CALCULUShANDhTRANSFORMATIONhTECHNIQUES

Moduleh1
SINGLEhVARIABLEhCALCULUS:
1. Rolle’shTheorem
2. Lagrange’shmeanhvaluehtheorem
3. Cauchy’shmeanhvaluehtheorem
4. Taylor’shandhMaclaurin’shtheoremshwithhremaindersh(withouthproof)hrelatedhproble
ms.

Introduction
ClosedhInterval

Anhintervalhofhthehformh a  x  b ,hthathincludesheveryhpointhbetweenh‘a’h&h‘b’handhalsohthehe
ndhpoints,hishcalledhahclosedhintervalhandhishdenotedhbyh a, b .
OpenhInterval

Anhintervalhofhthehformh a  x  b ,hthathincludesheveryhpointhbetweenh‘a’h&h‘b’hbuthnoththehe
ndhpoints,hishcalledhanhopenhintervalhandhishdenotedhbyh  a, b  .
Continuity

Ahrealhvaluedhfunctionh f ( x ) ishsaidhtohbehcontinuoushathahpointh x0 ,hifh Lim f ( x )  f ( x0 ) .hTh

x 0

ehfunctionh f ( x ) ishsaidhtohbehcontinuoushinhanhintervalhifhithishcontinuoushatheveryhpointhinht
hehinterval.h

Differentiability

f ( x)  f ( x0 )
Ahrealhvaluedhfunctionh f ( x ) ishsaidhtohbehdifferentiablehathpointh x0 ifh Lim hexist
x  x0 x  x0
shuniquelyhandhithishdenotedhby f '( x0 ) .Ahrealhvaluedhfunctionhf(x)hishsaidhtohbehdifferentiabl
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
ehinhanhintervalhifhithishdifferentiablehatheveryhinhthehintervalhorhifh Lim hexists
h 0 h
huniquely.hThishishdenotedhbyh f '( x ) .hhWehsayhthatheitherh f '( x ) hexistshorh f ( x ) hishdifferenti

able.h

Rolle’shTheoremhandhitshGeometricalhInterpretation
Statement

Ifhahfunctionh f ( x ) ishdefinedhinhthehintervalh  a , b suchhthat

hh

i. f ( x ) ishcontinuoushinh  a , b 
ii. f ( x ) ishdifferentiablehinh  a , b 
iii. f (a)  f (b)
1
Thenhtherehexistshathleasthonehpointhchinh (a, b) thathish a  c  b hsuchhthat f (c)  0 .

GeometricalhInterpretation

 Thereharehnohbreakshorhgapshinhbetween ' a ' and ' b ' forhthehgivenhcurvehandhincludinghatht

hehendhpoints,hhencehthehfunctionhishcontinuoushinhtheh  a , b .
 Sincehahuniquehtangenthcanhbehdrawnhatheachhandheveryhpointhinhthehintervalhexcepthath
thehendhpoints,hthehfunctionhishdifferentiablehinhtheh  a , b .
 Aththehendhpoints ' a ' hand ' b ' theyharehaththehsamehheighthfromhtheh x -axis.

Conclusion

Thereforehtherehexitshathleasthonehpointh ' c ' (say)hi

nhbetweenh ' a ' hand ' b ' suchhthaththehtangenthat ' c ' hi
shparallelhtoh. x .-axis.

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

hhhhhhhhhhhh Figure-1

Note:hTherehmayhbehexistshmorehthanhonehpointhinhbetweenh (a, b) hathwhichh f ( x ) hvanishe

s.

hhh Figure-2

ProblemshonhRolle'shTheorem

1. VerifyhRolle’shtheoremhforhthehfunctionh f ( x)  x - 3x - x  3 inh
3 2
1,3 h

Solution :hh Sinceh f ( x ) ishahpolynomial,hithishcontinuoushinh 1,3

f ( x)  3x 2  6 x  1 ishdefinedhforhallh x inh 1,3
 f ( x ) ishdifferentiable
hhhhhhhhhhhhhh

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh h
f (1)  f (3)  0

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh AllhthreehconditionshofhRolle'shTheoremharehsatisfied,

Therefore  c hsuchhthath f (c)  0

6  36  12 6  4 3 2 3 2
hhhhh 3 c  6 c 1  0  c 
2
  1  1  2.15  (1,3)
6 6 3 3
hh hRolle’shTheoremhishverified.

2
2. VerifyhRolles'hTheoremhforhthehfunctionh
 ( x 2  ab) 
f ( x)  log   in  a, b ; b  a  0.
 x ( a  b ) 
Solution:hSinceh f ( x ) ishahstandardhlogarithmichfunction,hithishcontinuoushinhhhh  a , b hhhhhhhhhh

hhhhhhhh

f ( x)  log( x 2  ab)  log( x)  log(a  b) ,

 ishdefinedhforhallh inh  a , b 
2x 1
 f ( x)  2
x  ab x
hh f ( x ) ishdifferentiable

(a 2  ab) (b2  ab)

f (a)  log  log1  0 andh f (b)  log  log1  0
a 2  ab ba  b 2
 f (a)  f (b)
AllhconditionshofhRolles'hTheoremharehsatisfied.
hhhhh

  c hsuchhthath  f (c)  0 x

2c 1
   0  2c 2  c 2  ab
c  ab c
2

 c   ab hh

Buth c   ab (a, b)

hhhhh HencehRolles'hTheoremhishverified.

3. VerifyhthehRolle’shtheoremhforhthehfunctionh f ( x)   x - a 
p
 x - b
q
inh  a b
Solution :hh Sinceh f ( x ) ishahpolynomial,hithishcontinuoushinh  a , b
f ( x)   x - a   x - b  q  p  x -  qa  pb  hishdefinedhforhallh x inh  a , b 
p -1 q -1

 f ( x ) hIshdifferentiable,h f (a )  f (b)  0

HencehallhthehconditionshofhRolle’shTheoremharehsatisfied.

  c hsuchhthath  f (c)  0
h

 c  a c  b  q  p  c   qa  pb   0
p 1 q 1
hhhhh

hhhhh
  q  p  c   qa  pb    0 =h0,h

pb  qa
 c  ( a, b) ;
hhhhh
pq

ThushthehRolleh’shTheoremhishverified.
h

  5 
4. VerifyhRolle’shtheoremhforhthehfunctionh f ( x)  ex  sin x  cos x  hinh  , 
4 4 
Solution :
  5 
Sinceh f ( x ) ishahcombinationhofhstandardhfunctions,hithishcontinuoushinh  ,
 4 4 
3
    5 
f ( x )  2e x
sin x is hdefinedhforhallh x inh
 , 
hh
4 4 
  5 
 f ( x ) ishdifferentiablehinh  , 
4 4 

       1 1 
f    e 4  sin  cos   e 4    0
hhhh
 4   4 4   2 2  hhhhhhhhhhhh
5
 5  5 5  5  1 1 
f e
 sin  cos   e 4     0
4

hhhh
 4  4 4   2 2 h

   5 
Thereforeh f    0  f  
4  4 
HencehallhthehconditionshofhRolle’shtheoremhashsatisfied.

  c hsuchhthath  f (c)  0 h  ec sin c  0  sin c  0

  5 
 c  n h,hwhereh n  0,1, 2,3..... hh c     ,  ;h
4 4 
ThushRolle’shtheoremhishsatisfied.

sin 2 x  
5. VerifyhRolle’shtheoremhforhthehfunctionh f ( x )  inh  0, 
 2
2x
e
Solution :
 
Sinceh f ( x ) ishahcombinationhofhstandardhfunctions,hithishcontinuoushinh  0,
 2 

e2 x 2cos 2 x  sin 2 x 2 e2 x
f '  x  ishdefinedhforhallh x in
 e2 x 
2

 f ( x ) ishdifferentiablehhh

 
hhh f (0)  f    0
2
HencehallhthehconditionshofhRolle’shtheoremhashsatisfied.

  c hsuchhthath  f (c)  0

2  cos 2c  sin 2c 
  0  cos 2c  sin 2c  0  cos 2c  sin 2c h
e 
hhhhh hhhhhh
2c


hhhhh  tan 2c  1  c 
8
ThushRolle’shtheoremhishsatisfied.

Lagrange’shMeanhValuehTheorem

Statement

Ifhahfunctionh f ( x ) ishdefinedhinhthehintervalh  a , b suchhthat

hh

i. f ( x ) hishcontinuoushinh  a , b 
4
 ii. f ( x ) hishdifferentiablehinh  a , b 
Thenhtherehexistshathleasthonehpointhchinh (a, b) thathish a  c  b hsuchhthat
h

f (b)  f (a )
f (c) 
ba
Proof:hhhh Lethushconstructhahfunctionh  ( x)  f ( x) - kx ----h(1)

wherehkhishahconstanthtohbehchoosenhsuitablyhlater.hSinceh f ( x ) andh x arehcontinuou

shinh  a , b ,
h hh

differentiablehinh(a,b),handh kx hishalsohcontinoushinh[a,b],hdifferentiablehhinh(
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

a,b).hWehcanhh

Concludehthath  ( x ) ishalsohcontinoushinh[a,hb]handhdifferentiablehinh(a,hb).
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

fromh(1)hwehhave,h  (a)  f (a)  ka ;h  (b)  f (b)  kb

  (a)   (b) holdshgoodhifh
f (b)  f (a )
f (a)  ka  f (b)  kb  k  ----h(2)
ba
Hencehifhkhishchoosenhashgivenhinh(2),hthenh  ( x ) satisfyhallhthehconditionhofh
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Rollshtheorem.hhh

ThereforehbyhRolleshtheoremhtherehexisthatleasthonehpointhchinh(a,b)hsuchhth
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

ath  (c)  0
'

Differentiatingh(1)hw.r.th x ,h
wehhaveh  ( x)  f '( x)  k andh  (c)  0  f (c)  k  0
'

i.e.h k  f '(c ) -------(3),h

EquatinghR.H.Shofh(2)handh(3)h

f (b)  f (a )
wehhave f '(c)  .
ba
GeometricalhInterpretationhofhLagrange'shMeanhValuehTheorem

 Thereharehnohbreakshorhgapshinhbetween ' a ' and ' b ' forhthehgivenhcurvehandhincludinghatht

hehendhpoints,hhencehthehgivenhfunctionhishcontinuoushinh  a , b
 Sincehahuniquehtangenthcanhbehdrawnhatheachhhhandheveryhpointhinhthehintervalhexceptha
ththehhhhhendhpoints,hthehfunctionhishdifferentiablehinhhhhhhhhtheh  a , b
Conclusion:hThereforehtherehexitshathleasthonehpointh ' c ' h(say)hinhbetweenh ' a ' hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
and ' b ' hathwhichhthehtangenthathh ' c ' hishparallelhtohthehchordhAB.
h

5
 Figure-3

Note:h

Therehmayhbehexistshmorehthanhonehpointhinhbetweenh (a, b) athwhichhthehtangentsharehpara

llelhtohthehchordhhhAB.

Figure-4
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Lagrange’shMeanhValuehTheorem

Ifhahfunctionh f ( x ) ishdefinedhinhthehintervalh  a , a  h suchhthat

hh

i. f ( x ) ishcontinuoushinh  a , a  h
ii. f ( x ) ishdifferentiablehinh  a , a  h 
Thenhtherehexistshathleasthonehnumberh  ,hwhere 0    1 such that c  a   h
h h andh
h

f ( a  h)  f ( a ) ca ca
f (a   h)   f (a  h)  f (a)  hf (a   h) Where,h    ,h
h h ba
ThishleadshthehgeneralizationhofhthehLagrange’shMeanhvaluehashTaylor’shseries.hThishishveryh
usefulhtohexpresshanyhfunctionhinhtermshofhapproximatehpolynomialhfunction.

