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    Pneumatics

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    Pneumatics

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    Nathan Tvascor
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    Pneumatics

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    Nathan Tvascor

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The use of compressed ait fo do usefil Work. Compressed air-is mormat air forced-imti a small spite: —— When air is compressed it stores energy which can be converted into force and movement by different Pneumatics components. USES OF PNEUMATICS Inflation of Tyres Pain Spraying Bus doors Factory windows Factory production lines 3. SARETY IN PNEUMATICS Do not blow compressed air at anyone or even yourself ‘Always wear safety goggles when building and operating the cirouit. Always turn off main air supply before you disconnect the pipe ore change the circuit Keep your hands away from moving parts. Always check that all lines are connected before switching ON the main supply as pipes can whip around and cause injury. 4, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS 4. ADVANTAGES © CLEAN: Pneumatics systems contain air, soa leak doesn’t cause a mess. Hydraulic systems contains oil which when leaks makes them unsuitable for industries such as food factories. SAFE; Pneumatics systems don’t produce sparks so there is no fire or explosion hazard. Compressed air unlike oil or high voltage electricity does not create any major environmental or accident hazard. They have a high safety record. * AVAILABLE: The basis raw material is air which I s available everywhere. Compressors can be easily made portable. Compressed air can be easily transported through piping at reasonable distances. 4.2. DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS © SMALL FORCES: Pneumatics components produce relatively small forces. Where large forces are required hydraulics systems are used. Hydraulic systems contain liquid, which unlike air cannot be compressed. © NOT ENERGY EFFICIENT: Compared with an electrical system a Preumatic system is not very energy efficient. A fot of energy is converted in the production of compressed air at the input end of the system, compared,with the amount of energy finally converted into movement at the output end of system. 5.PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS ad 5.1, COMPRESSOR In Pneumatics a compressor is used to supply compressed Air, The energy stored in compressed ait can be converted into force and movement, The electric pump in a compressor pumps compressed air and fills up the reservoir, Compressors come in different sizes depending on the capacity of compressed air to be stored. ato ‘A + los sss5aiinto. sed aiecan ent bya 5.2, MANIFOLD ‘The manifold consists of six separate connection points that are used to connect components to the air supply which is the Compressor. Before you begin the practical work in this nit, familiarise yourself with the manifold that apn of compressed ar | is fixed to the platform, and read the safety fromthe compressor. | rules carefully This ver conroshea| supply tte marfod ineposton the a Supa ture ‘hen you tun ot the Sub e leee Sioned to eps 298 : : Toe Tae ras ne 2 Seseporae comecion sees ee i oints for connectir ESrmporant to thee Supply. They are 22 sealing. Air wl not ‘ome out, unless 2 pine & pushed in. 5.3. PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS Preumatic cylinders are very useful for providing linear or reciprocating movement. They are used where a pulling or pushing movement is requiréd. TYPE NOTES Single Acting Cylinder T. The Single Acting Cylinder has got only one pipe fitting and spring that pulls the piston rod back after it has been extended, 2, When Compressed air is pushed into the cylinder it causes the piston to extends( outstroke) and when air supply is switched off the spring causes the piston to retracts (in stroke) by pushing it back into the original position, When it retracts it does not extend ‘enough force due to the weakness of the spring as compared to when it extends 3. As the spring pushes the piston backwards air behind the piston is pushed out, This is called exhausting air 4. ILis used in to operate Bus Doors 8. To produce liner motion, Doubie Acting Cylinder A i. A oem 1 thas got two pipe fittings 2, When compressed air flows into the port at the back of the cylinder, the piston rod extends, pushing the air through the port in front. 3. When compressed air flows into the port in font of the cylinder, the piston rod is pushed backwards. The air behind the cylinder is pushed out of the cylinder through the port at the back, 4.The force produced by the Double Acting Cylinder as it goes positive is not equal to the force it produces when going negative, This is due to the back surface area that is reduced by the piston rod. 5. Itis used to create reciprocating motion. 6.1tis used in Factory windows VALVES” ~~ ~ ‘Valves are used to control the air form the compressor to the cylinder. Valves consists of two ‘components called a spool or a poppet which moves inside the valve to allow or close air passing through when the valve is put in en ON/OFF ( ACTUATED/UNACTUATED )position. T VALVE {@)tis used to control the Single Acting Cylinder (bythe three port valve is sometimes called 3/2 valve because it has 3 pots and 2 possible states. Thee pots are holes in the valve or cylinder where air can flow in or out. In the valves they are numbered so that the right connections are made. (©) Inside he valve is a poppet which control the movement of ait in and out of the valve from the compressor to the single acting cylinder by allowing or blocking air to passé. Ports: Port 2: the extauet conneotian to the oyfindec Port: ‘annection fo the eupply of eamaressed vit. (@) How it works ‘The following sequence shows how a Three Port Valve is used to control a Single Acting Cylinder + UNACTUATED STATE 1. The figure below shows the valve is in its unactuated state. The button is not pressed and the poppet is stopping air from the compressor flowing into the cylinder. So the cylinder is retracted. |.8:howe thevabian isumaetuated ‘he baton i nt pes a the cee sopping arom temas tain the inde So, the ler retracted ¢ ACTUATED POSITION ‘When-you press-the-button the valve goes-Ia an Actuated-state~The poppet unblocks-the passage that~ allows air from the compressor to pass through the valve. This pushes the piston in the eylinder causing it to extend .This allows blocks the exhaust port (port 3) to stop air to escape 2.