Reviewer in CCS 101
Ergonomic - fit natural hand placement
History of Computers
Charles Babbage - father of computer 1800’s
planned analytical engine
ENIAC - developed at end of WW II
1951 - 1963 1st and 2nd generation very large,
used unreliable vacuum tubes
1963 - present - 3rd and 4th generation
smaller, faster - use transistors and integrated
circuits
Apple First sold in late 1970’s Developed by Jobs
and Wozniak
IBM Personal Computers First sold in 1981 Was
quickly accepted by businesses IBM compatibles
soon developed
Social Media Impact
➢ Threat to privacy
Reduce personal interactions
Displace workers and change workplace
Create two tiered society
Computer failures cause great damage
Artificial Intelligence
Create a “new life form”
Machines smarter than their creators
Types of Computers
Personal Computers (PC) Also called
Microcomputers. Available in desktop size,
notebook size and handheld. Can be IBM, IBM
Compatible or Apple .
Minicomputers Size of filing cabinet. Used by
small and medium size companies and
institutions. Operated by computer specialist.
Terminals allow many people to use.
Mainframe Computers Very powerful. Very fast.
Used by large corporations and governmental
agencies. Operated by computer specialist.
Supercomputers Most powerful. Fastest. Most
expensive. Several million dollars each. Used
only by Governmental agencies. Large
international corporations.
Input Devices
Keyboard Most commonly used input device
Special keys: Enter, Function, Ctrl, Alt, Num
Lock, Esc.
Mouse Controls cursor on screen. May be
mechanical or optical. Most models have a
“wheel” for scrolling.
Others Pointers (replaces mouse on notepads)
Track point, track ball, touch pad, Scanner,
Digital camera, Touch screen, Voice
Output device
Monitor Made up of tiny elements called pixels.
Each row of pixels is called a scan line. Picture is
displayed by an electronic beam lighting up
certain pixels.
Resolution is how sharp and clear the picture is
How many scan lines on the screen
640 x 480 is low resolution
1600 x 1200 is high resolution
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Similar to digital
watch. Used for notebook computers. Should be
an Active Matrix Screen. Also used in flat screen
monitors. Much thinner than regular CRT
monitor. More expensive than regular CRT
monitor
Video Card Processes info to send to monitor
Amount of video memory may speed up graphic
intensive programs. 32 megs –general purpose
128 or more megs – graphic intensive use. AGP
port can speed up graphics. 3D accelerator card
improves graphics
Printer Laser Works similar to a copy machine.
Color printers available but more expensive. Fast,
quite, with excellent quality. More expensive to
buy and operate. Some units scan, photocopy, and
print.
Printer Ink Jet Squirts small jet of ink onto paper
to form characters. Replaced dot matrix. Quiet,
Does good job on color. Good quality and
reliability
Printer Dot Matrix Strikes pins against ribbon to
print. Comes in 9 and 24 pin. Once very popular
Now replaced by ink jet and laser
Disk Drive
- Can also be input device
Modem
- Can also be input device
Other Memory Terms
Byte is eight bits
Kilobyte (KB) is approx. 1,000 bytes
Megabyte (MB) is approx. 1million bytes
Gigabyte (GB) is approx. 1 billion bytes
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Also called CPU,
processor or microprocessor. Is the “brains” of
the computer. Performs all computer operations.
Random Access Memory (RAM) CPU can access
any location as quickly as any other. Can not only
read current info but also write new info. Very
important in determining capabilities of the
computer system. Computer should have at least
256 megs - 512 preferred (can add to later).
Read Only Memory (ROM) Can read info Stored
in ROM. Can not write new info into ROM. Used
for “internal workings” of computer. Buyer is not
very concerned with ROM.
Floppy Drives Comes in 5 1/4” and 3 1/2”. All
systems now only have 3 1/2”
HD - High density - comes on all current systems
3 1/2” - 1.44 megs
Hard Drives Built into machine. Made up of stack
of platters. Can store much more than floppy
drives. 40 gigabytes should be minimum. Can
access info much faster than floppy drive.
CD ROM Same as music CDs, Are read only
Can store over 650 megs . All programs now only
sold on CD . Make multimedia possible. Come in
different speeds - 20x, - 50x.
DVD ROM Digital Video Disk. Can store up to
17 G. Can store full-length movies. Can also read
CD-ROM disk.