ProblemshonhLagrange'shMeanhValuehtheorem:

6. VerifyhLagrange’shMeanhValuehTheoremhforhthehfunctionh f ( x)  ln x in 1,e .
Solution:hhhhhh f ( x ) ishcontinuoushin 1,e
1
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
f '( x )  ishdefined  x (1, e) f ( x ) ishdifferentiablehinh (1, e) 
x
hhhhhhhhhhAll hconditionshofhLagrange’shMeanhValuehTheoremharehsatisfied,hthereforehthe

rehexisthonehpointh

f (e)  f (1) 1 1
c suchhthat f '(c)     c  e  1 1 e 
e 1 c e 1
hhhhhhhhhh h

HencehLagrange’shMeanhValuehTheoremhishverified.
hhhhhhhhhh

7. VerifyhLagrange’shMeanhValuehTheoremhforhthehfunctionh
f ( x)  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) in 0, 4 .

6
Solution :hhh ishcontinuoushashithishanhalgebraichfunctionhin 0, 4 .
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

h f ( x)  x3  6 x 2  11x  6  f '( x)  3x 2  12 x  11 ishdefined  x (0, 4)

h

 f ( x ) ishdifferentiablehinh (0, 4) ,hAllhconditionshofhLagrange’shMeanhValuehTh

eoremh
arehsatisfied,hthereforehtherehexisthon f ( x ) ehpointh c suchhthat
f (4)  f (0)
f '(c) 
40

6  (6) 12  48
 3c 2  12c  11   3c 2  12c  8  0  c  h

hhhh
4 6

c  3.15 and 0.85 both (0, 4)

h

ba ba
8. Provehthathh  sin 1 b  sin 1 a  hh whereh a  c  b  1 husinghLagra
1  a2 1  b2
nge’shmeanhvalueh theoremhhh
Solution :hh
1
f ( x)  sin 1 x  f '( x)  ,h f ( x ) ishcontinoushinh[a,b]handhdifferentiablehinh(a,
1  x2
b).h
ApplyinghhLagrange’shmeanhvaluehtheoremh,hfor f ( x ) inh [ a, b] hwehgethwhenh
acb
sin 1 b  sin 1 a 1
 hhWehknowhthath a  c  b
ba 1  c2
hhhhhh

hhhh
 a 2  c 2  b 2  a 2  c 2  b 2 h  1  a 2  1  c 2  1  b 2
1 1 1 1 sin 1 b  sin 1 a 1
    
1  a2 1  c2 1  b2 1  a2 ba 1  b2
hhhh

hhhh onhmultiplyinghbyh (b  a ) hwhichhishpositive,hwehhave

h
ba 1 1 ba
 sin b  sin a
1 a2 1  b2
9. Ifh f ( x )  0 hforhallht
hehpointshinh  a , b , then prove that
h h h h f ( x ) ishstrictlyhincreasinghinhthehinterval.

Solution :hh Leth x1 , x2 hbehtwohnumbershsuchhthath a  x1  x2  b . h

f ( x2 )  f ( x1 )
ApplyinghLMVThinh  x1, x2   c  ( x1, x2 ) suchhthathh
hh
x2  x1
 f '(c)

f ( x2 )  f ( x1 )
hhhh Wehhaveh f '( x)  0  x  [a, b]   0  f ( x2 )  f ( x1 )
x2  x1

hh  f ( x ) hishanhincreasinghfunction.
h

7
 x
10. Showhthathforh x  0 ,h log(1  x)  h
1 x
x
Solution :hhh Leth f ( x)  log(1  x) 
1 x

1  (1  x).1  x.1
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh f '( x)   
1  x  (1  x)2 
h hhhhhh

x
f '( x)  ,hclearlyh f '( x )  0 sinceh x  0 andhalsoh f ( x ) ishcontinuoushinh[0,x]ha
(1  x) 2
ndhh
hhhhh

differentiablehinh(0,x).hApplyinghlagrange'shmeanhvaluehtheoremhforhthish f ( x ) inh[0,
x]h wehhave,

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh f ( x)  f (0)  ( x  0) f '(c) hbuth f (0)  0

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh  f '( x)  xf '(c) ;h f '( x)  0  f '(c)  0 handhhenceh f ( x)  0

x x
hhhhhh i.e.h log(1  x)   0 orh log(1  x)  .
1 x 1 x
Cauchy’shMeanhValuehTheorem

Statement :h

Ifhthehfunctionsh f ( x ) handh g ( x ) arehdefinedhinhthehintervalh  a , b suchhthat

hh

i. f ( x ) handh g ( x ) arehcontinuoushinh  a , b 
ii. f ( x ) handh g ( x ) arehdifferentiablehinh  a , b 
iii. g ( x)  0 hinh  a , b 

f (c) f (b)  f (a)

Thenhtherehexistshathleasthpointhchinh(a,b)hsuchhthath  .
g (c) g (b)  g (a)
Proof : Lethushdefinehahfunctionh  ( x)  f ( x)  kg ( x) ---(1)
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

wherehkhishahconstanthtohbehchoosenhsuitablyhlater.fromhthehgivenhconditionshithishev
idenththathhhhhhhhh

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh  ( x ) ishalsohcontinoushinh[a,b]handhdifferentiablehinh(a,b).
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh fromh(1)hwehhave,h  (a )  f (a )  kg ( a) ;h  (b)  f (b)  kg (b)

f (b)  f (a)
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh   (a)   (b) holdshgoodhifh f (a)  kg (a)  f (b)  kg (b)  k  --
g (b)  g (a)
--(2)
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Hereh g (b)  g (a ) ,hbecausehifh g (b)  g ( a ) hthenh g ( x ) hwouldhsatisfyhallhthehcondition

shofh
Rolle'shtheoremhandhaccordinglyhtherehmusthexisthatleasthonehpointhchinh(a,b)hsuchht
hath g '(c)  0 .h

8
 Thishcontradictshthehdatahthath g '( x )  0 forhallhxhinh(a,b).hHencehifhkhishchoosenhashgi
venhinh(2),h
thenh  ( x ) satisfyhallhthehconditionhofhRollshtheorem.hThereforehbyhRolleshtheoremhth
erehexisth atleasthonehpointhchinh(a,b)hsuchhthath  (c)  0
'

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Differentiatingh(1)hw.r.th x ,hwehhaveh  ( x)  f '( x)  kg '( x) andh  (c)  0

' '

 f '(c)  kg '(c)  0

f '(c)
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i.e. k  -------
g '(c)
f (b)  f (a)
(3),hhEquatinghR.H.Shofh(2)handh(3)hwehhaveh f '(c)  .
g (b)  g (a)
ProblemshonhCauchyhMeanhValuehTheorems
x
11. VerifyhCauchy'shMeanhValuehTheoremhforhthehfunction f ( x)  e ; g ( x)  e in
x
h

a, b
Solution :h f ( x ) and g ( x ) arehbothhcontinuoushinh  a, b

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
f '( x)  e x ; g '( x)  e x arehdefined x  (a, b)

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
 f ( x) and g ( x ) arehbothhdifferentiablehin (a, b)
g '( x)  e x  0, x  (a, b)
f '(c) f (b)  f (a)
 c suchhthath 
hhhhhh
g '(c) g (b)  g (a)

ec eb  e a
   e2c  ea b  2c  a  b hhhhh
e  c e  b  e  a
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

ab
c  (a, b) HencehthehCauchy’shmeanhvaluehtheoremhishverified.
2

12. VerifyhCauchy’shmeanhvaluehtheoremhforhthehhfunctions x  9 andh x hinh

0,16
Solution :hh f ( x ) andh g ( x ) arehbothhcontinuoushinh  0,16

1 1
f '( x)  ; g '( x)  arehdefinedh x  (0,16)
2 x9 2 x
 f ( x) and g ( x ) arehbothhdifferentiablehin (0,16)

1 f '(c) f (b)  f (a)

g '( x)   0, x  (a, b) ,  c suchhthath 
2 x g '(c) g (b)  g (a)

f (16)  f (0) 1 2 c  9 25  9 1 c  9
hhhhhhh  hhh  
g (16)  g (0) 12 c 16  0 1 c
h

9
 hhhhhhh Onhsimplifyinghwehgeth c  3  (0,16) .hThushthehtheoremhishverified.

13. VerifyhCauchy’shmeanhvaluehtheoremhforhthehhfunctions f ( x ) andh f '( x ) hinh

1, e where
h h f ( x)  log x
Solution:h f ( x)  log x ,hLeth g ( x)  f '( x)  1\ x

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
f ( x ) andh g ( x ) arehbothhcontinuoushinh 1,e

1 1
f '( x )  ; g '( x )  2 arehdefinedh x  (1, e)
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
x x

hhhhhhhhhhhhhh
 f ( x) and arehbothhdifferentiablehin (1, e)
h

1
g '( x)   0 x  (1, e)
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh h
x2
hhh

f '(c) f (b)  f (a) 1c f (e)  f (1)

 c suchhthath   
h
g '(c) g (b)  g (a) 1 c 2
g (e)  g (1)
log e  log1
 c 
(1/ e)  1

hhhh onhsimplifyinghwehgeth c  1.6  (1, e) hsinceh e  2.7 .h

Thushthehtheoremhishverified.

14. Showhthaththehconstanth c ofhCauchy’shmeanhvalu A ehtheoremhforhthehfunct

ionsh 1 / x andh1/ x hinh
2
h

thehintervalh a , b hishthehharmonichmeanhbetweenh a handh b (0  a  b)

Solution :h f ( x ) andh g ( x ) arehbothhcontinuoushinh  a, b

2 1
f '( x)  3
; g '( x )  2 arehdefinedh x  ( a, b)
x x
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh  f ( x) and g ( x ) arehbothhdifferentiablehin (a, b)

1 f '(c) f (b)  f (a)

g '( x)   0 x  (a, b) hh  c suchhthath 
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
x 2
g '(c) g (b)  g (a)

2 / c3 1/ b 2  1/ a 2 2 a 2  b 2 / a 2b 2 2 (a  b)(a  b)ab
     
hhhh
1/ c 3
1/ b  1/ a h c a  b / ab c (a  b)(a 2b 2 )

2ab
c ishthehharmonichmeanhbetweenh a handh b ,h c  ( a, b) .
hhhh
ab
Thushverified.

Taylor'shtheorem

Statement:h

10
Ifh f : a, b  R hsuchhthat

i) f n 1 hishcontinuedhonh  a, b

ii) f n 1 hishdifferentiablehonh  a, b 

thenhexisth f n honh  a, b  handh p  z  hthenhtherehexisthahpointh c   a, b  hsuchhthath

 b  a  f 11 a   b  a  3 f 111 a  .....   b  a  f n1 a  R

2 3 n 1
ba 1
f b   f  a   f a        n
1! 2! 3!  n  1!

b  a  b  a  f n c
n n p

whereh Rn   ishdefinedhashRoche'shformhofhremainder.
 n  1!
h
p

Maclaurin'shtheorem:

InhTaylor'shseriesh a, b converts to 0, x then the result is defined as Maclaurin's

h h h h h h h h h h h

series.

Statement:h

Ifh f : 0, x  R hsuchhthath

i) f n 1 hishcontinuoushonh 0, x

ii) f n 1 hishdifferentiablehonh 0, x

thenhtherehexisth p  Z  handh    0,1 hsuchhthat

 x  0  f 11 0   x  0  f 111 0   x  0  f iv0  ...

2 3 4
x0 1
f  x   f  0  f  0       
1! 2! 3! 4!

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111 x 4 iv x n 1
f  x   f  0  f  0  f  0  f 0  f  0  ...... f n 1  0   Rn
1! 2! 3! 4!  n  1!

11
 x n 1   
n p

whereh Rn  f n  x  hishdefinedhashRoche'shformhofhremainder.
 n  1! p

Noteh:h(1)hTaylor'shserieshexpansionhofh f  x  hinhpowershofh  x  a  hishgivenhbyh

 x  a   x  a  x  a
2 3

f  x  f a  f 111
a  f 111  a   ....
1! 2! 3!

