CHEMISTRY

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 2

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) (b) 2

(ii) (d) Ksp  4S 3

(iii) (c) sp3

(iv) (b) zero

(v) (d) 1

(vi) (a) Absorption of functional groups

(vii) (c) osmotic pressure

(viii) (b) polyester fibre

(ix) (d) 6d

(x) (c) Tertiary

Q. 2. (i) 2ICl3  3H2O IIIIIIJ HIO3  5HCl  ICl

(ii) 
The electrolytes which ionize completely or almost completely are called strong

electrolytes. For example : Strong acids (H2SO4), strong bases (NaOH) and salts (NaCl).

(iii) The compound which reacts with formaldehyde to produce ethyl alcohol is methyl

magnesium iodide.

(iv) It is the enthalpy change accompanying a reaction in which one mole of the substance

in its standard state is completely oxidized.

(v) Since, Al is oxidized, it constitutes a negative (LHS) electrode and Cu2  a positive

(RHS) electrode.

 cell formula is Al(s)  Al3 (aq)  Cu2 (aq)  Cu(s)

(vi)  H3N Br H 3N Cl
Pt Pt
H3N Cl Br NH3
Cis-Diamminebromochoroplatinum (II) Trans-Diamminebromochoroplatinum (II)

(vii) A mixture of three parts of conc. HCl and one part of conc. HNO3 is aqua regia.

(viii) Propanamide (CH3  CH2 – CONH2) produces ethanamine by Hofmann bromamide

degradation reaction.

PRACTICE PAPER – CHEMISTRY (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 1

 SECTION – B

Q. 3. Consider a galvanic cell which involves n number of electrons in the overall cell reaction.
Since one mole of electrons involve the electric charge equal to one Faraday (F) which is
equal to 96500 C, the total charge involved in the reaction is,
Electric charge  n  F
If Ecell is the cell potential, then Electrical work  n  F  Ecell
According to thermodynamics, electric work is equal to decrease in Gibbs energy,  *G, we
can write,
Electric work  n  F  Ecell   *G
 *G   nFEcell
Under standard conditions, we can write
*G0    nFE0cell
where E0cell is the standard cell potential and *G0 is the standard Gibbs free energy change.

Q. 4. (1) From chlorobenzene : Reagents required : NaOH and dil. HCl, Temperature : 623 K,
Pressure : 150 atm.
(2) From benzene sulphonic acid : Reagents required : aq. NaOH, caustic soda, dil. HCl,
Temperature : 573 K.
Q. 5. The modified expressions of colligative properties with the help of van’t Hoff factor i are as
follows :
(1) By Raoult’s law : For vapour pressure lowering.
P0  P P0  P W  M1
0  ix2 OR i 2
P P 0
W1  M2
(2) For elevation in boiling point :
* Tb  i  Kb  m
W2  1000
* Tb  i  Kb 
W 1  M2
W2
* Tb  i  Kb 
W1  M2
(3) For depression in freezing point :
* T f  i  Kf  m
W2  1000
* T f  i  Kf 
W 1  M2
W2
* T f  i  Kf 
W1  M2
(4) Osmotic pressure :
  iCRT
nRT WRT
i     i 
V MV

2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 Enthalpy of freezing (*freezH) : The enthalpy change that accompanies the solidification of
Q. 6. 
one mole of a liquid into solid at constant temperature and pressure is called enthalpy of
freezing.
For example, H2O(l) IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJ
1 atm, 273  K
H2O(s) *freezH   6.01 kJ mol1

This equation describes that when one mole of water freezes (solidifies) at 0 °C (273 K) and
1 atmosphere, 6.01 kJ of heat will be released to the surroundings.
J CH – CH – NH2
Raney Ni
Q. 7. 
i(i) CH3 – CN  2H2(g) 3 2
R.T.
Acetonitrile  Ethylamine

