S.L. Arora

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
Jabalpur Region
Session
2022-23
Competency Based
&
Cased Study Based
Question Bank
Class 11th
PHYSICS
Contact Us: - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Regional Office Jabalpur
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हमारे संरक्षक / Our Patrons
श्रीमती निनि प ांडे, आईआईएस मख्ु य सांरक्षक Mrs. Nidhi Pandey, IIS
आयक्तु Commissioner
कें द्रीय निद्य लय सांगठि Chief Mentor Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
श्री त जद्दु ीि शेक Shri Tajuddin Shaik

सांरक्षक
उप यक्त ु Deputy Commissioner
Mentor
के .नि.सां. क्षे.क. जबलपरु KVS RO Jabalpur
डॉ. िदां ि शेखर कोसस निदेशक Dr. Vandana Sekar

सह यक आयक्त ु Course Assistant Commissioner
के .नि.सां. क्षे.क. जबलपरु Director KVS RO Jabalpur
श्री एस.के . ि मदेि कोसस सह-निदेशक Shri S.K. Namdeo

प्र च यस Course Principal
के . नि. सीएमएम जबलपरु Co-Director K.V. CMM Jabalpur
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FOREWORD FROM DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
‘School is a building that has four walls - with tomorrow

inside’. In addition to being temples of learning that
kindle young minds with the thirst of learning, schools
are key institutions and actors in the process of nation
building. The teachers are the true mentor for the
students and they have always been the torch bearer for
the academic excellence of their children.
Keeping in mind the challenge of the changing scenario of the
assessment and evaluation scheme of Class 11 & 12 for the Year Ending
Exam/Board Exam (Theory), the PGTs from various KVs under Jabalpur
region, during their 3-days workshop, have prepared the Question
Booklets for Class 11 & 12 each, which are containing the competency-
based questions and case study-based questions in the subject Physics. I
congratulate to the ‘Team of Preparers’. I hope this material would prove
to be a good tool for the students to attempt such type of questions,
confidently and to secure the best marks in the Physics subject.
I convey my best wishes to the students and teachers.
Best of luck!
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About the Question Booklet
In the context of National Education Policy 2020, CBSE Circular No. ACAD-
57/2022 Dated: 20.05.2022 states about the Assessment and Evaluation
Practices of the Board for the Session 2022-23. NEP 2020 has affirmed the need
to move from rote to the Competency Based Learning to equip the learners with
key competencies to meet the challenges of the 21st century proactively. Hence
CBSE has decided that the Year End Examination/Board Examination (Theory)
of Class XI-XII, the Question papers will have the following composition:
Competency Based Questions: Minimum 30%. These can be in the form of Multiple-Choice
Questions, Case based Questions, Source based Integrated Questions or any other types.
Objective Type Questions - 20%
Remaining 50% Short Answer/Long Answer Questions (as per existing pattern) contain
Competency Based Questions.
So, during the three-day Workshop for PGTs of Physics subject, of KVs under Jabalpur Region, it was a
great challenge with us that we have to enrich the Participants with the content as per the changing
scheme, first and accordingly, have to prepare a Question Booklet, for each Class XI and XII; Subject–
Physics. I am happy to say that we could achieve, whatever we have planned.
These booklets are containing the Competency Based Questions, which have been framed/prepared by
the participants himself. After due moderation/modification/rectification, these Question Booklets are
being released for the best use of KV Students of Class XI and XII.
I would like to congratulate for all the Participants PGTs, Resource Persons and specially invited Shri M.
Gopala Reddy PGT-Physics, KV RHE Pune for their honest work. My special gratitude to Shri Shaik Tajuddin,
Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Jabalpur, who has always been an inspiration for all of us for completing this
task successfully.
Regard!
S. K. Namdeo
Principal
KV CMM Jabalpur
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TEAM OF PREPARERES
S.NO. NAME OF PGTS NAME OF KV REMARK

1 MR. M GOPALA REDDY RHE PUNE RESOURCE PERSON
2 MRS. KALPANA RANI THAKUR OF KHAMARIA RESOURCE PERSON
3 MR. YUGAL KISHOR BHAGAT SEONI RESOURCE PERSON
4 MR. TRILOK PATHAK NARSINGHPUR RESOURCE PERSON
5 MRS. HEENA DUBEY MANDLA PARTICIPANT
6 MR. BIRENDRA SINGH KOTIYAL SECL DHANPURI PARTICIPANT
7 MR. DILIP CHANDRA JHA NKJ KATNI PARTICIPANT
8 MR. SUNIL KUMAR MISHRA NO 2 GCF JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
9 MR. RAMESH KUMAR PRAJAPATI COD JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
10 MR. ANIL SHRIVASTAVA DHANA PARTICIPANT
11 MR. RAVINDRA GIRI GOSWAMI NO 1 SAGAR PARTICIPANT
12 MR. SURESH KUMAR DUBEY 1STC JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
13 MR. ANIL KUMAR RAM SAGAR NO. II PARTICIPANT
14 MR. AJAY KUMAR PANDEY VF JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
15 MR. TAMSINGH RAHANGDALE BALAGHAT PARTICIPANT
16 MR. HARI PARKASH DINDORI PARTICIPANT
17 MR. INDER SINGH KUSHWAH SECL JAMUNA COLLIERY PARTICIPANT
18 MR. ANIL SONDHIYA 1STC JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
19 MR. ARUN KUMAR PANDEY NO. 2 SATNA PARTICIPANT
20 MR. ARPAN SONI OF KHAMARIA, JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
21 MR. SHESH NARAYAN PATLE NO.1 GCF JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
22 MR. JUGAL KISHOR TIWARI NO1 GCF JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
23 MS. SANGEETA UMRE NO. 2 GCF JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
24 MS. RAMKISHORI AGRAWAL BARKUHI PARTICIPANT
25 MR. DEEPAK KUMAR DUBEY KV BARKUHI PARTICIPANT
26 MR. PRAKASH KUMAR KOSHTA NO.1 CHHINDWARA (S-1) PARTICIPANT
27 MR. SHREE GOPAL NO.1 REWA (MP) PARTICIPANT
28 MR. MANISH KUMAR MISHRA SIDHI PARTICIPANT
29 MR. PRADEEP KUMAR KOUNSLEY MALANJKHAND PARTICIPANT
MR. PRAVEEN KUMAR
30 NO. 1 REWA PARTICIPANT
SHRIVASTAVA
31 MR. AJAY KUMAR UPADHYAY NO.1 SAGAR CANTT PARTICIPANT
32 MRS. NEELAM WAHI V.F. JABALPUR (SHIFT-I) PARTICIPANT
33 MR. GOPAL KRISHNA SETH NO. 1 SATNA PARTICIPANT
34 MR. SHASHI KANT TIWARI NO2 REWA PARTICIPANT
35 MR. NIHAR RANJAN DAS KV CMM JABALPUR PARTICIPANT
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Index
S. No. Contents
1 Units and Measurements
2 Kinematics
3 Work, Energy and Power
4 System of particles and Rotational motion
5 Gravitation
6 Properties of matter
7 Thermodynamics
8 Behaviors of perfect gases and Kinetic theory of gases
9 Wave and Oscillations
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Units and Measurements
(M.C.Q.)
Q1.If momentum (p), Area (A) and time (T) are takes as fundamental quantities, then energy has the
dimensional formula:
(a) [p A½ T–1 ] (b) [ p A–½ T1 ] (c) [ p2 A T ] (d) [ p A–1 T ]
Q2. Two quantities A and B have different dimensions. Which mathematical operation may be physically
meaningful?
(a) A/B (b) A+B (c) A–B (d) A = B
Q3. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities does not have same dimensional formula?
(a) Work and torque (b) Angular momentum and Planck's constant
(c) Tension and surface tension (d) Impulse and linear momentum
Q4. Which of the following is not a unit of time?
(a) Second (b) Parsec (c) Year (d) Shake
Q5.The dimensional formula for ω in the relation y = A Sin ωt is:
(a) [M° L° T] (b) [M° L° T–1] (c) [ML° T°] (d) [M° L–1 T–1]
(Assertion–Reason type)
Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. So select the correct
choice, Choices are :
(A) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is a correct explanation for Assertion.
(B) Assertion is True, Reason is true; Reason is NOT a correct explanation for Assertion
(C) Assertion is True, Reason is False.
(D)Assertion is False, Reason is true.
Q.6Assertion: eV and Joule are the SI units of energy used in modern physics and mechanics
respectively.
Reason: Different types of energies require different units in SI.
Q.7 Assertion: When an algebraic equation has been derived, it is advisable to check it for dimensional
consistency.
Reason: This guarantees that the equation is correct.
Q.8 Assertion 4300 m has two significant figures.
Reason: Trailing zero in a digit with decimal is significant therefore 4.300 have four significant figures.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

Q9. In Vander Wall’s gas equation (P+a/V2)(V–b) = RT. Determine the dimensions of a and b.
LONG ANSWER QUESTION

Q10. (i)The frequency of vibration of a string depends of on,
(a) Tension in the string
(b) Mass per unit length of string,
(c) Vibrating length of the string. Establish dimensionally the relation for frequency
(ii) Give limitations of dimensional analysis.
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ANSWERS:
1. (a) [ p A½ T–1 ]
2. (a) A/B
3. (c) Tension and surface tension
4. (b) Parsec
5. (b) [M° L° T–1]
6. (C) Assertion is True, Reason is False.
7. (C) Assertion is True, Reason is False.
8. (B) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason isNOT a correct explanation for Assertion
9.
10. (i)
(ii)
Kinematics
Q.1 Four friends Ananya, Aarohi, Jiya & Serena were playing a game in a park of their society. All the
four friends have decided that they will stand at four corners of park such that distance between them
are 100 m each. Further they decided they will move with uniform speed 2ms -1 in such a way that
Ananya always moves directly towards Aarohi, Aarohi always moves directly towards Jiya, Jiya always
moves directly towards Serena and Serena always moves directly towards Ananya.
(a) Initially which geometrical shape is formed due to standing position of four friends?
(b) Whether they will meet at any point of park?
(c) If yes find the time when they will meet?
Solution- (a) A square is formed.
(b) Yes, they will meet at center of square.
(c) Each person will cover the displacement,
1
𝑠= 2
√1002 + 1002 = 50√2
Component of velocity towards the center 𝑣 = 2 cos 45= √2
50 √2
So that required time 𝑡 = = 50 𝑠
√2
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Q 2) Kajal is a student of class XI who was suffering from malaria. The locality where Kajal lives is full
of mosquitoes. She was not having mosquito net. Her friend Bhumi has extra net which she gave it to
Kajal. Also she took Kajal to a doctor, got her medicines and after a week Kajal became normal.
(a) The mosquito net over a 7 m x 4 m bed is 3 m high. The net has a hole at one corner of bed and a
mosquito enters the net flies and sit the diagonally opposite corner of the net. Taking the hole as origin
find the displacement of the mosquito.
(b) Inside the net categories the type of motion of mosquito.
Solution- (a) the displacement of mosquito = √72 + 42 + 32 = √74 𝑚.