Problems

15. ObtainhthehMachhLaurin'shserieshexpansionshofhthehfollowinghfunctions.

x
(i)h e
hhhhhhhhhh ii)h cos x iii)hsinhxh iv)hcoshhxh v)hsinhhx

i) Leththehgivenhfunctionh f  x   ex f  0  1

f 1  x   ex f 1  0  1

f 11  x   e x f 11  0  1

f 111  x   e x f 111  0  1

f iv  x   e x f iv  o   1

byhMaclaurin'shserieshwehhaveh

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111 x 4 11
f  x   f  0  f  0  f  0  f 0  f  0   ....
1! 2! 3! 4!

x x2 x3 x4
ex  1  1  1  1   .....
1! 2! 3! 4!

x x2 x3 x 4
ex  1  1  1    .....
1! 2! 3! 4!

ii) Givenhfunctionh f  x   cos x

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111
byhMaclaurin’shserieshwehhaveh f  x   f  0   f  0   f 0  f  0   .....
1! 2! 3!

12
 f  x   cos x f  0  1

f 1  x   sin x f 1  0  0

f 11  x    cos x f 11  0  1

f 111  x   sin x f 111  0  0

f iv  x   cos x f iv  0  1

f v  x    sin x f v  0  0

x x2 x3 x4 x5
Hence,h f  x   1   0    1   0   1   0   .....
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

x 2 x 4 x6
cos x  1     ......
2! 4! 6!

iii) Givenhthath f  x   sin x

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111
byhMaclaurin’shserieshwehhaveh f  x   f  0   f  0   f 0  f  0   ......
1! 2! 3!

f  x   sin x f  0  0

f 1  x   cos x f 1  0  1

f 11  x   sin x f 11  0  0

f 111  x    cos x f 111  0  1

f i v  x   sin x f iv  0   1

f v  x   cos x f v 0  1

f vi  x    sin x f vi  0   0

Hence
13
 x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
sin x  0  1   0    1   0   1   0   ....
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

x3 x5 x 7
sin x  x     ....
3! 5! 7!

iv) Leththehgivenhfunctionh f  x   cosh x

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111
byhMaclaurin’shserieshwehhaveh f  x   f  0   f  0  f 0  f  0   ....
1! 2! 3!

f  0  1 f 1  x   sinh x f 1  0  0

f 11  x   cosh x f 11  0  1

f 111  x   sinh x f 111  0  0

f iv  x   cosh x f iv  0  1

f v  x   sinh x f v  0  0

f vi  x   cosh x f vi  0  1

x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
f  x  1  0   1   0   1   0   1  ...
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

x 2 x 4 x6
cosh x  1     .....
2! 4! 6!

v) Leththehgivenhfunctionhish f  x   sinh x

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111
byhMaclaurin’shseries f  x   f  0   f  0  f  0  f  0  +-----------
1! 2! 3!

f  0  0

f 1  x   cosh x f 1  0  1

14
 f 11  x   sinh x f 11  0  0

f 111  x   cosh x f 111  0  1

f iv  x   sinh x f iv  0  0

f v  x   cosh x f v  0  1

f vi  x   sinh x f vi  0  0

x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
sinh x  0  1   0   1   0   1   0   ...
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

x x3 x5 x 7
sinh x      ...
1! 3! 5! 7!

Taylor'shserieshofhexpansionhofh f  x  hinhpowershofh  x  a  hishgivenhby

 x  a f 1  x  a  x  a
2 3

f  x  f a  a  f 11
a  f 111  a   ....
1! 2! 3!

Problems


16.hFindhthehTaylor’shserieshexpansionhofh sin x habouth x 
4


Sol.hGivenhthat f  x   sin x hath x  a 
4

Taylor'shserieshofhexpansionhofh f  x  hinhpowershofh  x  a  hishgivenhby

 x  a f 1  x  a  x  a
2 3

f  x  f a  a  f 11
a  f 111  a   ....
1! 2! 3!

 1
f  a   sin 
4 2

   1
f 1  x   cos x  f 1    cos 
4 4 2

15
    1
f 11  x    sin x  f 11     sin  
4 4 2

   1
f 111  x    cos x  f 111     cos  
4 4 2

   1
f iv  x   sin x  f iv    sin 
4 4 2

1  x  4   1   x  4   1   x  4   1   x  4   1 
2 3 4

sin x       3!     4!    ...
2 1!  2  2!  2  2  2

1   x  4   x  4   x  4  
2 3 4

sin x  1   x  4  

   ...
2  2! 3! 4! 


17.hFindhthehTaylor’shserieshexpansionhofh sin 2x habouth x 
4

 
Sol.hGivenhthath f  x   sin 2 x hhath x  a  x  ,h a 
4 4

Taylor'shserieshofhexpansionhofh f  x  hishpowershofh  x  a  hishgivenhby

 x  a f 1  x  a  x  a
2 3

f  x  f a  a  f 11
a  f 111  a   ...
1! 2! 3!

 
f  a   sin 2    1
4

   
f 1  x   2 cos 2 x  f 1    2 cos 2    0
4 4

   
f 11  x   4sin 2 x  f 11    4sin 2    4
4 4

   
f 111  x   8cos sin 2 x  f 111    8cos 2    0
4 4

16
    
f iv  x   16sin 2 x  f iv    16sin 2    16
4 4

 x  4   x  a  x  a  x  a  x  a
2 3 4 5

sin 2 x  1   0   4   0  16   0

1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

 x  a
6

  32  64   ...

6!

 x  a  x  a  x  a
2 4 2

sin 2 x  1   4  16    64   ...

2! 4! 6!

ExercisehProblems:

5
1 VerifyhTaylor’shtheoremhforh f  x   1  x  2 hwithhLagrange’shformhofhremainderhuphtoh
8.
3htermshinhthehintervalh 0,1
1
sin x x3
1 Showhthath  x  4  ...  
9. 1  x2 3!
x x2 x4
x

2 Showhthathlog 1  e  log 2   
2 8 192
  .... handhhencehdeducehthath
0.
ex 1 x x3
    ...
e x 1 2 4 48
2 FindhMaclaurin’shtheoremhwithhLagrange'shformhofhremainderhforh f  x   cos x
1.
2 ObtainhthehTaylor’shserieshexpansionhofh e handh x  1
x
2.
2 ObtainhthehMaclaurin’shserieshofhexpansionhofh loge 1  x 
3.

ThehTaylor’shserieshofhLagrange’shformhofhremainder

5
24.hhExpandhthehfunction f  x   1  x  2

f  x  , h f 1  x  , h f 11  x  hareh continuoushonh 0,1 h

17
 f 111  x  hishdifferentiablehonh  0,1 , thenhsatisfieshthehTaylor’shserieshconditions.

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111
f  x   f  0  f  0 
1! 2!
f 0 
3!
f  0   ... ath 0, x  0,1

x  1, h n  3

5
f  x   1  x  2  f  0  1

5 3
5 5 5
f 1  x     
   2 hhh  f 1  0    ;
1
1 x 2 1   1  x
2 2 2

3 1
5 3 15 15
f 11  x     1  x  2  1  1  x  2  f 11  0  
1

2 2 4 4

15 1 1
15 1
f 111  x    1  x  2  1   2
1
1  x
4 2 8

15 1
15 1
f 111  x   1   x  2  f 111    1    2
8 8

1 1 111
ifh x  1 thenh f 1  f  0   f  0   f 11  0   f  
1

2 3!

subh f 1 , h f  0  , h f 1  0 , h f 11  0 , h f 111   hinhabovehform

5 1  15  1  15  1
0  1       1    2
2 2 4  6 8 

3 15 15 1
15 1
3 1
3 48 6
0   1    2  1    2   1    2   
2 8 48 48 8 8 15 5

2 2 2
6 5 5
 1        1          1       0.3055   0,1
5 6 6

f  x  hishapplicablehforhTaylor’shtheorem.

sin 1 x
25.hh Givenhfunctionh f  x  
1  x2

18
 f  0  0

f  x  1  x 2  sin 1 x

Differentiatehw.r.t.hx

1 1
 f  x  2 x   1  x2 f 1  x  
2 1 x 2
1  x2


  x f  x   1  x2 f 1  x   1   
 1  x2 f 1  x   x f  x   1 (1)

Puth x  0 h  1  0 f 1  0   0 f  0  1  f 1  0  1

d.w.r.thtoh ' x ' hinheq.h(1)hagainh

 
 1  x 2 f 11  x   f 1  x  2 x    xf 1  x   f  x  1  0

 
 1  x 2 f 11  x   3xf 1  x   f  x   0 …(2)

Forh x  0  1  0 f 11  0  3  0 f  0  f  0  0  f 11  0  0

D.w.r.t.h ' x ' hinheq.h(2),hwehget

 
 1  x 2 f 111  x   f 11  x  2 x   3  xf 11  x   f 1  x   f 1  x   0 

 
 1  x 2 f 111  x   5 xf 11  4 f 1  x   0

Forh x  0  1  0 f 111  0  5  0 f 11  0  4 f 1 0  0

f 111  0  4  0  f 111  0  4

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111
ByhMaclaurin'shserieshwehhave,hh f  x   f  0   f  0  f 0  f  0   ...
1! 2! 3!

sin 1 x x  x3
  4   ...
1  x2 3!

26.hGivenhthath log 1  e  x
  f  x
19
 1 ex
f  x 
1
e  f  x 
x 1

1  ex 1  ex

e0
f 1  0 
1  e0

e0 1 1
Similarly,h f 11  0     f 11  0  
1  e  1  1
2 2
0 4

1  e  
e x  e x  2 1  e x  e x    x 2x 2x 
2
x

  
 e  e  2e   e  e
x 2x
f 111
 x   1 e x

1  e     
 1  ex 3
4 3
x
 1  ex 

e0  e0
f 111  0    f 111  0  0
1  e 
3
0

1  e  e x  2e 2 x   e x  2e x  3 1  e x   ex 
3 2
x
 
f iv
 x 
1  e 
6
x

1  e  2 1  e  e  2e   3e  e
x x x 2x x x
 
 e 2 x   e x  2e2 x  e2 x  2e3 x  3e2 x  3e3 x

1  e   
64 4
x
1  ex

e x  4e2 x  e3 x e0  4e0  e0 1  4  1 2 1
f iv  x   h  f iv  0     
1  e  1  e 
4 4
x 0 16 16 8

ByhMaclaurin’shserieshwehhave

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111
f  x   f  0  f  0  f 0  f  0   ....
1! 2! 3!

x  1  x 2  1  x3 x 4  1 
 log 2         0      ...
1!  2  2  4  6 24  8 

x x2 x4

log 1  e x  log 2    
2 8 192
 ...

D.w.r.t.h'x'hinhabovehform,hwehget

20
 ex 1 x x3
    ...
1  e x 2 4 48

27. Taylorhserieshofhexpansionhofh f  x  hinhpowershofh  x  a  hishgivenhby

 x  a f 1  x  a f 11  a   x  a
2 3

f  x  f a  a   f 111  a   ...

1! 2! 3!

hereh f  x   ex ath x  a  x  1 a  1

ex  f  x   f  a   f  1  e1

f 1  x   e x  f 1  1  e1

f 11  x   e x  f 11  1  e1

f 111  x   e x  f 111  1  e1

f iv  x   e x  f iv  1  e1

1  x  1  x  1 
2 3

Hence,h e 
x
 1   x  1    ... 
e 2! 3! 
 