(ii) Chemically proteins are polyamides which are high molecular weight polymers of the
monomer units, i.e., -amino acids. OR It can also be defined as proteins are the
biopolymers of a large number of -amino acids and they are naturally occurring polymeric
nitrogenous organic compounds containing 16% nitrogen and peptide linkages
( – CO – NH – ).
Q. 8. 
Given : Mass of glucose  W1  10 g
Mass of more glucose added  W2  10 g
Initial osmotic pressure  1  3.84 atm
Final osmotic pressure  2  ?
Total mass of glucose in final solution  W1  W2
W    10  10  20 g

W1 RT

1  
M V
W  RT

2  
M V
2 W RT / M  V W 

  
1 W1RT/M  V W1
W 20

 2  1   3.84   7.68 atm.
W1 10
Ans. Osmotic pressure of the solution  7.68 atm

Q. 9. 
(1) Flux : A flux is a chemical substance which is added to the concentrated ore during
smelting in order to remove the gangue or impurities by chemical reaction forming a
fusible mass called slag.
(2) Slag : It is a waste product formed by combination of a flux and gangue (or impurities)
during the extraction of metals by smelting process.

Q. 10. The process by which the molecular shape of protein changes without breaking the
amide / peptide bonds that form the primary structure is called denaturation. OR

Proteins gets easily precipitated. It is an irreversible change and the process is called denaturation
of proteins.

PRACTICE PAPER – CHEMISTRY (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 3

 Denaturation uncoils the protein and destroys the shape and thus loses their characteristic
biological activity.
Denaturation is brought about by heating the protein with alcohol, concentrated inorganic
acids or by salts of heavy metals. During denaturation secondary and tertiary and quaternary
structures are destroyed but primary structure remains intact.
Q. 11. i(i) By the thermal decomposition of metal oxides :
2Ag2O(s) IIIIIIIJ 4Ag  O2(g)
heat

(ii) By the thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide :

The thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of finely divided metal
and manganese dioxide used as catalyst gives oxygen.
2H2O2(aq) IIIIIIIJ
heat
MnO
2H2O(l)  O2(g)
2

Q. 12. (1) Atom economy is a measure of the amount of atoms from the starting material that are
present in the final product at the end of a chemical process. Good atom economy means
most of the atoms of the reactants are incorporated in the desired products. Only small
amount of waste is produced, hence lesser problem of waste disposal.
(2) The atom economy of a process can be calculated using the following formula :
Formula weight of the desired product
% atom economy   100
Sum of formula weight of all the reactants used in the reaction
consider the conversion of butan-1-O1 to 1-bromobutane
CH3– CH2– CH2– CH2– OH  NaBr  H2SO4 IIIIIJ CH3– CH2– CH2– CH2– Br  NaHSO4  H2O
Butan-1-O1 1-Bromobutane

Q. 13. The rate constant k and half-life period t1/2 are related as

0.693 0.693
( t1/2 )1  and ( t1/2 )2 
k1 k2

(t1/2)2 0.693/k2 k1
      
(t1/2)1 0.93/k1 k2

k2 (t )
  1/2 1
k1 (t1/2)2

 If Ea is the energy of activation, then

k Ea (T2  T1)
log10 2 
k1 2.303 R  T1  T2

(t1/2)1 Ea (T2  T1)

 log10    .
(t1/2)2 2.303 R  T1  T2

4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 14. iCoordination sphere : A coordination entity consisting of a central metal atom or ion and the
coordinating groups like neutral molecules or anions (ligands) written inside a square bracket
is together called coordination sphere. This is a discrete structural unit. The ionizable groups
(generally ions) called counter ions are written outside the bracket.
For example, in the coordination compound K4[ Fe(CN)6 ], the coordination sphere is [Fe(CN)6]4
while K+ represents counter ion.

SECTION – C

Q. 15. (1) Ethyl bromide : When ethyl bromide (bromoethane) is heated with alcoholic potassium
hydroxide (alcoholic alkali), ethene (gas) is formed by the dehydrobromination reaction.
J CH2CH2  KBr  H2O
heat
CH3 – CH2 – Br  KOH
   
Ethyl bromide (alc.) Ethene

n-Propyl bromide : When n-propyl bromide is heated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide,
(2) 
propene is formed.