(b) Three dimension motion
Q 3- Having seen a big stone falling from the top of the tower, Priyansh pulled his friend Anish away but
stone hits the Anish and he got hurt slightly, still Priyansh saved his friend from major injury.
(a) What is the acceleration of stone when it is freely fall?
(b) A ball is released from the top of tower of height h meters. It takes T seconds to reach the ground.
What is the position of ball in T/3 seconds?
(i) h/9 meter from the ground
(ii) 7h/9 meter from the ground
(iii) 8h/9 meter from the ground
(iv) 17h/9 meter from the ground
Solution-
(a) 9.8 ms-2
(b) – (iii)
Q 4 Aryan and Rehan are two friends studying in class VII. On the occasion of annual sports day of their
school , they were watching a javelin throw match. They observed that a comparatively weaker athlete
won the match and they were surprised to see how a weaker athlete can won the match .
(a) How can you resolve this confusion of Aryan & Rehan?
(b) Prove that the maximum horizontal range is four times the maximum height attained by the
projectile, when fired at an inclination so as to have maximum horizontal range.
Solution-
(a) Because winner has thrown his javelin near the angle of 450 so that he could achieve
Maximum horizontal distance.
(b)For 450, the horizontal distance is maximum and given by,
𝑢2
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑔
Maximum height attend,
𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 450 𝑢2 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = =
2𝑔 4𝑔 4
Q 5 ) An old woman crossing the road was holding a money purse. She was not able to walk .A pick
pocket snatched away her purse. A school student, Rahim of class XI, having seen this incident tried to
help that old lady. He informed the police Inspector who stood nearby. The Inspector recovered the
purse from the pickpocket and handed it over to the old lady.
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The police inspector in a jeep is chasing the pickpocket on a straight road. The jeep is going at its
maximum speed ‘v’. The pickpocket rides on the motorcycle of a waiting friend when the jeep is at a
distance ‘d’ away and the motorcycle starts with a constant acceleration ‘a’. Show that the pickpocket
will be caught if v≥√2ad.
Solution- (a)½ 𝑎𝑡 2 , the distance covered by the this time interval =s + d = vt after solving both the
equation, we get
𝑎𝑡 2 − 2𝑣𝑡 + 2𝑑 = 0
𝑣 ± √𝑣2 −2𝑎𝑑
𝑡= 𝑎
The pick picketer will be caught if t is real and positive. This will be possible if v2 ≥ 2ad Or v≥ 2ad.
Q6. One day Sonu and his sister Kukku were going to a trip of a zoo near the city by bike along with their
father. They were very interested to visit the zoo ,hence they requested for increasing the speed of the
bike and the speed of bike at that instant was 27 kmh-1.After a while they reached a circular turn of
radius about 80 m,Thus suddenly father reduces the speed at constant rate0.5 ms-2 .
a) Why the biker reduced speed as he approaches on a circular turn?
b) Name the force which is responsible to keep an object in circular motion?
c) What is the magnitude and direction of net acceleration on circular turn?
Solution-
(a) For safe turn.
(a) Centripetal force.
(b) 𝑣 = 27 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 = 7.5 𝑚𝑠 −1
7.52
Centripetal acceleration 𝑎𝑐 = = 0.7 𝑚𝑠 −2
80
Given 𝑎𝑡 = 0.5 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑎 = √𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑎 = 0.86 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.4
Q.7 Two friends Sachin and Vinod were plan to visit a water fall on upcoming Sunday with their family.
On Sunday Sachin covered first half distance of water fall with average speed of 40 kmh -1 and second
half distance at 60 kmh-1 while Vinod covered first half time with average speed 40 kmh-1 and second
half time with average speed 60 kmh-1.
(a) who reached the water fall earlier?
(b) Calculate the mean speed of Sachin and Vinod ?
Solution-
(a) Vinod will reach earlier.
2 ×40 × 60
(b) Mean speed of Sachin = = 48 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
40+60
40+60
Mean Speed of Vinod = = 50 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
2
Q.8 Two brothers Amit and Anil were watching an IPL match on Television. A batsman hit a long drive
in air and commentator said “ the ball follow theparabolic trajectory” Anil who was younger brother
asked, to his elder brother what is the meaning of trajectory but Amit had no idea about this word.
(a) What is the meaning of trajectory?
(b) Write the equation of path traced by projectile when the projectile is projected at an angle α from
horizontal with velocity ‘u’.
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Solution-
(a) When the projectile is projected at an angle then of the projectile is parabolic this parabolic path is
called trajectory.
𝑔
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan ∝ − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑢2 𝑥 2
Assignment on work energy Power;

Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Q.1 Assertion : A work done by friction is always negative.

Reason : If frictional force acts on a body its K.E. may decrease.
Answer: (d) When frictional force is opposite to velocity, kinetic energy will decrease.
Q.2 Assertion : A spring has potential energy, both when it is compressed or stretched.
Reason : In compressing or stretching, work is done on the spring against the restoring force.
Answer: (a)
Q.3 Assertion : A force applied on the body always does work on the body.
Reason : If a force applied on a body displaces the body along the direction of force work done will be
maximum.
Answer: (d)
Q.4 Assertion : A man rowing a boat upstream is at rest with respect to the bank. He is doing no external
work.
Reason : Work done by constant force, W = F s cosθ.
Answer: (a) In this case, s = 0, and so W = 0.
Q.5 Assertion : The work done in moving a body over a closed loop is zero for every force in nature.
Reason : Work done depends on nature of force.
Answer: (b) In close loop, s = 0, and so W = Fs = 0.
Q.6 Assertion : The rate of change of total momentum of a many particle system is proportional to the
sum of the internal forces of the system.
Reason : Internal forces can change the kinetic energy but not the momentum of the system.
Answer: (d)
Q.7. Assertion : The change in kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the work done on it by the net force.
Reason : Change in kinetic energy of particle is equal to work done only in case of a system of one particle.
Answer: (c) Change in kinetic energy = work done by net force. This relationship is valid for particle as
well as system of particles.
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Q.8 Assertion: Kinetic energy of a system can be increased or decreased without applying any external
force on the system.
Reason: This is because K.E. =mv2/2, so it independent of any external forces.
Answer: (c) K.E. can be increased or decreased without applying any external force, as internal forces
can do work e.g., explosion of a bomb.
Q.9 Assertion: Kinetic energy of a body is quadrupled, when its velocity is doubled.
Reason : Kinetic energy is proportional to square of velocity. If velocity is doubled the K.E. will be
quadrupled
Answer : (a)
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SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
Radius of gyration and moment of inertia:

1. The radius of gyration of a body about the axis of rotation is defined as the radial distance to a
point which would have a moment of inertia the same the same as the bodys actual distribution of
mass,if the total mass of the body were concentrated there. The moment of Inertia of a rigid body
depends on the distribution of mass about the axis of rotation and the position orientation of the axis of
rotation.
(i) That moment of inertia of a rigid body depends on:
a) the mass of the body
b) It’s shape and size
c) mass distribution about the axis of rotation
d) position orientation of the axis of rotation
e) all of the above
Answer: all of the above
2. The radius of gyration of a body about an axis defined as:
a) The distance from the axis of a mass point whose mass is equal to the mass of the whole body.
b) Whose moment of inertia is equal to the moment of inertia of the body about the axis.
c) only a or only b
d) both A and B
Answer: both a and b
3. The machines such as steam engine and the automobile engine etc, that produce rotational
motion have a disk with a large moment of inertia called a flywheel because of its large moment of
inertia ,the flywheel:
a) Resist the sudden increase or decrease of the speed of the vehicle.
b) it allows a gradual change in the speed.
c) Prevents jerky motion.
d) Ensures a smooth ride for the passengers on the vehicle.
e) all of the above
Answer: all of the above
4. A body of mass 2 KG is rotating about an axis placed at two centimetres away from it.Find its
moment of inertia.
Answer: 8 *10-4kgm2
5. A rigid body is set to be in mechanical equilibrium if:

a) it's linear momentum does not change with time.
b) its angular momentum does not change with time.
c) either A or B
d) both A and B
Answer: both A and B
Assertion and reason type questions:

a) A & R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) A & R both are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is correct but R is wrong.
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d) A is wrong but R is correct.
e) both are correct.
6. Assertion:in translational equilibrium the total force on the body is 0.

Reason: the total linear momentum of the body does not change with time
Answer:both A&R are correct and R is the correct explanation off a
7. Assertion: In rotational equilibrium that total torque on the body is 0.
Reason: The total angular momentum of the body does not change with time.
Answer:a
8. Assertion : the centre of mass has nothing to do with gravity.
reason : the centre of mass depends only on the distribution of mass of the body.
Answer: A
9. Mohan and shyam of class X were playing in classroom with teachers wheelchair Since teacher
was not there ,after some time when teacher came she observed Mohan and Shyam’s game. Mohan and
shyam told sorry to teacher but teacher told them to continue what they were doing. Teacher told
Mohan to sit on a wheelchair with your arms folded and keep the feet away from the ground without
Resting on, and told shyam to rotate the chair rapidly, while the chair is rotating with considerable
angular speed mohan stretches his arms horizontally. if he bring back his arms closer to his body, the
angular speed changes again.
Answer:
10. Which physical concept teacher want to explain with this activity?
Answer: conservation of angular momentum
11. When mohan stretches his hands horizontally his angular speed reduced,but when he brought
back his arms closer to his body his angular speed-------------
Answer:Increases
12. When mohan stretches his arms, it increased the Moment of inertia about the axis ofrotation?
Answer:True
13. What is the radius of gyration of a uniform rod whose length is L and passes through the centre
of mass?
(a) L/√3
(b) L/√2
(c) L/2√3
(d) L2/12
Answer: c
14. if a system isn't translational equilibrium it must have the condition -
(a) Summation M = 0
(b) constant acceleration
(C) Summation F = 0
(d) Positive force only
Answer: C
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ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND ITS CONSERVATION:
Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of linear momentum. It is defined as the moment of linear
momentum of a particle about the axis of rotation.
Angular momentum = Linear momentum x its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation
L =𝑝𝑟𝑠i𝑛𝜃
L is perpendicular to the plane of r and v and is in the sense given by right rule. The torque Ƭ acting on
particle is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum. In the absence of any external torque, thus,
if no external torque acts on a system, its angular momentum is conserved. This is the law of
conservation of angular momentum.
Q.1 The direction of angular momentum vector is along -