CD-RW Allows you to write to disk. Useful for
Data backup. Storage of large files. Recording
music and other multimedia file.
DVD-RW Allows you to write to both CD and
DVD disk. Still somewhat expensive.
Storage Device Other Terms
USB drive Very popular – 64-512 MB
Tape drive Similar to cassette tape. Used for
backup
Zip drive 100 MB to 2 GB capacity. Everyday use
and backup.
Ports Connects computer to another device
Parallel port Used primarily by printers
Serial ports Modem, mouse, etc.
SCSI - chain devices
USB –may be needed for Digital Cameras, Mp3
players, Other devices
Networks Connects computers. Wireless, Allows
sharing of programs, files, printers, etc.. Server is
“main” computer
LAN - Local Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
Modems Allows 2 computers to communicate
over phone lines. Can be internal or external. Can
also have fax capabilities.
Bits per second(bps) indicates speed
Old modems - 9,600, 14,400, 28,800,
33,600, 56,000 (56K) has becoming standard
Ways of connecting to the Internet
Dial-up modem – used in most homes
Cable modem – uses TV cable lines
DSL – modified phone line
T1 line – used by schools, businesses, etc.
Programs Set of instructions to the computer.
Programming languages.
System Software Run fundamental operations.
Loading and running programs. Saving and
retrieving data. Communicating with printers,
modems, etc.
Components of System Software Components
of a computer system are the primary elements
which make the functioning of an electronic
device smooth and faster. There are five basic
components which include:

Input Unit A computer will only respond when a
command is given to the device. These
commands can be given using the input unit or
the input devices.
Output Unit When we command a computer to
perform a task, it reverts for the action performed
and gives us a result. This result is called output.
There are various output devices connected to the
computer. The most basic of which is a monitor.
Memory Unit When we enter the data into the
computer using an input device, the entered
information immediately gets saved in the
memory unit of the Central Processing Unit
(CPU). Because of the presence of some existing
programming, the Memory Unit transmits the
data further to the other parts of the CPU.
Control Unit This is the core unit which manages
the entire functioning of the computer device. It
is one of the most essential components of the
computer system. The Control Unit collects the
data entered using the input unit, leads it on for
processing and once that is done, receives the
output and presents it to the user. It can be said to
the center of all processing actions taking place
inside a computer device.
Arithmetic & Logical Unit As the name suggests,
all the mathematical calculations or arithmetic
operations are performed in the Arithmetic and
Logical Unit of the CPU. It can also perform
actions like a comparison of data and decision-
making actions. The ALU comprises circuits
using which addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and other numerical based calculations
can be performed
Graphical User Interface (GUI) is an operating
system interface that uses icons, menus, and a
mouse to facilitate interaction with the system. It
was developed by Xerox Palo Alto research lab
and later popularized by the Apple Macintosh in
the 1980s. GUI contains interactive visual
components for computer software. It acts as an
interface between the user and the computer.
GUI Operating System is a graphics-based OS. It
uses icons, menus, and a mouse to interact easily
between the user and the system. A mouse is
generally used to select the icon or drop the menu.
We can perform GUI actions by directly
manipulating graphical elements like icons,
menus, and buttons.
Elements of GUI To create a user-friendly GUI,
the user can interact with the software using a
variety of elements.
Icon: A small graphic showing a file or program.
Button: When pressed, launches a program.
Menu: A list of options given to the user.
Dialogue Box: Asks a user for input and shows
additional data.
Tab: A window's top clickable region displays a
different page.
Toolbar: A row of buttons controls the operation,
typically located near the top of an app window.
Ribbon: An alternative to the file menu and
toolbar that combines program-related actions.
Advantages of GUI Operating Systems
A GUI OS can increase usability for the typical
user. A GUI operating system is more user-
friendly than a text-based command-line
interface like MS-DOS.The GUI features make
computer operations simple to use without any
prior experience with computers. It uses
metaphors like drag-and-drop for file transfers
and simple icons, like a trash bin for deleted files.
GUI programs are self-descriptive.
Disadvantages of GUI Operating Systems
GUIs require a significant amount of system
resources, including processing power and
memory. This can slow down system
performance, especially on older or less capable
machines.