28. givenh f  x   loge 1  x 

byhMaclaurin’shseries

x 1 x2 x3 111
f  x   f  0  f  0   f  0 
11
f  0   ...
1! 2! 3!

f  0  loge 1

f  0  0

1
f 1  x   f 1  0  1
1 x

21
 1
f 11  x     f 11  0  1
1  x 
2

  2 
f 111  x    f 111  0  1
1  x 
3

2  3 6
f iv  x    f iv  0  
1  x 
4
1

byhMaclaurin’shseries

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111
f  x   f  0  f  0  f  0  f  0   ...
1! 2! 3!

x x2 x3 x4
log e 1  x   0  1   1   2    6   ...
1! 2! 3! 4!

x 2 x3 x 4
log e 1  x   x     ...
2 3 4

29. f  x   cos x

byhMaclaurin'shtheoremhwithhLagrange’shformhofhremainderh

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111 xn n
f  x   f  0  f  0  f  0  f  0   ...  f  x 
1! 2! 3! n!

f  x   cos x

f  0  1

f 1  x    sin x  f 1  0  0

f 11  x    cos x  f 11  0  1

f 111  x   sin x  f 111  0  0

22
 f iv  x   cos x  f 1v  0  1

f v  x    sin x  f v  0  0

f vi  x    cos x  f vi  0  1

byhMaclaurin’shtheoremhwithhLagrange’shformhofhremainderhwehget

x 1 x 2 11 x3 111 xn n
f  x   f  0  f  0  f  0  f  0   ...  f  x 
1! 2! 3! n!

x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 xn
cos x  1   0    1   0   1   0    1  ...  f n  x 
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! n!

x 2 x 4 x6 n x
2n
cos x  1     ...  1  ...
2! 4! 6! 2n !

Taylor’shSerieshExpansionhofh f(x) habouth x  a

(x a)2 (x  a)3 (x  a)n n

f(x)  f(a)  (x  a)f(a)  f(a)  f(a)  ...  f (a)  ... ishcalledhahTayl
2! 3! n!
or’shserieshexpansionhofh f(x) habouth x  a

Maclaurin’shserieshexpansionhofhf(x):hTaylor’shserieshexpansionhofhf(x)habouthx=0hishca
lledhashMaclaurin’shserieshexpansionhofh f(x) .

x2 x3 xn
i.e.h f(x)  f(0)  xf(0)  f(0)  f(0)  ...  fn (0)  ...
2! 3! n!
x
30.hObtainhTaylor’shserieshexpansionhofh e abouth x = - 1

Solution:hGivenh f(x) = ex andh a = - 1

h

(x  a)2 (x  a)3
ByhTaylor’shserieshexpansionh f(x)  f(a)  (x  a)f(a)  f(a)  f(a)  ...
2! 3!

f(x) = ex Þ f(a) = f( - 1) = e - 1

f¢(x) = ex Þ f¢(a) = f¢( - 1) = e - 1

f¢¢(x) = ex Þ f¢¢(a) = f¢¢(- 1) = e - 1

fiv (x) = ex Þ fiv (x) = fiv (- 1) = e - 1

23
 (x1)2 1 (x1)3 1 (x1) 4 1
ex  e 1  (x1)e 1  e  e  e ...
2! 3! 4!

1 (x1)2 (x1)3 (x1)4 

ex  1  (x1)    ...
e  2 6 24 

31.hFindhTaylor’shserieshexpansionhofh Sin2x abouth x = π

4

a= π
Solution:hGivenh f(x) = Sin2x handh 4

π
f(x) = Sin2x Þ f(a) = f( π4 ) = Sin =1
2

π
f¢(x) = 2Cos2x Þ f¢(a) = f¢( π4 ) = 2Cos = 0
2

π
f¢¢(x) = - 4Sin2x Þ f¢¢(a) = f¢¢( π4 ) = - 4Sin = - 4
2

π
f¢¢¢(x) = - 8Cos2x Þ f¢¢¢(a) = f¢¢¢( π4 ) = - 8Cos = 0
2

π
fiv (x) = 16Sin2x Þ fiv (a) = fiv ( π4 ) = 16Sin = 16
2
(x a)2 (x a)3
ByhTaylor’shserieshexpansionh f(x)  f(a)  (x a)f(a)  f (a) 
 f(a)  ...
2! 3!

(x 4 )2 (x 4 )4
Sin2x  1  4 16  ...
2 24

2
Sin2x  1 2(x 4 )2  (x 4 )4  ...
3
5
f(x) = (1 - x) 2
32.hFindhthehTaylor’shSerieshexpansionhofh inhpowershofh‘x’.

π
x=
33.hObtainhTaylor’shserieshexpansionhofh Sinx abouth 4

logex
34.hExpandh inhpowershofh x - 1 handhhencehevaluateh log1.1 hcorrecthtohfourhdecimalhplace
h

Solution:hGivenh f(x) = logx handhhere a = 1

f(x) = logx Þ f(a) = f(1) = 0

n- 1
1 (- 1) (n- 1)!
f¢(x) = Þ f¢(a) = f¢(1) = 1 Dn éëlogx ù
û=
x xn

-1
f¢¢(x) = 2 Þ f¢¢(a) = f¢¢(1) = - 1
x

2
f¢¢¢(x) = 3 Þ f¢¢¢(a) = f¢¢¢(1) = 2
x

24
 -6
fiv (x) = 4
Þ fiv (a) = fiv (1) = - 6
x
(x a)2 (x a)3
ByhTaylor’shexpansionh f(x)  f(a)  (x a)f(a)  f(a)  f(a)  ...
2! 3!

(x1)2 2(x1)3 6(x1)4

logx  x 1     ... hhPuth x = 1.1 Þ loge1.1 = 0.0953
2! 3! 4!
Problem:hObtainhMaclaurin’shserieshofhthehfollowinghfunctions

e x ,h Sinx ,h Cosx ,h Sinhx ,h Coshx .hhhhh

Problem:hObtainhexpansionhofh log(1 + x) hbyhMaclaurin’shseries

x x2 x 4
Problem:hShowhthath log(1 + e x ) = log2 + + - + ... andhhencehdeducehthath
2 8 192
ex 1 x x3
= + - + ...
ex + 1 2 4 48

Solution:hGivenh f(x) = log(1 + ex ) handhhere a = 0

f(x) = log(1 + ex ) Þ f(a) = f(0) = log2

ex 1
f¢(x) = Þ f¢(a) = f¢(0) =
(1 + e ) x 2

(1 + e x )e x - e x (0 + e x ) ex 1
f¢¢(x) = = Þ f¢¢(a) = f¢¢(0) =
x 2
(1 + e ) x 2
(1 + e ) 4

x é x 2x 2x ù
(1 + ex )2 ex - ex 2(1 + ex )(0 + ex ) (1 + e ) êëe + e - 2e ú x 2x
û = e - e Þ f¢¢¢(a) = f¢¢¢(0) = 0
f (x) =
¢
¢¢ =
(1 + ex )2 (1 + ex )4 (1 + ex )3

(1 + e x )3 (e x - 2e2x ) - (e x - e2x )3(1 + ex )2 (0 + e x ) 1

fiv (x) = Þ fiv (a) = fiv (0) = -
(1 + e ) x 6 8

x2 x3
ByhMaclaurin’shserieshexpansionh f(x)  f(0)  xf(0)  f(0)  f(0) ...
2! 3!

x x2 x 4
log(1  e x )  log2     ...
2 8 192

ex 1 x x3
= + - + ...
x
Differentiatehw.r.t.h‘x’hwehgethhhh e + 1 2 4 48

35.hUsinghMaclaurin’shserieshexpandh Tanx uphtohthehfifthhpowerhofhxhandhhencehfindhserieshf

orh logsecx

Sin - 1 x x3 Sin - 1 x
Problem:hShowhthath = x +4 + ... h(or)hExpand inhpowershofh‘x’.
1 - x2 3! 1 - x2

25
 Moduleh2
MULTIVARIABLEhCALCULUS:
1. Introductionhtohfunctionhofhseveralhvariables
2. Jacobianhandhitshproperties
3. Functionalhdependence
4. Maximahandhminimahofhfunctionshwithhtwohvariables
5. Lagrange’shmultiplierhmethod.
Introductionhtohfunctionhofhseveralhvariables:
Thehfunctionshwhichhdependhonhmorehthanhonehindependenthvariableharehcalledhfunctionsho
fhseveralhvariables.hPartialhderivativeshofhahfunctionhofhseveralhvariablesharehthehderivativeh
withhrespecthtohonehofhthehvariableshwhenhallhthehremaininghvariablesharehkepthconstant.
Partialhderivatives

26
Leth z  f ( x, y ) behahfunctionhofhtwohvariables,hkeepingh y hconstanthandhvaryingh x honly,hth

ehpartialhderivativehofh z hwithhrespecthtoh x ishdefinedhas

z f ( x  x, y )  f ( x, y ) z f
 lt ,hwhichhishdenotedhbyh or or z x ( x, y ) or f x ( x, y ) or z x o
x  x  0 x x x
r fx

SimilarlyhPartialhDerivativehofh z w.r.th y canhbehdefinedhas

z f ( x, y  y )  f ( x, y ) z f
 lt , which is denoted by
h h h h or or z y ( x, y ) or f y ( x, y ) or z y
y  y0 y y y
or f y

f f z z
Partialhderivativesh , or , harehknownhashfirst-
x y x y
2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f
orderhpartialhderivatives,hwhile , , , harehsecondhorderhpartial hderivativ
x 2 y 2 xy yx
es.
 2f  2f
Note:hIfhfhishahcontinuoushfunctionhthenh 
xy y x

Problems
u u
1. FindhthehfirsthorderhPartialhderivatives hand hforhthehfunctionsh
x y
i. u  e x cos y ii. u  tan 1
y
x
Solution:
i. u  e cos y
x
---h(1)
Differentiatehpartiallyhwithhrespecthtoh x hequationh(1)

u
 e x cos y
x
Differentiatehpartiallyhwithhrespecthtoh y hequationh(1)
u
 e x sin y
y
y
ii. u  tan 1 ---h(1)
x
Differentiatehpartiallyhwithhrespecthtohxhequationh(1)h

u 1  y y
   =h
x x2  y2
1 2 
y 2 x2 
x
u y
 2
x x  y 2
Differentiatehpartiallyhwithhrespecthtohyhequationh(1)hh

27
 u 1 1 x
  h=h
y y 2
x x  y2
2
1 2
x

 y u u
2. Ifh u  sin 1   then, show that x  y
h  0.
h

x x y
Solution:

 y
Given u  sin 1   ---h(1)
x
Differentiatehthehequationh(1)hpartiallyh u w.r.t.h x ,hand y .

u 1 1 y u x
1 x
  ;h  2 
x x y 2
y2  x2 y x y 2
y2  x2
1   1  
 y  y
h Nowhconsider,

u u xy xy
x y  
x y y x
2 2
y  x2
2

u u
x  y  0.
x y

z z
3. Ifh z  log x 2  y 2 then,hshowhthat x  y 1.
x y
Solution:

Given z  log x2  y 2 ---h(1)

Differentiatehthehequationh(1)hpartiallyh z w.r.t.h x ,hand y .

z 1 1 z 1 1
 2 x ;h  2y
x x y 2 x y
2 2 2 2 y x  y 2 x  y2
2 2 2

h Nowhconsider,

z z x 2  y 2
x y  2
x y x  y 2

z z
x  y 1.
x y

4. Givenhthat x  r cos handh y  r sin  hthenhfind rx , ry ,  x and  y .h

 2 y
 r  x  y &   tan
2 2 1

 x

Solution:

28
 y
Givenh x  r cos handh y  r sin  canhbehwrittenh r  x 2  y 2 handh   tan 1
x

( x  r cos and y  r sin  arehthehparametrichequationshofh r  x 2  y 2 handh

y
  tan 1 )
x

y
r x2  y 2 ---h(1)   tan 1 ---h(2)
x
Differentiateh(1)hpartiallyh r hw.r.t. x ,hand y .
Differentiateh(2)hpartiallyh hw.r.t. x ,hand y .

r 1 r cos   1 y y
 2x   cos  ;   2 ;
x 2 x  y
2 2 r x  y x
22
x  y2
1  
x

r 1 r sin   1 1 x
 2y   sin  ;   2 ;
y 2 x  y
2 2 r y  y x x y
2 2

1  
x

z z
5. If z  f (ax  by ) then,hshowhthat b a  0 .
x y
Solution:

Given z  f (ax  by ) ---

h (1)

Differentiatehthehequationh(1)hpartiallyh z w.r.t.h x ,hand y .

z z
 f 1 (ax  by ) a ;h  f 1 (ax  by )b
x y

Nowhconsider,
h

z z
b a  abf 1 (ax  by )  baf 1 (ax  by )
x y

z z
b a 0
x y

HomogeneoushfunctionshandhEuler’shtheorem

Ahpolynomialhinh x and y ,hi.e.h f ( x, y )  a0 x n  a1 x n 1 y  a 2 x n 2 y 2  ............  a n y n is

saidhtohbehhomogeneoushifhallhitshtermsharehofhsamehdegree.
h

Inhgeneral,hAhfunctionh f ( x, y ) hishsaidhtohbehhomogenoushofhdegreehnhifhithcanhbehexp
 y  
ressedhash x
n
   or y n  x 
h whereh‘ n ’hcanhbehpositive,hnegativehorhzero.
h

x  y

Euler’shTheoremhforhhomogeneoushfunction.

