COAL .

- Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin, and

Coal other Organic Compounds
● a black or brownish-black sedimentary rock with ● Algae
a high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons. - Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

Background Sources
● Carboniferous period ● Wood and forestry residues
● Agricultural residues
Fuel Composition ● Animal manure
● 50% Hydrogen ● Energy crops
● 35% MEthane
● 10% Carbon monoxide Production Process
● 5% Ethylene ● Direct combustion
- In this process, organic materials are
Type combusted in a controlled environment
● Lignite (25%-35%) ● Biological processes
● Sub-bituminous coal (35%-45%) - include anaerobic digestion and
● Bituminous coal (45%-86%) fermentation
● Anthracite coal (86%-97%) ● Thermochemical processes
- Thermochemical conversion methods
Sources of Fuel include pyrolysis, gasification, and
● Coal is extracted from the earth through torrefaction.
underground mining or surface mining.
Application
Production Process ● Renewable energy
● Plant material accumulation ● Waste reduction
● Coal bed ● Sustainable development goals
● Coal mining
● Processing and preparation BRIQUETTE .
● Transportation Briquette
● Utilization ● Used for heating, cooking fuel, and electricity
generation usually in developing countries that
Application do not have access to more modern fuel
● Electricity and generation sources.
● Metal production ● Often composed of compressed biomass or coal
● Cement production dust, serve as a sustainable fuel source.
● Gasification and liquefaction ● They are also known as heat logs, eco logs, fire
● Chemical production blocks, and fire bricks.
● Other industries ● The term derives from the French word brique,
meaning brick.
BIOMASS .
Biomass Background
● a renewable and organic energy source derived ● During the first and second World Wars,
from living or recently living organisms. households in several European countries
● biomass is considered carbon-neutral. employed a simple lever-operated briquetting
press that used soaked waste paper and other
Background combustible domestic waste as a feedstock.
● Biomass refers to organic materials, such as
plants and waste, that can be used as a source Fuel Composition
of renewable energy. ● Made from pure charcoal particles had the
● It includes wood, agricultural crops, and highest heating value (24.9 MJ/kg) and ash
residues. content (6.0%).
● Its carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contents were
Fuel Composition in the range of 44.6 to 50.1%, 5.1 to 5.6% and
● Wood 34.4 to 41.5%, respectively.
- Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin
● Crop Residues Source
- Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin ● Mostly made of green waste and other organic
● Organic Waste materials Contains various organic materials,
 including rice husk, bagasse, ground nut shells, Applications
municipal solid waste, agricultural waste. ● Transportation
● Off-road vehicles
Applications ● Construction equipment
● Steam generation in boilers ● Military vehicles
● Heating purpose ● Agricultural machinery
● Drying process & gasification plant
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) .
DIESEL . Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas)
Diesel ● a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture
● Also called diesel oil or historically heavy oil of hydrocarbon gasses, specifically propane,
● Any liquid fuel specifically designed for use dina propylene, butylene, isobutane, and n-butane.
diesel engine
● Common term for distillate fuel oil. Background
● Discovered in 1857 by the French chemist
Background Marcellin Berthelot.
● In the 1890s, Rudolf Diesel invented an efficient ● Recovered from “wet” natural gas (gas with
compression ignition, internal combustion condensable heavy petroleum compounds) by
engineer that bears his name. absorption.