(a) The tangent to the circular path (b) The inward radius
(c) The outward radius (d) The axis of rotation
Answer: (d)
Q.2The angular momentum of a moving body remains constant, if
(a) Net external force is applied (b) Net pressure is applied
(c) Net external torque is applied (d) Net external torque is zero.
Answer: (d)
Q.3. If there is change of angular momentum from 1 kg-m/sec to 4 kg-m/sec in 4 s, then the torqueis
(a) (3/4) Nm (b) 2 Nm
(c) (4/3) Nm (d) 5 Nm
Answer: (a)
Q.5. Aparticle of mass m is moving with a constant velocity v parallel to x-axis in an x-y plane as shown
in figure. Calculate angular momentum with respect to origin at any instant.
Page 15 of 47
MOMENT OF INERTIA
The mass of a body resists a change in its state of linear motion, It is a measure of inertia in linear motion.
Similarly, the moment of inertia of a body about an axis of rotation resists a change in its rotational
motion. The greater the moment of inertia of a body, the greater is the torque required to change its
state of rotation. It is a measure of rotational inertia of a body. The moment of inertia of rigid body about
a fixed axis is defined as the sum of the products of the masses of the particles constituting the body and
the squares of their respective distances from the axis of rotation.
Thus, the moment of inertia of a rigid body depends on the mass of the body, its shape and size,
distribution of mass about the axis of rotation, and the position and orientation of the axis of rotation.
Q.6 If a person sitting on a rotating stool with his hands outstretched, suddenly lowers his hands, then
his moment of inertia:
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Becomes zero (d) Remains constant
Answer: (b)
Q.7 The moment of inertia of a body does not depend upon
(a) Angular Velocity (b) Axis of rotation
(c) The mass of a body (d) The distribution of mass
Answer: (a)
Q.8. Four balls each of radius 10 cm and mass 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg and 4 kg are attached to the periphery of
massless plate of radius 1m. What is moment of inertia of the system about the Centre of plate?
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Q.9. Three-point masses each of mass m are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of sidea.
The moment of inertia of the system about an axis COD
Q.10 The moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc is maximum about an axis perpendicular to the
disc and passing through the point -
(a) B (b) C (c) D (d) A

Answer: (a)
Centre of Mass
Newton's laws of motion are applicable to point objects. But a rigid body is a many-particle System. To
simplify the motion of such a system, we define mathematically a specific point, called centre of mass of
the system, whose motion under the effect of external forces can describe the motion of the entire
system. The centre of mass of a system of particles is a point where the whole mass of a body is supposed
to be concentrated for describing its translator motion. It is that single point which moves in the same
way in which a single particle having thetotal mass of the system and acted upon by the same external
forces would move. The positionvector of the centre of mass is the weighted average of the position
vectors of all the particles ofthe system, the contribution of each particle being proportional to its mass.
The equations of motion for the centre of mass can be written as
Page 17 of 47
These equations show that the centre of mass of the system moves as if entire mass of the
system is concentrated at this point and the total external force acts on this point. The internalforces
between various particles cancel out in pairs in accordance with Newton's third law.
Q.11 The centre of mass of a solid cone along the line from the centre of the base to the vertex is at -
(a) One-third of the height (b) One-fourth of the height
(c) One-fifth of the height (d) None of the above
Answer: (b)
Q.12. Three masses of 2 kg, 4 kg and 4 kg are placed at the three points (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0) and (0, 1,
0) respectively. The position vector of its centre of mass is -
Q.13 Four particles of mass 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg and 8 kg are situated at the corners of a square of sidelength
2 m. The centre of mass may be given as -
Q.14. Two bodies, A and B initially, at rest, move towards each other under mutual force of attraction.
At the instant when the speed of A is v and that of B is 2v, the speed of the centre of mass of the bodies
is
(a) 3v (b) 2v (c) 1.5v (d) zero
Answer: d)
Directions: Each of these questions contains two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
Questions also have four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to Select
15. Assertion: The Centre of mass of a body may lie where there is no mass.
Reason: Centre of mass of body is a point, where the whole mass of the body is supposed to
beconcentrated.
Answer:(a)
16. Assertion : The centre of mass of system of n particles is the weighted average of the position
vector of the n particles making up the system.
Reason : The position of the centre of mass of a system in independent of coordinate
system.
Answer: (b)
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17. Assertion : The centre of mass of an isolated system has a constant velocity.
Reason : If centre of mass of an isolated system is already at rest, it remains at rest.
Answer: (b)
18. Assertion: A particle is moving on a straight line with a uniform velocity, its angular momentum
is always zero.
Reason: The momentum is not zero when particle moves with a uniform velocity.
Answer: (d)
19. Assertion: If polar ice melts, days will be longer.
Reason: Moment of inertia decreases and thus angular velocity increases.
Answer: (c)
Rotational motion
It is found that it is difficult to open the front door of wooden Almirah by children, whereas an elders
can open it easily. When position ofhandle is shifted to one of the edge of the door. it is found that now
with less effort small kids are able to open it .
(1) Which physical quantity is responsible for rotation of anybody?
Answer:Torque
(2) OnWhat factors Torque depends?
Answer: (a) Magnitude of force
(b) Distance from axis of rotation.
(3) What is the formula of Torque?
Answer: T= r * f
Motion of center of Mass