¥hen you pes the bution ig 1 heal gotin ts fchsnted sat. The pore rove eo tates a fon rough born he ef nt the finde to pash xt the poton tot Tha ge ow extended ae UNACTUATED position. The poppet now stops air flowing from the manifold into the cylinder. It also leaves a way for free to flow out of the cylinder in port 3, this is called exhausting air... This makes it easy fro the spring inside the cylinder to push it back to its retracted position, “5.4.1 THE FIVE PORT VALVE (@)This is sometimes called a 5/2 valve because it has five ports which ate numbered according to . their connectjons. It also has two possible states ACTUATED and-UNACTUATED state (b)It is used to control the Double Acting Cylinder Pee oe (Ollnside the valve there is a spool which moves to allow air to pass through the valve, a] , ese os Soe) [SR] 5.4.1.1, HOW IT WORKS + UNACTUATED ‘The spool allows air from the manifold (and compressor) into the FRONT of the cylinder and keeps it RETRACTED. ‘he postion shown nin he pools a to Dow “the merfi ito the of te oflnder and Directed. * ACTUATED When the lever is turned the spool moves and allows air from the manifold to floe into the BACK of the eylinder to EXTENDS it. The air in ftont of the piston can exhaust through port 3 Se "When the spring pushes the spool; back into the position air flows fromthe manifold into.tie ont of ~~ the cyliider to retract it, The air behind the piston can exhaust through port 5. This brings the valve back to its UNACTUATED STATE and the cylinder is RECTRCATED. ‘cot es 55. VALVE ACTUATORS Valve Actuators refers to the type of mechanical input or any other related input required to operate the valve, Pneumatic Valves are made with lots of different kinds of actuators, so a designer can choose the one that is more suitable for the system he or she is designing. LEVER OPERATED § PORT VALVE §.6, AIR OPERATED VALVES In the previous valves the spool/poppet has been moved by eit input. In these valves the spool/poppet is moved by air pressure ‘bution or lever asthe mechantesf=——"* + Air operated 3 port valve Spool is moved by compressed air to operate a single acting cylinder Diaphragm Operated three ports Valve (Pressure sensitive valve). Used in situations where there are low air pressures or signals below normal air pressure ‘Tiny air inside the valve is enough to push the diaphragm ‘which in tam pushes the spool. Pilot/Pilot five port Valve at * Allows the circuit to use bo 3 port valves, ‘0 as to operate a double Acting cylinder ‘© Used in semi automatic retur circuits, © Ithas two extra ports 12 and 14:The ports are connected to yalves to exert air inside the pilot/pitot valve so as to control the double Acting Cylinder. ‘Double Air Operated Sport Valve (DAOSPV) Itis used in industries to control a cylinder at very high pressures( high pressire systems) VES, FLOW RESTRICTORS, SHUTLE VALVES AND TIME | _/ DELAY COMPONENTS How control valves are used to contol the speed of piston in single acting cylinders, Flow Restrictors are used to control the sped of the piston in double Acting Cylinders, Time Delay citeuits utilizes reservoirs to create a time delay inthe outsin ke ‘movement of the piston * Shuttle valves completely stops ait to flow into valve ultimately stopping the movement of the piston, Bi Directional Flow Control Valve Open air passage both directions, | This will control the speed of the piston equally i.e. when it extends or retracts, Uni Directional Flow "| This reduces the air flow in one control Valve direction only. Air then passes freely a through the opposite direction, Exhaust These are screwed into the exhaust restrictors/Flow ports of a valve as shown. They work Restrictors by restricting the flow of exhausting air, Shuttle Valve The shuttle vaive directs air from one of the valves through into the cylinder, and stops the air from escaping through the other valve. It is used in emergency button of bus doors as it allows operating it at various positions A reservoir is simply a containe: for compressed air: If you connect it into an airline, the air moving } through the line builds up to fill the space inside the reservoir before it continues the flow. This is what causes the time delay. Larger reservoirs take longer time to fill hence causing longer time delays. 5.7, ELECTRO-PNEUMATICS VALVES -fwese Vales remuire voltage to eoiitrol pneumatic eyliidérs. They ate actuated by a solenoid. A solenoid is made by inserting an iron core into the center ofa coil of wire, When electricity is passes through the wire the iron core is magnetized and gets like # magnet This is called energizing the Solenoid, When the solenoid valve is energized it moves the spool in an actuated position. When the solenoid is de-energized, a spring inside the valve moves back to its unactuaied position. {Tit is used to control the single acting Cylinder. This is used in Banks to control locks. ‘Three Port Solenoid Spring Valve oe eee © Itisa mono stable type. They return to their original state as soon as the solenoid is de-energized © The spring inside the valve moves the spool back into the unactuated state. Five Port Solenoid Spring Valve Five Port Solenoid /Solenoid ® The solenoid/solenoid Valve valve is a bi-stable device ¢ When energized the first solenoid stays in position even if de-energized. When the other valve is energized the valve then returns to its original position Used to control doors in banks. © Used in knife sharpener test rigs. . 59. COMPONENTS & SYMBOLS Single acting ofinder ——— Pipe any Pipes connected Three port valve without actuators Double acting cylinder AR y hi Lever oparated five port vave -filik Potipllot five port valve Three port valve with actuator symbols Push button Flow contro! valve ~p- Shuttle valve Pies crossing but not connected: These symbols are also drawn onto the Lever Roller valve symbol | a air supply ke :

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