Fuel Composition Fuel Composition

● Alkanes ● LPG is composed of hydrocarbons containing
- Also known as paraffins, alkanes are three or four carbon atoms.
straight chain or branched-chain ● Propane (C3H8)
hydrocarbons. They provide the main ● Butane (C4H10)
energy content of diesel fuel.
● Cycloalkanes Sources
- These are hydrocarbons with carbon ● Mixture of hydrocarbon gasses, primarily
atoms arranged in a ring structure. They propane and butane.
contribute to the overall energy density ● Derived from natural gas processing and crude
of diesel fuel oil refining
● Aromatics ● Factionation
- Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or - A process where LPG is separated from
more benzene rings. They improve the the gas stream.
cetane number (a measure of diesel
fuel's combustion quality) and can affect Production Process
the fuel's lubricity and emissions. ● Processed by refining crude oil.
● Sulfuric Compound
● Additives Application
● Cooking
Source ● Vehicles
● Crude oil ● Metal processing
- Derived from crude oil, which is a
naturally occurring fossil fuel found PETROL .
underground. Petrol
- Extracted from oil wells and then refined ● A.k.a. gasoline.
in petroleum refineries. ● Refined product from crude oil.
● Biomass ● Widely recognized for its combustible properties.
- Vegetable oil
- Animal fats Background
● Edwin Drake “Father of Oil Industry”
Production Process ● Drilling the first crude oil well in Pennsylvania in
● Petrol diesel 1859.
- Produced through a process called
fractional distillation. Fuel Composition
● Petroleum diesel ● 4-8% alkanes
- The diesel fuel that reaches the end ● 2-5% alkenes
user begins its life as crude oil. ● 25-40% isoalkanes
● Biodiesel ● 3-7% cycloalkanes
 ● l-4% cycloalkenes ● Separation of kerosene
● 20-50% total aromatics (0.5-2.5% benzene) ● Purification of kerosene
Applications
Source ● Household
● Primarily extracted from crude oil. ● Pesticides
● Crude is the primary source of petrol. ● Cleaning agent
● Industrial machine
Production Process ● Paint solvent
● Exploration and drilling ● Jet fuel
● Extraction
● Transportation HYDROGEN .
● Refining Hydrogen
● Distillation ● Electrochemical conversion
● Catalytic reforming - Hydrogen combines with oxygen from
● Blending the air to produce electricity, emitting
● Quality control only water vapor and heat as
● Storage and distribution byproducts.
● Retail distribution ● Colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and
highly combustible.
Application ● Most abundant chemical substance in the
● Internal Combustion Engines universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal
● Automobiles matter
● Motorcycles and Scooters
● Performance and Efficiency Background
● Octane Rating ● In 1776, Hydrogen was first identified as a
● Convenience and Availability distinct element by British scientist Henry
Cavendish.
KEROSENE .
Kerosene Fuel Composition
● Aka paraffin oil or lamp oil. ● 2 hydrogen molecules.
● Also derived from crude oil.
● Typically pale yellow or colorless, and has a Source
not-pleasant characteristic odor. ● Fossil Fuels
1. Natural gas reforming
Background - Steam methane reforming
● Originally produced from coal oil. - Partial oxidation
● In the 19th century, kerosene is now from the ● Solar
fractional distillation of petroleum oil. 1. Photoelectrochemical (EPC)
● “Kerosene” is derived from the Greek word 2. Photobiological
keros which means wax. ● Biomass
● In the mid-19th century, it was commercially 1. Biomass gasification
produced.
● Initially used as lighting, but became popular Applications
fuel for heating homes, powering stoves, and 1. Fuel cell vehicles (FCV)
heaters. 2. Power generation
● Affordable and accessible. 3. Heating
● Invented by Abrahan Gesner. 4. Space exploration

Fuel Composition BIOGAS .

● 55.2% Paraffins Biogas
● 40.9% Naphthenes ● Renewable energy derived from organic matter
● 3.9 % Aromatic hydrocarbons
Fuel Composition
Source ● 50%-70% Methane (CH4)
● Crude oil ● 30%-50% Carbon dioxide (CO2)
● Petroleum ● 0%-5% Nitrogen (N2)
● 0%-2% Oxygen (O2)
Production Process ● <1% Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
● Collecting the crude oil
Source
● Agricultural waste
● Food waste
● Sewage sludge
● Energy crops
● Organic municipal solid waste

Production Process
● Feedstock collection
● Anaerobic digestion
● Gas formation
● Gas treatment
● Gas utilization
● Residue management

Application
● Cooking fuel
● Heating
● Electricity generation
● Vehicle fuel
● Fertilizer production
● Waste management