The Newton’s law of motion are applicable to point objects. The introduction of the concepts of center
of mass enables us to apply them equally well to the motion of finite or extended objects. The equation
of motion for the center of mass justifies the fact that the center of mass of the system moves as if , the
entire mass of the system is concentrated at this point. In the absence of any external force the center
of mass of system moves with an uniform velocity.
1) Two particles of masses 2m and 3m placed at separation d on a smooth surface. They move
towards each other due to mutual attractive force. How much is the acceleration of center of mass?
Answer: Acceleration of center of mass will be zero.
2) Two persons of masses 55 kg and 65 kg respectively are at opposite ends of a boat. The length of
the boat is 3m and weight is 100 kg. The 55 kg man walks upto the 65 kg man and sits with them. If the
boat is in still water, determine the shift in the center of mass of the system?
Answer: Since, external force is zero, the center of mass of the system remains stationary.
3) What will be the nature of motion of center of mass of isolated system?
Answer:The center of mass of such a system remains either at rest or moves with uniform velocity.
GRAVITATION
CASE STUDY
Geostationary or geosynchronous orbit: Geostationary or geosynchronous orbit is the best spot for
communications satellites to use, however. This is a zone above Earth's equator at an altitude of 35,786
km (22,236 mi). At this altitude, the rate of "fall" around the Earth is about the same as Earth's rotation,
which allows the satellite to stay above the same spot on Earth almost constantly. The satellite thus
keeps a perpetual connection with a fixed antenna on the ground, allowing for reliable communications.
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When geostationary satellites reach the end of their life, protocol dictates they're moved out of the way
for a new satellite to take their place. That's because there is only so much room, or so many "slots" in
that orbit, to allow the satellites to operate without interference.
Q.1. Most waves used for communication purposes rely on geostationary satellites because (a)
They cannot transmit data at long distances due to curvature of the earth
(b) They are reflected by the atmosphere
(c) They are very cheap
(d) It does not occupy space on the earth’s surface
Answer: (a)
Q.2 Geostationary satellite revolve in - (a) Polar orbit
(b) Equatorial orbit
(c) Any orbit round earth (
(d) both (a) an (b)
Answer: (b)
Q.3 An astronaut while revolving in a circular orbit happens to throw a spoon outside. Will thespoon
reach the surface of the earth?
Answer: The spoon will continue to move in the same circular orbit, and chase the astronaut, it will
never reach the surface of the earth.
LAUNCHING OF A SATELLITE:
To put a satellite into an orbit around the earth. It must be given a minimum vertical velocity so that it
can overcome gravity and reach a suitable height. Then the satellite must be given sufficient tangential
velocity so that it may not fall back to the earth. Once it is done, the gravitational force provides the
needed centripetal force to maintain the satellite in orbit.
The minimum vertical velocity with which a body must be projected vertically upward in order that it
may just escape the gravitational field of the earth is called escape velocity. ve=√ = √2 𝑅 The horizontal
velocity required to put a satellite in its orbit around a planet is called orbital velocity. Orbital veloity,
V0= √GM/r = √GM/R+h When a satellite revolves close to the earth surface,vo= √ g𝑅.
Q.1. The velocity with which a projectile must be fired so that it escapes earth’s gravitation, does not
depend on (a) Mass of the earth (b) Mass of the projectile(c) Radius of the projectile’s orbit (d)
Gravitational constant
Answer: (b)
Q.2 The artificial satellite does not have any fuel, but it remains in its orbit around the earth. Why?
Answer: The centripetal force necessary for orbital motion of the satellite is provided by the force of
gravitation exerted by the earth on the satellite. So the satellite does not need any fuel for its orbital
motion.
Q.3Two satellites A and B have ratio of masses 3:1 in circular orbits of radii r and 4r. What will be the
ratio of total energy of A to B?
Answer: Total energy of a satellite is given by
E = - GMm / 2r
EA / EB = mA. rB / mB . rA
= 3 x 4r / 1 x r
= 12 : 1
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In the following questions a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
© If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are true.
Q.3 Assertion: The velocity of the satellite decreases as its height above earth’s surface increases and is
maximum near the surface of the earth.
Reason: The velocity of the satellite is inversely proportional to its height above earth’s surface.
Answer:b
Q.4 Assertion:The total energy of the satellite is always negative irrespective of the nature of the orbit
i.e. elliptical or circular and it cannot be positive or zero.
Reason: If the total energy is positive or zero, the satellite would leave its orbit.
Answer: a
Q .5 Assertion: A planet moves faster, when it is closer to the sun in its orbit and vice-versa.
Reason: Orbital velocity in orbit of planet is constant.
Ans c
Q.6 A satellite which is geostationary in a particular orbit is taken to another orbit. Its distance from the
centre of earth in new orbit is 3 times that of the earlier orbit. The time period in the second orbit is -
(a) 24√2 hours
(b) 48√3 hours
(c) 4.8 hours
(d) 72√3 hours
Answer: (d)
Q 7 The identical satellite are placed at R and 7R distance away from the earth surface, the
in correct statement is ( R = radius of earth)
(a) Ratio of total energies of both is 5
(b) Ratio of potential energies of both will be 4
(c) Ratio of kinetic energies of both will be 4
(d) Ratio of total energies of both is 4
Answer: (a)
Q.8 If earth were to rotate faster than its present speed, the weight of an object will :
(a) Increase at the equator but remain unchanged at poles.
(b) Decrease at the equator but remain unchanged at poles.
(c) Remain unchanged at the equator but decrease at the poles.
(d) Remain unchanged at the equator but increase at the poles.
Answer: (b)
Q.9 Two artificial satellites are revolving around the earth, one closer to its surface and other away
from it. Which satellite has greater speed?
Orbital speed of satellite revolving at height is given by
Vo = √GM/R+h
Clearly smaller the height h hasgreater speed . Hence the satellite revolving closer to the earth’s
surface has greater speed vo.
Q.10 Spring balance is suspended inside an artificial satellite revolving around the earth, if a body of
mass 1 kg is suspended from it, what would be its reading?
Answer: Zero, because there is no reaction force.
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Case Study – 1
LAW OF ORBIT: The orbit of every planet is an ellipse around the sun with sun at one of the two foci of
ellipse.
LAW OF AREAS: The line that joins a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Area covered by the planet while revolving around the sun will be equal in equal intervals of time. This
means the rate of change of area with time is constant.
LAW OF PERIOD: According to this law the square of time period of a planet is directly proportional to
the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
Suppose earth is revolving around the sun then the square of the time period (time taken to complete
one revolution around sun) is directly proportional to the cube of the semi major axis.It is known as
Law of Periods as it is dependent on the time period of planets. The force of attraction between any two
unit masses separated by a unit distance is called universal gravitational constant denoted by G
measured in Nm2/kg2.
Answer the following:
1) Kepler’s second law is knows as -
a) Law of period
b) Law of area
c) Law of gravity
d) None of these
2) Kepler’s third law is knows as -
a) Law of period
b) Law of area
c) Law of gravity
d) None of these
3) The velocity of a planet is constant throughout its elliptical trajectory in an orbit -
a) True
b) False
c) None of these
d)
4) Two objects of masses 5kg and 10 kg separated by distance 10m. What is gravitational force
between them?
Answers:
1) b
2) a
3) b
5) F=GM1*M2 /D2
Here M1=5kg ,M2=10kg
Case Study – 2
Satellites in a circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with T = 24 hours are called
Geostationary Satellites. Clearly, since the earth rotates with the same period, the satellite would appear
fixed from any point on earth. It takes very powerful rockets to throw up a satellite to such large heights
above the earth but this has been done in view of the several benefits of much practical application.
Weight of an object is the force with which the earth attracts it. We are conscious of our own weight
when we stand on a surface, since the surface exerts a force opposite to our weight to keep us at rest.
The same principle holds good when we measure the weight of an object by a Spring balance hung from
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a fixed point e.g. the ceiling. The object would fall down unless it is subject to a force opposite to gravity.
This is exactly what the spring exerts on the object. This is because the spring is pulled down a little by
the gravitational pull of the object and in turn the spring exerts a force on the object vertically upwards.
Now, imagine that the top end of the balance is no longer held fixed to the top ceiling of the room. Both
ends of the spring as well as the object move with identical acceleration g. The spring is not stretched
and does not exert any upward force on the object which is moving down with acceleration g due to
gravity. The reading recorded in the spring balance is zero since the spring is not stretched at all. If the
object were a human being, he or she will not feel his weight since there is no upward force on him.
Thus, when an object is in free fall, it is weightless and this phenomenon is usually called the
phenomenon of weightlessness. In a satellite around the earth, every part and parcel of the satellite has
acceleration towards the centre of the earth which is exactly the value of earth’s acceleration due to
gravity at that position. Thus in the satellite everything inside it is in a state of free fall. This is just as if
we were falling towards the earth from a height. Thus, in a manned satellite, people inside experience
no gravity. Gravity for us defines the vertical direction and thus for them there are no horizontal or
vertical directions, all directions are the same.
Q1) Astronaut experiences weightlessness in space because -
a) Acceleration due to gravity is zero
b) Actual weight of astronaut is zero
c) They are going with same acceleration due to gravity
d) None of these
Q2) Weighing machine measures -
a) Mass of the person
b) Normal reaction exerted by machine on person
c) Both a and b
d) None of these
Q3) What is geostationary satellite?
Q4) What is weight? How it is measured?
Q5) What is weightlessness astronaut in satellite experienced by?
Answers:
1) c
2) b
3) Satellites in a circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial plane with T = 24 hours are called
Geostationary Satellites. Clearly, since the earth rotates with the same period, the satellite looks like
stationary object from earth.
4) Weight of an object is the force with which the earth attracts it. It is measured with the help of spring
balance.
5) Weightlessness is condition in which acceleration due to gravity is balanced by satellite as it is moving
and astronaut don’t feel any weight hence called weightlessness. In a satellite around the earth, every
part and parcel of the satellite has acceleration towards the centre of the earth which is exactly the value
of earth’s acceleration due to gravity at that position. Thus in the satellite everything inside it is in a
state of free fall. Thus, in a manned satellite, people inside experience no gravity.
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ASSERTION & REASON
Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
Q.1. Assertion: A body loses weight when it is at the centre of the earth.
Reason: At the centre of earth, g = 0. Therefore, weight = mg = 0.
Answer: (a)
Q.2. Assertion: If earth suddenly stops rotating about its axis, then the value of acceleration due to
gravity will become same at all the places.
Reason: The value of acceleration due to gravity depends upon the rotation of the earth.
Answer: (c)
Q.3. Assertion: A body becomes massless at the centre of earth.
Reason: This follows from g’ = g (1 – d/R)
Answer: (d) At the centre of the earth, weight is zero but mass cannot be and never zero.
Q.4. Assertion: Space rockets are usually launched in the equatorial line from west to east.
Reason: The acceleration due to gravity is minimum at the equator.
Answer: (c)
Q.5. Assertion: Gravitational force between two particles is negligibly small compared to the electrical
force.
Reason: The electrical force is experienced by charged particles only.
Answer: (b)
Q.6. Assertion: The value of acceleration due to gravity i.e. ‘g’ is different at different places on the
surface of earth.
Reason: Earth is flattened at poles and bulging out at the equator. Therefore radius is smaller at poles
and larger at equator and g α 1/R2, so, g is smaller at equator than at poles.
Answer: (a)
Q.7. Assertion: Smaller the orbit of the planet around the sun, shorter is the time it takes to complete
one revolution.
Reason: According to Keeper’s third law of planetary motion, square of time period is proportional
to cube of mean distance from sun.
Answer: (a)
Q.9. Assertion: Moon travelers tie heavy weight at their back before landing on the moon.
Reason: The acceleration due to gravity on moon is smaller than that of earth.
Answer: (a) To counter balance the effect of gravity.
Q.10. Assertion: Generally, the path of a projectile from the earth is parabolic but it is elliptical for
projectiles going to a very large height.
Reason: The path of a projectile is independent of the gravitational force of earth.
Answer: (c)
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CASE STUDY - 3
Suppose you could dig a tunnel from one surface to the opposite
through the centre of the earth. How will be journey through the
tunnel? Let us assume that the Earth to be of uniform density,
there is no air friction and temperature is normal. At the starting
point the initial acceleration will be equal to 9.8 m/s2. The
acceleration gradually reduces as one approaches the centre
geffective=g*reffective/RearthThe gravity of any radius reffective is less than
R earth and is linearly proportional to the distance from the centre.
So the weight will be go on reducing as the centre is approached.
It will again go on increasing as one moves from away from the
centre. The traveller will pop up on the opposite side of the earth within 42 minutes approximately but
unless the traveller grabs something to hold on, he or she will fall back for a return journey and continue
to oscillate with a round trip time. The time period will be 𝐴 = 2𝜋√𝑅/𝑔 (where R is the radius of the
earth)
Q.1 Compare the weight of the traveller at point A and B inside the tunnel?
Answer: Weight of A is greater than weight of B.
Q.2 What is the approximate time required for the journey from A to D and back to A through the tunnel?
Answer:84 minutes
Q.3 How the acceleration due to gravity varies inside the tunnel?
Answer: Acceleration due to gravity decreases as one approaches the centre, it is zero at the centre it
again start increasing as one move away from the centre.
Q.4 Which parameter of the traveller will be non-zero at centre of the earth during this journey?
Answer:Mass.
Q.5 What may happen if the traveler reaching Point D does not grab something to hold on?
Answer: The traveler will oscillate inside the tunnel with a time period 2 √𝑅/𝑔
Assertion (A):- Acceleration is proportional to the displacement,this condition is not sufficient for
motion in simple pendulum.
Reason(R):- In simple harmonic motion direction of displacement is also considered.
Answer: A
Assertion (A):- If the mass of the sun were ten times smaller and gravitational constant G, were ten times
larger in magnitude, then walking on ground would become more difficult.
Reason(R):- The acceleration due to gravity on the earth will not change
Answer:A true R false
Assertion(A): A man goes to poles of earth and perform a practical and observed that force experienced
by the object at poles is higher as compared to equator
Reason(R): The value of g varies on the surface of Earth(gp>ge)
Answer:Both are correct.
Assertion (A): If the mass of the sun were ten times smaller and gravitational constant G were ten
times larger in magnitude. Then walking on ground would become more difficult.
Reason(R): The acceleration due to gravity on the earth will not change.
Answer:A is true R is false.
Page 25 of 47
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Q.1 Students of class XI perform an experiment of elasticity with two materials A and B and plloted a
graph stress vs strain curve as shown in figure
1.The law is applied in experiment is known as………..

