As he was born during the reign of Aurangzeb Alamgir, he

was a witness to the decline of Mughal empire.

He went in 1724 and came back to Delhi in 1732.

His time in Arabia has made him ponder over the attacks made on
Muslims and he realized that reform couldn't come from weak
leadership in Delhi and had to come from within the Muslim
community itself.
 For this purpose he wrote Izalat al Akhfa or 'Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa'

Thus, Marathas were defeated in the third

battle of Panipat in 1761.

His reforms and the teachings of his sons inspired many religious reformers of the later times.
in 1786.
In east Bengal.
His father was a farmer and his family
was poor.

He became really inspired by the beliefs of

Sheikh Muhammad Abdul Wahab.
 As he believed to imrpove their
socio-economic conditions, Muslims had to
obey their religious duties.

He divided East Bengal into areas called 'circles', each under Caliphs to ensure their
economic and political welfare. He helped peasants to oppose the excessive taxes
imposed by Hindu landowners and went as far to threaten the British with a violent Jihad
movement.

His Farazi Movement proved to be influential and encouraged the Muslims of Bengal to resist British
and Hindu oppression.
 He banned public dancing, gambling, drinking and singing which had
been a part of Indian culture especially of Hindus. He even fixated the
length of beard for Muslims, further agitating public.

This trend continued to limit the success of

Mughals as they wasted money on luxuries
and became exploited by diplomatic nobles.

Aurangzeb found a strategy to avoid this by dividing the state among his sons, this
failed as Muhammad Azzam Shah became the emperor. However, he was defeated
by Bahudar Shah. Thus, un-stablity reigned more than Mughals after Aurangzeb.

Another reason was the invasion by Persians and

Afghans leading to loot raids by Nadir Shah Durrani
and Ahmad Shah Abdali between 1737 and 1761.
And develop their naval forces.

Mir Jafar didn't mobilize his

forces when the battle
started.
in 1799.
(This is
also an
economic
factor)

At many places, export of hand-woven cotton was banned to encourage

the trade of British cotton, this rendered many people unemployed
Some Banarsi officials who were-
In which discussions of the Conference were published.
Quaid-E-Azam could see that if any regional language was given privilage, it
would suppress the rights of minorities and cause conflict.
Formation of Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress was founded in December 1885, initially with the goal of pursuing
moderate reform under the British raj in India. It aimed to educate the public in India and Britain and
persuade the British government to end unfair practices. Its roots are in the early Indian nationalist
movement that arose from the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It claimed to represent the whole of India
though it visibly became a Hindu dominated party after it started the Swadeshi movement against the
interests of Muslims.
Aims of AIML
1. Protection of political rights and interests of the Indian Muslims.
2. Representing Muslim needs to the government.
3. Promoting feelings of loyalty to the British.
4. Removing misunderstandings between Muslims and the British government.
5. Preventing hostility between Muslims and other communities.
The Hunter Commission Report 1920 was formulated to scrutinize and examine the tragic massacre of the
Jallianwala Bagh. The members of the commission were both of Indian and British origin. The commission
vehemently condemned the acts of General Dyer.
Arrest of leadership
was also a major cause
as the Ali brothers were
arrested after the
Khilafat Conference
passed a resolution
restricting all Muslims
from cooperating with
the British in any way.
The Minorities Subcommittee too, couldn't reach a conclusion.
 They won 707 seats out of 1585 seats.
Muslim League won 109 seats out of 489 seats.

Importance for Muslim League

It was the first major election it had participated in, and it helped unify the party after the internal split in the early
1930s. The party learned a great deal about how to contest elections and realized it had to improve its organization
and planning, it now knew the importance of gaining support in Hindu majority areas and realized that the party had
an 'image problem' as its leadership was seen as aristocrats and elite and thus disliked by Muslim public who were
poor.
 Composed by Bankim Chatterjee

Jinnah called upon all Muslims to hold peaceful gatherings and celebrations, and this was objected to by many
Congress members.
 It was not a well-drafted plan as it omitted details like the status of those districts which wish to
opt out of the new dominion.

Jinnah termed this as 'political blackmailing'.

Gandhi
considered Indian
Muslims as
local converts
while Jinnah
argued that
Muslims had
their own
identity which
wouldn't let
Muslims and
Hindus to strive
in case of a
united India.
Note: Cabinet Mission Plan was initially
accepted by Muslim League until Nehru's
controversial remarks declaring that the
Congress wouldn't feel bound to any plan after
the British had left India.
This made the League realize the importance of
separation before the British had left.
 Despite of the bloodshed, it was successful in making the British
reconsider their plans about the creation of a separate Muslim state.

*Radcliff Award
Approximately 4 governments were dismissed by him in the period of 1955 to 1958
As most of the revenue and earned foreign exchange was being used to develop the facilities of West Pakistan.
There was a distance of 3000 kilometers between the two wings which restricted communication. The geographical
conditions of East Pakistan itself were affected by severe weather due to cyclones. The 1970 cyclone killed 50,000 people in
East Pakistan yet no immediate help was offered from the headquarters at West Pakistan even when India offered to supply
aid, Pakistan's foreign ministry refused its acceptance and this furthered angered East Pakistanis.
Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto returned to Pakistan in 1986 when Zia Ul Haq ended
martial law. Her entry in the political horizon was welcomed with enormous enthusiasm by the public.
She campaigned against Zia for his resignation and when the PPP won the 1988 elections, she
became Pakistan's first prime minister.
(This is majorly part of the second term of Benazir)
 So much so that he was sarcastically called "Mr. 10%" being accused of asking
for 10% of the profit before approving any development program.

The currency depreciated about 30%.

in the famous 'judges case'

As a result, the military activities on the Rajastani border were
suspended and Zia's popularity as a diplomat increased.
 Pakistan recognized the post-revolution regime under Mao Zedong in January 1950 and
supported China's membership of the UN in 1952.

The two nations began to settle the border dispute on the GB-Tibet border. China allowed several
concessions in order to win Pakistani support to counter declining relations with India and USSR.
After the cold war, China tried to improve relations with India and other states thus Pakistan's relations with
China didn't improve.
US turned against Pakistan after it announced its nuclear programme in the 1980s and 1990s.