isto reduce the resistance in a crcult. & suoply. ‘volte PLEA a Rtot= Rit Re Stead 2 Rot= Rit Ro = 2+ = — gE SE rss matpy)- — POWER RATING OF RESISTORS \When current passes through a resstor heat is produced, The larger the current, the hatter the resistor becomes, Overheating causes damage.-Every resistor has imitfo the amount of heat that can be {generated in per second, The maximum safe rete of heat production is called power rating of resistor, . > The largerthe size the greater the power rating, ogy Pevxt arv=2v, I Pe2xd ‘CAPACITORS Pin Wetts(w) Sapacitors store electric charge inthe form of electrons, They ae sometimes calls short term batteries. Tar used in routs to create time delays and also ws pat of osclatos (cheats fo produce ana | ‘sclliating output). CONSTRUCTION.» The simplest capacitor is made of two metal plates (conductors) separated by an insulating material (a non conducter) called the dielectric, dice o ole covey ina] = CAPACITANCE Tneote charge a capactor can store, the greater isis capactance(C) the capactanc is large when the Plates have large area and are close together. Cepaatances measured i fareds(F) but smaller unt suchas mlarofarads(uF) nanofarads(nF), and Pleofarads(PF) are more convenient. 1.000 000K = 1 TYPES OF CAPACITORS: Type’ FIXED > They have fed values Up to 4pF. They are named by thelr type Of dlelectricieg polyster, mca, Cae ee ‘They can be connected either way (they have no positive and esative obligatior FLECTROLYTIC(polarized) This is also fed value type up 0100 O00UF. thas a very thin 7 dielectric layer of aluminum oxide between two strips of aluminum diwich” is rolled into - a cylinder to dive & compact, high | value capacitor. ‘They are polarized, Posttve(+-) of the capacitor is connected to the ° I itive(+) ofthe voltage supply VARIABLE CAPACITOR ‘These have to sets of parallel metal plates separated by alr as the delecric. ach set consists of several plats jifed'fogether to - | Set give one large plate, One set is : fixed, the other can be rotated to vary the'area of overiay of the Plates, thus altering the <= capacttanod up to 500, It is mainly used for radio based rats, OU thogoHiriiedy i WORKING VOLTAGE WORKING VOLTAGE Many capacitors, especially electrolytic have a maximum working value marked on them. Do not exceed these values. CAPACITORS IN A CIRCUIT Just lke resistors, capaeltors can be connected in series and paral! to other components in a circult. SERIES ~ how to calculate total capacitance in series & ce —i-——- ! — 2 8 i ae a Get= G+ tok 2 ad A Gad Ga= G+ @=s2+ = “io <8 a= EO (crosemutipy) Ctot= 2410 = 12nE TRANSISTORS ‘There are different types of transistors but ell ha USES of Transistors + Switch : + “Amplty curent (ijpuree 6 ny a ree leads, collector(C), the base(B) and the ‘emitter(E) except 4 photo transistor which has two leads; collector and emitter. The light entering the body of the transistor acts as the base which is the missing connections, fl. 7 a Type. ‘Component ‘symbol In an NPN type the collector een Taree and base must go to battery nm le positive(+) and the emitter to L +d the battery negative(-). — ‘beacon For PNP the arrow on the symbel and the battery - connections are reversed. = =. core Discontent ‘There are two current paths through a transistor, In NPN type. base current enters by the base and collector current by the collector. Both leave by the emitter, cit He sissies fa ee el LEQ) ots ctcar } caren Antoun aap, E Li nly 8Voqme . ae | SEO, mee When suteh SIs open the base currents ero and nether L4 nor L2 fight up, showlng thatthe collector ‘urrents also zero even though the battery is correctly connected across colectoremter path, USES OF TRANSISTORS: . 4s CURRENT AMPLIFIER ~ Think of base current Ib as the Input to a trensistor and'the'collector current cas the output from it, the transistor acts as current amplifier since Tc Is greater than Tb Current gain= Te/I If To=0mA and Ib=0.5mA, Current gein= 50/0.5=100 ‘AS SWITCKES- A transistor can be used as @ very fest sutchyinl ight operated circuits, ITPUT COM! This changes electrical signals intothe desired output.The output might be In the form of sound or light. we cunet — B DIODES Type aa ilustratfon ‘Symbot ‘marked leg on the illustration Is the cathode (-), Anode Is postivet+), Standard Diode ~ slows current rhode anoie feffow in one crection, The | enanee OPE aan | Se LED(light emitting diode) ‘Special diodes are mace which emit ight. The are called light emitting diodes, LEDs are used majnly as visual indicatofs that a cirult is working or an appliance is ON, Like ordinary diodes; LEDS allow. current to flow in ofeaifecton, LEDs normally work around 2. In order to obtain the correct working Voltage forthe LED in’

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