2.. In the following stress– strain curve, which has:
1Greater young’s Modulus
2More Ductility
3Tensile strength.
Answers:
1Since young’s Modulus is given by the slope of stress– strain graph, Since slop of A is more than that of
B, hence it has greater young’s Modulus.
2Ductility is the extent of plastic deformation and it is greater for B.
3Tensile strength is the direct measure of stress required, from by graph, it is greater for A.
Q.2 Teacher performed an activity in class XI .First he loaded the elastic wire with weight 5 Kg. Then he
cut elastic wire into two equal half and asked the questions to the students.
1.How would it affect the maximum load that the wire can support?
2.What do mean by elasticity?
3. Name the force responsible for elasticity.
Answers:
1. Since Breaking load = Breaking Stress x Area. so if cable is cut to half of its original length, there is no
change in its area hence there is no effect on the maximum load that the wire can support.
2.Definition of elasticity.
3. Restoring force
Q.4 Engineer design a bridge by his engineering knowledge, of length l breathb,and depth dloaded at
the centreby a load W such that it can withstand the load of flowing traffic,the force of winds and its
own weight,
1.To reduce bending of a beam for a given length and material what should be greater than breath?
2.For ideal condition what should be the value of ð?
Answers:
1.Depth should be greater than breath.
2. Depression should be very small.
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Q.5 Ram was in a habit of doing magical activities. One day he was performing activity with capillary
tube,water and mercury showing to his brother.
1. Name the phenomenon involved in the activity.
2.Name the principle involved.
3.Write down the formula .
4.Water rises in a capillary tube but mercury falls in the same tube. Why?
Answers:
1 Capillarity
2 Surface Tension
3 h =2S cos θ/rgP
4.The capillary rise is given by :→ h =height of capillary T =Surface tension Θ=Angle of contact r = Radius
of capillary P =Density of liquid g =Acceleration due to gravity For mercury– glass surface, θ is obtuse
hence Cos θ is negative, hence h is negative hence mercury will depress below the level of surrounding
liquid.
Q.6 1.Which of the following diagram does not represent a streamline flow?
2. Which principle is applicable for this flow?

3. Write one property of streamline flow?
Answers:
1. D
2 Bernoulli’s.
3 The velocity of all fluid particles crossing a given position is constant.
Q.8 Schoolplanned educational tour for Students of class XI and taken them to Bangalore by flight from
Delhi. In Delhi airport teacher asked the students to observe number of airplanes and asked the
questions to the students
1 Why does the shape of wings of airplane is aerodynamic?
2. How aero plane is lifted up?
3. Which principle is applicable here?
ANSWERS:
1. Wings of airplane is shaped in such a way , wind flowing above is faster than wind flowing below the
wing.
2. he pressure difference gives a lift in upward direction
3.Bernoulli’s Theorem
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Q.9 Students of class XI perform the science activities with water and oil during their house on duty.
First they spread water on oil surface and after that oil on water surface and shown to the students.
1. Which liquid spreads over which?
2. Water does not spread over oil ,why?
3. Small droplets are spherical in shape than larger drops of the same liquid.
ANSWERS
1.Oil spreads over water.
2Surface tension of water is more than oil.
3.surface tension can withstand small gravitational forces in small drops but in large drops
gravitational force dominates surface tension causing the large drops to bulge more.
Properties of Matter
When a body is deformed by applying some force. Then restoring force set up per unit cross- sectional
area of body is called stress. The ratio of change in dimension to initial dimension is called Strain.
According to Hook’s law, within the elastic limit, the stress set up in body is directly proportional to
strain produced in it.
Stress α Strain
Stress/Strain=E(constant)
where E is known as modulus of elasticity.
Hook’s Law is an empirical law and is found to be valid for most materials. However, there are some
⍙materials which do not exhibit this linear relationship.
Answer the followings:
(1) Stress and pressure are both force per unit area, then in what respect they differ.
(2) If stress is reduced to one third. What happens to ratio of stress and strain?
(3) The ratio stress /Strain remain constant for small deformation. What will be the effect on this
ratio, when the deformation made is very large? Explain your answer.
(4) A cable is replaced by another cable of the same length and material but twice the diameter. How
does this affect the elongation under a given load?
Answers:
(1) Pressure is external force per unit area, whereas stress is the internal restoring force set up per
unit area of deformed body.
(2) Ratio of stress to strain remains constant.
(3) When deforming force is applied beyond elastic limit the strain produced is more than that has
been observed within elastic limit. Due to which ratio stress/strain would reduced.
(4) Y= 4MgL/(π D2 )⍙ L
THERMODYNAMICS
Q. The figure shows the different modes of transfer of heat, heat
transfer is defined as the movement of heat across the border of the
system due to a difference in temperature between the system and
its surroundings. The temperature difference exists between the two
systems; heat will find a way to transfer from the higher to the lower
system.
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1.The sea breeze is caused by:
1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiation
4. none of these
2. At what factor heat absorbed on radiation by the body depends on?
1. distance between body
2. source of heat
3. its color
4. all of the above
3. When heat is transferred by molecular collision, it is referred to as heat transfer by:
1. convection
2. conduction
3. radiation
4. convection and radiation
4. Thermal conductivity of air with rise in temperature:
1. increase
2. decrease
3. constant
4. none of these
5. Mass transfer does not take place in-
1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiation
4. none of these
Answer Key:
1. (2) convection
2. (4) all of the above
3. (1) convection
4. (1) increase
5. (3) radiation
BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT GASES AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Case Study – 1
Boyle’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a
constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it. In other words, the
pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other as long as the temperature and
the quantity of gas are kept constant. For a gas, the relationship between volume and pressure (at
constant mass and temperature) can be expressed mathematically as follows.
P is inversely proportional to (1/V)
Where P is the pressure exerted by the gas and V is the volume occupied by it. This proportionality can
be converted into an equation by adding a constant, k.
Charles law states that the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
at constant pressure. The law also states that the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct
proportion when the pressure exerted on a sample of a dry gas is held constant. Charles law and Boyle’s
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law applied to low density gas only. The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of partial
pressures. This is Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
1) Boyle’s law is obeyed by high as well as low density gases. True or False?
a) True
b) False
2) Charles law is states that volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to temperature at constant
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
d) None of these
3) State Daltons law of partial pressures
4) State Boyle’s law
5) State Charles law
Answers:
1) a
2) b
3) The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of partial pressures exerted by all the
molecules of gas. This is Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
4) Boyle’s law is a gas law which states that at constant temperature the pressure exerted by a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it. In other words, the pressure and volume of a gas
are inversely proportional to each other as long as the temperature and the quantity of gas are kept
constant. For a gas, the P ∝ (1/V) Where P is the pressure exerted by the gas and V is the volume
occupied by it. This proportionality can be converted into an equation by adding a constant k.
5) Charles law states that the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
at constant pressure.
BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT GASES AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Case Study – 2
Pressure of an Ideal Gas: according to kinetic theory of gases pressure is given by
P = 1/3 nmv2
Where, n is number of molecules per unit volume, m is mass and v2 is mean squared speed. Though we
choose the container to be a cube, the shape of the vessel really is immaterial.
The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas; it is
independent of pressure, volume or the nature of the ideal gas. This is a fundamental result relating
temperature, a macroscopic measurable parameter of a gas (a thermodynamic variable as it is called)
to a molecular quantity, namely the average kinetic energy of a molecule. The two domains are
connected by the Boltzmann constant and given by E = kBT.
Where kB is Boltzmann constant having value of 1.38*10-23 joule per Kelvin.
We have seen that in thermal equilibrium at absolute temperature T, for each translational mode of
motion, the average energy is ½ KB T. The most elegant principle of classical statistical mechanics (first
proved by Maxwell) states that this is so for each mode of energy: translational, rotational and
vibrational. That is, in equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed in all possible energy modes,
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with each mode having an average energy equal to ½ kB T. This is known as the law of equipartition of
energy. Accordingly, each translational and rotational degree of freedom of a molecule contributes ½
kB T to the energy, while each vibrational frequency contributes 2 × ½ kB T = kB T, since a vibrational
mode has both kinetic and potential energy modes.
1) Boltzmann constant has value of
a) 1.38*10-23 joule per Kelvin.
b) 1.38*10-28 joule per Kelvin.
c) 1.38*10-30 joule per Kelvin.
d) None of these
2) SI unit of Boltzmann constant is given by
a) Joules per meter
b) Joules per Kelvin
c) Joules per Newton
d) None of these
3) According to kinetic theory give formula for pressure of idea gas.
4) According to kinetic theory what is average kinetic energy of molecules of ideal gas ?
5) What is law of equipartition of energy ?
Answers:
1) a
2) b
3) According to kinetic theory of gases pressure is given by P = 1/3 nmv2 Where, n is number of
molecules per unit volume, m is mass and v2 is mean squared speed. Though we choose the container
to be a cube, the shape of the vessel really is immaterial.
4)The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas; it is
independent of pressure, volume or the nature of the ideal gas and given by E =3/2 kBT.Where kB is
Boltzmann constant having value of 1.38*10-23 joule per Kelvin.
5) We know that for each translational mode of motion, the average energy is
½ KBT. Classical statistical mechanics states that in equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed
in all possible energy modes, with each mode having an average energy equal to ½ kBT. This is known
as the law of equipartition of energy. Accordingly, each translational and rotational degree of freedom
of a molecule contributes ½ kBT to the energy, while each vibrational frequency contributes 2 × ½kB T
= kBT, since a vibration mode has both kinetic and potential energy modes.
Case Study – 3
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Monatomic Gases: The molecule of a monatomic gas has only three translational degrees of freedom.
Thus, the average energy of a molecule at temperature T is (3/2) kBT. The total internal energy of a mole
of such a gas is U = (3/2) RT.The molar specific heat at constant volume Cv is given by
Cv = dU/dT = (3/2) R
For an ideal gas,
Cp – Cv = R
Page 31 of 47
Where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure. Thus, CP= (5/2) R
The ratio of specific heats is γ= Cp/Cv = 5/3.
Diatomic Gases: a diatomic molecule treated as a rigid rotator, like a dumbbell, has 5 degrees of
freedom: 3 translational and 2 rotational. Using the law of equipartition of energy, the total internal
energy of a mole of such a gas is U = (5/2) RT.The molar specific heat at constant volume Cv is given by
Cv = dU/dT = (5/2) R
For an ideal gas,
Cp – Cv = R
where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure. Thus, CP= (7/2) R
The ratio of specific heats isγ( for rigid diatomic)= Cp/Cv = 7/5.
For non rigid diatomic molecules they have additional mode of vibrations .
1) For monatomic molecules ratio of specific heats is γ?
a) 5/3
b) 7/5
c) 9/5
d) None of these
2) For diatomic rigid molecules ratio of specific heats is γ?
a) 5/3
b) 7/5
c) 9/7
d) None of these
3) For diatomic non rigid molecules ratio of specific heats is γ?
a)5/3
b)7/5
c)9/7
4) Give Cp and Cv values and ratio of specific heat for monatomic gas molecules?
5) Give Cp and Cv values and ratio of specific heat for polyatomic gas molecules?
Answers:
1) a
2) b
3) c
4) Monatomic Gases: The molecule of a monatomic gas has only three translational degrees of freedom.
Thus, the average energy of a molecule at temperature T is (3/2) kBT. The total internal energy of a mole
of such a gas is U = (3/2) RT.
The molar specific heat at constant volume cv is given by
Cv = dU/dT = (3/2) R
For an ideal gas,
Cp – Cv = R
Where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure. Thus, CP= (5/2) R
The ratio of specific heats IS γ= cp/cv = 5/3.
Page 32 of 47
5) Polyatomic Gases: In general a polyatomic molecule has 3 translational, 3 rotational degrees of
freedom and a certain number ( f ) of vibrational modes. According to the law of equipartition of energy,
it is easily seen that one mole of such a gas has
Cv= (3+f) R and Cp= (4+f) R and γ= (4+f)/ (3+f).
Case study -4
Root mean square velocity (RMS value)is the square root of the mean of squares of the velocity of
individual gas molecules and the Average velocity is the arithmetic mean of the velocities of different
molecules of a gas at a given temperature.
1. Moon has no atmosphere because:-