29
Statement

u u
Ifh u hbehahhomogeneoushfunctionhofhdegreeh n hinh x handh y hthenh x  y  nu
x y
Note:

Ifh z  f x, y  hishahhomogeneoushfunctionhof x ,h y hofhdegreeh‘n’,hthen

2z 2z 2  z
2
x2  2 xy  y  nn  1z
x 2 xy y 2

Problems

6. VerifyhthehEuler’shtheoremhforhthehfunctionhh u  log( x 2  xy  y 2 )

Solution:

Givenh u  log( x 2  xy  y 2 )
u is a not homogeneous function.
h h h h

SohEuler’shtheoremhcan’thbehapplied.

1
7. VerifyhthehEuler’shtheoremhforhthehfunction u  .
x y z
2 2 2

1
Solution: Givenh u 
x  y2  z2
2

---h(1)

1
u
2 2
 y z
x 1     
 x  x

y z
u  x 1 f  , 
 x x
u is a homogeneous function in x
h h h h h withhdegreeh 1 .
h

u u u
ByhEuler’shtheorem x  y  z  u .
x y z
---h(2)

Differentiatehpartiallyh(1)h u hwithhrespecthto x ,h y hand z ,hwehgeth

u 1 x
  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )3/2 2 x  2 2 2 3/2
x 2 (x  y  z )

30
 u 1 y
  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )3/2 2 y  2 2 2 3/2
y 2 (x  y  z )

u 1 z
  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )3/2 2 z  2 2 2 3/2
z 2 (x  y  z )
Nowhconsider,h
u u u  x2  y2 z2
x y z  2  
x y z ( x  y 2  z 2 )3/2 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )3/2 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )3/2

u u u ( x2  y 2  z 2 )
x y z  2
x y z ( x  y 2  z 2 )3/2

u u u 1
x y z 
x y z ( x2  y 2  z 2 )

u u u
x  y  z  u
x y z
---h(3)

Fromhequationsh(2)handh(3),hEuler’shtheoremhverified.

8. VerifyhthehEuler’shtheoremhforhthehfunction u  ax  2hxy  b y
2 2 2

Solution:

Givenh u  ax 2  2hxy  b 2

 y y2 
u  x 2  a  2h  b 2  ---h(1)
 x x 

 y
u  x2 f  
x
u is a homogeneous function in x
h h h h h withhdegreeh 2 .
h

u u
ByhEuler’shtheoremh x  y  2u .
x y
---h(2)

Differentiatehpartiallyh(1)h u hwithhrespecthto x hand y ,hwehgeth

u
 2ax  2hy  0
x

u
 0  2hx  2by
y

u u
Nowhconsider,h x  y   2ax 2  2hxy  2ay 2  2hxy
x y

31
 u u
x  y   2(ax 2  2hxy  2ay 2 )
x y

u u
x  y  2u ---
x y
(3)
h

Fromhequationsh(2)handh(3),hEuler’shtheoremhverified.

u u
 y  2 u log u , where log u  x  y .
3 3
9. Show that x
h h
x y 3x  4 y

Solution:
3
 y
1  
x y
3 3
 x2 .  
x
Leth z  whereh z  log u ---h(1)
3x  4 y  y
3  4 
x
z ishahhomogenoushfunctionhofhdegreeh2hinh x handh y
h

ByhEuler’shtheorem,hwehgeth

z z
x  y  2z ---
x y
h(2)h

Differentiatehpartiallyh(1)hw.r.t.h x ,hand y .

z 1 u z 1 u
 and 
x u x y u y
Substitutinghthesehinhequationh(2),hwehget

1 u 1 u
x y  2ln u
u x u y

u u
x  y  2u log u .
x y

x y u u 1
10.Ifh u  tan
1
h thenhshowhthat x  y  sin 2u .
x y x y 4

Solution:

1 x y
Given u  tan
x y

x y
tan u 
x y

32
  y  y
x 1   1  
x y  x  x  x
Leth z   h, whereh z  tan u ---hh(1)
x y  y  y
x 1 
 
 1  
 x   x

z ishahhomogenoushfunctionhhinh x hwithhdegreeh1/2.

ByhEuler’shtheorem,hwehgeth

z z 1
x y  z ---h(2)h
x y 2
Differentiatehpartiallyh(1)hw.r.t.h x ,hand y .

z u z u
 sec 2 u and  sec2 u
x x y y
Substitutinghthesehinhequationh(2),hwehget

u u 1
x sec2 u  y sec2 u  tan u
x y 2

u u 1 sin u 1
x y  .
x y 2 cos u sec2 u

u u 1 2
x y  sin u cos u
x y 2 2

u u 1
x  y  sin 2u .
x y 4

11.Ifh u  tan 1 x4  y 4 hthenhprovehthath

u u
i. x  y  sin 2u h andh
x y

 2u  2u 2  u
2
ii. x 2
 2 xy y  sin 4u  sin 2u
x 2 xy y 2

Solution:

Given u  tan 1 x4  y 4

tan u  x4  y 4

  y 4    y 4 
Leth z  x  y  x  1      x 2
4 4 4
 1     h, whereh z  tan u ---hh(1)
 x   x 
   

Zhishahhomogenoushfunctionhhin x hwithhdegreeh2.

ByhEuler’shtheorem,hwehgeth
33
 z z
x  y  2z ---hh(2)h
x y
Differentiatehpartiallyh(1)hw.r.t.h x ,hand y .

z u z u
 sec 2 u and  sec2 u
x x y y
Substitutinghthesehinhequationh(2),hwehget

u u
x sec2 u  y sec2 u  2 tan u
x y

u u sin u 1
x y 2 .
x y cos u sec2 u

u u
x  y  2sin u cos u
x y

u u
x  y  sin 2u . ---h(3)
x y
Differentiatehpartiallyhequationh(3)hw.r.thxhandhyhagain,hwehget

 2u u  2u u
x   y  2co s 2u
x 2
x xy x
Multiplyhxhonhbothhsideshinhabovehequation,hwehget

 2u u  2u u
x 2
 x  xy  2co s 2u x ---h(4)
x 2
x xy x
Similarly,h

 2u u  2u u
y   y  2co s 2u
y 2
y yx y

Multiplyhyhonhbothhsideshinhabovehequation,hwehget

 2u u  2u u
y2  y  yx  2co s 2u y ---h(5)
y 2
x yx y

Addinghequationsh(4)handh(5),hwehget

 2u u  2u 2  2u u  2u u u
x2  x  xy y  y  yx  2co s 2u y  2co s 2u x
x 2
x xy y 2
x yx y x

 2u  2u 2  2u  u u   u u 
x2  2 xy y x  y   2co s 2u  x y 
x 2
xy y  x
2
x   x x 
----h(6)

Usinghequationh(3)hinh(6)
34
  2u  2u 2  2u
x2  2 xy y  sin 2u  2co s 2u sin 2u
x 2 xy y 2

 2u  2u 2  2u
x2  2 xy y  2 co s 2u sin 2u  sin 2u
x 2 xy y 2

 2u  2u 2  2u
x2  2 xy y  sin 4u  sin 2u
x 2 xy y 2

Totalhdifferentiation,hdifferentiationhofhcompositehandhimplicithfunctions
TotalhDifferentials

Considerhahfunctionh f  f ( x, y ) ofhtwohindependenthvariable x hand y hhthenhthehtotalhdiffer

f f
entialhishdefinedhas df  dx  dy .Similarly,hifhahfunctionh f  f ( x, y, z ) hofhthreehindep
x y
endenthvariableh x , y and z hhthenhthehtotalhdifferentialhishdefinedhas
f f f
df  dx  dy  dz .
x y z

TotalhDerivatives

Considerhahfunctionh f = f x(t ), y(t ) hwhereh x hand y harehfunctionshof t ,hthenhtotalhderivativ

df f dx f dy
ehofh f withhrespecthto t hhishdefinedhash  
dt x dt y dt

Similarly,ifhahfunctionh f  f x(t ) y(t ) z(t )hwhere x ,h y hand z harehfunctionshof t hthenhtotalhd

df f dx f dy f dz
erivativehofh f withhrespecthto t hishdefinedhash   
dt x dt y dt z dt
Problems

du
12. Ifh u  x 2  y 2  z 2 hand x  e 2t , y  e 2t cos 3t ,h z  e 2t sin 3t hthen,hFindh hashah
dt
totalhderivativehh andhverifyhthehresulthbyhdirecthsubstitution

Solution:

Given u  x 2  y 2  z 2 ,hh x  e 2t , y  e 2t cos 3t handh z  e 2t sin 3t

du u dx u dy u dz
  
dt x dt y dt z dt

 4 x e 2t  2 y (  e 2t 3 sin 3t  2 cos 3t e 2t )  2 z ( e 2t cos 3t  sin 3t 2 e 2t )

 4 x e 2t  6 y e 2t sin 3t  4 y cos 3t e 2t )  6 z e 2t cos 3t  4 z e 2t sin 3t )

35
  4 xx  6 yz  4 yy  6 zy  4 zz

 4 x 2  6 yz  4 y 2  6 zy  4 z 2


 4 x2  y2  z2 
 4u
du
 4(e 4t  e 4t (cos 2 t  sin 2 t ))
dt

 4( e 4 t  e 4 t )

 8e 4t
du
13.Ifh u  x log xy whereh x 3  y 3  3xy  1 then,hfind .
dx
Solution:

Let f ( x, y )  x 3  y 3  3xy  1

dy f / x (3 x 2  3 y ) x2  y
   2
dx f / y (3 y 2  3x) y x

du u u dy
 
dx x y dx

du u  x 2  y 
 1  log xy    2 
dx y  y  x 

du x  x2  y 
 1  log xy   2 
dx y  y  x 

Jacobianshandhtheirhpropertiesh(withouthproof)

Jacobianhishahfunctionalhdeterminanth(whosehelementsharehfunctions)hwhichhishusefulhinhtra
nsformationhofhvariableshfromhCartesianhtohpolar,hcylindricalhandhsphericalhco-
ordinateshinhmultiplehintegrals.

 u, v 
ThehJacobianhof u , v hwithhrespecthto x , y denotedh J   hbyhorh  (u , v) hishahsecondhorde
 x, y   ( x, y )
u u
 u , v   (u, v) x y
rhfunctionalhdeterminanthdefinedhash J    
 x, y   ( x, y ) v v
x y
SimilarlyhthehJacobianhofhthreehfunctions u , v , w hofhthreehindependenthvariables x , y ,h z hi
shdefinedhas

36
 u u u
x y z
 u, v, w   (u, v, w) v v v
J    
 x, y , z   ( x, y , z ) x y z
w w w
x y z