J CH – CHCH2   KBr  H2O

heat
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Br   KOH 3
   
n-Propyl bromide (alc.)       
Propene

(3) Isopropyl bromide : When isopropyl bromide (2-bromopropane) is boiled with alcoholic

potassium hydroxide, propene is formed.

J CH3 – CHCH2  KBr  H2O

heat
CH3 – CH – CH3  KOH
Br
Isopropyl bromide (alc.) Propene

Q. 16. (a) Integrated rate laws : The equations which are obtained by integrating the differential
rate laws (expressions) and which provide direct relationship between the concentrations
of the reactants and time are called integrated rate laws.
(b) Consider a zero order reaction, A IIIIIJ Products
 d [A]
The rate of the reaction is, Rate 
dt
By rate law,
Rate  k  [A]0  k
   d [A]  k  dt
If [A]0 is the initial concentration of the reactant A at t  0 and [A]t is the concentration of A
present after time t, then by integrating above equation,
[A]t tt
  d [A]    
    k dt
[A]0 t 0

[A]t
t
 
[A]0
d [A]k  dt
0

PRACTICE PAPER – CHEMISTRY (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 5

 [A] t
   [A] [A] t  k [ t ] 0
0

   ( [A]t  [A]0 )  kt

 [A]0  [A]t  kt
[A]0  [A]t
 k
t
Q. 17. Equal volumes of two solutions are mixed. The concentrations of both solutions are halved.
0.1
Thus, [Mg2  ]   0.05 M
2
2     0.3
[C2O 4 ]  0.15 M
2
2 2
Ionic product of Mg C2O4  [Mg ] [C2O 4 ]

 0.05  0.15
 7.5  10  3
Ionic product of >  Ksp, MgC2O4 will precipitate.

J CH3 – CH2 – COOH  NH4Cl

*
Q. 18. (1) CH3 – CH2 – CN  2H2O
dil. HCl
Propionic acid

J CH3 – COOH  NH4Cl

*
(2) CH3 – CO – NH2  H2O  HCl
Acetic acid

J C6H5 –  COOH
alk. KMnO4
(3) C6H5 – CH2 – CH3
*
Benzoic acid

Q. 19. Number of atoms in 0.2 mol of the compound 0.2  NA  0.2  6.022  1023
 1.2044  1023 atoms
(a) Number of octahedral voids
 
 Number of atoms
 
 1.2044  1023
(b) Number of tetrahedral voids
 
 2  Number of atoms
 
 2  1.2044  1023
 
 2.4088  1023
(c) Total number of voids
 
 1.2044  1023  2.4088  1023
 
 3.6132  1023
Ans. (a) Number of octahedral voids  1.2044  1023
(b) Number of tetrahedral voids  2.4088  1023
(c) Total number of voids  3.6132  1023.

6 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 20. (1) Consider an octahedral complex of metal M with coordination number six and a bidentate
ligand AA and monodentate ligand B having molecular formula [ M(AA)2B2 ] n .
(2) Bidentate ligand AA has two identical coordinating atoms.
Cis - isomer is obtained when two bidentate AA ligands as well as two ‘B’ ligands are at
(3) 
adjacent positions.
(4) Trans-isomer is obtained when two AA ligands and two B ligands are at opposite positions.
(5) For example, consider a complex [Co(en)2Cl2]+.

(a) A B
B A A A

M M

B A A A
A B
Cis-isomer Trans-isomer

(b)  
Cl
en
Cl
Co en Co en
Cl
en
Cl
Cis-isomer Trans-isomer

(a) and (b) : cis and trans-isomers of [CoCl2(en)2]+

Q. 21. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) acts as a reducing agent in the presence of moisture.

(i) Sulphur dioxide, SO2 reduces halogens (X0) to haloacids (X1).