1. It is far away from the surface of the earth
2. Its surface temperature is 10°C
3. The r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s
surface
4. The escape velocity of the moon’s surface is more than the r.m.s velocity of all molecules
Ans (3)
2. For an ideal gas, CP/CVis
1. >1
2. <1
3. ≤1
4. none of these
Ans (1)
3. The root mean square velocity of hydrogen is 5 times than that of nitrogen. If T is the
temperature of the gas then:
1. T(H2) = T(N2)
2. T(H2) < T(N2)
3. T(H2) > T(N2)
4. none of these
Ans (2)
4. The velocities of the molecules are v, 2v, 3v, 4v & 5v. The rms speed will be:-----------
Ans v*square root of 11
Page 33 of 47
Case Study - 6
Teacher while explaining the various laws related to gas behavior according to kinetic theory of gases
explained the pressure exerted by gas molecule to the wall of container depends upon velocity of
molecules , numbers of molecules, mass of molecule then he asked many question based on the above
topic.
There are n molecules of a gas in a container. If the number of molecules is increased to 2n, what will
be:
(i) the pressure of the gas
(ii) the total energy of the gas.
(iii) r.m.s. speed of the gas molecules
(iv) Why temperature less than absolute zero is not possible?
Answers;
(i) We know that P = 1/3mnC2.
where n = no. of molecules per unit volume.
Thus when no. of molecules is increased from n to 2n, no. of molecules per unit volume (n) will
increase from n to 2n
hence pressure will become double.
(ii) The K.E. of a gas molecule is,1/2mC2 = 3/2kT
If the no. of molecules is increased from n to 2n. There is no effect on the average K.E. of a gas
molecule, but the total energy is doubled.
3𝑃 3𝑃
(iii) r.m.s speed of gas is Crms =√ 𝜌 =√𝑚𝑛, the ratio P/n remains unchanged. So there will be no effect
of increasing the number of molecule from n to 2n on r.m.s. speed of gas molecule.
(iv) According to the kinetic interpretation of temperature, absolute temperature means the kinetic
energy of molecules.As heat is taken out, the temperature falls and hence velocity decreases. At absolute
zero, the velocity of the molecules becomes zero i.e. kinetic energy becomes zero. So no more decrease
in K.E. is possible, hence temperature cannot fall further.
Case Study - 8
Teacher in a class explained about behavior of gases in various conditions, such as temperature,
pressure, volume etc. and wrote an equation on the board -
PV= nRT
Then he asked many question based on the above formula
(i) What is this equation called?
(ii) What is “R” in the above equation?
(iii) How can we obtain Boyle’s law from this equation?
(iv) How can we obtain Charl’s law from this equation?
(v) On the basis of Charles’s law, what is the minimum possible temperature?
Answers:
(I) This equation is called “ideal gas equation”.

(II) It is called universal gas constant.
(III) If in above gas equation “T” is constant then PV = constant
Or
P=1/V …… this is Boyal’s law
Page 34 of 47
(IV) If in above gas equation if “P” is constant then Vα T this is Charl’s law
(vi) -273.15 C0
Case Study - 9
In school during a practical session chemistry teacher demonstrated a container in which mixture of
two gases. he explained students that “this is a container and it has an equal number of molecules of
hydrogen and carbon dioxide. If a fine hole is made in the container, then answer the following questions
(i) Which of the two gases shall leak out rapidly?
(ii) Two different gases have the same temperature. Can we conclude that the r.m.s? Velocities of the
gas molecules are also the same? Why?
(iii) A vessel is filled with a mixture of two different gases. Will the mean kinetic energies per
molecule of both gases be equal? Why?
(iv) What do you understand by the term ‘mean free path’ of a molecule?
Answers:
(i) Hydrogen would leak faster as r.m.s. speed of hydrogen is greater than the r.m.s. speed of CO2.
(ii) If temperature is same, then 3/2 kT is same. Also 1/2 mC2 is same. But m is different for
different gases. C will be different.
(iii) Yes. This is because the mean K.E. per molecule i.e. 3/2 kT depends only upon the temperature
(iv) It is the average distance travelled by the molecule between two successive collisions.
Case Study - 10
One day Shikha got up 7a.m and saw that the rays of sunlight coming through a narrow hole contains
some dust particles which are moving randomly. She kept it in her mind and when she reached school
the next day, she first asked her physics teacher the reason behind it. The teacher explained that gas
consists of rapidly moving atoms or molecules. The particles may also collide with each other when they
come together. She becomes happy to hear the reason.
Now answer the following questions
(i) What is r.m.s velocity?
(ii) What is the average translational K.E. of an ideal gas molecule at a temperature T?
(iii) What do you understand by the term ‘Collision frequency’?
Answers:
(i) Creative, Awareness, willing to know the scientific reasons
(ii) The root mean square speed (r.m.s) of gas molecules is defined as the square root of the mean of
squares of the speeds of gas molecules.
𝑣1 2 +𝑣2 2 +𝑣3 2 +⋯………𝑣𝑛 2 3𝐾𝐵 𝑇
i.e Vrms = √ =√
𝑛 𝑚
(iii) 3/2 kT, where k is Boltzmann Constant.
(iv) It is the number of collisions suffered by a molecule in one second.
Page 35 of 47
Oscillation and Waves
Simple harmonic motion is the simplest form of oscillation. A particular type of periodic motion in
which a particle moves to and fro repeatedly about a mean position under the influence of a restoring
force is termed as simple harmonic motion (S.H.M). A body is undergoing simple harmonic motion if it
has an acceleration which is directed towards a fixed point, and proportional to the displacement of the
body from that point.
𝑑2𝑥
= −𝑘𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑡 2
1.Which of the following is not a characteristic of simple harmonic motion?

(a) The motion is periodic.
(b) The motion is along a straight line about the mean position.
(c) The oscillations are responsible for the energy conversion.
(d) The acceleration of the particle is directed towards the extreme position.
Ans (d)
2.Which of the following expressions does not represent simple harmonic motion?
(a) x = Atan(wt+a)
(b) x = Acos(wt + a)
(c) x = Bsin(wt + b)
(d) x = Asinwt coswt
Ans (a)
3. The time period of simple harmonic motion depends upon

(a) amplitude
(b) Energy
(c) Phase constant
(d) Mass
4.Which of the following motions is not simple harmonic?

(a) Vertical oscillations of a spring
(b) Motion of a simple pendulum
(c) Motion of planet around the Sun
(d) Oscillation of liquid in a U-tube
5 .The equation of motion of a simple harmonic motion is
𝑑2 𝑥
= −𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 2
6. The basic difference between simple harmonic motion and periodic motion?
Answer: Simple harmonic motion is the simplest form of oscillation. periodic motion in which a particle
moves to and fro.
Page 36 of 47
Wave
Wave motion is referred to as the energy and momentum movement from one point to another in a
medium instead of actually transferring the substances between the places. Waves create disruption as
a function of time, and this function is referred to as the wave function. In the case of string, it may be
particle displacement, and in the case of sound waves, it could be a change in pressure or density.
Transverse waves forms if the particles of the medium vibrate at right angle to the direction of wave
motion. These are propagated as crests and troughs. Longitudinal wave’s forms if the particles of the
medium vibrate in the direction of wave motion, the wave is called longitudinal. These are propagated
as compressions and rarefactions and wave is also known as pressure or compressional wave. Wave on
spring or sound waves in air are examples of longitudinal waves.
1. What are mechanical wave .How they work?

Answer: Mechanical waves are those that are generated by the vibration of material particles and must
travel through a medium to propagate. For example, sound waves and a vibrating string. Mechanical
waves are caused by a disturbance in the medium, which propagates across the media without moving
the medium's material particles.
2.In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium -

(a) vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the propagation
(b) vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of the propagation
(c) move in circle (d) move in ellipse
Ans (a)
3. A transverse wave consists of -

(a) only crests
(b) only troughs
(c) both crests and troughs
(d) Rarefactions and compressions
Ans (c)
4. Ultrasonic waves produced by a vibrating quartz crystal are:

(a) only longitudinal
(b) only transverse
(c) both longitudinal and transverse
(d) neither longitudinal nor transverse
Ans (a)
5. Sound waves travel fastest in:

(a) solids
(b) liquids
(c) gases
(d) vacuum
6. Sound waves in air cannot be polarized because:
(a) their speed is small
(b) they require medium
(c) they are longitudinal
(d) their speed is temperature dependent.
Page 37 of 47
Oscillation
When a system (such as a simple pendulum or a block attached to a spring) is displaced from its
equilibrium position and released, it oscillates with its natural frequency ω, and the oscillations are
called free oscillations. All free oscillations eventually die out because of the ever-present damping
forces. However, an external agency can maintain these oscillations. These are called forced or driven
oscillations. We consider the case when the external force is itself periodic, with a frequency d called
the driven frequency. The most important fact of forced periodic oscillations is that the system oscillates
not with its natural frequency ω, but at the frequency ωd of the external agency, the free oscillations die
out due to damping. The most familiar example of forced oscillation is when a child in a garden swing
periodically presses his feet against the ground (or someone else periodically gives the child a push) to
maintain the oscillations. The maximum possible amplitude for a given driving frequency is governed
by the driving frequency and the damping, and is never infinity. The phenomenon of increase in
amplitude when the driving force is close to the natural frequency of the oscillator is called resonance.
In our daily life, we encounter phenomena, which involve resonance. Your experience with swings is a
good example of resonance.
1. When a system oscillates with its natural frequency ω, and the oscillations are called
(a) Free oscillations
(b) Forced oscillations
(c) gyrometric oscillation
(d) none of these
Ans (a)
2. All free oscillations eventually die out because of