Note:h1
 u, v 
If J    0 hthen,h u andh v arehnothfunctionallyhindependent.hInhfac
 x, y 
ththeyharehmutuallyhdependent

hhhhhhhhhhh 2
 u, v 
If J    0 then,hwehcanhexpresshxhandhyhinhtermshofhuhandhvh(expl
 x, y 
icitly)hashi.e.hx=x(u,v)handhy=y(u,v).

hhhhhhhhhhh 3h
 u, v 
Consequently,hifh J    0 thenhwehcanhdefinehthehJacobianhofhxha
 x, y 
x x
 x, y   ( x, y ) u v .
ndhyhw.r.thuhandhvhashfollows J *   
 u, v   (u, v) y y
u v

TwohImportanthPropertieshofhJacobians

 (u, v)  ( x, y )  (u , v) 1 1
 then,h JJ  1 hi.e.h J   * 
*
1. Ifh J andh J * 
 ( x, y )  (u, v)  ( x, y ) J  ( x, y )
 (u , v)
2. If u , v arehfunctionshofh r, s andh r, s arehfunctionshof x, y thenh
 (u, v) (u, v) (r , s)
 i.e.h
 ( x, y )  (r , s) ( x, y )
 u, v   u, v   r , s 
J    J  .J   (ChainhRulehforhJacobians)
 x, y   r , s   x, y 
Problems

(u, v)  ( x, y )
Inheachhofhthehfollowinghcasesh,hfindhthehJacobians J  and J 
h
1
also v
h
 ( x, y )  (u , v)
erifyhthath JJ
1
 1.

h14.h u  x  y ,h
v  xy

Solution:

Givenhthat u  x  y ,h v  xy

37
 u u
1 1
x y
v v
y x
x y

u u
 (u, v) x y 1 1
J    x y
 ( x, y ) v v y x
x y

Now, u  x y
xu y

v  v
xu y 
x  x

x 2  ux  v

x 2  ux  v  0

u  u 2  4v u u 2  4v
x y u . ( y  u  x)
2 2

u  u 2  4v u  u 2  4v
Consider,h x y u
2 2

u  u 2  4v
y
2

x 1  u  x 1
 1   
u 2  u 2  4v  v u 2  4v
y 1  u  y 1
 1   
u 2  u 2  4v  v u 2  4v

1 u  1
1  2 
 ( x, y ) 2 u  4v  u 2  4v
J  
1

(u, v) 1  u  1
1  2 
2 u  4v  u  4v
2

1 1 1 u 1 1 1 u
   
   
2 2
2 u  4v 2
2
u 2  4v 2 u  4v 2
2
u 2  4v

u

u  4v
2

38
 1 u 2  4v
JJ 1  x  y  1
u 2  4v u 2  4v

15. u  x2  2 y , v  x  y
h

Solution:

Givenhthat u  x  y ,h v  xy

u u
 2x  2
x y
v v
1 1
x y

u u
 (u, v) x y 2 x 2
J    2( x  1)
 ( x, y ) v v 1 1
x y

Now, u  x2  2 y

u  x2  2(v  x)  y  v  x
x2  2 x  (2v  u)  0

x  1  1  u  2v y  v 1 1  u  2v . ( y  v  x)

Consider,h x  1  1  u  2v y  v  1  1  u  2v

x 1 1 x 1
 
u 2 1  u  2v v 1  u  2v
y 1 1 y 1
  1
u 2 1  u  2v v 1  u  2v

1 1 1
 ( x , y ) 2 1  u  2v 1  u  2v
J  
1

 (u, v) 1 1 1
1
2 1  u  2v 1  u  2v

1 1 1 1 1 1
  
2 1  u  2v 2
   
2 2
1  u  2v 2 1  u  2v

1 1

2 1  u  2v

1 1 1  u  2v
JJ 1  2( x  1)   1.
2 1  u  2v 1  u  2v

39
 y2 y2
16. u  x ,h v 
x x

Solution:

y2 y2
Given that u  x 
h ,h v 
x x

u y2 u 2 y
 1 2 
x x y x
v y2 v 2 y
 2 
x x y x

u u y2 2y
1 2
 (u , v) x y x x 2y
J   
 ( x, y ) v v y2 2y x
 2
x y x x

 y2 
Now, u  xv  v  
 x

x  u v y 2  vx .
y 2  v(u  v)

y 2  vu  v 2

y  vu  v 2

Then,h

x x
1  1
u v
y v y u  2v
 
u 2 uv  v 2 v 2 uv  v 2

1 1
 ( x, y )
J  
1
v u  2v
 (u, v)
2 uv  v 2 2 uv  v 2

u  2v v
 
2 uv  v 2 2 uv  v 2
u v

2 uv  v 2

2y u  v 2y x u  v  x 
JJ 1    1.  
x 2 uv  v  uv  v  y 
2
2 x 2y

40
 y
17. u  xy ,h v 
x

Solution:

y
Givenhthat u  xy ,h v 
x
u y u x
 
x 2 xy y 2 xy
v 1 v x
 
x 2 xy y 2y y

u u y x
 (u, v) x y 2 xy 2 xy  y  x x 1 1 1 1
J       
 ( x, y ) v v  1 xy  2 y y 2 xy 2 xy 4y 4y 2y
1

x  
x y 2 xy 2y y

x
Now, u  xy v
y

x
uv  x y y 2  vx .
y

x
uv  x y
v

uv
y
v

u v
y
v

u
y
v
u
y
v
Then,h

x x
v u
u v
y 1 y u
  2
u v v v

41
 v u
 ( x, y )
J   1
1

u
 (u , v)  2
v v

u u
 
v v
2u

v

 1   2u  1 u 
JJ 1        y  1 .   y
 2y  v  y v 

18. u  x 2  y 2 ,h v  x 2  y 2

Solution:

Givenhthat u  x 2  y 2 ,h v  x 2  y 2

u x u y
 
x x2  y 2 y x2  y 2
v x v y
 
x x y
2 2 y x  y2
2

u u x y
 (u, v) x y x2  y 2 x2  y 2 xy xy
J    
 ( x, y ) v v x y ( x  y )( x  y )
2 2 2 2
( x  y )( x 2  y 2 )
2 2

x y x2  y 2 x2  y 2

2xy

x4  y 4

Now, u  x2  y 2 , v  x2  y 2

u 2  v2  x2  y 2  x2  y 2 u 2  v2  x2  y 2  x2  y 2 .

u 2  v2 u 2  v2
x2  y2 
2 2
Then,h

42
 x 1 x 1
2x  2u 2x  2v
u 2 v 2
x u x v
 
u 2 u 2  v2 v 2 u 2  v2
y 1 y 1
2y  2u 2y   2v 
u 2 v 2
y u y v
 
u 2 u 2  v2 u 2 u 2  v2

u v
 ( x, y ) 2 u 2  v2 2 u 2  v2
J  
1

 (u, v) u v

2 u 2  v2 2 u 2  v2

uv uv
 
2 u v 4 4
2 u 4  v4
uv

u  v4
4

 2 xy  uv  2 xy x4  y 4
JJ 1       1.
 x4  y 4  u 4  v4  x4  y 4 2 xy
 
 uv  x 4  y 4 
 
 2 xy  u 4  v 4 
 

19. x  eu cos v ,h y  eu sin v

Solution:

Givenhthat x  e cos v ,h y  eu sin v

u

x x
 eu cos v  eu sin v
u v
y y
 eu sin v  eu co s v
u v

x x
 ( x, y ) u v e cos v e sin v
u u
J   u
 (u, v) y y e sin v eu co s v
u v

 e2u cos 2 v  e2 v sin 2 v

 e 2u

Now, x  eu cos v , y  eu sin v

y
 tan v , x 2  y 2  e2u .
x
43
 y 1
v  tan 1 u ln( x 2  y 2 )
x 2
Then,h

u x u y
 2  2
x x  y 2 y x  y 2
v y v x
 2  2
x x  y2 y x  y 2

x y
 (u , v) x  y2 2
x  y2
2

J  
1

 ( x, y ) y x
 2
x  y2 x  y2
2

x2 y2
 
x  y2  x  y2 
2 2 2 2

1

x2  y 2

1 x2  y 2
JJ 1  e2u 
x2  y 2 x2  y 2
1. x 2
 y 2  e 2u 

Provehthehfollowingh

20. Ifh x  u (1  v) h,h y  v(1  u ) thenh (u, v)  1  u  v .

( x, y)

Solution:

x  u  uv h h , y  v  uv

x x
 1 v u
u v
y y
v  1 u
u v

x x
 ( x, y ) u v 1  v u
J  
 (u, v) y y v 1 u
u v

 (1  v)(1  u )  uv

 1  u  v  uv  uv
 1 u  v

44
 u2 v2  (u, v) 1
21. Ifh x  h,h y  thenh  .
v u  ( x, y ) 3

Solution:

u2 v2
x h,h y
v u

u2 v2
v u
x y

v4 u4
v 2 u 2
y x x y

 u 3v 3  x 3 y 3 
v3  xy 2 u3  x2 y  
  uv  xy 

u u
3u 2  2 xy 3u 2  x2
x y
u 2 xy u x 2
 
x 3u 2 y 3u 2
v v
3v 2  y2 3v 2  2 xy
x y
v y 2 v 2 xy
 
x 3v 2 y 3v 2

2 xy x2
(u, v) 3u 2 3u 2
J   2
1

 ( x, y ) y 2 xy
3v 2 3v 2

4 x2 y 2 x2 y 2
 
9u 2v 2 9u 2v 2

3x 2 y 2

9u 2 v 2
1
 ( uv  xy )
3
Provehthehfollowing

22.
If u  2axy andh v  a( x 2  y 2 ) whereh x  r cos andh y  r sin  thenh
 (u, v)
 4a 2 r 3 .
 (r , )

Solution:

45
 Givenh u  2axy andh v  a( x 2  y 2 )

u  2ar 2 sin  cos  u  a  r 2 cos 2   r 2 sin 2  

u  ar 2 sin 2 u  ar 2 cos 2
u u
 2ar sin 2  2ar 2 cos 2
r 
v v
 2ar cos 2  2ar 2 sin 2
x y

(u, v) 2ar sin 2 2ar 2 cos 2

J 
( x, y) 2ar cos 2 2ar 2 sin 2

 4a 2 r 3 sin 2 2  4a 2 r 3 cos 2 2

 4a 2 r 3

23.
If u  x  2 y 2 and v  2 x 2  y 2 where x  r cos and y  r sin  then
2
h h h h

(u, v)
 6r 3 sin 2 .
 (r ,  )

Solution:

Givenh u  x2  2 y 2 andh v  2 x2  y 2

u  r 2 cos 2   2r 2 sin 2  u  2r 2 cos 2   r 2 sin 2 

u  ar 2 sin 2 u  ar 2 cos 2
u u
 2r cos 2   4r sin 2   2r 2 cos  sin   4r 2 sin  cos 
r 
v v
 4r cos 2   2r sin 2   4r 2 cos  sin   2r 2 sin  cos 
x y

(u, v) 2r cos2   4r sin 2  2r 2 cos  sin   4r 2 sin  cos 

J 
( x, y) 4r cos 2   2r sin 2  4r 2 cos  sin   2r 2 sin  cos 

  2r cos 2   4r sin 2   4r 2 cos  sin   2r 2 sin  cos  

  2r 2 cos  sin   4r 2 sin  cos   4r cos 2   2r sin 2  

 8r 3 cos3  sin   16r 3 cos  sin 3   4r 3 sin  cos3   8r 3 sin 3  cos 
 8r 3 cos3  sin   4r 3 sin 3  cos   16r 3 cos3  sin   8r 3 sin 3  cos 
 16r 3 cos sin  (sin 2   cos2  )  4r 3 sin  cos (sin 2   cos2  )

 4r 3 sin  cos  (4  1)

 6r 3 sin 2 .
46
 (u, v, w)
Inheachhofhthehfollowinghcases,hfindh
 ( x, y , z )

24. u  xy 2 , v  yz 2 , w  zx 2

Solution:

Givenh u  xy 2 , hhhhh v  yz 2 , w  zx 2
u u u
 y2  2 xy 0
x y z
v v v
0  z2  2 yz
x y z
w w w
 2 xz 0  x2
x y z

u u u
x y z
 (u , v, w) v v v
J 
 ( x, y, z ) x y z
w w w
x y z

y 2 2 xy 0
 0 z 2 2 yz
2 xz 0 x2

 y 2 ( x2 z 2 )  2 xz(4 xy 2 z)

 9x 2 y 2 z 2 .