MALWARE & COMPUTER SECURITY
History of Malware
The term malware was first used by computer
scientist and security researcher Yisrael Radai in
1990. However, malware existed long before this.
One of the first known examples of malware was
the Creeper virus in 1971, which was created as
an experiment by BBN Technologies engineer
Robert
Thomas. Creeper was designed to infect
mainframes on ARPANET.
The concept of malware took root in the
technology industry, and examples of viruses and
worms began to appear on Apple and IBM PCs in
the early 1980s before becoming popularized
following the introduction of the World Wide
Web and the commercial internet in the 1990s.
Since then, malware and the security strategies to
prevent it -- have only grown more complex.
What is malware?
Malware, or malicious software, isany program
or file that is intentionally harmful to a computer,
network or server.
What does malware do?
Malware can infect networks and devices And is
designed to harm those devices,Networks and/or
their users in some way.
Types of malware include computer viruses,
worms, Trojan horses, ransomware and
spyware. These malicious programs steal,
encrypt and delete sensitive data; alter or hijack
core computing functions and monitor end
users' computer activity.
What are the different types of malware?
A virus is the most common type of malware that
can execute itself and spread by infecting other
programs or files.
A worm can self-replicate without a host
program and typically spreads without any
interaction from the malware authors.
A Trojan horse is designed to appear as a
legitimate software program to gain access to a
system. Once activated following installation,
Trojans can execute their malicious functions.
Spyware collects information and data on the
device and user, as well as observes the user's
activity without their knowledge.
Ransomware infects a user's system and
encrypts its data. Cybercriminals then demand a
ransom payment from the victim in exchange for
decrypting the system's data.
A rootkit obtains administrator-level access to
the victim's system. Once installed, the program
gives threat actors root or privileged access to the
system.
A backdoor virus or remote access Trojan (RAT)
secretly creates a backdoor into an infected
computer system that enables threat actors to
remotely access it without alerting the user or the
system's security programs.
Adware tracks a user's browser and download
history with the intent to display pop-up or banner
advertisements that the user into making a
purchase.
Keyloggers, also called system monitors, track
nearly everything a user does on their computer.
This includes emails, opened webpages,
programs and keystrokes.
How do malware infections happen?
Malware authors use a variety of physical
andvirtual means to spread malware that
infectsdevices and networks.
How to detect malware
Users may be able to detect malware if they
observe unusual activity such as a sudden loss of
disk space, unusually slow speeds, repeated
crashes or freezes, or an increase in unwanted
internet activity and pop-up advertisements.
Antivirus and antimalware software may be
installed on a device to detect and remove
malware. These tools can provide real-time Protect From Unauthorized Access
protection or detect and remove malware by
executing routine system scans. Types of Computer Security

Steps To Protect Computer 1. Application Security When security features

are introduced in the primary stage of the
Turn on an Internet firewall development process, that is one it's known as
application security.
Keep your operating system up to date
2. Information Security Information security is
Install and maintain antivirus software a type of cyber security that specially focuses on
Install and maintain antispyware software the methodology and techniques thatare built for
ensuring computer security.
Steps To Protect Computer
3. Network Security It is similar to information
Turn on an Internet Firewall security in a way that it also protects the integrity,
availability, and confidentiality of your computer
An Internet firewall is like a moat around a castle,
networks.
creating a barrier between your computer and the
Internet 4.Endpoint Security Any error that is committed
by a human can be easily exploited by hackers or
Keep Your System Updated
cyber criminals. End users are facing a huge
Install all security updates as soon as they are security risk in any organization.
available
5.Internet Security Internet security is the most
Automatic updates provide the best protection recent type of computer security that has reached
a boom period in recent times.
Install Antivirus Software
It is the newest branch of computer security that
Antivirus software candetect and destroy specifically deals with the risks and threats that
computer viruses before they can cause damage comes with the internet which is enumerated as
Just like flu shots, for antivirus software to be follows:
effective, you must keep it up to date.
Hacking
Install & Maintain Antispyware Software
Computer viruses
Use antispyware software so unknown people
cannot lurk on your computer and potentially Malware
steal your information.
Denial of service attacks
What is Computer Security
Computer security or cyber security is a system
that protects critical information and data that are
stored in a computer system from unauthorized
use, harm, theft, misuse, etc.
Importance of Computer Security
Protect Personal Information
Protect Company Properties
Prevent Data Theft
Prevent Malware and Viruses