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Module 1 - Electricity and Energy Generation
Module 1 - Electricity and Energy Generation
ELECTRICAL
METERING
(MET 101)
MODULE 01
2. ⅜ + ⅝ + ⅞ - ⅛
Fractions
3. Convert the following to mixed numbers.
¹³⁄₄ ²⁶⁄₃ ³⁵⁄₈
2. ⁴⁄₉ / ⅔
Fractions
3. 2⅔ / 3⅓
4. ⁴⁄₅ x ¾
5. 2½ x 4¼
This is the ratio of a number to 100 i.e. 50/100 = 50%
Convert to Decimal
45% 11.2%
Let’s solve some real Mathematics.
(9/5)C + 32 = F
Solve:
This is a method of showing very large or very small
numbers.
Scientific
Notation 1,000 = 1 x 10³
10,000 = 1 x 10⁴
1,000,000 = 1 x 10⁶
0.001 = 1 x 10⁻³
0.000001 = 1 x 10⁻⁶
Mega (M) = million = 10⁶
Kilo (k) = Thousand = 10³
Engineering Milli (m) = 10⁻³
Notation Micro(µ) = 10⁻⁶
Nano (n) = 10⁻⁹
Pico (p) = 10⁻¹²
Opposite
a
Adjacent
A C
Trigonometry b
VαI V = RI
RESISTANCE
R is the ELECTICAL RESISTANCE
The electrical resistance (R) of an electrical
conductor is the opposition to the passage of
an electric current through that conductor.
The resistance (R) of an object is defined as
the ratio of voltage across it (V)
to current through it (I).
RESISTANCE
Voltage (v): This is the potential difference between points
of a conductor. Measured in Volts(V).
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ………
E= E1 + E2 + E3 + …….
Parallel Circuit
I
I1 I2 I3
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + …….
Kirchhoff’s Law
Kirchhoff’s Current Law : The sum of the current at a junction point
equals ZERO. Which means that what goes in must come out when
talking about a current Loop.
I1 = I2 + I3
or
I1 + (-I2) + (-I3) = 0
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law : The sum of all the voltage drops and
voltage rises around a closed loop is equals ZERO.
Es = E1 + E2
1
or
E1 + (-E2) + (-E3) = 0
POWER & ENERGY
POWER
Power (P): This is the rate of doing work; an instantaneous quantity.
Measured in Watts.
P = I x V (W)
Energy (E): This is the integral of the real or active power wrt
to time. The capacity to do work. Measure in Watts Hour (Wh).
It answers the question : How long?
E = ∫ I * V (Wh)
V=IxR
I=V/R
P=IxV
P = I x I x R = I²R.
P = V² / R
The Incandescent Lamp
An incandescent lamp is made by enclosing a resistance element
called a filament. When the lamp is connected to a circuit, current
flows through this filament and I²R heat is generated.
When you buy a lamp according to the power rating, you are simply
buying according to the light output.
P=IxV
Therefore, for you to have more power and brighter light, either
the voltage or current has to increase.
But the power company does not vary the voltage supplies. Always
220 V . Which means its your current that has to increase to give
more brightness on a higher wattage bulb.
That is, more current need flow through the filament to give more
brightness.
Now think about a 100W bulb and a 40W bulb. You can conclude
now that the 100W has to conduct more current, which is simply
because the resistance of the filament of the 100W is LESS than the
resistance of the 40W bulb, and so more current flows. This means:
Thus, for a 100W lamp which is ON for 1 hour, the total work done
is 100W times in 1 Hour. i.e. 100wh or 0.1Kwh.
Sources of electricity
DAMS
HydroElectricity
Wind power
GAS SOLAR
Generation
of
Electricity
Alternating current
We know that electric current is the movement of free electrons in
conductor from one end to the other (negative to positive). This
current flows as long as a difference of potential is present.
l
Alternating current
There is a type of current that do not flow in one direction. Instead
it alternates, flowing first in one direction and then reversing and
flowing in the other direction. This type of current is called
Alternating Current or AC current.
l
A simple AC Generator
A-C generators combine physical motion and magnetism to
produce an AC voltage.
TERMS •Data Collection System means the data collection system operated
AND by the Market Operator, for use in the Market Settlement
DEFINITIONS
•Data Registers means the equipment which receives, registers and
stores the information received from the Meter, and serves as a link
to the remote reading. Data registers could be incorporated into the
Meter itself or constitute a separated piece of equipment.
TERMS •High Voltage (HV) means a voltage, used for the supply of
AND electricity, whose lower limit of nominal root-mean-square value is
DEFINITIONS greater than 33 kV
•Low Voltage (LV) means a voltage, used for the supply of electricity,
whose upper limit of nominal root-mean-square value is less than
1kV
•Meter Test Station means a certified test laboratory which has the
technical and infrastructure capability to perform accuracy tests for
Meters and Metering Equipment.
•Prepaid Meter means a Meter that requires the Customer to pay its
TERMS consumption in advance in order to allow a connection to the
AND network.
DEFINITIONS
•Smart Metering means a metering system consisting of smart
meters, home area network, two way communication systems, a set
of functionalities and metering data management system.