  3xyz 
2

1 1 1
  
u  x(1  r 2 ) 2 , v  y(1  r 2 ) 2 , w  z (1  r 2 ) 2 ,hwhere r  x  y  z .
2 2 2 2
25.

Solution:
1 1 1
  
Givenh u  x(1  r 2 ) 2 , v  y(1  r 2 ) 2 , w  z (1  r 2 ) 2

1

u  x(1  x2  y 2  z 2 ) 2 ,

u 
1

3
 (1  x  y  z )  x (1  x  y  z ) 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

x

47
v 
3
 xy (1  x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
x

w 
3
 xz (1  x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
x
1

v  y(1  x  y  z )2 2 2 2

u 
3
 xy(1  x  y  z )
2 2 2 2

y

v 
1

3
 (1  x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2  y 2 (1  x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
y

w 
3
 yz (1  x  y  z )
2 2 2 2

y
1

w  z (1  x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2

u 
3
 xz (1  x  y  z ) 2
2 2 2

z

v 
3
 yz (1  x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
z

w 
1

3
 (1  x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2  z 2 (1  x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
z

u u u
x y z
 (u , v, w) v v v
J 
 ( x, y, z ) x y z
w w w
x y z

1 3 3 3
   
(1  r 2 ) 2
 x 2 (1  r 2 ) 2
xy (1  r 2 ) 2
xz (1  r 2 ) 2

3 1 3 3
   
 xy (1  r ) 2 2
(1  r ) 2 2
 y (1  r )
2 2 2
yz (1  r ) 2 2

3 3 1 3
   
xz (1  r ) 2 2
yz (1  r ) 2 2
(1  r 2 ) 2
 z 2 (1  r 2 ) 2

3 3 3
  
(1  r 2 ) 2 (1  y 2  z 2 ) xy (1  r 2 ) 2
xz (1  r 2 ) 2

3 3 3
  
 xy (1  r 2 ) 2
(1  r 2 ) 2 (1  x 2  z 2 ) yz (1  r 2 ) 2

3 3 3
  
xz (1  r 2 ) 2
yz (1  r 2 ) 2
(1  r 2 ) 2 (1  y 2  x 2 )

48
 
9 x(1  y 2  z 2 ) xxy xxz
(1  r )
2 2
 xy (1  x  z )
2 2
yz
x
xz yz (1  y 2  x 2 )

x y z
9

(1  r )
2 2
y (1  x  z )
2 2
 xy yz R11  R1  yR2  zR3
x y
z (1  y 2  x 2 )
xz yz
z

1 1 1
9

(1  r )
2 2
(1  x  z )2 2
 xyz y z R11  R1  yR2  zR3
x y
(1  y 2  x 2 )
z z
z

1 0 0

9
(1  x  z )
2 2
 (1  r )2 2
yz y y 0
y
(1  y 2  x 2 )
z 0 z
z

  1  z 2  x 2  y 2  1  z 2  x 2  y 2  

9
 (1  r ) yz  
2 2
 
 y  y 
9

 (1  r ) (1  r 2 )(1  r 2 )
2 2

5

 (1  r )2 2

 ( x, y , z )
Inheachhofhthehfollowinghcaseshfindh
 (u, v, w)

26. x  u , y  u tan v , z  w
Solution:

Givenh x  u y  u tan v zw

49
 x x x
1 0 0
u v w
y y y
 tan v  u sec 2 v 0
u v w
z z z
0 0 1
u v w
x x x
u v w
 ( x, y, z ) y y y
J 
(u, v, w) u v w
z z z
u v w

1 0 0
 tan v u sec v 0
2

0 0 1

 u sec 2 v

27.
x  u (1  v) , y  uv(1  w) , z  uvw

Solution:

Given x  u (1  v) , y  uv(1  w) , z  uvw

x x x
 1 v  u 0
u v w
y y y
 v(1  w)  u (1  w)  uv
u v w
z z z
 vw  uw  uv
u v w
x x x
u v w
 ( x, y, z ) y y y
J 
(u, v, w) u v w
z z z
u v w

1 v u 0
 v(1  w) u (1  w) uv
vw uw uv

 (1  v) u 2v(1  w)  u 2vw  u uv 2 (1  w)  uv 2 w 

 (1  v) u 2 v  u 2vw  u 2vw   u 2v 2 (1  w)  u 2v 2 w

 (1  v) u 2 v  u 2vw  u 2vw   u 2v 2 (1  w)  u 2v 2 w

50
  u 2v  u 2v 2  u 2v 2

 u 2v
( x, y, z )
28. If u  x  y  z ,h uv  y  z , z  uvw thenhshowhthath  u 2v .
(u, v, w)

Solution:

Given u  x  y  z , uv  y  z , z  uvw

x  u  uv , y  uv  uvw , z  uvw
h

x x x
 1 v  u 0
u v w
y y y
 v(1  w)  u (1  w)  uv
u v w
z z z
 vw  uw  uv
u v w
x x x
u v w
 ( x, y, z ) y y y
J 
(u, v, w) u v w
z z z
u v w

1 v u 0
 v(1  w) u (1  w) uv
vw uw uv

 (1  v) u 2v(1  w)  u 2vw  u uv 2 (1  w)  uv 2 w 

 (1  v) u 2 v  u 2vw  u 2vw   u 2v 2 (1  w)  u 2v 2 w

 (1  v) u 2 v  u 2vw  u 2vw   u 2v 2 (1  w)  u 2v 2 w

 u 2v  u 2v 2  u 2v 2

 u 2v
FunctionalhDependence:

1
29. UsinghJacobians,hprovehthathh u  x  y handhh v  harehfunctionallyhdependent.
x y

Solution:

1
Givenh u  x  y handhh v 
x y

51
 u u
1 1
x y
v 1 v 1
 
x ( x  y)2 y ( x  y)2

1 1
 (u, v)
J  1 1
 ( x, y )  
( x  y)2 ( x  y)2

1 1
 
( x  y) 2
( x  y)2

0
Implieshthathuhandhvharehfunctionallyhdependent.

1
v .
u

30. Provehthaththehfunctions x  u
2
 v 2 , y  v 2  w2 , z  w2  u 2 harehfunctionallyhdepend
ent.

Solution:

Given x  u  v 2 , y  v  w , z  w2  u 2
2 2 2

x x x
 2u  2v 0
u v w
y y y
0  2v  2w
u v w
z z z
 2u 0  2w
u v w
x x x
u v w
 ( x, y, z ) y y y
J 
(u, v, w) u v w
z z z
u v w

2u 2v 0
 0 2v 2w
2u 0 2w

 2u (4vw)  2v(4uw)

 8uvw  8uvw
0
Thishimplieshthaththehfunctionsharehfunctionallyhdependenthandhishconnectedhbyhthehrelation
h

52
 x  y  z  u 2  v 2  v 2  w2  w2  u 2
x yz 0.
MaximahandhMinimahofhTwohVariables

1.
Ifhf(x,hy)hishahtwohvariablehfunctionhhavinghextremehvalue.hIfhithhashminimah(or)hmax
imumhforhcalculatinghthehhh
f f
valuehwehhavehtohconsiderh p 
hhhhhhh  0 ,h q   0 hbyhthishtwohpartialhderivativeshwehca
x y
nhgethstationaryh
hhhhhhhhpointsh(a1,hb1)h(a2,hb2),h(a3,hb3)….

2.
Athstationaryhpointsh(a1,hb1),h(a2,hb2),h(a3,hb3)hwehcanhcalculateh
 f 2
2 f 2 f
r t s  .
x 2 y 2 x y
3. Fromhhthehabovehfivehpartialhderivativeshhwehhavehtohfindh rt  s 2 hvalue.

4. Ifhh rt  s 2  0 handh r  0 hgivenhh f hashmaximumhvaluehathh  a, b  .

hh

5. Ifhh rt  s 2  0 handhh r  0 hgivenh f hashminimumhvaluehath  a, b  .

hh

6. Ifhhh rt  s 2  0 hthenh f hashnohextremehvaluehhaththishpointhhsaddlehpointhexists.

hh

7.
Ifh r t  s 2  0 hthenhfhhashfailedhtohhavehmaximumhorhminimum.hInhthishcasehithneedshf
urtherhinvestigation.

hProblems:
31.hhFindhthehmaximumhandhminimumhvalueshofhthehfunctionh f  x, y   x 3  y 3  3axy

Sol:hhLeth f  x, y   x  y  3axy
3 3

f f
hhhhhhhhh  3x 2  3ay  0  3x 2  3ay  0;  0  3 y 2  3ax  0
x y
Fromh(1)
hhhhhhhhh 3x2h=h3ay Subhinh(2)
2
x  x2 
y 3    3ax  0
a  a 
3x 4
 3ax  0 hhh 3x4h–
a2
3a3xh=h0hhhhhhhh3x(x3-a3)h=h0
h

xh=ha xh=h0
Correspondinghvalueshofhhyharehhhhyh=ha yh=h0
h

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhStationaryhpointshareh(0,h0),h(a,ha)

Aththehpointh(x,hyh)h=h(a,ha)h:h
2 f 2 f 2 f
 6 x  r  6 x,  6 y  t  6 y,   3a  s  3a
x 2 y 2 xy

53
 ath(a,ha),
r t  s 2   6x   6y  –  3a   36 xy – 9a 2  36 a 2 – 9a 2  27 a 2  0
2

f hhashminimumhvaluehath(a,ha)

Aththehpointh(x,hy)h=h(0,h0)
2 f 2 f 2 f
 r  0,  6  0   0 ,   3a
x 2 y 2 xy
rt-s2h=h0h–h(-3a)2hh=h-9a2h<h0h  hrhth-hs2h<h0
f hhashnohextremehvaluehthenhhtherehexisthsaddlehpoint..

32. Findhthehmaximahandhminimahvalueshofhx2h+hy2h+h6xh+h12

Sol:hhhhLethf(x)h=hx2h+hy2h+h6xh+h12
f f
p  2 x  6, q  2y
x y
f f
Considerh  0  2x  6  0  x  3,  0  2y  0  y  0
x y
Stationaryhpointhish(-3,h0)
2 f 2 f 2 f
Ath(-3,h0)  r  2,  2  t, s  0
x 2 y 2 x y
r t  s 2   2  ( 2  –  0 ) 2  4  0, and r  2  0
f hashminimumhvaluehath(-3,h0).