I2 2H2O  SO2 IIIIIJ 2HI  H2SO4

0 1

(ii) SO2 gas when passed through acidified solution of KMnO4 it is decolourised due to

reduction (Mn7+ to Mn2+).

2KMnO4  2H2O  5SO2 IIIIIJ K2SO4  2MnSO4  2H2SO4
7 2

(iii) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) reduces Fe3 to Fe2

2FeCl3  SO2  2H2O IIIIJ 2FeCl2  H2SO4  2HCl

  3    2

Q. 22. (a) Since the mass of Fe electrode decreases, it undergoes oxidation and it is an anode or an

oxidation electrode while as the mass of Bi electrode increases, there is a reduction of Bi3+

to Bi and it is cathode or a reduction electrode. Hence the cell formula is,

Fe(s)  Fe2 (aq)   Bi3 (aq)  Bi

(1 M) (1 M)

PRACTICE PAPER – CHEMISTRY (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 7

 (b) The left hand electrode is an anode and right hand electrode is a cathode.
(c) Reactions :

LHE ( Fe(s)  Fe2 (aq)  2e )  3  ... (Oxidation half reaction)

RHE (Bi3 (aq) 3e  Bi(s))  2  ... (Reduction half reaction)

Overall reaction :

3Fe(s)  2 Bi3 (aq)  3Fe2+  2Bi(s)

Q. 23. ii(i) Hydrolysis : It is a reaction in which cation, anion or both ions of a salt react with water
(or ions of water to produce acidity, alkalinity or sometimes neutrality.)
i(ii) Increasing order of polarity : C  H, N  H, O  H
(iii) Dextrorotatory substance : An optically active substance which rotates the plane of
a plane polarized light to right hand side is called dextrorotatory or d isomer denoted
by d.
Q. 24. ii(i) 
Base (or end) centred unit cell : It is an unit cell in which the constituent particles are
present at the corners as well as at the centres of any two opposite faces.
Enthalpy of ionization : It is the enthalpy change accompanying the removal of an
i(ii) 
electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous substance.
(iii) Quantitative definition of entropy : An entropy change of a system is equal to the
amount of heat (Qrev) transferred to it in a reversible manner divided by the temperature (T)
Qrev
in kelvin.  S 
T
units of entropy : JK  1.
Q. 25. (a) 
63
Eu has electronic configuration, [ Xe ] 4 f 75d 06s2. By losing 2 electrons from 6 s orbital,
it acquires stable configuration and 4 f orbital is half filled.

70
Yb has electronic configuration, [ Xe ] 4 f 145d 06s2. By losing 2 electrons from 6s orbital,
it acquires stable configuration and 4 f orbital is completely filled.
Hence Eu and Yb show 2  oxidation states.
(b) Zone of reduction : At about 900°C, CO reduces Fe2O3 to spongy iron.
Fe2O3  3CO IIIIJ 2Fe  3CO
Carbon also reduces partially Fe2O3 to Fe
Fe2O3  3C IIIIJ 2Fe  3CO
Q. 26. (1) In ethyl alcohol, the – OH group is attached to sp3 hybridized carbon while in phenols, it
is attached to sp2 hybridized carbon.
(2) Due to higher electronegativity of sp2 hybridized carbon, electron density on oxygen
decreases. This increases the polarity of O-H bond and results in more ionization of phenol
than that of alcohols.

8 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 
C2H5 – O H C2H5 – O + H+
Alkoxide ion

OH O–

+ H+

Phenoxide ion

(3) Electron donating inductive effect ( I effect) of the alkyl group destabilizes alkoxide ion.
As a result alcohol does not ionize much in water, therefore alcohol is neutral compound in
aqueous medium.
(4) In alkoxide ion, the negative charge is localized on oxygen, while in phenoxide ion the
negative charge is delocalized. The delocalization of the negative charge (structure I to V)
makes phenoxide ion more stable than that of phenol.

