PETROLOGY PETROLOGY

IS MADE UP OF

PETROGRAPHY PETROGENY
It comes from the Greek word: Petra = rock, and Logos - knowledge. It is
the branch of Geology that studies "ROCKS" and the conditions in which
rocks form. This deals with the This deals with the mode
descriptive part of the of formation of rocks.
It is consists of the origin, association, occurrence, mineral composition, rocks.
chemical composition, texture, structure, and physical properties of rocks.

IMPORTANCE
DEFINITION OF
OF PETROLOGY IN CIVIL

ROCKS ENGINEERING

Understanding the composition and properties of rocks is crucial for

FOUNDATION DESIGN
Rock is a natural solid massive designing stable foundations.

aggregate of minerals forming the

assess the rock's hardness, stability, and potential for collapsing during
crust of the Earth. TUNNELING AND EXCAVATION excavation

It is a unit of Earth's crust CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL for evaluating and selecting construction materials
which is formed with
Minerals.
SLOPE STABILITY assess the risk of landslides and design appropriate measures
IMPORTANCE
OF PETROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
MAJOR CLASSIFICATION
critical for designing retaining walls, embankments, and other
OF ROCKS
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
geotechnical structures.

aids in assessing the environmental impact

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSES.

WASTE DISPOSAL ensure safe and environmentally responsible disposal

of waste materials.

WATER INFRASTARUCTURE assessing the bedrock's suitability for supporting the structure and Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks
preventing seepage

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCK IGNEOUS ROCK
Examples:
forms from magma or lava solidification TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCK
INTRUSIVE ROCKS
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCK results when magma solidifies
Examples: formed at considerable depths between 7-10
EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
results when lava solidifies sq.km below the surface of the earth
cools down slowly than extrusive and the
cool much more rapidly than intrusive rocks
usually has large grains
and usually has small grains or not at all Hypabasal Rocks
formed at intermediate stage below the earth
surface
formed at considerable depths up to 2kms
MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Examples: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Examples:

rocks are formed when rocks ‘settle out’ of TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
water or air limestone conglomerate
CLASTIC/MECHANICALLY FORMED
also contain many fossils from millions of years ago!
rocks which are composed predominantly of
often look like glued together rocks, pebbles, or sand. broken pieces or clasts of older weathered
and eroded rocks. breccia
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK halite
CHEMICALLY FORMED
forms when mineral constituents in solution
become supersaturated and inorganically sylvite gray
precipitate. sandatone

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS Examples: METAMORPHIC ROCKS Examples:

change in pre-existing rocks under the influence of HEAT AND PRESSURE CAN CEATE: TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
temperature, pressure and chemically active FOLIATED
solutions. result of compression and stress on the rock,
formed from igneous rocks are called the minerals within the rock align
Orthometamorphic rocks and those formed sandstone into quartzite themselves perpendicular to the direction of
fromsedimentary rocks are called stress.
Parametamorphic rocks.
This alignment creates the
Metamorphic Rocks are found in areas that have
banding/foliation in the rock
been under lots of pressure and/or temperature.
granite into gnesis
MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
ROCK CYCLE
METAMORPHIC ROCKS Examples:

TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK This presents the primary materials

NON-FOLIATED that comprise the Earth and
many non-foliated rocks have not undergone describes how they transform from
a great amount of stress, and therefore, do one type to another.
not show foliation.
minerals that compose non-foliated rocks
It is a process in which rocks are
are equidimensional crystals continuously transformed between
no foliation would appear because all the the three rock types: Igneous,
mineral grains look similar. Sedimentary and Metamorphic.

ROCK CYCLE ROCK CYCLE

PROCESS PROCESS

The process begins with MAGMA, a Igneous rocks and other rocks on
hot molten liquid rock, as it forms Earth’s surface are exposed to
under the Earth's surface and erupt weathering and erosion processes to
as a LAVA. produce sediments.

When LAVA cools, it solidifies by Sediments such as gravel, sand, silt,

crystallization, in which IGNEOUS and clay can be transported by water
rocks are formed. in streams, ice in the form of
glaciers, and air in the form of wind.
 ROCK CYCLE ROCK CYCLE
PROCESS PROCESS

Sediments ultimately come to rest in Sedimentary rocks, under the

a process known as deposition. The influence of "metamorphism", give
deposited sediments accumulate in rise to para-metamorphic rocks.
place and get buried.

Sediments go through compaction Metamorphic rocks, when buried to

and cementation, forming lithified great depth, will melt and transform
sediments, aka SEDIMENTARY rocks. into Magma, due to tectonic activities.

ROCK CYCLE properties of

OTHER PROCESSES ROCKS
Igneous Rocks, under the influence of metamorphism, also transform to
Ortho-Metamorphic rocks. A property is a way of describing how
something looks. Different rocks,
Sedimentary rocks, when buried to great depth, form magma that also
subsequently solidifies to Igneous rocks.
which are solid materials made up of
one or more minerals have various
Metamorphic rocks, like Igneous Rocks, on weathering, give rise to properties that make each one unique.
sediments which also form into Sedimentary rocks.
 pysical properties of
WHAT MAKES A
ROCK A ROCK? ROCKS
Color
PHYSICAL MECHANICAL Hardness
properties properties
Streak
known as index properties, known as strength properties
Luster
which describes the rock which gives an information
material and helps in about the perforamce of rock Cleavage and Fracture
classifying them. materials when subjected to a
Density
particular loading system.

COLOR
Color is the most apparent property of a
rock. The color of various minerals is
determined by their composition and by the
dimension, shape and interrelationships of
the minerals. Slight impurities or defects in
their crystal structures can determine the
color of minerals.
HARDNESS
Hardness (H) is the resistance of a mineral to
scratching. A harder mineral can scratch a softer
mineral while the softer one does not scratch the
harder one.
 STREAK LUSTER
It is the color of the mineral when it is Describes the appearance of a mineral
powdered, it may or may not be the same color when light is reflected from its
as the mineral. The mineral can be either be surface
crushed and turned into powdered or it can be
4 types of Luster:
scratched along a hard surface or a streak plate
1. Mettalic Luster
2. . Vitreous Luster
3. Resinous Luster
4. Dull Luster

CLEAVAGE
AND DENSITY
FRACTURE

Cleavage is the tendency of some Density is the term for how heavy an
minerals to break over flat surfaces. object is for its size. Rock density is
These surfaces have the weakest usually expressed in units like grams per
atomic bonding. cubic centimeter (g/cc or g/cm3)
Fracture is a pattern in which
minerals break away from their plane
of cleavage. This occurs when the
atomic bonds are of similar strength.
mechanical properties of
STRESS &
ROCKS STRAIN
When a stress is applied to a material such as
Stress and strain
rock, the material experiences a change in
Elastic constants dimension, volume, or shape. This change, or
deformation, is called strain.

For small stresses, the strain is elastic (recoverable when

the stress is removed and linearly proportional to the
applied stress). For larger stresses and other conditions,
the strain can be inelastic, or permanent.

ELASTIC
CONSTANT
Elastic constants are the constants
describing mechanical response of a
material when it is elastic.