33.
Examinehthehfunctionshforhextremehvaluesh
f  x, y   x4  y 4 – 2x2  4xy – 2 y 2 ,  x  0, y  0  .

Sol:h f  x, y   x4  y 4 – 2 x2  4 xy – 2 y 2
f f
h p  4 x3  4 x  4 y , hhhh h q  4 y3  4x  4 y
x y
hhhhhhhhhhhConsider
f f
 0  4 x3 – 4 x  4 y  0,  0  4 y3  4 x – 4 y  0
x y

Byhsolvinghthesehtwohequationshwehhavehstationaryhpointsh(0,h0),h  2 , 2 ,h  
 2,  2  .
2 f 2 f 2 f
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh r  12 x 2  4 s 4 t  12 y 2  4
x 2
x y y 2

then
hhhhhhh rth–hs2 =h(12x2h–h4)h(12y2h–h4)h–h(4)2h=h144hx2y2h–h48x2h–h48y2h+h16h–h16

rth–hhs2h=h144hx2y2h–h48x2h–h48y2
hhhhh

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhMaximahorhMinimahath(0,0)

hhhhhhhhIfh rth–hs2h=h0
f hhashfailhtohhavehmaximah(or)hminimahath(0,h0)hinhthishcasehithneedshfurtherhinves
tigation.
54
MaximahorhMinimahath  2,  2

= 144   2   48   2   
2 2 2
rth–hs2 h h  48  2 =h144(2)h(2)h–h48(2)h–
48(2)=h384h>h0
h

 
2
r =h12x2h–h4 =h 12  2 4 =h24h–h4=h20h>h0
rth–hs2h>h0handhrh>h0
f hhashminimahathh  2, 2 h.  
MaximahorhMinimahath  2,  2 
144( 2     2  )  48   2   
2 2 2 2
rth–hs2 =hh  48  2 =h144(4)h–h48(2)h–
48(2)=h384h>h0
h

 2
2
r =h12x2h–h4 =h 12  4 =h20h>h0

f hashminimahath 2,   2.

h 34. ExaminehforhminimahandhmaximahvalueshofhSinhxh+hSinhyh+hSinh(xh+hy)

Sol:-hhhhLethfh(x,hy) =hSinhxh+hSinhyh+hSinh(xh+hy)
f f
hhhhhh  cos x  cos  x  y  ,hhhh  cos y  cos  x  y 
x y
f f
hhhhhhhhhhhhLethwehconsiderh  0, 0
x y
hhhhhhhhh Coshxh+hCosh(x+y)h=0,hhhhhCoshyh+hCosh(x+y)h=h0
hhhhhhCoshxh=h Coshy

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhxh=hy

f
hhhhh  cos x  cos  x  x   0  hCoshxh+hCosh2xh=h0  h2hCosh
x
 3x   x
2cos   cos    0
 
2  2
 3x   x  3x  x
 2   or  Cos  2   0  cos  2   0 2  cos  0 
1
hhhhhhhhhhhhhh  2hh cos

     
3x x  3x  
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh   cos 1  0    hh   x    ,hhh x  
2 2 2 2 2 3
 
hhhhhhhhhhhhh x  or  x     Corresponding
h valueshofh y  
hh  or  y  
3 3
      
Stationaryhpointshare
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh  3 , 3  ,   3 ,  3 ,  ,   ,   ,   
   
  
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhMaximahorhMinimahath
3, 3
 
 f
2
2 f
hhhhhhhhhhh r    sin x  sin  x  y  ,hhhh t    sin y  sin  x  y 
x 2 y 2
2 f
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh s   sin  x  y 
x y
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

r t  s 2    sin x  sin  x  y     sin y  sin  x  y      sin  x  y  

2

  
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Aththehpointh  , 
3 3

55
 2
                   
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh rt  s   sin
  3   sin  3  3    sin  s in         sin     
2

      3  3 3     3 3  
2
 3 3  3 3  3 
=
h 
 2
 
2 

 2
    =
2   2 
 3  3   34 =
h 3
3
4
h=

9
0
4
r t  s2  0, and r  0
  
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh f hhashmaximumhath  ,  .
3 3
  
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhMaximah(or)hMinimahath 
 3, 3
 
  
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Hereh r t  s 2  0, and r  0 h f hhashminimumhathh   ,  
 3 3
Maximah(or)hMinimahath(±,h±)
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Ath(±,h±)hhhhhhhhrth–hs2h=h[Sinh()h+hSinh(h+h)]h=h[Sinh()h+hSinh(h+h)h–h(-
hhhhhhhhhhh

(Sinh(h+h)2hh=h0
hhhhhhhhhhhhhh f hhashfailedhtohhavehmaximahorhminimahath(±,h±)hithneedshfurtherhinves

tigation.

35.
Ahrectangularhboxhopenhaththehtophishtohhavehvolumehofh32hcubichfeet,hfindhthehdime
nsionshofhthehboxhhh
hhhhhhhrequiringhleast hmaterial hforhitshconstructionh(volumehvh=hxyz,hsurfacehareahSh=hxyh+h2

yzh=h2zx

Sol:- Lethxhhfeet,hyhfeet,hzhfeetharehthehdimensionshofhrectangularhbox
hhhhhhVolumehofhthehrectangularhboxhvh=hxhyhzh=h32hcubichfeets.

hhhhhhhhhhhhhSurfacehofhthehrectangularhboxhhsh=hxhyh+h2h(zhxh+hzhy)

32
hhhhhhhhhVh=hxhyhzh=h32h  z
xy
 32   32  64 64
S  x y z
hhhhhhhhhhh
 x2  y  xy  
xy xy y x
S  1 64 64
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh  y  64   2  =h y  2  p  0  y  2  0
x  x  x x
S  1  64 64
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh  x  64   2  =h x  2  q  0  x  2  0.
y  y  y y
Solvehthehabovehequations,hwehgethStationaryhpointhish(4,h4).
hhhhhhhhhhh

hhhhhhhhhhhh Maximah(or)hMinimahath(4,h4)
2 f 2 s  2  128 2 s  2  128 2 f 2 s
r     ,hh t      ,hhh s   1
hhhhhhhhhhhhhh 64  3 64  3  y3
x2 x2 x  x
3
y 2  x  x y x y
 128   128   128   128 
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Ath(4,h4) r t  s 2   3   3   1 h=h      1 h=h(2)h(2)h–h1=h3h>h0
 x   y   64   64 

128 128
hhhhhhh r  20.
x3 64

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Ifhhh rt  s 2  0 hhandh r  0 hhthenh S hhashminimumhath(4,h4)

56
 32 32
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hh x  4, y  4 ,hh z   2
xy 16
Thehdimensionshofhthehhrectangularhboxharehhh x  4 ft , y  4 ft , z  2 ft .
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

hhh Exercise:h

hhhh 36.hFindhthehminimumhvaluehofhhh x2  y 2  z 2 hgivenhthathh xyz  a3 .

hhhh 37.hExaminehthehfunctionhforhextremehvalueshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhhhh f  x, y   x 4  y 4  2 x 2  4 xy  2 y 2  x  0, y  0  .

hhhh 38.hShowhthathhthehfunctionh f  x, y   x 3  y 3  63  x  y   12 xy hishmaximumhath  7,7  hh

hhhhhhhhhhh andhminimumhathh  3,3 .
hhhh

LagrangeshMethodhofhUndeterminedhMultipliers

Lethushtakehtwohfunctionsh f  x, y, z   0  1 handhh   x, y, z   0  (2) hthenhthehLagr

angehhequationhcanhbehwrittenhash F  x, y, z   0  f  x, y, z      x, y, z   0   3 hhgiveshthe
maximumhorhminimumhvalueshhofhahgivenhfunction.hThishhequationhishdefinedhashLagranges
h

equation.
h

Hence,h  hishdenotedhbyhLagrangehmultiplier.hForhsolvinghthesehequationshwehhaveht
hehfollowinghequationsh:
F f 
 0 i.e.,  0 (4)
x x y
F f 
 0 i.e.,  0 (5)
y y y
F f 
 0 i.e.,  0 (6)
z z z
FromhEquationsh(4),h(5)handh(6)hwehgeththehvaluehofhhx,y,z

Thenhthehfunction f  x, y, z   0. hgiveshthehmaximumhorhminimumhvalue.

Problems:h

39. Findhthehminimumhvaluehofhthehfunctionhx2h+hy2h+hz2hifhxyzh=ha3.

hSol:-
hhhGivenhthathf(x,hy,hz)h=hx2h+hy2h+hz2hSubjecthtohhthehhconditionhh(x,hy,hz)h=h0hhhxyzh–
3
ha h=h0

hhhhhhLagrange’shfunction hishhhFh=hf(x,hy,hz)h+h(x,h y,hz)

Fh=hx2h+hy2h+hz2h+hh(xyzh=h-a3)h=h0
hhhhhhhhhhhhTohfindhmaximahorhminimahofhthehfunctionh

wehconsider
F F F
0,  0, 0
x y z
F
 2 x  yz  0 (1)
x
F
 2 y  xz  0 (2)
y
F
hhhhhhhhhhhh  2 z  xy  0 (3)h
z

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hhhhhhhhhhTohgethextremehvaluehseth
F F F
  0
x y z
Fromh(1,h2,h3)
x  y  z  x y z
  ;hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh  ; hhhhhh  hhhhhhhh   
yz 2 xz 2 xy 2 yz xz xy
x y
  x2  y 2 h  h x 2  z 2 
hhh
x2h=hy2h=hz2hh  hxh=hyh=hz
yz xz

Substitutehinhhh(x,hy,hz)h=hxhyhzh=ha3h  (x)h(x)h(x)h=ha3h  hhhhxh=ha,hhhhhhyh=ha,hhhhzh

=ha

i.e.hMinimumhhvaluehofhh f  a 2  a 2  a 2  3a 2 h

40. h Findhthehminimumhvaluehofhthehfunctionhx2h+hy2h+hz2hifhxh+hyh+hzh=h3a.

Sol:-
hhhhhhh

Givenhthat
hhhhhhhhhh

f  x, y, z   x 2  y 2  z 2 hhhSubjecthtohthehconditionhh x  y  z  3a  0

ThehLagrangianhfunctionhishFh=hf(x,hy,hz)h+h(x,hy,hz)
hhhhhhhhhhhh

Fh=hx2h+hy2h+hz2h+hh(xh+hyh+hzh–h3a)h

Tohgethextremehvaluehhwehconsider
F F F
 0;  0; 0
x y z
F
 2x    0 (1)
x
F
 2y   0 (2)
y
F
 2z    0 (3)
z
Solvingh1,2,3hwehgeth
xh=h-/2 (4)
yh=h-/2 (5)
zh=h-/2 (6)

Subhinh(x,hy,hz)
hxh+hxh+hxh=h3a

hh3xh=h3a

hhhhxh=ha

hhhhyh=ha

hhhhzh=ha

xh=hyh=hzh=ha
hMinimumhValuehofhh f  x, y , z   x  y  z  a 2  a 2  a 2  3a 2
2 2 2

41.hhhFindhthehmaximumhvaluehofhthehfunctionhx2hy3hz4hwhenh2xh+h3yh+h4zh=-
hahbyhmethodhofhLagrangeshmethod.

58
hhh Sol:-hhhGivenhthat
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh f  x, y, z   x 2 y 3 z 4
Subjecthtohthehconditionh   x, y, z   0 hi.e.h2xh+h3yh+h4zh–hah=h0
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh ThehLagrangianhhfunctionhis
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh F  x, y, z   f  x, y, z     x, y, z   0
i.e.hFh=hx2hy3hz4h+hh(2xh+h3yh+h4zh–ha)h=h0
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Tohgethextremehvaluehhwehconsider
F F F
 0;  0; 0
x y z

F
 2 xy 3 z 4  2  0  xy 3 z 4  
x
F
 3 y 2 x 2 z 4  3  0  x 2 y 2 z 4  
y
F
 4 z 3 x 2 y 3  4  0  xy 3 z 4  
z

Fromhabovehequationshwehhavehhhhh  hxy3z4h=hy2x2z4h=hz3x2y3h=h-
Consider
xy3z4h=hy2x2z4h  hhhhhyh=hx
From
y2x2z4h=hz3x2y3hh  hhhhhhzh=hy
a
xh=hyh=hzh=h-hhh  xh=hyh=hzh=h
9
f(x,hy,hz)h=hx2y3z4

2 3 4
a a a a9
Maximumhvaluehofhh f  a a a =hh 
hhh
     =h
hhh hhh
 , , 
9 9 9
9 9 9 99

Exercise:h

42.hFindhthehminimumhvaluehofhthehfunctionhx2h+hy2h+hz2hwhenhaxh+hbyh+hczh=hp.

43.hFindhthehmaximumhvaluehofhthehfunctionhxmhynhzphwhenhxh+hyh+hzh=ha.

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