O O O O O

(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V)

OH OH OH OH OH

(VI) (VII) (VIII) (IX) (X)

The delocalization of charge in phenol (structures VI to X), the resonating structures have charge
separation (where oxygen atom of OH group to be positive and delocalization of negative charge
over the ortho and para positions of aromatic ring) due to which phenol molecule is less stable
than phenoxide ion. This favours ionization of phenol. Thus phenols are more acidic than ethyl
alcohol.
SECTION – D
Q. 27. ii(i) 
Consider alkaline hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide (2-Bromo-2-methylpropane) with
aqueous NaOH or KOH.
CH3 CH3
CH3 –  C – Br  OH  IIIIJ CH3 –  C – OH    Br
CH3 CH3
tert-Butyl bromide    Nucleophile   tert-Butyl alcohol
  (Substrate)

Kinetics of the reaction : Due to steric hindrance of voluminous three methyl groups
i(ii) 
around carbon, nucleophile OH cannot attack carbon atom directly. Hence, the reaction
takes place in two steps.

PRACTICE PAPER – CHEMISTRY (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 9

 Step I : This involves heterolytic fission of C – Br covalent bond in the substrate forming
planar carbocation and Br. This is a slow and reversible process.
CH3 CH3
slow
CH3 –  C – Br  CH3 –  C  Br
RDS
CH3 CH3
  
Carbocation

Step II : This step involves attack of nucleophile OH or carbocation forming C – OH

bond and product tert-butyl alcohol. Since it involves ionic charge neutralization, it is a fast
step.
CH3 CH3
J
fast
CH3 –   C  OH CH3 –   C – OH
    
CH3 CH3

   Rate Determining Step (R.D.S.) : Since the first step is a slow step, it is R.D.S.,
and therefore the rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of only one reactant,
(CH3)3C – Br.
  Rate  
   R      k [ (CH3)3C – Br ], where k is a rate constant of the reaction.
   SN1 reaction : The reaction between tert-butyl bromide and hydroxide ion to form
tert-butyl alcohol follows a first – order kinetics. The rate of this reaction depends only on
the concentration of one substance (tert-butyl bromide) and is independent of concentration
of alkali added. It is unimolecular first ( 1st ) order Nucleophilic Substitution reaction
denoted as SN1 reaction.
   Stereochemistry and mechanism of the reaction : The reaction takes place in two
steps and both the steps involve formation of transition states (T.S.).
T.S. – I for first step :

CH3 CH3 H3C CH3

slow +d –d
C Br C Br C+ + Br
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
(sp3 hybridized) T.S.–I tert-Butyl of cation
(sp2 hybridized)

Formation of carbocation intermediate

  
In this transition state, C – Br bond is partially broken, so that carbon atom carries
partial positive charge (   ) and Br carries partial negative charge (   ) which further
breaks forming carbocation and Br. Tert-Butyl cation (carbocation) has a planar structure
and the CH3 – C – CH3 bond angle is 120°. It is the intermediate of the reaction. It is unstable.
In this step, hybridization of carbon atom changes from sp3 ( tetrahedral geometry ) to
sp2 (planar geometry).

10 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 T.S. – II for second step :

H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

+ OH IIIJ
+d –d
C+ C OH C OH + HO C
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
Carbocation intermediate T.S.–II Retention of configuration Inversion of configuration
(sp2 hybridized) (sp3 hybridized) (sp3 hybridized)

SN1 mechanism

   In this transition state, C – OH bond is partially formed so that carbon atom carries
partial positive charge (   ) and OH carries partial negative charge ( –  ) which further
forms tert-butyl alcohol.
   Formation of a racemic mixture : Since OH has equal probability
of the attack on carbocation from frontside and from backside, the products
obtained are equal. In case of optical active alkyl halide, a racemic mixture is
obtained.
Q. 28. i(i) (a) Dissolving sugar in water separates the molecules of sugar in the solution increasing
disorder and entropy,  S > 0.
(b) 
Condensation of vapour decreases the disorder and randomnness, hence entropy,
 S < 0.
0 0 0
(ii) 
PT  (P2  P1 ) x2  P1
1 is B and 2 is A.
0 0
P1  60 mmHg, P2  80 mm Hg
3
x2   0.6
32
PT  (80  60) 0.6  60
 20  0.6  60  72 mm Hg

Q. 29. (a) (1) 
The carbonyl group ( CO ) on reduction with zinc amalgam ( Zn – Hg ) in
concentrated hydrochloric acid is converted into methylene group ( – CH2 – ).

