Vestil, Niña Christene BSPH-3 CLINICAL 2

1. HYPERTHYROIDISM:

Pathophysiology:

• Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine

- T3 and thyroxine - T4) by the thyroid gland. The most common cause is Graves' disease, an
autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
receptors, stimulating thyroid hormone production. Other causes include thyroid nodules (toxic
adenoma or toxic multinodular goiter) and thyroiditis.

Factors Inducing or Potentiating Hyperthyroidism:

• Factors include:

▪ Iodine excess: High dietary iodine intake can exacerbate hyperthyroidism.

▪ Stress: Emotional or physical stress may trigger thyroid hormone release.

▪ Medications: Certain drugs (e.g., amiodarone, iodine-containing contrast

agents) can induce hyperthyroidism.

Clinical Presentation:

• Symptoms may include weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, tremors, irritability, anxiety,
increased sweating, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves measuring thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3,
T4), thyroid autoantibodies, and imaging studies like thyroid ultrasound or scintigraphy.

Therapeutic Outcomes Evaluation:

• Treatment aims to normalize thyroid hormone levels and alleviate symptoms. Therapeutic
outcomes are assessed by monitoring thyroid function tests and resolution of symptoms.

Management:

• Treatment options include antithyroid medications (methimazole, propylthiouracil), radioactive

iodine therapy (to destroy thyroid cells), or surgery (thyroidectomy). Beta-blockers may be used
to manage symptoms like rapid heartbeat and tremors.
Vestil, Niña Christene BSPH-3 CLINICAL 2

2. HYPOTHYROIDISM:

Pathophysiology:

• Hypothyroidism results from insufficient production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by the
thyroid gland. The most common cause is autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis),
where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and destruction of
thyroid tissue.

Factors Inducing or Potentiating Hypothyroidism:

• Factors include:

▪ Autoimmune disorders: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

▪ Iodine deficiency.

▪ Certain medications (e.g., lithium, amiodarone).

Clinical Presentation:

• Symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, hair loss,
depression, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis involves measuring thyroid hormone levels (TSH,
T3, T4) and thyroid autoantibodies.

Therapeutic Outcomes Evaluation:

• Treatment aims to restore thyroid hormone levels to normal and alleviate symptoms.
Therapeutic outcomes are assessed by monitoring thyroid function tests and improvement in
symptoms.

Management:

• Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine, aiming to
maintain TSH levels within the normal range.
Vestil, Niña Christene BSPH-3 CLINICAL 2

3. GROWTH DISORDERS:

Pathophysiology:

• Growth disorders can result from abnormalities in the growth hormone (GH) axis, including GH
deficiency or excess, as well as other factors affecting growth plate function.

Factors Inducing or Potentiating Growth Disorders:

• Factors include:
o genetics, prenatal factors, nutritional deficiencies, chronic illnesses, and hormonal
imbalances affecting GH secretion or action.

Clinical Presentation:

• Presentation varies depending on the underlying cause but may include short stature, delayed
puberty, or excessive growth. Diagnosis involves growth hormone stimulation tests, bone age
assessment, and imaging studies.

Therapeutic Outcomes Evaluation:

• Treatment aims to optimize growth and development. Therapeutic outcomes are assessed by
monitoring growth velocity, bone age progression, and improvement in clinical symptoms.

Management:

• Treatment options include growth hormone replacement therapy for GH deficiency, medications
to suppress excess GH secretion (e.g., somatostatin analogs for acromegaly), and addressing
underlying causes.
Vestil, Niña Christene BSPH-3 CLINICAL 2

4. REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS:

Pathophysiology:

• Reproductive disorders encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the reproductive organs
and hormonal regulation of reproductive function.

Factors Inducing or Potentiating Reproductive Disorders:

• Factors include:
o genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, environmental influences, lifestyle factors,
and certain medical conditions or medications affecting reproductive hormone
production or action.

Clinical Presentation:

• Presentation varies depending on the specific disorder but may include menstrual irregularities,
infertility, sexual dysfunction, and symptoms related to hormone imbalances. Diagnosis involves
hormonal testing, imaging studies, and specialized evaluations.

Therapeutic Outcomes Evaluation:

• Treatment aims to restore hormonal balance, improve reproductive function, and alleviate
associated symptoms. Therapeutic outcomes are assessed based on symptom resolution,
restoration of fertility (if applicable), and normalization of hormonal levels.

Management:

• Management strategies depend on the underlying cause and may include hormone replacement
therapy, fertility treatments, lifestyle modifications, and surgical interventions.
Vestil, Niña Christene BSPH-3 CLINICAL 2

5. DIABETES MELLITUS:

Pathophysiology:

• Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin

secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 1 diabetes involves the autoimmune destruction of
pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin
deficiency.

Factors Inducing or Potentiating Diabetes Mellitus:

• Factors include:
o genetic predisposition, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and certain medications or
medical conditions affecting insulin secretion or action.

Clinical Presentation:

• Symptoms include increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), increased hunger
(polyphagia), fatigue, blurred vision, and slow wound healing. Diagnosis involves fasting blood
glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c measurement.

Therapeutic Outcomes Evaluation:

• Treatment aims to achieve glycemic control, prevent complications, and improve quality of life.
Therapeutic outcomes are evaluated based on glycemic parameters (e.g., HbA1c levels),
symptom management, and prevention of complications.

Management:

• Management strategies include lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise), oral antidiabetic

medications (for type 2 diabetes), insulin therapy (for type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes),
regular monitoring, and education for self-management.