(a) Damping force
(b) Electromagnetic force
(c) None of these
(d) Nuclear force
Ans (a)
3. The time period of a second pendulum is

(a) 2s
(b) 1s
(c) 0.2s
(d) 0.1s
Ans (a) 2s
4. The natural frequency of a body depends upon

(a) Elastic properties of the material of the bodies
(b) Dimensions of the body
(c) Both a and b
d) None of these.
Ans (c)
5. Define resonance.
Answer: The phenomenon of increase in amplitude when the driving force is close to the natural
frequency of the oscillator is called resonance.
Page 38 of 47
.MCQ
Q1. To demonstrate the phenomenon of beats we need
(a) Two sources which emit radiation of nearly the same frequency
(b) Two sources which emit radiation of exactly the same frequency
(c) Two sources which emit radiation of exactly the same frequency and have a definite phase
relationship
(d) Two sources which emit radiation of exactly the same wavelength
Ans (a)
Q2. A resonating column of air contains

(a) Stationary longitudinal waves
(b) Stationary transverse waves
(c) Transverse progressive waves
(d) Longitudinal progressive waves
Ans (a)
Q3. Energy is to be carried from one place to another. Which one of the following cannot be used?
(a) Longitudinal progressive waves
(b) Transverse progressive waves
(c) Electromagnetic waves
(d) Standing (stationary) waves
Ans (d)
Q4. Following two wave trains are approaching each other: y1 = a sin 200 πt, y2 = a sin 208πt. The
number of beats heard per second is
(a) 8
(b) 4
(c) 1
(d) 0
Ans (b) 4
Q5. Two waves of wavelength 99 cm and 100 cm both travelling with velocity 396 m/s are made to
interfere. The numbers of beats produced by them per second are
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 8
Ans (c) 4
Competency Based Questions:
Q1. When the wire of a sonometer is plucked what is the nature of wave in?
(i) The string (ii) in air?
Answer: The wave produced in the string is transverse and in air are longitudinal.
Page 39 of 47
Q2. Write the formula between path difference and phase difference?
Answer: (i) phase difference = 2π (Path difference)/ λ
Q3. State the factor on which the speed of a wave travelling along a stretched ideal string depends.
Answer: The speed of the wave travelling on a string depends
(i) The tension (T) in string and
(ii)Its mass per unit length (m).
Q4. What is the essential condition for the formation of beats?

Answer: The difference in frequency of the two sound waves should not exceed 10 Hz.
Q5. Two sound sources produce 12 beats in 4 second. By how much do their
Frequencies differ?
Answer: Number of beats produced per second, B=12/4=3 beats per second
so, V1-V2 =3Hz
Q6. An incident wave is represented by Y (x, t) = 20 sin(2x - 4t). Write the expression for reflected
wave
(i) From a rigid boundary
(ii) From an open boundary.
Answer:
(i) The wave reflected from a rigid boundary is Y (x, t) = -20sin (2x+4t)
(ii) The wave reflected from an open boundary is Y (x, t) = 20sin (2x+4t)
Q7. A bat emits ultrasonic sound of frequency of 100 kHz in air. If this sound meets a water surface, what
is the wavelength of (i) reflected sound, (ii) the transmitted sound? Speed of sound in air = 340 m/s and
is water = 1486 m/s?
Answer:Here v = 100 kHz = 105 Hz, Va= 340 m/s, Vw = 1486 m/s
Frequency of both the reflected and transmitted sound remains unchanged
Wavelength of reflected sound, ƛ = Va/ v = 340/ 105 = 3.4 X 10-3 m.
Wavelength of transmitted sound, ƛ = Vw/ v = 340/ 105 = 1.49 X 10-2 m
Waves and Oscillations

Assertion and Reason Questions
Directions:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false.
Q 1Assertion : Transverse waves are not produced in liquids and gases.

Reason : Light waves are transverse waves.
Answer: (b) Transverse waves travel in the form of crests and troughs involving change in shape of the
medium. As liquids and gases do not possess the elasticity of shape, therefore, transverse waves cannot
be produced in liquid and gases. Also light wave is one example of transverse wave.
Page 40 of 47
Q.2. Assertion : Compression and rarefaction involve changes in density and pressure.
Reason : When particles are compressed, density of medium increases and when they are rarefied,
density of medium decreases.
Answer: (a) A compression is a region of medium in which particles come closer i.e., distance between
the particles becomes less than the normal distance between them. Thus there is a temporary decrease
in volume and a consequent increase in density of medium. Similarly, in rarefaction, particle get farther
apart and a consequent decrease in density.
Q.3. Assertion : Solids can support both longitudinal and transverse waves but only longitudinal
waves can propagate in gases.
Reason : For the propagation of transverse waves, medium must also necessarily have the property of
rigidity
Answer: (a) For the propagation of transverse waves, medium must have the property of rigidity.
Because gases have no rigidity, (they do not posses shear elasticity), hence transverse waves cannot
be produced in gases. On the other hand, the solids possess both volume and shear elasticity and
likewise both the longitudinal and transverse waves can be transmitted through them.
Q.4. Assertion : To hear distinct beats, difference in frequencies of two sources should be less than 10.
Reason : More the number of beats per sec more difficult to hear them.
Answer: (b)
Q.5. Assertion : Beats can also be observed by two light sources as in sound.
Reason : Light sources have constant phase deference.
Answer: (d) As emission of light from atom is a random and rapid phenomenon. The phase at a point
due to two independent light source will change rapidly and randomly. Therefore, instead of beats, we
shall get uniform intensity.
Q.6. Assertion : In the case of a stationary wave, a person hear a loud sound at the nodes as compared
to the antinodes.
Reason : In a stationary wave all the particles of the medium vibrate in phase.
Answer: (c) The person will hear the loud sound at nodes than at antinodes. We know that at anti-
nodes the displacement is maximum and pressure change is minimum while at nodes the
displacement is zero and pressure change is maximum. The sound is heard due to variation of
pressure. Also in stationary waves particles in two different segment vibrates in opposite phase.
Q.7 Assertion : When a beetle moves along the sand within a few tens of centimeters of a sand, the
scorpion immediately turn towards the beetle and dashes to it
Reason : When a beetle disturbs the sand, it sends pulses along the sands surface. One set of pulses is
longitudinal while other set is transverse.
Answer: (a)
Q.8 Assertion : Speed of wave = Wave length/Time period
Reason : Wavelength is the distance between two nearest particles in phase.
Answer: (b)
Q.9 Assertion : Acceleration is proportional to the displacement. This condition is not sufficient for
motion in simple harmonic.
Reason : In simple harmonic motion direction of displacement is also considered.
Answer: (a)
Page 41 of 47
Q.10 Assertion : Sine and cosine functions are periodic functions.
Reason : Sinusoidal functions repeats it values after a definite interval of time.
Answer: (a)
Q.11 Assertion : All oscillatory motions are necessarily periodic motion but all periodic motion are
not oscillatory.
Reason : Simple pendulum is an example of oscillatory motion.
Answer: (b)
Case Study – 1
What happens if a pulse or a wave meets a boundary? If the boundary is rigid, pulse travelling along a
stretched string and being reflected by the boundary. Assuming there is no absorption of energy by the
boundary, the reflected wave has the same shape as the incident pulse i.e. crest is reflected as crest and
trough as trough but it suffers a phase change of π or 1800 on reflection. This is because the boundary
is rigid and the disturbance must have zero displacement at all times at the boundary. By the principle
of superposition, this is possible only if the reflected and incident waves differ by a phase of π, so that
the resultant displacement is zero. This reasoning is based on boundary condition on a rigid wall. If on
the other hand, the boundary point is not rigid but completely free to move (such as in the case of a
string tied to a freely moving ring on a rod), the reflected pulse has the same phase and amplitude
(assuming no energy dissipation) as the incident pulse. The net maximum displacement at the boundary
is then twice the amplitude of each pulse. An example of non- rigid boundary is the open end of an organ
pipe.. But there are familiar situations (a string fixed at either end or an air column in a pipe with either
end closed) in which reflection takes place at two or more boundaries. In a string, for example, a wave
travelling in one direction will get reflected at one end, which in turn will travel and get reflected from
the other end. This will go on until there is a steady wave pattern set up on the string. Such wave patterns
are called standing waves or stationary waves.
1) A travelling wave or pulse suffers a phase change of π on reflection at