J   – CH2 –      H2O

Zn – Hg
CO    4[ H ]
conc. HCl
(2) 
Aldehydes and ketones on reaction with Zn – Hg in concentrated HCl forms
corresponding alkanes. This reduction is called Clemmensen reduction.
O
J    R – CH2 – R
Zn – Hg
R – C – R     4[ H ]  
conc. HCl
Ketone Alkane

(3) Acetaldehyde on reduction with Zn – Hg in concentrated HCl forms ethane.

J   C2H6    H2O
O Zn – Hg
CH3 – C     4[ H ]  
H conc. HCl
Acetaldehyde Ethane

PRACTICE PAPER – CHEMISTRY (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 11

 (b) (1) Acetaldehyde on reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine forms
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone.
H NO2 NO2
H
CH3 – C = O + H2NNH NO2 CH3 – CH = NNH NO2 + H2O
Acetaldehyde 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone
(2,4-DNP reagent)

(2) Acetone on reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine forms

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone.
CH NO2 CH3 NO2
3
H 
CH3 – C = O + H2NNH NO2 CH3 – CH = NNH NO2 + H2O
Acetone 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone

Q. 30. i(i) (a) Most of the transition metal ions and their compounds are paramagnetic in nature due
to the presence of one or more unpaired electrons in their (n  1) d orbitals. Hence
they are attracted in the magnetic field.
(b) As the number of unpaired electrons increases from 1 to 5 in d orbitals, the paramagnetic
character and magnetic moment increase.
(c) The transition elements or their ions having all electrons paired are diamagnetic and
they are repelled in the magnetic field.
(d) Metals like Fe, Co and Ni possess very high paramagnetism and acquire permanent
magnetic moment hence they are ferromagnetic.
J XeOF4  2HF
Partial
(ii) (a) XeF6  H2O
hydrolysis

(b) XeF4  H2O IIIIIJ XeOF2  2HF

Q. 31. (a) Based on structure polymers are classified as linear chain polymers, branched chain
polymers and network or cross linked polymers.
Linear chain polymers : When the monomer molecules are joined together in a linear
(1) 
arrangement, the resulting polymer is straight chain or long chain polymer.
e.g. polythene, PVC.

J – CH2 – CH2 – IIIIIJ –[ CH2 – CH2 –]n

polymerization
nCH2CH2  
Ethene Repeating chain    Polythene
(monomer)       

They have high melting points; high densities and high tensile strength.
Cl Cl
J CH2 –  CH – IIIIIJ   –[ CH2 –  CH  –]n
polymerization
nCH2CH – Cl   
Vinyl chloride        
Repeating chain   PVC
(monomer)

12 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 (2) Branched chain polymers : These polymers consist of long and straight chain with
smaller side chains give rise to branched chain polymers. They have low density. They
have lower melting points and tensile strength.
Polypropylene having methyl groups as branches.
CH3
–[ ]–
CH3
J – CH – CH2 – IIIIIJ
polymerization
nCH3 – CHCH2 CH – CH2 n

Propylene       Repeating unit   Polypropylene

(3) Network or cross linked polymers : These polymers consist cross linking of chains
by strong covalent bonds leading to network like structure. Cross linking results from
polyfunctional monomers. e.g., melamine, bakelite, vulcanization of rubber. These
polymers are hard, rigid and brittle.

S S
sulphur
S S

Cis-1, 4-Polyisoprene chain Vulcanized rubber

(b) Nanoscience : The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular

and macromolecular scales where properties differ significantly from those at a larger
scale is called nanoscience.

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PRACTICE PAPER – CHEMISTRY (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 13