a) a rigid boundary
b) open boundary
2) A travelling wave or pulse suffers no phase change on reflection at
a) a rigid boundary
b) open boundary
3) What are stationary waves?
4) Write a note on reflection of travelling wave from rigid boundary.
5) Write a note on reflection of travelling wave from open boundary.
Answers:
1) a
2) b
3) A wave travelling in one direction will get reflected at one end, which in turn will travel and get
reflected from the other end. This will go on until there is a steady wave pattern set up on the string.
This wave remains steady in medium and does not travel further such wave patterns are called standing
waves or stationary waves.
Page 42 of 47
4) If the boundary is rigid, a pulse travelling along a stretched string and being reflected by the
boundary. The reflected wave has the same shape as the incident pulse i.e. crest is reflected as crest and
trough as trough but it suffers a phase change of π or 1800 on reflection. This is because the boundary
is rigid and the disturbance must have zero displacement at all times at the boundary. By the principle
of superposition, this is possible only if the reflected and incident waves differ by a phase of π, so that
the resultant displacement is zero. This reasoning is based on boundary condition on a rigid wall.
5) If the boundary point is not rigid but completely free to move the reflected pulse has the same phase
and amplitude (assuming no energy dissipation) as the incident pulse. The net maximum displacement
at the boundary is then twice the amplitude of each pulse. An example of non- rigid boundary is the
open end of an organ pipe
Case Study – 2
A motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time is called periodic motion. Very often, the body
undergoing periodic motion has an equilibrium position somewhere inside its path. When the body is
at this position no net external force acts on it. Therefore, if it is left there at rest, it remains there forever.
If the body is given a small displacement from the position, a force comes into play which tries to bring
the body back to the equilibrium point, giving rise to oscillations or vibrations. Every oscillatory motion
is periodic, but every periodic motion need not be oscillatory. Circular motion is a periodic motion, but
it is not oscillatory. The smallest interval of time after which the motion is repeated is called its period.
Let us denote the period by the symbol T. Its SI unit is second. The reciprocal of T gives the number of
repetitions that occur per unit time. This quantity is called the frequency of the periodic motion. It is
represented by the symbol n. The relation between n and T is n = 1/T. The unit of n is thus s-1. After the
discoverer of radio waves, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857–1894), a special name has been given to the
unit of frequency. It is called hertz (abbreviated as Hz).
Answer the following:
1) Every oscillatory motion is periodic motion true or false?
a) True
b) False
2) Circular motion is
a) Oscillatory motion
b) Periodic motion
c) Rotational motion
d) None of these
3) Define period. Give its SI unit and dimensions
4) Define frequency of periodic motion. How it is related to time period
5) What is oscillatory motion
Answers:
1) a
2) b
3) The smallest interval of time after which the motion is repeated is called its period. Its SI unit is
second and dimensions are [T1].
Page 43 of 47
4) Reciprocal of Time period (T) gives the number of repetitions that occur per unit time. This quantity
is called the frequency of the periodic motion. It is represented by the symbol n. The relation between
n and T is n = 1/T i.e. they are inversely proportional to each other. The unit of n is thus s-1 or hertz.
5) Oscillatory motion is type of periodic motion in which body performs periodic to and fro motion
about some mean position. Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic motion need not be
oscillatory.
Case Study – 3
There are no physical examples of absolutely pure simple harmonic motion. In practice we come across
systems that execute simple harmonic motion approximately under certain conditions.
The simplest observable example of simple harmonic motion is the small oscillations of a block of mass
m fixed to a spring, which in turn is fixed to a rigid wall. The block is placed on a frictionless horizontal
surface. If the block is pulled on one side and is released, it then executes a to and fro motion about the
mean position. We have already learnt that springs have special properties, which were first discovered
by the English physicist Robert Hooke. He had shown that such a system when deformed is subject to a
restoring force, the magnitude of which is proportional to the deformation or the displacement and acts
in opposite direction. This is known as Hooke’s law. It holds good for displacements small in comparison
to the length of the spring. At any time t, if the displacement of the block from its mean position is x, the
restoring force F acting on the block is,F (x) = –k x
The constant of proportionality, k, is called the spring constant, its value is governed by the elastic
properties of the spring.
We know that the motion of a simple pendulum, swinging in air, dies out eventually. Why does it
happen? This is because the air drag and the friction at the support oppose the motion of the pendulum
and dissipate its energy gradually. The pendulum is said to execute damped oscillations. In damped
oscillations, the energy of the system is dissipated continuously; but, for small damping, the oscillations
remain approximately periodic.The damping force is generally proportional to velocity of the bob and
acts opposite to the direction of velocity. If the damping force is denoted by Fd, we haveFd = –bv .where
the positive constant b depends on characteristics of the medium (viscosity, for example) and the size
and shape of the block, is usually valid only for small velocity.
1) Damping force is directly proportional to
a) Velocity
b) Area
c) Acceleration
d) None of these
2) Oscillations due to spring performs SHM for
a) Only small oscillations of spring
b) Only for large oscillations of spring
c) Both large as well as small oscillations of spring
d) None of these
3) Give expression for restoring force in spring while performing small SHM oscillations.
4) Explain damped oscillations.
5) Explain oscillations due to spring.
Page 44 of 47
Answers:
1) a
2) a
3) At any time t, if the displacement of the block from its mean position is x, the restoring force F acting
on the block is,F (x) = –k x
properties of the spring.
4) In the motion of a simple pendulum, swinging in air amplitude became zero after some time. This is
because the air drag and the friction oppose the motion of the pendulum and dissipate its energy
gradually. The pendulum is said to execute damped oscillations. In damped oscillations, the energy of
the system is dissipated continuously. The damping force is generally proportional to velocity of the bob
and acts opposite to the direction of velocity. If the damping force is denoted by F d, we have Fd = –b v.
Where the positive constant b depends on characteristics of the medium and the size and shape of the
block.
5) the small oscillations of a block of mass m fixed to a spring, which in turn is fixed to a rigid wall. The
block is placed on a frictionless horizontal surface. If the block is pulled on one side and is released, it
then executes to and fro motion about the mean position. Let x = 0, indicate the position of the centre of
the block when the spring is in equilibrium. We know that springs have special property that when
deformed is subject to a restoring force, the magnitude of which is proportional to the deformation or
the displacement and acts in opposite direction. It holds good for displacements small in comparison to
the length of the spring. At any time t, if the displacement of the block from its mean position is x, the
restoring force F acting on the block is,F (x) = –k x
properties of the spring. A stiff spring has large k and a soft spring has small k. Equation is same as the
force law for SHM and therefore the system executes a simple harmonic motion.
Case Study – 4
When a system (such as a simple pendulum or a block attached to a spring) is displaced from its
called free oscillations. All free oscillations eventually die out because of the ever present damping
forces. However, an external agency can maintain these oscillations. These are called forced or driven
oscillations. We consider the case when the external force is itself periodic, with a frequency wd called
the driven frequency. The most important fact of forced periodic oscillations is that the system oscillates
not with its natural frequency ω, but at the frequency ωd of the external agency; the free oscillations die
out due to damping. The most familiar example of forced oscillation is when a child in a garden swing
periodically presses his feet against the ground (or someone else periodically gives the child a push) to
maintain the oscillations. The maximum possible amplitude for a given driving frequency is governed
by the driving frequency and the damping, and is never infinity. The phenomenon of increase in
amplitude when the driving force is close to the natural frequency of the oscillator is called resonance.
In our daily life, we encounter phenomena which involve resonance. Your experience with swings is a
1) When a system oscillates with its natural frequency ω, and the oscillations are called:
a) Free oscillations
b) Forced oscillations
Page 45 of 47
2) All free oscillations eventually die out because of
a) Damping force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) None of these
3) What is free oscillation?
4) What is forced oscillations?
5) What is resonance?
Answers:
1) A
2) A
3) When a system (such as a simple pendulum or a block attached to a spring) is displaced from its
called free oscillations.
4) Forced oscillations are oscillations where external force drives the oscillations with frequency given
by external force.
5) The phenomenon of increase in amplitude when the driving force is close to the natural frequency of
the oscillator is called resonance. In our daily life, we encounter phenomena which involve resonance.
Your experience with swings is a good example of resonance..
CASE STUDY - 5
When a system(such as a simple pendulum or a block attached to a spring) is displaced from its
equilibrium position and released it oscillates with its natural frequency ω and the oscillation are called
free oscillation. All free oscillation eventually die out because of the existence of damping force.
However an external agency can maintain these oscillations which is called forced oscillations. We
consider the case when the external force is itself periodic with the frequency ωd called the driven
frequency. The most important fact of the forced periodic oscillation is that the system oscillate not with
its natural frequency ω but at the frequency ωd of the external agency.
The free oscillation die out due to damping. The maximum possible amplitude for a given driving
frequency is governed by the driving frequency . The phenomena of increase in amplitude when the
driving force is close to the natural frequency of the oscillator is called resonance.
In our daily life we encounter phenomenon which involved resonance. Your experience with swing is a
Q.1 Why does the amplitude of an oscillating pendulum go on decreasing?

Q.2 Marching troops are asked to break their steps while crossing th bridge.Why?
Q.3 A bus begins to make a loud rattling sound at a certain speed on the road?Why?
Q.4 Glass windows may be broken by a far away explosion.Why?
Answers:
1 Its Kinetic energy is dissipated in overcoming viscous drag due to air
2 Bridge may be set into forced vibrations.
3 The frequency of vibration of the structure of the bus becomes equal to its natural frequency.
4 When the sound waves fall on the glass windows,the glass is set into forced oscillation.Since glass is
brittle,it breaks.
Page 46 of 47
Wave and Oscillations
Group of classes XI students went to picnic, in Tagore garden, Which is facilitated with all types of
swings. Swing is moving in simple harmonic motion.
Give the answer of following questions:
(1.1) Niharika is swinging alone, after 5 minute Rita joined her. How does the time period of swing
changes –
(a) Decreased (b) Increased
(c ) Remains same (d) Swing in rest
Answer: Remains same.
(1.2) If both girl start swinging in standing position. Then time period of swing will –
(a) Decreased (b) Increased
(c)Remains same (d) Stop
Answer: Decreased
Page 47 of 47

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Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan

Contact Us: - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Regional Office Jabalpur

श्री त जद्दु ीि शेक Shri Tajuddin Shaik

डॉ. िदां ि शेखर कोसस निदेशक Dr. Vandana Sekar

श्री एस.के . ि मदेि कोसस सह-निदेशक Shri S.K. Namdeo

‘School is a building that has four walls - with tomorrow

Objective Type Questions - 20%

S.NO. NAME OF PGTS NAME OF KV REMARK

3 Work, Energy and Power

4 System of particles and Rotational motion

8 Behaviors of perfect gases and Kinetic theory of gases

9 Wave and Oscillations

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

LONG ANSWER QUESTION

Solution- (a) the displacement of mosquito = √72 + 42 + 32 = √74 𝑚.

Assignment on work energy Power;

Q.1 Assertion : A work done by friction is always negative.

Radius of gyration and moment of inertia:

5. A rigid body is set to be in mechanical equilibrium if:

Assertion and reason type questions:

6. Assertion:in translational equilibrium the total force on the body is 0.

Q.1 The direction of angular momentum vector is along -

(a) B (b) C (c) D (d) A

The equations of motion for the centre of mass can be written as

Motion of center of Mass

1.The law is applied in experiment is known as………..

2. Which principle is applicable for this flow?

BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT GASES AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT GASES AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

1. Moon has no atmosphere because:-

(I) This equation is called “ideal gas equation”.

1.Which of the following is not a characteristic of simple harmonic motion?

3. The time period of simple harmonic motion depends upon

4.Which of the following motions is not simple harmonic?

1. What are mechanical wave .How they work?

2.In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium -

3. A transverse wave consists of -

4. Ultrasonic waves produced by a vibrating quartz crystal are:

5. Sound waves travel fastest in:

2. All free oscillations eventually die out because of

3. The time period of a second pendulum is

4. The natural frequency of a body depends upon

Q2. A resonating column of air contains

Competency Based Questions:

Q4. What is the essential condition for the formation of beats?

Waves and Oscillations

Q 1Assertion : Transverse waves are not produced in liquids and gases.

1) A travelling wave or pulse suffers a phase change of π on reflection at

Q.1 Why does the amplitude of an oscillating pendulum go on decreasing?

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